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Feasibility Study of an Aquatic Ecosystem Earth Observing System

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Feasibility Study of an Aquatic Ecosystem Earth Observing System Feasibility Study of an Aquatic Ecosystem Earth Observing System Version 1.1. 16 November 2017 1 Feasibility Study of an Aquatic Ecosystem Earth Observing System Committee on Earth Observing Satellites (CEOS) Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia Version 1.1 for endorsement by CEOS 16 November 2017 2 EDITORS: ARNOLD G. DEKKER (CSIRO) AND NICOLE PINNEL (DLR) CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS ARNOLD G. DEKKER COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANISATION (CSIRO, AUSTRALIA) NICOLE PINNEL GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER (DLR, GERMANY) PETER GEGE GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER (DLR, GERMANY) XAVIER BRIOTTET FRENCH AERONAUTICS, SPACE AND DEFENSE RESEARCH LAB(ONERA, FRANCE) ANDY COURT NETHERLANDS ORGANISATION FOR APPLIED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (TNO, NETHERLANDS) STEEF PETERS WATERINSIGHT (THE NETHERLANDS) KEVIN R. TURPIE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA, USA) SINDY STERCKX FLEMISH INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH (VITO, BELGIUM) MAYCIRA COSTA UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA (UVIC, CANADA) CLAUDIA GIARDINO ITALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL (CNR, ITALY) VITTORIO E. BRANDO ITALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL(CNR-ISAC, ITALY) FEDERICA BRAGA ITALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL (CNR, ITALY) MARTIN BERGERON (CSA, CANADA) THOMAS HEEGE EOMAP (GERMANY) BRINGFRIED PFLUG GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER (DLR, GERMANY) 3 CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND ARNOLD G. DEKKER, NICOLE PINNEL, KEVIN R. TURPIE, MAYCIRA COSTA, CLAUDIA GIARDINO CHAPTER 2 SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS DRIVING SENSOR SPECIFICATIONS XAVIER BRIOTTET, PETER GEGE, KEVIN R. TURPIE , ARNOLD G. DEKKER, NICOLE PINNEL, SINDY STERCKX, THOMAS HEEGE MAYCIRA COSTA, VITTORIO E. BRANDO, CLAUDIA GIARDINO , FEDERICA BRAGA AND STEEF PETERS CHAPTER 3 PLATFORM REQUIREMENTS AND MISSION DESIGN ANDY COURT, XAVIER BRIOTTET, SINDY STERCKX, MARTIN BERGERON, ARNOLD G. DEKKER , KEVIN R. TURPIE, CLAUDIA GIARDINO, VITTORIO E. BRANDO AND PETER GEGE CHAPTER 4 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM EARTH OBSERVATION ENABLING ACTIVITIES STEEF PETERS, KEVIN R. TURPIE, SINDY STERCKX, PETER GEGE, XAVIER BRIOTTET, MARTIN BERGERON, NICOLE PINNEL, ARNOLD G. DEKKER AND CLAUDIA GIARDINO, VITTORIO E. BRANDO AND BRINGFRIED PFLUG. CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS ARNOLD G. DEKKER APPENDIX A.1 SCIENCE TRACEABILITY MATRIX (INLAND WATERS & WETLANDS, ESTUARINE, DELTA'S AND LAGOON, SEAGRASSES AND CORAL REEF, MACRO-ALGAE, SHALLOW WATER BATHYMETRY) ARNOLD G.DEKKER, NICOLE PINNEL, KEVIN R. TURPIE, CLAUDIA GIARDINO, VITTORIO E. BRANDO, STEEF PETERS APPENDIX A.2 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS PETER GEGE , SINDY STERCKX, ARNOLD G.DEKKER, 4 CONTENTS CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 8 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 9 1 Background ....................................................................................................................................... 1.1 Introduction to remote sensing of aquatic ecosystems ....................................................... 13 1.2 Strategic direction for detection, monitoring and assessment of inland, coastal and coral reef waters, including benthos and shallow water bathymetry ....................................................... 15 1.2.1 Remote sensing of inland water ecosystems ................................................................ 16 1.2.2 Coastal waters, benthos and shallow water bathymetry ............................................. 18 1.3 Introduction to physics of remote sensing for aquatic ecosystems ..................................... 20 1.4 Introduction to algorithms to derive information from remote........................................... 23 sensing data over aquatic ecosystems.............................................................................................. 23 1.5 Benefits to society / societal impact ..................................................................................... 25 1.6 What we propose to do ........................................................................................................ 28 2 Science and applications driving sensor specifications ................................................................ 30 2.1 Introduction to the science and applications questions ....................................................... 30 2.2 Science and applications questions per aquatic ecosystem ................................................. 31 2.2.1 Inland waters ecosystems ............................................................................................. 31 2.2.2 Wetlands ecosystems: macrophytes ............................................................................ 33 2.2.3 Transitional ecosystems: estuarine, deltaic and lagoon waters ................................... 34 2.2.4 Shallow coastal ecosystems: seagrasses and coral reefs, macro-algae ........................ 35 2.2.5 Shallow water bathymetry ............................................................................................ 36 2.2.6 Atmospheric and water interface ................................................................................. 37 2.3 Measurement requirements (based on bio-optical or RTF based forward models) ............ 38 2.3.1 Bio-optical simulations of remote sensing reflectance and water leaving radiance .... 39 2.3.2 Top of atmosphere simulations (SNR and NE∆L and NE∆R) ......................................... 50 2.3.3 Spatial resolution and geometric accuracy requirements ............................................ 52 2.3.4 Temporal resolution requirements ............................................................................... 57 2.3.5 Atmospheric, adjacency effect and air-water interface measurement requirements . 60 2.3.6 Summary of sensor specifications ................................................................................ 64 2.4 Suitability assessment of past, current and near-future earth observing sensors ............... 66 5 2.5 Proposed modifications to planned future sensors to make them more suitable for (non- oceanic) aquatic ecosystems ............................................................................................................ 68 2.5.1 Modifications to planned land sensors ......................................................................... 68 2.5.2 Modifications to planned ocean and coastal colour sensors........................................ 68 3 Platform requirements and mission design .................................................................................. 69 3.1 General considerations ......................................................................................................... 69 3.2 Orbit sensors ......................................................................................................................... 70 3.2.1 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. ................................................................................... 70 3.2.2 Geostationary orbit sensors .......................................................................................... 73 3.3 Platform and mission design considerations ........................................................................ 74 3.3.1 Scanning time and coverage ......................................................................................... 74 3.3.2 Sun glint avoidance and mitigation strategies .............................................................. 75 3.3.3 Polarization ................................................................................................................... 76 3.4 Instrument characteristics & response functions ................................................................. 77 3.4.1 Spectral response function ........................................................................................... 77 3.4.2 Radiometric response ................................................................................................... 78 3.4.3 Polarisation response .................................................................................................... 78 3.4.4 Optical and electronic crosstalk (After Oudrari et al., 2010): ....................................... 79 3.4.5 Striping and detector to detector response ................................................................. 79 3.4.6 Stray light and stray light rejection ............................................................................... 79 3.4.7 Band to band registration ............................................................................................. 80 3.5 Calibration and validation ..................................................................................................... 80 3.5.1 Pre-launch calibration and characterization ................................................................. 80 3.5.2 Post-launch calibration and validation ......................................................................... 81 3.6 Platform requirements including geometric stability ........................................................... 82 3.7 End to end simulator ............................................................................................................. 83 4 Aquatic Ecosystem Earth Observation Enabling Activities ..........................................................
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