Colorado Mining History Resource Guide

By Dana Echohawk

Center for Colorado & the West at Auraria Library Colorado Mining History Resource Guide

By dana echohawk

Contributors:

Christine Bradley, Clear Creek County Archivist, Georgetown, Colorado, and author.

James e. Fell, Jr., Phd, Department of History at University of Colorado Denver, a founder of the Mining History Association, recipient of the organization’s Rodman Wilson Paul Award for distinction in that field.

thomas J. noel, Phd, Professor of History, Director of Public History, Preservation & Colorado Studies at University of Colorado Denver / Co-Director of Center for Colorado & the West at Auraria Library.

duane a. smith, Phd, Professor of History at Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, and a founder of the national Mining History Association.

eriC twitty, Mining historian, archaeologist, and principal with Mountain States Historical, Lafayette, Colorado.

Thank you also to the following people for their review and assistance with this publication. ellen metter, Research Librarian & Project Lead, Collection Development, Auraria Library

ashleigh hamPF, Graduate Student, Department of History, University of Colorado Denver

Center for Colorado & the West at Auraria Library

February 20, 2013 Center for Colorado & the West at Auraria Library, Denver Colorado Electronic resources listed in the Colorado Mining History Resource Guide, are easily accessible from its online publication at: Center for Colorado and the West at Auraria Library: http://coloradowest.auraria.edu.

Front cover: 1859 Argonaut. Photo credit Thomas J. Noel collection

Front and back cover: Mining Claims courtesy Denver Public Library Digital Collections.

Back cover: Top photo: Miners pose by a group of mule-drawn ore cars inside a mine tunnel in San Juan County, Colorado. Between 1880 and 1900. Photo courtesy Denver Public Library Digital Collections, X-62251 Bottom photo: Coal miners Eloy Cruz (left) and his brother-in-law Leandro Vigil pose near the entrance to the Frederick Mine in Valdez, Las Animas County, Colorado. Eloy wears a cap with a battery-operated lantern. He has a brass identification tag, common for miners. When going into a mine, they would hang their tag on a board and pick it up when they left. This allowed mine managers to know who was in the mine. In the case of an explosion or accident, they knew which miners may be trapped inside the mine. Photo credit: A. Gene Vigil, Auraria Digital Library Collections. Dana EchoHawk earned a Master of Arts in History from the University of Colorado Denver, with a focus on American West and public history. Dana’s B.A. in Visual Cultural Journalism from Metropolitan State University of Denver and a certificate in Historic Preservation from the University of Colorado Denver compliment her graduate studies. In 2009 Dana was a Koch Fellow at the Colorado Historical Society (now History Colorado), and a Coulter Scholar in Colorado history. In 2010 she received the Ward Family Prize in Public History. Dana served as a King Fellow for the Center for Colorado & the West from 2009 to 2011. Since 2012 she has served as Managing Director of the Center for Colorado & the West at Auraria Library. Dana has advanced the following Center for Colorado & the West projects: 2010: Collection and description of 500 historic photographs that depict Latino/ Hispanic history in Colorado. The collection is available on the Center for Colorado & the West at Auraria Library website: http://coloradowest.auraria.edu and the Auraria Library digital repository: http://digitool.library.colostate.edu. The Institute of Museum and Library Services provided funding through a Library Services and Technology Act award distributed through the Colorado State Library. Project manager for two educational videos titled: “What is Native American History in Colorado?” and “Salvaje y Libre” (Wild and Free). Videos are available on the CC&W website: http://coloradowest.auraria.edu. 2011: Collection and captioning of 100 additional historic photographs that depict Latino / Hispanic history in Colorado. The collection is available on the Center for Colorado & the West at Auraria Library website: http://coloradowest.auraria.edu, and the Auraria Library digital repository: http://digitool.library.colostate.edu. Funding was provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services through a Library Services and Technology Act award distributed through the Colorado State Library. Project manager/interviewer for four videos focusing on conversations with Hispanic community members about the “Hispanic Experience” in Colorado. Videos are available online for elementary school teachers on the History Colorado Museum website: http://www.historycolorado.org/educators/ oral-histories and at CC&W: http://coloradowest.auraria.edu. 2012: Project manager/interviewer for the “Warrior Natives” video series reflecting perspectives on war and tradition from a Native American war veteran. Videos are available online at CC&W: http://coloradowest.auraria.edu. Project manager for the Colorado Connecting to Collections grant award. The 2-year project will increase the number of trained professionals who can assess cultural heritage institutional preservation needs, and strengthen relationships between Colorado cultural heritage institutions, emergency managers and first responders. The grant is a collaborative partnership between The oradoCol Wyoming Association of Museums (CWAM), the Society of Rocky Mountain Archivists (SRMA), the Colorado State Library (CSL), History Colorado and the Center for Colorado & the West. Funding is provided from the Institute of Library and Museum Services. As a personal project during 2011-2012, Dana and colleague Vicky Bunsen successfully wrote the historical narrative and submitted application placing the Montoya Ranch in Huerfano County, Colorado on the National Register of Historic Places.

Table of Contents

Figures ...... vi introduCtion ...... vii

Colorado mining history timeline ...... vii

Colorado regions maP ...... xiv

Bibliography: general ...... 1

Bibliography: northwest ...... 17

Bibliography: southwest ...... 21

Bibliography: Front range...... 27

Bibliography: south Central ...... 33

Bibliography: southeast ...... 39

Bibliography: laBor/unions ...... 41

Bibliography: ethniC miners/women ...... 47

Bibliography: ghost towns ...... 51

Bibliography: teChnology ...... 55

Bibliography: Videos ...... 57

Bibliography: FiCtion ...... 61 other resourCes ...... 63 Mining-Related Properties On National, State and Local Registers of Historic Places ...... 63 Misc. Directories and Online Resources ...... 68 Additional Online Resources for Articles and Primary Documents ...... 71 Libraries and Research Institutes ...... 72 Photographs and Maps (Digital, Available Online) ...... 75 Associations and Clubs ...... 76 Mining Towns, Museums and Mine Tours ...... 78 Journals ...... 89

v Figures

FIGURe 1: Dredges In Swan River Valley ...... xii FIGURe 2: Miners employed In Mascot Mine ...... xii FIGURe 3: Colorado Regions Map ...... xiv FIGURe 4: Gold Fields Hand Book Cover ...... 1 FIGURe 5: The Board of Trade and Mining exchange ...... 5 FIGURe 6: Five Miners and Dog ...... 8 FIGURe 7: 1859 Gold Panning...... 11 FIGURe 8: Gold Panning...... 14 FIGURe 9: Giant Monitor At Hydraulic Placer Mine, Fairplay, Colorado ...... 20 FIGURe 10: Mine Timbering ...... 25 FIGURe 11: 1St Smelter At Silverton, San Juan County...... 27 FIGURe 12: Mcnally Peter & Columbine Mine Crew...... 30 FIGURe 13: Louisville Coal Miners...... 33 FIGURe 14: Miners At Work ...... 36 FIGURe 15: Victor Mine on Bull Hill, 1893...... 38 FIGURe 16: Party of Finland Miners With Wives & Children ...... 39 FIGURe 17: Hispanic Mine Marshals ...... 41 FIGURe 18: Greek Strike Leader...... 44 FIGURe 19: Refugees of Ludlow Tent Colony ...... 47 FIGURe 20: 11Th U.S. Cavalry ...... 48 FIGURe 21: Ludlow Strike ...... 48 FIGURe 22: Irish Miners ...... 50 FIGURe 23: Baby Doe Tabor ...... 51 FIGURe 24: Chinese-American Miners ...... 51 FIGURe 25: Miners, Some Possibly Asian ...... 52 FIGURe 26: March To Free Mother Jones ...... 52 FIGURe 27: Saint elmo, Colorado, 1952...... 55 FIGURe 28: Tin Can Campfire ...... 60 FIGURe 29: 1442 Creede By William Henry Jackson ...... 64 FIGURe 30: Miners Pose Near A Hoist ...... 78 FIGURe 31: Men Inside Mine ...... 80 FIGURe 32: exchequer, Colorado ...... 90 FIGURe 33: Headframe of Silver Pick Mine ...... 95

vi introduCtion

Spanish explorers visited within Colorado boundaries as early as the 1600s and frequently during the 1700s in their searches for gold and silver. Records of the 1765 expedition of Don Juan Maria Antonio Rivera refer to a piece of silver that a ‘Yuta’ (Ute) Indian woman wanted to trade that encouraged his search for the shining metal in the La Plata Mountains. Frenchmen were lured to Colorado in 1739 by rumors they heard of rich mines. Nineteenth century American explorers left notes in their journals of small discoveries of minerals in Colorado, but the locations were lost or forgotten. When the California gold rush began in 1849, Colorado¹s high peaks became a barrier to reaching the Golden State. Nine years later, the Russell Party found gold at the future site of Denver on the South Platte River and Cherry Creek, sparking the 1858 Colorado Gold Rush. Discoveries of more gold, silver, lead, zinc and coal rapidly followed and railroads, industry and urbanization boomed with the mines. The early mining boom reached its apex with the 1880s silver rush ot Leadville, Aspen and other silver cities, followed by the great Cripple Creek Gold bonanza of the 1890s. In Cripple Creek and elsewhere, the rise of militant unionism led to deadly mining labor disputes as workers struggled to earn a minimum wage of $3 a day for an eight hour day. As mining and smelting processes improved and became large-scale corporate operations, many mining millionaires made Colorado’s most celebrated fortunes. In the twentieth century, Colorado became one of the largest U.S. producers of molybdenum, tungsten, uranium, radium and vanadium. With a history dating back to the mid 1600s, mining gave birth to the state and shaped its history down to the present when coal, oil, and natural gas are booming, along with the Cresson gold mine in the Cripple Creek District. Although Colorado mining history has been prolifically researched and ublished,p topics remain to be explored. The stories of ethnic groups, women, and children connected to the mines have largely been untold, as have the everyday lives of miners. Of world significance, Colorado¹s twentieth century miningactivities also offer exciting new research opportunities. Mining’s past achievements and modern challenges are covered in this newest addition to the Center for Colorado & the West (CC&W) published and online resource guides (coloradowest.auraria.edu). In collaboration with Colorado¹s leading mining history scholars, project manager Dana EchoHawk, a former CC&W King Fellow and current CC&W Managing Director, has produced this partially annotated Resource Guide as a beginning point for further exploration of a vast subject. We hope that students, teachers, researchers and the general public will find it useful. We welcome suggestions and feedback.

mary m. somerVille, Phd, Professor and University Librarian, University of Colorado Denver; Director, Auraria Library; and Co-Director, Center for Colorado & the West at Auraria Library

thomas J. noel, Phd, Professor, History; Director Public History, Historic Preservation & Colorado Studies, University of Colorado Denver; And Co-Director, Center for Colorado & the West at Auraria Library

vii Colorado mining history timeline

Juan Maria Rivera leads Spanish expedition into San Juan and Sangre de Cristo Mountains in search of gold and silver. 1765

Dominguez and Escalante Expedition find mine workings in the San Juan region. 1776

Pursley reports to Pike at Santa Fe that gold occurs on the South Platte, to which “he had refused to lead Spaniards.” 1807

Gold said to be found near site of Lake City, Hinsdale County, by a member of an exploring party in command of J.C. Frémont, but the spot is unmarked and unheralded. 1848

Green Russell discovers small placer gold deposits near confluence of South Platte River and Cherry Creek, precipitates gold rush. 1858

Prospectors unearth hardrock gold veins at Gold Hill, Boulder County, initiating the first underground mining in the Rocky Mountains. may, 1858

George A. Jackson finds gold along South Clear Creek at the mouth of what is later called Chicago Creek on present site of Idaho Springs. January 7, 1859

Thomas Aikens and party find placer gold at Gold Hill, Boulder County. January 14, 1859

John Hamilton Gregory makes famous gold-lode strike on North Clear Creek soon called Gregory diggings. This stimulates rush of prospectors who establish camps of Black Hawk, Central City and Nevadaville. January, 1859

Placer gold is found on headwaters of Arkansas River, chiefly in Cache and Clear creeks, now in Chaffee County. 1859

Auraria City is laid out by Levi J. Russell on west bank of Cherry Creek near its junction with the Platte, at site of discovery of placer gold deposits a year before. october, 1859

Jefferson Territory is organized without sanction of Congress to govern gold camps; officers are elected. Prospectors spread through mountains and establish camps at Boulder, Colorado City, Gold Hill, Hamilton, Tarryall, Oro City and elsewhere. 1859

Coal is discovered in Marshall area southeast of Boulder. Jim Baker mines surface coal near Lafayette and sells it in Denver. 1859

Placer gold is found in Georgia Gulch and other gulches on the headwaters of the Blue and the Swan, over the mountain passes from the South Park. august, 1859

While looking for gold in the Leadville area, prospector Abe Lee finds gold ore in California Gulch, the future site of Leadville. Silver, zinc and lead are also eventually mined in the same area. By the late 1870s, the area becomes the most important mining center in Colorado. 1860

A second rush, larger than the one in 1859 commences. Most of the immigrants head for Gregory Diggings, which they find overcrowded and from there, they spread in every direction. 1860

First stagecoach from Denver to Gregory district arrives over Golden Gate-Dory Hill road. march 4, 1860

Congress organizes Territory of Colorado with William Gilpin as governor. February 26, 1861

The nation’s second oil well is drilled near Florence, Colorado. 1861 1864 A 40-stamp mill and reverberatory furnace for gold ores is built at Georgetown.

One of Colorado’s earliest silver rushes begins after discoveries at the 1865 Belmont lode, on Mount McClellan, 8 miles above Georgetown.

evolution of the idea of the Colorado mineral belt begins. The area stretches northeast from the la Plata Mountains in Southwestern Colorado to the Front Range near Boulder, Colorado. Most of the historic metal mining camps of Colorado lie in this area. The exception being 1860s Cripple Creek District, which becomes prominent in the 1890s.

Silver mining begins in Clear Creek Valley, and is the beginning of the 1866 associated heavy mining industry in the Georgetown and Silver Plume area.

Charles Burleigh develops the Burleigh drill at Silver Plume. 1866 This machinery is among the earliest mechanical rockdrills.

Captain Ira Austin discovers a coal vein on the hill due east of erie 1866 in Boulder County and opens the first coal mine in the Erie area.

Nathaniel Hill opens the first smelter in Colorado at Black Hawk, 1868 inaugurating an era of large scale ore processing.

1869 Silver is discovered at Caribou in Boulder County.

1871 Colorado School of Mines is established at Golden.

1871 Coal miners in Boulder County strike in erie. Twelve miners are jailed.

Boulder Valley Railroad builds off the Denver Pacific line 1871 and stimulates renewed development of the Northern Coalfield.

1882 Congress creates the Mining Act of 1872.

Prospectors discover silver ore on Mount Bross, Park County, 1872 initiating a rush and growth of the subsequent mining industry.

1873 Congress demonetizes silver in the “Crime of 1873”.

With the Brunot Agreement and removal of the Utes 1874 the San Juan Mountains are open to prospecting.

The Boyd Smelter and the Delano Mill are 1874 erected near the mouth of Boulder Canyon.

Silver-lead carbonates are produced from mines in 1875 California Gulch near the future site of Leadville.

The first gold mining claim is made in the 1875 mountains above what is now Telluride.

The silver boom begins in Leadville and soon silver displaces gold as Colorado’s number one mineral. Leadville becomes 1877 the largest silver-lead smelting center in the world.

Leadville is incorporated; rich silver strikes of Iron, and carbonate 1878 soon make it one of the world’s greatest mining camps.

Silver is discovered at Silver Cliff, Custer County. 1878 Silver Cliff briefly rivals Leadville in importance until around 1880.

Horace Tabor strikes it rich in Leadville with 1878 the Little Pittsburgh Mine (silver-lead). First mining labor union in Colorado, the Knights of Labor Local #771 is established in erie, Boulder County. 1878

Congress remonetizes silver in the Bland-Allison Act. 1878

Silver ore is discovered on the Roaring Fork River where the town of Aspen grows as a remote prospecting outpost. 1879

Molybdenum is found in Climax, north of Leadville. During World War I, the Climax area becomes the largest source of molybdenum in the United States. 1879

Small quantities of uranium-bearing carnotite are found in western Colorado near Naturita, along with gold. Later, carnotite is found to contain radium and vanadium in addition to uranium. 1881

Steel is milled in Pueblo from Colorado ores. Company later becomes Colorado Fuel and Iron Company (CF&I) 1882

electricity is introduced to mining for lighting, in Clear Creek County. 1882

Carrie Everson invents ore flotation in Denver and Georgetown, but can’t make it a commercial success. 1880s

Aspen becomes a major industrial center as its hardrock mining industry booms. 1886

Mining companies advertised in foreign newspapers promising jobs and large numbers from europe, Austria, Italy, Serbia, Croatia, Cornwall, Ireland, Wales, France, Germany, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark and elsewhere began to arrive in Colorado to work in the mines. 1880s

The Simpson Coal Mine opens, owned by Mary and Lafayette Miller. The Simpson Mine becomes one of the largest coal mines in northern Colorado until its closing in 1927 1887

electricity is adapted for mining at Aspen. 1888

Passage of Sherman Silver Purchase Act raises price of silver to more than $1.00 on ounce. 1890

Nicholas Creede discovers a high-grade silver vein on Willow Creek, a tributary of the Rio Grande. This starts the Creede rush. 1890

Interest grows in gold mines at Cripple Creek and Victor, essentially in a volcanic cone outside the Colorado mineral belt. 1890

Robert Womack discovers the great gold field of Cripple Creek, Colorado’s largest gold discovery. 1891

Winfield Scott Stratton discovers the Independence Lode near Victor, Colorado on July 4, 1891. This becomes one of the richest gold mines ever located and Stratton becomes the Cripple Creeks district’s first millionaire. 1891

Repeal of Sherman Act causes value of silver to fall by nearly one-half. National financial panic follows. Colorado silver mining collapses, and wipes out the fortunes of Horace Tabor and others. 1893

Silver mines reopen with substantially lower wages, prompting the rise of militant unionism led by the Western Federation of Miners. 1894

Arthur Redman Wilfley designs the Wilfley table. The large wooden table is used to concentrate copper particles. First used in Colorado it becomes a preferred method for washing copper slime. 1896 Leadville area miners strike over wages and set fire 1896 to the Coronado Mine, killing three men.

An improved national economy, widespread mechanization, and better milling 1897 revives mining across Colorado. The industry reaches a peak lasting until 1908.

Ben Stanley Revett, a mining engineer, launches the first dredge boat 1898 (a 100-foot barge) in Breckenridge, starting the towns third gold boom.

Ten tons of yellow ore that tested high in uranium and vanadium are dug out of a deposit at Rock Creek in Montrose County. The new rare mineral was named carnotite. The name 1898 comes from a French chemist named Carnot.

Tungsten is discovered in the mountains west of Boulder near Nederland. The ore sells for $2 per unit in 1901 and reaches $16 per unit by 1916 with 1899 the beginning of WWI. (One unit is twenty pounds of mill concentrates).

Gold production reaches peak of more than 1900 $20,000,000 annually at Cripple Creek.

Mine, mill and smelter workers strike statewide for higher wages and better working conditions. The Cripple Creek strike results in property damage and loss of life. State militia 1903 crushes Western Federation of Miners Union.

1908 Dome of the State Capitol is plated with gold leaf at a cost of $14,680.

1910 3,000 coal miners in Boulder County go on strike lasting five years.

The Uravan mineral belt of Colorado and Utah supplies 1910 -1922 half the world’s radium and most of the vanadium.

Underground banquet held at the Wolftone Mine 1911 near Leadville to celebrate finding zinc carbonate.

Strike of coal miners in southern Colorado fields is climaxed by Battle of Ludlow near Trinidad. More than 100 men, women and children are 1914 killed during the hostilities between miners and the State militia.

1914 U.S. Army occupies Louisville in Boulder County during coal miner’s strike.

1916 Mining of tungsten causes boom in Boulder-Nederland area.

1916 World War I revives silver and industrial metals mining throughout Colorado.

1917 Colorado reaches maximum mineral production of more than $80,000,000.

1918 Coal production of state reaches new high of 12,500,000 tons.

WWI stirs development of mining of molybdenum at Climax near Leadville as the nation’s greatest source of the metal. Molybdenum is produced to make steel for British and later American tanks. WWI ushers in the mining of industrial metals often found outside the Colorado mineral 1918 belt: molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, and radium especially.

1930 Great Depression forces remaining metal mining operations to close.

Gold Reserve Act boosts value of gold to $35.00 per ounce, and Silver Purchase Act increases silver to $.71 per ounce. Gold and silver mining 1934 operations experience a limited revival but is hampered by lack of capital. The Gold Standard Act stimulates little response to reactivate the mining industry. 1935

Baby Doe Tabor dies during the night while at the matchless Mine near Leadville. 1935

The Idarado Mining Company is formed and begins to consolidate mining properties in the Red Mountain area of the San Juan Mountains of Ouray County. 1939

War Production Board outlaws gold mining as non-contributing to World War II mobilization. Most gold mines close, never to reopen. 1942

Manhattan Project secretly begins mining and milling carnotite for uranium in the Uravan Mineral Belt, the nation’s only domestic source. The uranium is used in the world’s first two atomic bombs. 1943

Montrose and San Miguel counties become the nation’s most important sources of uranium for Cold War atomic weapons. 1948

The last smelter in Leadville is closed 1960

Atomic energy Commission explodes atomic bombs north of Grand Junction to free natural gas, but it proves too radioactive for commercial use. 1973

The Henderson molybdenum mine begins west of the town of empire in Clear Creek County. The Henderson mine is North America’s largest producer of primary molybdenum. 1976

The Idarado Mining Company closes. 1978

Coal mining production on the Western Slopes hits all time high as the United States becomes more dependent on energy resources at home rather than overseas. 1980

The Comprehensive environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CeRCLA) commonly known as Superfund is enacted by Congress. This precipitates vast environmental litigation and cleanup of old mining sites. 1980

The Climax Molybdenum Mine is closed. 1982

National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum opens in Leadville. 1987

Anglo Ashonti Gold begins cyanide heap leaching in Cripple Creet and Victor as one of the largest U.S. gold producers. 1995

The Asarco Black Cloud Mine closes. Located 10 miles east of Leadville above timberline. The mine produced lead, zinc, silver and gold. This ends an era of traditional mining at Leadville. 1999

The Climax Molybdenum Mine is reopened. 2012 FIGURe 1: DReDGeS IN SWAN RIVeR VALLey Hydraulic placer gold dredge, in Summit County, Colorado. Shows the gantry, tail sluices, processing sheds, and the stacker extending over mine tailing piles. Photo credit: Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-60165.

FIGURe 2: MINeRS eMPLOyeD IN MASCOT MINe Miners include e.H. Purdy, Newton, Bellows, Cheesewright and Carter post with picks, shovels, oil cans, and miner’s candles by a mine ore car at the Mascot Mine near American City, Gilpin County, Colorado. Between 1895 and 1905. Photo credit: Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-62792.

xiii Colorado regions

FIGURe 3: COLORADO ReGIONS MAP The following mining history bibliography has been organized geographically according to the above map. Image credit: Composite by Dana EchoHawk

xiv BIBLIOGRAPHy: General

Colorado Gold Rush: Contemporary Letters and Reports, 1858-1859. Edited by LeRoy Reuben Hafen Glendale, CA, US: A.H. Clark, 1941. “A Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms.” edited by U.S. Department of the Interior. Washington, D.C., 1968. (Missouri), Pacific Railroad. Pacific Railroad of the Missouri: The Old Established and Most Reliable Route to Kansas, Nebraska, and All Points on the Missouri River. The Most Direct Route to the Newly Discovered Gold Fields of Pike’s Peak and Cherry Creek. Denver, CO: Pikes Peak Guidebooks, 18, 1963. 10. Facsimile reprinted by Nolie Mumey. illus. map Abbott, Carl, Leonard, Stephen, and Noel, Thomas. Colorado: A History of the Centennial State. Niwot, CO: FIGURe 4: University Press of Colorado, 2013. GOLD FIeLDS HAND BOOK COVeR Allen’s Guide Book and Map Photo credit: Allen, Obridge. Thomas J. Noel collection. to the Gold Fields of Kansas and Nebraska and the Great Salt Lake City. Washington, DC: R.A. Waters, 1859. Amundson, Michael A. Yellowcake Towns: Uranium Mining Communities in the American West. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 2002. 204. photos. endnotes. biblio. index. [electronic resource]: available Arlene, Caroline. Colorado Mining Stories: Hazards, Heroics, & Humor. Montrose, CO: Western Reflections Publishing Co., 2002. 178. 57 photos. glossary. Bailey, Stephen A., Charles H. Nilon, and Mildred Nilon. L.L. Nunn, a Memoir. Ithaca, N.Y.: Telluride association, 1933. 179. photos. Lucien Nunn owned restaurants in the 1880s in Leadville, the San Juans and Durango Mine manager in Telluride. Generated electrical power for mine. invested in the Rio Grande Southern railroad. Bakken, Gordon Morris. The Mining Law of 1872: Past, Politics, and Prospects. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2008. 237. Photos. maps. endnotes. index.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 1 Bancroft, Caroline. Colorado’s Lost Gold Mines and Buried Treasure. Boulder, CO, US: Johnson Publishing Company, 1961. 55. map. photos. Bauer, William H., Ozment, James L., Willard, John H. Colorado Post Offices: 1859-1989. Golden, CO: The Colorado Railroad Museum, 1990. Beadle, J. H. Western Wilds and the Men Who Redeem Them: An Authentic Narrative, Embracing an Account of Seven Years Travel and Adventure in the Far West; Wild Life in Arizona; Perils of the Plains; Life in the Canon and Death on the Desert; Thrilling Scenes and Romantic incidents in the Lives of Western Pioneers; Adventures among the Red and White Savages of the West ; a Full Account of the Mountain Meadow Massacre; the Custer Defeat; Life and Death of Brigham Young, Etc. Cincinnati: Jones Bros., 1882. 628. col. illus. maps. Mining trips to Colorado in 1874-1882. Denver, Georgetown, Boulder Valley, Central City, Leadville, Silver Cliff and Rosita. [electronic resource]: http://books.google.com books?id=a3NNAAAAYAAJ Beard, Carrie Hunt. Colorado Gold Rush Days: Memories of a Childhood in the Eighties and Nineties. New York, NY: Exposition Press, 1964. 144. Beebe, Lucius and Clegg, Charles. Rio Grande: Mainline of the Rockies. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North, 1962.Bliss, Edward. A Brief History of the New Gold Regions of Colorado Territory Together with Hints and Suggestions to Intending Emigrants. New-York: J.W. Amerman, Printer,, 1864. 32. map. [electronic resource]: http://books.google.com/books?id=TWNNAAAAYAAJ Vanderwilt, John W. Mineral Resources of Colorado. Denver: Colorado Mineral Resources Board, 1947. First Sequel Published by the Board, Denver, 1960. prepared under the supervision of S.M. Del Rio. 547. Preparation under the supervision of John W. Vanderwilt. Denver, CO: Mineral Resources Board. 1960 sequel prepared under the supervision of S.M. Del Rio. Brown, Ronald C. Hard-Rock Miners: The Intermountain West, 1860-1920. 1st ed. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1979. 201. illus. ports. biblio. index. Burt, Silas Wright, and Edward L. Berthoud. The Rocky Mountain Gold Regions: Containing Sketches of Its History, Geography, Botany, Geology, Mineralogy and Gold Mines, and Their Present Operation. Denver, CO: Rocky Mountain News Printing Company, 1962. Denver, Colorado: Rocky Mountain News Print Company, 1861. 320. illus. maps. Byers, William Newton. A Hand Book of the Gold Fields of Nebraska and Kansas. New York, NY: Arno Press, 1973. Facsimile printed by Nolie Mumey, Denver in 1949 (Pikes Peak Guidebooks, 4). Chicago, IL: D.B. Cooke & Co., 1859. 113. illus. map. A Complete Guide to the Gold Regions of the North and South Platte, and Cherry Creek. Information as Regards a Complete Outfit...Narratives fo Trips to and from the Gold Fields in the Years 1858-1880. Facsimile repr. pub by Nolie Mumey, Denver, 1949 (Pikes Peak Guidebooks, 4) Repr. by Aro Press, New York, 1973.

2 Bibliography: General Canfield, John G. Mines and Mining Men of Colorado, Historical, Descriptive and Pictorial: An Account of the Principal Producing Mines of Gold and Silver, the Bonanza Kings and Successful Prospectors, the Picturesque Camps and Thriving Cities of the Rocky Mountain Region. Denver, CO: J.G Canfield, 1893. illus. photos. directory. Cappa, James A., and Colorado Geological Survey. Mining History of Colorado. Denver, CO: Colorado Geological Survey, 2001. 2 leaves. [electronic resource]: http://cospl.coalliance.org/fedora/repository/co:3408/ nr12202m662001internet.pdf Carpenter, Kenneth, ed. Gold Mining Company Prospectuses. Gold-- Historical and Economic Aspects. 1 vols New York,: Arno Press, 1974. illus. Excelsior Company, 1867, a gold smelting process. St. Luis Park Grant, 1868, a placer mining company. Treasure Mining Company, 1868, Lake County Carroll, Christopher J., Mark A. Bauer, and Colorado Geological Survey. Historic Coal Mines of Colorado. Information Series / Colorado Geological Survey 64. Denver, Colo.: Colorado Geological Survey, Division of Minerals and Geology, Department of Natural Resources,, 2002. 1 computer optical disc. [electronic resource] available from Colorado Geological Survey (CGS IS-64), June 2002 Carson, Glenn H. A Guide to Treasure in Colorado. Deming, NM, US: Carson Enterprises, 1995. 186. biblio. photos. appendix. Chappell, Gordon S., Hauck, Cornelius W., and Richardson, Robert W. Colorado Rail Annual No.12: The South Park Line, A Concise History. Golden, CO: Colorado Railroad Museum, 1974. Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company. Traveler’s Guide to the New Gold Mines of Kansas and Nebraska: With a Description of the Shortest and Most Direct Route from Chicago to Pike’s Peak and Cherry Creek Gold Mines. Denver, CO: Pikes Peak Guidebooks, 1947. Facsimile reprinted by Nolie Mumey. New York, New York: Polhemus and DeVries, 1859. 16. illus. map. Clark, Charles M. A Trip to Pike’s Peak & Notes Along the Way: Being Descriptive of Incidents and Accidents That Attended the Pilgrimage of the Country through Kansas and Nebraska; Rocky Mountains; Mining Regions; Mining Operations, Etc., Etc. Revised ed. Lake City, CO: Western Reflections Publishing Co., 2009. 197. illus. Gold rush memories from 1860. Getting there, placer mining on Clear Creek. Cochran, Alice Cowan. Miners, Merchants, and Missionaries: The Roles of Missionaries and Pioneer Churches in the Colorado Gold Rush and Its Aftermath, 1858-1870. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press: London: American Theological Library Association, 1980. 287. Cole, Pease and. Complete Guide to the Gold Districts of Kansas and Nebraska Containing Valuable Information with Regard to Routes, Distances, Etc. Edited by Facsimile reprinted by Nolie Mumey. Denver, CO: Pikes Peak Guidebooks, 14, 1959. Chicago, IL: W.H. Rand, Printer, 1859. 20. illus. map.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 3 Colorado Mining Association. The Mining Year Book. Denver: The Colorado Mining Association, 1933. v. illus. photos. ports. directory. Colorado. Bureau of Mines. Biennial Report Issued by the Bureau of Mines of the State of Colorado 2vols Denver, CO: The Bureau, 1916. charts, maps. [electronic resource] various years/volumes: Colorado. State Inspector of Coal Mines Colorado. State Inspector of coal Mines. “Biennial Report of the Inspector of Coal Mines of the State of Colorado, Volume 8.” Denver, CO: Collier & Cleveland, 1899. Published in 1899 but covers 1897-1898. [electronic resource]: http://books.google.com/books?id=U_ ZYAAAAYAAJ& Conner, Daniel Ellis. A Confederate in the Colorado Gold Fields. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. 186. illus. maps. b&w photos. Cornelius, Temple H. Sheepherder’s Gold. Denver, CO: Sage Books, 1964. 186. illus. Croft, Helen Hurlburt Downer. The Downs, the Rockies, and Desert Gold. Caldwell, Idaho,: Caxton Printers, 1961. 247. illus. biblio. Thomas Downs from England prospected in the Wet Mountain Valley in 1872, Ouray in the San Juans in 1888, Camp Bird mine. Dallas, Sandra. Gaslights and Gingerbread: Colorado’s Historic Homes. Rev. ed. Athens, Ohio: Swallow Press, 1984. 164. illus. biblio. Victorian architecture prominent in mining towns. Digerness, David S. The Mineral Belt: An Illustrated History. Silverton, Colo.: Sundance Books, 1977. v. illus. folded maps. index. v. 1. Old South Park, Denver to Leadville. v. 2. Old South Park, across the Great Divide – v. 3. Georgetown – Mining – Colorado Central railroad. Dorset, Phillis Flanders. The New Eldorado: The Story of Colorado’s Gold and Silver Rushes. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 2011. 488. black-&-white photos. maps. index. notes. bibliography. Dyer, John Lewis. The Snow-Shoe Itinerant. An Autobiography of the Rev. John L. Dyer, Familiarly Known as “Father Dyer,” of the Colorado Conference, Methodist Episcopal Church. Cincinnati,: Pub. for the author by Cranston & Stowe, 1890. 362. illus. Dyer was circuit riding Methodist preacher in central Colorado mining towns 1861-1880. [electronic resource]: http://archive.org/details/snowshoeitineran00dyer Eberhart, Perry. Treasure Tales of the Rockies. Denver, CO, US: Sage Books, 1969. 294. illus. maps. 3d rev.

4 Bibliography: General FIGURe 5: THe BOARD OF TRADe AND MINING exCHANGe Stockbrokers, along with Charles Berry, R. S. Zimmerman, and Charles D. Hopkins, pose on the sidewalk in front of “The Board of Trade and Mining exchange” east Pikes Peak Avenue, Colorado Springs, el Paso County, Colorado. The Midland Block storefront sign reads: “Hart’s Transfer & Storage.” June, 1897. Photo credit, Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-14298.

Eckel, Edwin Burt Minerals of Colorado. Edited by Donley S. Collins Revised by Robert R. Cobban, Eugene E. Foord, Daniel E. Kile, Peter J. Modreski, and Jack A. Murphy Golden, CO, US: Fulcrum Publishing / Sponsored by the Friends of Mineralogy-Colorado Chapter and the Denver Museum of Natural History, 1997. 665. col. photos. maps. biblio. Updated and revised by Robert R. Cobban, Donley S. Collins, Eugene E. Foord, Daniel E. Kile, Peter J. Modreski, and Jack A. Murphy. Sponsored by the Friends of Mineralogy-Colorado Chapter and the Denver Museum of Natural History. Edwards, Carol Ann. “George H. Garrey (1875-1957): Mining Geologist and Mining Engineer.” Masters, University of Colorado at Denver, 1994. Emmons Samuel Franklin. J.D. Irving, G.F. Loughlin. Geology and Ore Deposits of the Leadville Mining district, Colorado (Geological Survey). Department of Interior, U.S. Geologic Survey. Professional Paper 148. 1927. 368p. maps. charts. photos. Out of print. [electronic resource]: http://books.google.com/books?id=r3Tn AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Fell, James Edward, Jr. Ores to Metals: The Rocky Mountain Smelting Industry. Lincoln, NE: University Press of Colorado, xiii + 341. 341. index. bibliography. endnotes. photos. figures. maps. An important, readable book on the neglected, unromantic, but crucial subject of ore processing, which made paydirt pay off.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 5 Fell, James Edward, Jr. and Eric Twitty. 2008 National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation: The Mining Industry in Colorado: http://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/crforms_ edumat/pdfs/651.pdf Fiester, Mark. Look for Me in Heaven: The Life of John Lewis Dyer. 1st ed. Boulder, Colo.: Pruett Pub. Co., 1980. 504. illus. biblio. index. Biography of circuit riding Methodist minister of Colorado mining towns (1861-1880). Fletcher, John Wesley. Colorado Odyssey: The 1859 Gold Rush Diary of John W. Fletcher. Translated by Gregory M. Annotated Franzwa. Tucson, AZ: The Patrice Press, 2011. 132. illus. map. photos. drawings. endnotes. Forsyth, David M. “Eben Smith: Western Mining Man.” Masters, University of Colorado at Denver, 2003. Fossett, Frank. Colorado: A Historical, Descriptive, and Statistical Work on the Rocky Mountain Gold and Silver Mining Region. Denver, CO, US: Daily Tribune Steam Print. House, 1876. 470. illus. [electronic resource]: http://www.archive.org/details/coloradohistorical00foss . Colorado: Its Gold and Silver Mines. New York, NY: C.G. Crawford, 1879. Foster, Thomas J. Coal Miners’ Pocketbook Formerly the Coal and Metal Miners’ Pocketbook; Principles, Rules, Formulas and Tables. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company, inc.; [etc., 1916. xxv, 1172. illus., diagrs. [electronic resource]: Access to some volumes or items may be restricted http://www.archive.org/details/coalminerspocket00fostrich. Electronic reproduction. San Francisco, Calif.: Internet Archive, 2008. Mode of access: World Wide Web. Francaviglia, Richard V., and NetLibrary Inc. Hard Places: Reading the Landscape of America’s Historic Mining Districts. The American Land and Life Series. [Pbk. ed. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press, 1997. 257. illus. biblio. index. [electronic resource]: available Freese, barbara. Coal: A Human History. New York, NY: Penguin Group, 2003. 248. Gardiner, Charles Fox, and H. Hall. Doctor at Timberline. Caldwell, Id.,: The Caxton Printers, 1946. 315. illus. The doctor started in a mining camp in the Elk Mountains in Western Colorado in 1879. Gilpin, William. Guide to the Kansas Gold Mines at Pikes Peak, Describing the Routes, Camping Places, Tools, Outfits from Notes of Capt. J.W. Gunnison, Topographical Engineer. Also an Address on the New Gold Mines, Delivered at Kansas City, by Col. William Gilpin, of Independence, Missouri. Accompanied by a Map F the Routes from Eastern Kansas to the Mines. Edited by Facsimile reprinted by Nolie Mumey. Denver, CO: Pikes Peak Guidebooks, 8, 1952. Cincinnati, OH: E. Mendenhall, 1859. 44. illus. map.

6 Bibliography: General Greeley, Horace. An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco in the Summer of 1859. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1964. Greever, William. The Bonanza West: The Story of the Western Mining Rushes, 1848-1900. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963. 430. illus. photos. Gregory, Cedric Errol. A Concise History of Mining. Rev. ed. Lisse [The Netherlands]; Exton, PA: A.A. Balkema, 2001. xv, 197. illus. maps. biblio. index. Gulliford, Andrew. Boomtown Blues: Colorado Oil Shale, 1885-1985. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1989. 302. index. bibliography endnotes. photos. drawings. maps. A good updating of Colorado’s boom-and-bust story making admirable use of oral history Gunn, Otis Berthoude. New Map and Handbook of Kansas & the Gold Mines: Containing Descriptions and Statistics of the Indian Tribes, Settlement, Soil, Productions, Climate, Roads, Railroads, Telegraphs, Mail Routes, Land Districts, Legislatures, Etc. ... With Description of All the Routes to the New Gold Mines, Outfits for Miners and a Variety of Other Useful Information. Edited by Facsimile reprinted by Nolie Mumey. Denver, CO: Pikes Peak Guidebooks, 9, 1952. Pittsburgh: W.S. Haven, 1859. 71. illus. maps. Hafen, LeRoy Rueben. Pike’s Peak Gold Rush Guidebooks of 1859. Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clark, 1941. 346. illus. Reproduces the Luke Tierney and Parsons guidebooks. Summaries of 15 others. Hafen, LeRoy Rueben., ed. Overland Routes to the Gold Fields, 1859 from Contemporary Diaries. Glendale, CA, US: A.H Clark, 1942. illus. ports. (Southwest Historical Series, 11). Reprint of 1942 ed. pub. by Porcupine Press, Philadelphia, 1974. 10 diaries on the trail to pikes Peak during the gold rush. Letters from newspapers. Hafen, LeRoy R., and Ann W. Hafen. Reports from Colorado; the Wildman Letters, 1859-1865, with Other Related Letters and Newspaper Reports, 1859. The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series, 1820-1875,. Glendale, Calif.,: A. H. Clark Co., 1961. 333. illus., ports., fold. map. Far West and the Rockies historical series, 1820-1875 ; v. 13. Thomas Wildman was in Colorado Gold Rush — letters span April 1859 to 1865. Some are from the Gregory diggings near Central city but most are from Denver. Hague, James D. Mining Industry (Western Americana). Govt. Printing, 1870. 647p. Out of Print [electronic resource]: http://archive.org/details/ miningindustries00hagurich

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 7 FIGURe 6: FIVe MINeRS AND DOG Willam Henry Jackson photo. Between 1882 and 1900. W.H. Jackson sample album. Colorado Book III; no. 198. Photo credit: Denver Public Library Digital Collection, WHJ-694.

Hambleton, Chalkley J. A Gold Hunter’s Experience. Fairfield, WA: Ye Galleon Press, 1988. Chicago: R.R. Donnelley, 1898. 125. Hambleton came to Colorado with a 12 stamp quartz mill in 1860 and set up in Leavenworth Gulch. In 1863 the mill was sold to New York speculators. Henderson, Charles William. Mining in Colorado: A History of Discovery, Development and Production 263. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1926. [electronic resource]: http://www.scribd.com/doc/11757546/PP-138- Mining-in-Colorado-Charles-Henderson Henn, Roger. Lies, Legends and Lore of the San Juans (and a Few True Tales). 1st ed. Ouray, CO: Western Reflections, Inc., 1999. 186. illus. .History of the Arkansas Valley. Chicago, IL: O.L. Baskin & Company, 1881. Hollister, Ovando James. The Silver Mines of Colorado: A Flying Trip. Central City, CO: Collier and Hall, 1867. 87. . The Mines of Colorado. New York, NY: Arno Press, 1973. Springfield, MA: Samuel Bowles & Co., 1867. 263. illus. map. Hooper, S.K. The Gold Fields of Colorado: A Brief Description of the Various Gold Districts Located Contiguous to the the Line of Denver and the Rio Grande Rr. Denver, CO: The Rio Grande Railroad, 1896. 78. illus. map. Horner, William B. The Gold Regions of Kansas and Nebraska: Being a Complete History of the First Year’s Mining Operations. Also, Geographical, Climatologicla, and Statistical Description of the Great Northwest. Edited by Facsimile reprinted by Nolie Mumey. Denver, CO: Pikes Peak Guidebooks, 1, 1947. By W.B. Horner. Chicago, IL: W.H. Tobey & Co., 1859. 67.

8 Bibliography: General Hunt, Pratt and. A Guide to the Gold Mines of Kansas: Containing an Accurate and Reliable Map of the Most Direct Railroad Routes from the Atlantic Cities to the Farthest Point West Now Reached by Railroad Communication, Via Hannibal and St. Joe Railroad, and from Thence to the Gold Mine. Also All Other Practicable Routes. . Denver, CO: Pikes Peak Guidebooks, 13, 1954. Facsimile reprinted by Nollie Mumeuy, Pratt & Hunt, Civil Engineers and Surveyors, Kansas Territory. Chicago, IL: C. Scott and Co., 1859. 70. illus. map. Mines and mineral resources in Aspen and Leadville areas Ingham, Thomas. Digging Gold Among the Rockies, or Exciting Adventures of Wild Camp Life. Philadelphia, PA: Hubbard Brothers Publishing, 1888. Philadelphia: Cottage Library, 1881. 452. illus. [electronic resource]: http://archive.org/details/digginggoldamong00inghrich Jameson, W.C. Colorado Treasure Tales. Caldwell, ID, US: Caxton Press, 2005. 191. maps. Jensen, Fred S. “The Oil and Gas Fields of Colorado.” 302. Denver, CO: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, 1954. Jones, Olive M. Bibliography of Colorado Geology and Mining: With Subject Index: From the Earliest Explorations to 1912. Colorado State Geological Survey. Denver, CO: The Smith-Brooks Printing Company, 1914. 493. index. [electronic resource]: http://archive.org/details/bibliographycol00jonegoog King, Joseph E. A Mine to Make a Mine: Financing the Colorado Mining Industry, 1859-1902. College Station, Texas: A&M University Press, 1977. King, Otis Archie. Gray Gold / Otis Archie King. Denver, CO: Big Mountain Press, 1959. Autobiography. 206. ill. Kirk, William S., and United States. Bureau of Mines. The History of the Bureau of Mines. Commemorative ed. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1996. 32. illus. maps. Lakes, Arthur. Prospecting for Gold and Silver in North America. 2d ed. Scranton, Pa.: Colliery Engineer Co.,, 1896. 287 illus. folded maps. index. [electronic resource] access to some volumes or items may be restricted: http://books.google.com/books?id=IIM1AAAAMAAJ . Geology of Western Ore Deposits. New ed. Denver, Col.: The Kendrick book and stationery company, 1905. 438. illus. folded map. Much on mining in the San Juans. An economic geology textbook. [electronic resource]: http://archive.org/details/geologywesterno00lakegoog . Strike It Rich: Prospecting for Gold and Silver Colorado, 1895. Lake City, CO: Western Reflections Publising Company, 2010. 207. illus. map. index. A reprint of Prospecting for Gold and Silver. Lavender, David Sievert. The Rockies. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003. 404. maps. biblio. index.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 9 . One Man’s West. New ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. 335. illus. Camp Bird Mine near Ouray. Uranium development on the Colorado Plateau. Leyendecker, Liston E. Palace Car Prince: A Biography of George Mortimer Pullman. Niwot, Colo.: University Press of Colorado, 1992. 323. illus. biblio. inde. Pullman’s beginnings in the Colorado gold rush, 1860-1863. Lingenfelter, Richard E. Bonanzas 7 Borrascas: Gold Lust and Silver Sharks, 1848-1884. Norman, OK. University of Oklahoma Press, The Arthur H. Clark Company, 2012. 448p. Two-volume study of the heyday of gold, silver, and copper mining in the American West. Lingenfelter describes how great expectations follow the money from rich pockets of ore and the bulging pockets of investors and speculators through mills, smelters, and stock markets. Livermore, Robert. Bostonians and Bullion: The Journal of Robert Livermore, 1892-1915. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1968. 193. illus., maps, ports. biblio. A mining engineer in the San Juans 1903-1911. Camp Bird Mine near Ouray. Smuggler-Union Mine near Telluride. Cripple Creek Mahan, Howard. Oral History Interview with Howard Mahan (Sound Recording) / Interviewed by Jim Nelson, vol. BPL Carnegie Local History. Boulder, CO: Boulder Public Library, 1989. Mardirosian, Charles A. Mining Districts and Mineral Deposits of Colorado (Exclusive of Oil, Gas, and Water). Salt Lake City, UT1976. col. maps. biblio. Includes list of mining districts and mineral deposits by counties McMechen, Edgar Carlisle. The Tabor Story. 3rd ed. Denver: State Historical Society of Colorado, 1959. 36. illus. ports. McPherson, George Wilson. A Parson’s Adventures. Yonkers, N.Y.,: Yonkers book company, 1925. 298. ports. A preacher’s early years in colorado at the railroad yards in Como, the Mary Murphy Mine in the chalk Creek District. Mitick, Ellsworth C. “The Development of Mining Machinery Manufacture in Colorado.” Masters Thesis, Denver University, 1947. Mogren, Eric W. Warm Sands: Uranium Mill Tailing Policy in the Atomic West. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2002. 241. endnotes. biblio. index. Morris, Jack H. Going for Gold: the History of Newmont Mining Corporation. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press,, 2010. 395. illus. maps. biblio. index. Mumey, Nolie. Early Mining Laws of Buckskin Joe–1859. Boulder, Colo.,: Johnson Pub Co., 1961. 74. biblio. footnotes.

10 Bibliography: General FIGURe 7: 1859 GOLD PANNING. Photo credit, Thomas J. Noel collection.

. History and Laws of Nevadaville. Boulder, Colo.: Johnson Pub. Co., 1962. 61. facsim. (in pocket) Neuschatz, Michael. The Golden Sword: The Coming of Capitalism to the Colorado Mining Frontier. Contributions in American Studies. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986. 301. biblio. index. Unions, the owners, the mines, strikes early 1900s. Noble, Bruce J., Robert Spude, and National Register of Historic Places. Guidelines for Identifying, Evaluating and Registering Historic Mining Properties. National Register Bulletin. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, Interagency Resources Division, National Register of Historic Places, 1992. 30. illus. biblio. Noel, Thomas, Paul Mahoney, & Richard E. Stevens.Historical Atlas of Colorado. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Odiorne, H.H. Colorado Amazonstone: The Treasure of Crystal Peak. Denver, CO: Forum, 1978. 50. photos. figures. Olmstead, Samuel R. The Gold Mines of Kansas and Nebraska. Denver, CO: Pikes Peak Guidebooks, 6, 1950. Facsimile reprinted by Nolie Mumey. New York, NY: 1859. 16. illus. map. Osterwald, Doris B. High Line to Leadville: A Mile by Mile Guide for the Leadville, Colorado & Southern Railroad. Lakewood, CO: Western Guideways, 1991.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 11 Parker, Ben H. Gold Panning and Placering in Colorado: How and Where. Denver, CO: Coloraod Geological Survey, Dept. of Natural Resources, 1992. 83. index. maps. drawings. tables. photos. Parker, N.H. and Huyett D.H. The Illustrated Miner’s Handbook and Guide to Pike’s Peak, with a New and Reliable Map, Showing All the Routes, and the Gold Regions of Western Kansas and Nebraska Edited by Facsimile reprinted by Nolie Mumey. Denver, CO: Pikes Peak Guidebooks, 1, 1947. St. Louis, MO: Parker & Huyett, 1859. 112. illus. map. [electronic resource]: http://books.google.com/books?id=5Bw1AQAAMAAJ Parsons, William Bostwick. The New Gold Mines of Western Kansas; Being a Complete Description of the Newly Discovered Gold Mines, Different Routes, Camping Places, Tools and Outfit, and Containing Everything Important orf the Emigrant and Miner to Know. . Denver, CO: Pikes Peak Guidebooks, 14, 1959. Facsimile reprinted by Nolie Mumey. New and enl. ed. Cincinnati, OH: G.S. Blanchard, 1859. 63. illus. map. Pearl, Richard M. Colorado Rocks, Minerals, Fossils. Denver, CO, US: Sage Books, 1964. 214. maps. tables. photos Quiett, Glenn Chesney. Pay Dirt; a Panorama of American Gold-Rushes. Lincoln, Neb.,: Johnsen Pub. Co., 1971. 506. illus. biblio. Pikes Peak gold rush, Cripple Creek and Camp Bird Mine. Poor, M.C. Denver, South Park & Pacific. Denver, CO: Rocky Mountain Railroad Club, 1976. Raines, Ed. Historic Photos of Colorado Mining. Nashville, TN: Turner Publishing Company, 2009. ill., map Raymond, Rossiter W., and United States. Dept. of the Treasury. Statistics of Mines and Mining in the States and Territories West of the Rocky Mountains: Being the Fifth Annual Report of Rossiter W. Raymond, United States Commissioner of Mining Statistics. Washington: G.P.O., 1873. 550. illus. index. Prepared for the U.S. Treasury Dept. Issued as: House ex. doc. no. 210, 42d Congress, 3d session. Redpath, James. Handbook to Kansas Territory and the Rocky Mountains’ Gold Region. Accompanied by Reliable Maps and a Preliminary Edited by Facsimile reprinted by Nolie Mumey. Denver, CO: Pikes Peak Guidebooks, 12, 1954. New York, New York: J.H. Colton, 1859. 177. illus. maps, Reed, J.W. Map of and Guide to the Kansas Gold Region; the Map Embracing Both Routes – the Northern and Southern – from the Missouri River to the Gold Region: The Guide Giving a Description of the Country, Game, Water-Courses, Distances from Camp to Camp; Also, General Direction for Outfitting, Traveling, Etc. . Denver, CO: Pikes Peak Guidebooks, 17, 1959. Facsimile reprinted by Nolie Mumey. New York, New York: H.J. Colton, 1859. 24. illus. map.

12 Bibliography: General Reich, William. Black Smoke and White Iron: A History of Colorado Kilns, Ovens, Furnaces, and Rails. Golden, CO: Colorado Railroad Historical Foundation, 2008. 264. photos. maps. endnotes. biblio. index. appendix. Rickard, Thomas. A. Retrospect, an Autobiography. New York, London,: Whittlesey house, McGraw-Hill book company, 1937. 402. illus. ports. Rickard worked at Red Mountain and Rico in 1893 and La Plata in 1896. . A History of American Mining. History of American Economy: Studies and Materials for Study. New York, NY: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1966. 419. Roberts, Harold. Salt Creek: The Story of a Great Oil Field. Denver, CO: W.H. Kistler Stationery Company, 1956. 211. map. photos. tables. Rodman, Paul. Mining Frontiers of the Far West 1848-1880. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 2008. New York: Hold, Rinehart and Winston, 1963. 340. Rogers, Maria M., Franklin Folsom, and Mary Elting. “Digging for Coal.” In In Other Words: Oral Histories of the Colorado Frontier. 192. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Pub., 1995. Rountree, Russ. Western Oil Reporter’s Rocky Mountain Oil History. Denver, CO: Hart Publications, 1984. 214. index. photos. tables. Saxon, Olin Glenn. Colorado and Its Mining Industry (1859-1959). Denver, CO: Mining and Petroleum Committee, Colorado State Chamber of Commerce, 1959. Saxton, Glenn O. Colorado and Its Mining Industry, 1859-1959. Denver, CO: Mining and Petroleum Committee, 1959. 80. Scamehorn, Howard Lee. Albert Eugene Reynolds: Colorado’s Mining King. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995. 308. Albert Eugene Reynolds was a young man from a modest home in the East, he made a fortune in the West of the late nineteenth century. Intelligence, industry, and luck assured his success as a military sutler, Indian trader, overland freighter, and cattle rancher, and as the owner and operator of silver and gold mines. Scamehorn, Lee. High Altitude: A History of Fossil Fuels in Colorado. Boulder, CO, US: University Press of Colorado, 2002. 244. illus. photos. bibliographic essay. index. Smith, Duane A. Rocky Mountain Mining Camps: The Urban Frontier. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1974. Indiana University Press, 1967. 304. illus. photos. . Colorado Mining: A Photographic History. Albuquerque, NM, US: University of New Mexico Press, 1977. 176. xii, ill., biblio., index . Horace Tabor: His Life and the Legend. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1990. Boulder, CO: Colorado Associated University Press, 1973. 396. index. photos. map. biblio. endnotes. Biography of Leadville’s silver king.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 13 . Song of the Hammer and the Drill. Niwot, CO, US: University Press of Colorado, 2000. 181. index. endnotes. photos. maps. . The Trail of Gold and Silver: Mining in Colorado, 1859-2009. Boulder, CO, US: University Press of Colorado, 2009. 289. index. endnotes. photos. [electronic resource] available Smith, Duane A., and Ronald C. Brown. No One Ailing except a Physician: Medicine in the Mining West, 1848-1919. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 2001. 160. index. bibliographic essay. endnotes. photos. 9-1/4” x 6-1/4” hardback. Southworth, Dave. Colorado Gold Dust: Short Stories and Profiles. [S.l.]: Wild Horse Publishing, 1995. Literature. 176 illus. biblio. . Colorado Mining Camps. Round Rock, TX: Wild Horse Pub., 1997. 313. illus. biblio. index. Sparks, Evalyn Walsh McLean and Boyden. Father Struck It Rich. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co, 1936. 316. illus. ports. Spence, Clark C. Mining Engineers & the American West: The Lace-Boot Brigade, 1849-1933. Yale Western Americana Series. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970. xii, 407. illus. maps. ports. biblio.

FIGURe 8: GOLD PANNING. Photo credit Thomas J. Noel collection

14 Bibliography: General . “Western Mining.” In Historians and the American West, edited by Michael P. Malone. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1983. Five towns, Wheeler, Recen, Robinson, Carbonateville and Kokomo - much of the area now covered by tailings of the Climax Molybedenum Mine. Stewart, John C., and Thomas F. Walsh. Progressive Businessman and Colorado Mining Tycoon. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 2007. 230. photos. maps. appendices. endnotes. bibliography index. Stoehr, C. Eric. Bonanza Victorian: Architecture and Society in Colorado Mining Towns. 1st ed. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1975. 173. illus. photos. biblio. index. Streufert, Mark W. Davis & Randall K. Gold Occurrences of Colorado. Denver, CO: Colorado geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, 1990. selected bibliography. mpas. tables Taylor, James W. Gold Mines East of the Rocky Mountains. Reports Upon the Mineral Resources of the United States. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1867. 328. Time-Life Books., Wallace, Robert. The Miners. The Old West. Rev. ed. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1982. 240. illus. biblio. index. United States. Bureau of Mines. “Minerals Yearbook. Colorado.” Pittsburgh, PA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1988. United States. Bureau of Mines., and Geological Survey (U.S.). “Mineral Resources of the United States.” Washington: G.P.O., 1883. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Printing. Report of the Director of the Mint. H Misdoc 526. Washington1888. [electronic resource]: http://books.google.com/books?id=DVIUAQAAMAAJ United States. Census Office. 10th census 1880., Clarence King, and Norman Ross Publishing. The United States Mining Laws and Regulations Thereunder: And State and Territorial Mining Laws, to Which Are Appended Local Mining Rules and Regulations, Tenth Census of the United States, 1880. New York, N.Y.: Norman Ross, 1991. Transcription of all the local district bylaws. Villard, Henry. The Past and Present of the Pike’s Peak Gold Regions. American Scene: Comments and Commentators New York, NY: DeCapo, 1972. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1932 (narrative of the trans- Mississippi Frontier Series). St. Louis, IL: Sutherland and McEroy, 1860. 112. illus. maps Vincent Matthews, Katie KellerLynn & Betty Fox. Messages in Stone: Colorado’s Colorful Geology. Denver, CO: Colorado Department of Natural Resources, 2003. 157.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 15 Voynick, Stephen M. The Making of a Hardrock Miner: An Account of the Experiences of a Worker in Copper, Molybdenum, and Uranium Mines in the West. Berkeley, California: Howell-North Books, 1978. 224. photos . Colorado Rockhounding: A Guide to Minerals, Gemstones and Fossils. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press, 1994. 372. photos. mpas. biblio. index. . Colorado Gold: From the Pike’s Peak Rush to the Present. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing, 2002. 1992 Mountain Press Publishing. 224. photos. West, Elliott. The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers and the Rush to Colorado. Topeka, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1998, 2000. 442. xxiv. index. bibliography endnotes. photos. drawings. maps. Whitney, James Parker. Silver Mining Regions of Colorado with Some Account of the Different Processes Now Being Introduced for Working the Gold Ores of That Territory. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1865. microform. 107. Microfilm. New Haven, CT: Research Publications, 1975. /e 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. (Western Americana: Frontier History of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1550-1900 ; Reel 597, no.6186) [electronic resource]: http://archive.org/details/silverminingreg00whitgoog Wieler, Duane Allan Smith and Hank. Secure the Shadow: Lachlan Mclean, Colorado Mining Photographer. Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines Press, 1980. 82. index. select biblio. photos. Wilison, George F. Here They Dug the Gold. 3rd ed. Ann Arbor, Mchigan: University of Michigan, 2007. 315. map. photos. selected biblio. Winchester, Dean. Oil Shale in the Rocky Mountain Region. Washington, DC: Government Publishing Office, 1923. 204. photos. maps. tables. biblio. dex.in Wood, Frances Elizabeth, and F. Dorothy Wood. I Hauled These Mountains in Here. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1977. 337. illus. index. David Wood was a transportation pioneer who used passenger and freight wagons to reach the mines until displaced by railroads in the late 1870s. Gunnison. San Juans. Woodard, Bruce A. Diamonds in the Salt. Boulder, CO: Pruett Press, 1967. 200. illus. photos. maps. biblio. index. Yajko, Anna Johnson & Kathleen. The Elusive Dream: A Relentless Quest for Coal in Western Colorado. Glenwood Springs, CO: Fran Farnum Printing & Publishing, 1983. 80. photos Young, Court H.The Orphan Boy: A Love Affair with Mining, 1880 to the Present. CO: Compressor House, 2006. 252. photos. maps. index. Includes companion DVD

16 Bibliography: General BIBLIOGRAPHy: Northwest

Brown, Robert Leaman. Holy Cross–the Mountain and the City. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1970. 154. illus. biblio. Ellis, Erl H. The Gold Dredging Boats around Breckenridge, Colorado. Boulder,: Johnson Pub. Co., 1967. xii, 173. col. plates. maps. Fiester, Mark. Blasted, Beloved Breckenridge. [1st ed. Boulder, Colo.: Pruett Pub. Co., 1973. 348. illus. maps. biblio. Chapter on refinding a famous gold nugget. Gilliland, Mary Ellen. Summit: A Gold Rush History of Summit County, Colorado. New rev. and expanded 25th anniversary ed. Silverthorne, CO: Alpenrose Press, 2006. 501. illus. biblio. index. Mining: the pick, pan and blasting powder route to riches – Breckenridge mining: gulches of gold – Ten mile mining: storied Silver Canyon – Montezuma mining: treasure atop the Rockies – Then and now: a photographic perspective – Summit ghost camps – Ox, burro and mare: Summit transportation till the 1880’s Hyman, D. M. The Romance of a Mining Venture. Cincannati, Ohio: Larchmont Press, 1981. viii, 99. Prospecting in Tarryall, South Park. LaBaw, Wallace Nah-Oon-Kara: The Gold of Breckenridge Big Mountain Press, Big Mountain Press, 1965. Leyendecker, Liston E. The Griffith Family & the Founding of Georgetown. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2001. 106. illus. map. biblio. index. Lovering, T.S. Professional Paper 176: Geology and Ore Deposits of the Breckenridge Mining District, Colorado: Washington D.C: U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1934. [electronic resource]: http://books.google.com/books?id=SXTnAAAAMAAJ Lovering, T.S. Professional Paper 178: Geology and Ore Deposits of the Montezuma Quadrangle, Colorado Washington D.C: U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1935. Mehls, Steven F. & Carol Mehls. Routt and Moffat Counties, Colorado Coal Mining Historic Context. Denver, CO: Colorado Historical Society Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, 1991. 93. illus. maps. bibliography. Morton, Jane Dyer, Dynamite & Dredges: The Story of a Breckenridge Church and a Colorado Pioneer Breckenridge, CO: Father Dyer United Methodist Church, 1990

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 17 FIGURe 9: GIANT MONITOR AT HyDRAULIC PLACeR MINe, FAIRPLAy, COLORADO View of a gold miner running a “giant monitor” nozzle at a hydraulic placer mine in Fairplay, Park County, Colorado. Between 1880-1900. Photo credit, Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-60098.

Nicholls, Maureen Gold Pan Mining Company and Shops. Breckenridge, CO: Quandary Press, 1994. Patton, Horace B. The Montezuma Mining District of Summit County, Colorado. 1908. Reprinted from first report of the Colorado Geological Survey, 1908. 112-44. plates. map. Pritchard, Sandra F. Men, Mining, & Machines: Hardrock Mining in Summit County, Colorado. Summit County, CO: Summit Historical Society, 1996. Ransome, Frederick Leslie Professional Paper 75: Geology and Ore Deposits of the Breckenridge District, Colorado. Washington D.C: U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1911. [electronic resource]: http://books.google.com/books?id=q_RYAAAAYAAJ Rohrbough, Malcolm J. Aspen, the History of a Silver-Mining Town, 1879-1893. Oxford University Press, 1986. 263. maps. photos Sharp, Verna A History of Montezuma, Sts. John and Argentine. Summit County, CO, Summit Historical Society, 1971. Singewald, Quentin D. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 970: Geology and Ore Deposits of the Upper Blue River Area, Summit County, Colorado U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1951. Spurr, Josiah Edward. Geology of the Aspen Mining District, Colorado: With Atlas. United States Geological Survey Monographs, V 31. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1898. 260. illus. plates. summary outline. index.

18 Bibliography: Northwest Stanley Dempsey and James E. Fell, Jr. Mining the Summit: Colorado’s Ten Mile District, 1860-1960. 1st ed. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986. 336. illus. photos. maps. Stevenson, Thelma V. Historic Hahns Peak. Collector’s ed. Fort Collins, Colo.: Robinson Press, 1976. 148. illus. Little known mining area in northern Colorado. Vandenbusche, Duane, and Rex C. Myers. Marble, Colorado: City of Stone. Denver, CO: Golden Bell Press, 1970. 227. illus. maps. biblio. index. Wentworth, Frank L. Aspen on the Roaring Fork; an Illustrated History of Colorado’s “Greatest Silver Camp”. 3d ed. Denver,: Sundance Publications, 1976. 192. col. illus. ports. maps.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 19

BIBLIOGRAPHy: Southwest

Bates, Margaret. A Quick History of Lake City, Colorado: From Booming Silver Camp to Tourist Mecca. Colorado Springs: Little London press, 1973. 34. illus. map. photos. biblio. Information on mines and ghost towns Blair, Rob. The Western San Juan Mountains: Their Geology, Ecology, and Human History Niwot, CO: 1996, University Press of Colorado. Brown, Robert Leaman. An Empire of Silver. Sundance Publishing, Ltd, 1984. 224. An empire of silver tells the story of the San Juan excitement. Bruyn, Kathleen. Uranium Country. Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 1955. 165. col. illus., map. biblio. index. Burbank, Wilbur S. and Luedke, Robert G. Professional Paper 535: Geology and Ore Deposits of the Eureka and Adjoining Districts, San Juan Mountains, Colorado Washington, D.C: U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. Chenoweth, William L., and United States. Bureau of Land Management. Historical Review of Carnotite Mining in Southwestern Colorado. Grand Junction, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 1993. 53. illus. map. biblio. Comden, Staci, Victoria Miller, and Sara Szakaly. Mining Towns of Southern Colorado. Arcadia Publishing, 2013. photos. 62 CF&I mining towns in Las Animas, Huerfano and Fremont Counties, Colorado. Connor, Carl. Hinsdale County Metal Mining Historic Context, 1870-1950 Bureau of Land Management, 1992. Cornelius, John B. Marshall and Temple H. Golden Treasures of the San Juan. Denver, CO: Sage Books, 1961. 233. map. photos. Crum, Josie Moore. Ouray County, Colorado: The Agencies and the Indians, Dallas, Ouray and Mining, Ridgway, We the Kids. Rev. ed. Durango, Colo.: San Juan History, 1964. 163. illus. photos. maps. biblio. index. Some mine plans.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 21 . Three Little Lines; Silverton Railroad, Silverton, Gladstone & Northerly, Silverton Northern. Durango, Colo.,: Durango Herald News, 1960. 71. illus. photos. Originally appeared in Bulletin 74 of the Railway and Locomotive Historical Society, 1948. 2d was published by Bert Baker in 1956. History of the narrow gauge railroads that ran north from Silverton to serve the mines of the San Juan Mountains. Dare, W. L., R. A. Lindblom, J. H. Soul*, and United States. Bureau of Mines. Uranium Mining on the Colorado Plateau. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7726. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1955. 60. illus. charts. maps. Information circular (United States. Bureau of Mines) ; 7726. Eckel, Edwin B. Professional Paper 219: Geology and Ore Deposits of the La Plata District, Colorado Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949. Emmons, William H. and Esper, Larsen S. Bulletin 718: Geology and Ore Deposits of the Creede District, Colorado Washington, D.C: U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1923. Ferrell, Mallory Hope. Silver San Juan: The Rio Grande Southern Railroad. [1st ed. Boulder, Colo.: Pruett Pub. Co., 1973. 643. illus. biblio. Railroad that served Telluride and towns on the western side of the San Juans Fetchenhier, Scott. Ghosts and Gold: The History of the Old Hundred Mine. CO: By the Author, 1999. 153. illus. photos. glossary. bibliography. Fetter, Richard L., and Suzanne C. Fetter. Telluride, from Pick to Powder. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1982. 196. photos. maps. History of mining town now a ski resort on the western edge of the San Juans. La Baw, Wallace Look, Al. U-Boom: Uranium on the Colorado Plateau. Denver: Bell Press, 1956. 224. illus. Prospecting and the beginning or uranium mining on the Colorado Plateau. Marshall, John, and Zeke Zanoni. Mining Thehard Rock in the Silverton San Juans: A Sense of Place, a Sense of Time. 2d ed. Silverton, CO: Simpler Way Book Co., 1998. 216. illus. maps. photos. biblio. index. Mumey, Nolie. History of Tin Cup, Colorado (Virginia City); an Alpine Mining Camp Which Refused to Become a Ghost Town. Boulder, Colorado.,: Johnson Pub. Co., 1963. 222. illus., ports., folded map. biblio. Mumey, Nolie Creede: The History of a Colorado Silver Mining Town. Denver, CO: Artcraft Press, 1949. Ninnemann, John L., and Duane A. Smith. San Juan Bonanza: Western Colorado’s Mining Legacy. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006. xv, 85. illus. map.

22 Bibliography: Southwest FIGURe 10: MINe TIMBeRING L.C. McClure collection, album xI, 10. Underground in a mine, extensive timbering done to support shaft or tunnel and corner. Between 1900 and 1920. Photo credit: Denver Public Library Digital Collection, MCC-874.

Nossaman, Allen. Many More Mountains: Sundance Books, 1989-1998. 3 vols Geneseo, NY: Sundance Books. index. footnotes. bibliography. color and b & w photos. maps. tables. Perhaps the most comprehensive history of a mining county – San Juan County Nunn, L. L., and San Miguel County Museum Society. L. L. Nunnn. sound recording, 1 sound disc (ca. 95 min.): digital ; 4 3/4in. 1 sound cassette (90 min.): 1 15/16 ips, mono. ; 3 5/8 x 2 1/2in. Perry, Eleanor. I Remember Tin Cup: A Trip Back through Time with Unpublished Stories About the Famous Gold-Mining Town, Tin Cup, Colorado. 1st ed. Littleton, Colo. (7786 S. Elizabeth Court, Littleton 80122): Distributed by E. Perry, 1986. 107. illus. Ransome, Frederick Leslie. Bulletin No. 182: A Report on the Economic Geology of the Silverton Quadrangle, Colorado. Washington, D.C: U.S. Geological Survey, Government Printing Office, 1901. Reyher, Ken. Silver & Sawdust: Life in the San Juans. Montrose, CO: Western Reflections, 2000. Rickard, Thomas A. Across the San Juan Mountains. Ouray, CO: Bear Creek, 1980. New York: Engineering Mining Journal, 1903 Also published San Francisco: Dewey, Journeys of Observation, 1903. 130. illus. photos. Horseback trip across the San Juans by mining engineer. Many mines were visited. [electronic resource]: http://archive.org/details/acrosssanjuanmou00rickrich

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 23 Ringholz, Raye Carleson. Uranium Frenzy: Boom and Bust on the Colorado Plateau. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1991. 310. illus. maps. biblio. index. Uranium rush on the Colorado Plateau. Schader, Conrad F. Colorado’s Alluring Tin Cup: The District, its Settlements, People, Mines. Golden, CO: Regio Alta Publications, 1992. 351. maps, photos, biblio, index. Sloan, Robert E. and Skowronski, Carl A. The Rainbow Route: An Illustrated History of the Silverton Railroad, the Silverton Northern Railroad, and the Silverton, Gladstone, & Northerly Railroad. Denver, CO: Sundance Ltd., 1975. Smith, Duane A. Rocky Mountain Boom Town: A History of Durango. [3rd ed. Niwot. Colo.: University Press of Colorado, 1992. 218. maps. photos. biblio. index. Southern supply center for many San Juan mines . San Juan Gold: A Mining Engineer’s Adventures, 1879-1881. Montrose, CO: Western Reflections Publishing Company, 2002. 135. index. chapter endnotes. further reading. 19 photos. drawings. maps. . Crested Butte: From Coal Camp to Ski Town. Montrose, CO: Western Reflections Publishing company, 2005. 207. photos. maps. index. Smith, Duane A., and John L. Ninnemann. San Juan Legacy: Life in the Mining Camps. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2009. xvi, 163. illus. map. index. Smith, P. David. Mountains of Silver: Life in Colorado’s Red Mountain Mining District. Ouray, CO: Western Reflections Pub. Co., 2000. xiv, 221. illus. biblio. index. Steven, Thomas A. and Ratte, James C. Professional Paper 487: Geology and Structural Control of Ore Deposition in the Creede District, San Juan Mountains, Colorado. Washington, D.C: U.S. Geological Survey, Government Printing Office, 1965. Twitty, Eric, Bureau of Land Management. Guide to Assessing Historic Radium, Uranium, and Vanadium Mining Resources in Montrose and San Miguel Counties. Lakewood, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 2008. 216 illus. biblio. A history of mining, historic site identification and significance evaluation. [electronic resource]: http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/co/ field_offices/uncompahgre_field/documents/cultural_resource.Par.97850. File.dat/Guide%20to%20Assessing%20Historic%20Mining%20 Resources%20Part%20I.pdf Twitty, Eric. Basins of Silver: The Story of Silverton, Colorado’s Las Animas iningM District. Lake City, CO: Western Reflections Publishing Company, 2008. 386. photos. maps. bibliography. endnotes. index.

24 Bibliography: Southwest Twitty, Eric, Colorado Historical Society. Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation., and National Register of Historic Places. Historic Mining Resources of San Juan County, Colorado, Multiple Property Listing. Denver, CO: Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Colorado Historical Society, 2010. 393 illus. biblio. County history, historic site identification and significance evaluation. [electronic resource]: http://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/ files/OAHP/crforms_edumat/pdfs/655.pdf Vandenbusche, Duane. The Gunnison Country. 1st ed. Gunnison, Colo.: B & B Printers, 1980. 472. col. illus. biblio. index. Wenger, M.G. Recollections of Telluride, Colorado, 1895-1920 Durango, CO: Basin Reproduction, 1989. 262. Illus. Weston, W. Descriptive Pamphlet of Some of the Principal Mines and Prospects of Ouray & San Miguel Counties 1882-3 in the San Juan Gold and Silver Region. Montrose, CO: Western Reflections Publishing Company, 2006. 163. photos. appendices. index. Wilbert Leland Dare, R.A. Londblom & J.H. Soule. Uranium-Mining Practices on the Colorado Plateau. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1955. 60. U.S. Bureau of Mines, Information Circular no. 8124 Wyman, Louis. Snowflakes and Quartz: Stories of Early Days in the San Juan Mountains. Rev. 2nd ed. Silverton, CO: Simpler Way Book Company, 1993. 133. illus. Stories of early days in the San Juan Mountains.

FIGURe 11: 1ST SMeLTeR AT SILVeRTON, SAN JUAN COUNTy. View of workers at a smelter in San Juan County, Colorado show slant roof building with chimneys. 1900. Photo credit, Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-61438.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 25

BIBLIOGRAPHy: Front Range

Twitty, Eric. “Metal Mining and Tourist Era Resources of Boulder County Multiple Property Listing.” 35. Denver: Colorado Historical Society State Historic Preservation Office, 1989. [electronic resource]: “Amendment” http://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/crforms_ edumat/pdfs/623amend09.pdf Anderson, M. M. The Mining Camps: Salina & Summerville. Limited ed. Boulder, CO: Junction House, 2005. 442. illus. map. biblio. index. Contents: Settlement-1899 – 1900-End of the trail – Salina families Allen through Hicks – Salina families Hull through Williams – Summerville families – Mining accidents – Historic buildings of Salina – Historic buildings of Summerville – The miners move to Boulder – Place names. Axford, Hiram William. Gilpin County Gold, Peter Mcfarlane, 1848-1929: Mining Entrepreneur in Central City, Co. Chicago, Illinois: Sage Books, 1976. 210. illus. biblio The life and activities of Peter McFarlane a Central City, Colorado mining entrepreneur who arrived there in 1869 and spent most of the rest of his life there. Bailey, Delores S. God’s Country U.S.A.: The Life and History of Milling, Mining, and Families Along the Switzerland Trail. Fort Collins, CO: Robinson Press, 1982. 150. illus. col. and b&w photos. Baker, Roger. Black Hawk: The Rise and Fall of a Colorado Mill Town. 1st ed. Central City, Colo.: Black Hawk Pub., 2004. 306. illus. biblio 1 CD-ROM includes searchable text of book in Microsoft Word. Bradley, Christine. William A. Hamill: The Gentleman From Clear Creek. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Service, 1978. Cobb, Harrison S. Prospecting Our Past: Gold, Silver, and Tungsten Mills of Boulder County. 1st ed. Boulder, CO: Book Lode, 1988. 153. illus. maps. biblio. index. Site descriptions, histories. Conarroe, Carolyn. Coal Mining in Colorado’s Northern Field. CO: Conarroe Companies, 2001. 76. maps. photos. biblio. endnotes. Cox, Terry. Inside the Mountains: A History of Mining around Central City, Colorado. 1st ed. Boulder, CO: Pruett Pub. Co., 1989. 117. illus. biblio. index.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 27 FIGURe 12: MCNALLy PeTeR & COLUMBINe MINe CReW. Photo credit, Thomas J. Noel collection.

Crossen, Forest The Switzerland Trail of America. Fort Collins, CO: Robinson Press,1992 [1962]. Cushman, Samuel, and J. P. Waterman. Central City, Black Hawk and Nevadaville: From the Earliest Settlement until Statehood, 1859-1876: With a Description of the Gold Mines of Gilpin County, Colo. Aurora, CO: John Osterberg, 1991. 96. illus. “Reprinted, in part, from: The Gold Mines of Gilpin County, Colorado, by Samuel Cushman and J.P. Waterman; Central City: Register and Steam Printing House, 1876.” Cushman, Samuel. The mines of Clear Creek County, Colorado. Denver, CO: Times Stream Printing House, 1876. Western Americana, frontier history of the trans-Mississippi West, 1550-1900 series. 139, n9. 1467. Available in Microfilm. Draper, Benjamin. Georgetown Pictorial; an Illustrated Story of a Colorado Mining Town. Denver,: Old West Pub. Co., 1964. illus. photos. ports. biblio. Ellis, Erl H., and Carrie Scott Ellis. The Saga of Upper Clear Creek: A Detailed History of an Old Mining Area: Its Past and Present. Frederick, CO: Jende-Hagan Book Corp., 1983. 266 illus. biblio. index. Ferrell, Mallory Hope. The Gilpin Gold Tram: Colorado’s Unique Narrow-Gauge. 3rd ed. Forest Park, IL: Heimburger House Pub. Co., 1998. 120. col. illus. maps. one folded map in pocket. biblio. index. A two-foot railroad that ran from Central City mines to the Black Hawk smelters. Fritz, Percy Stanley, and Rose Rugg Northrop. “Mining Districts of Boulder County, Colorado.” Ph D, University of Colorado Press, 1933.

28 Bibliography: Front Range George, Russell D., R. D. Crawford, and Colorado Geological Survey. The Main Tungsten Area of Boulder County, Colorado. Bulletin (Colorado Geological Survey). Boulder, CO1916. 122. illus. maps. folded map. biblio. index. Goddard, E. N., and Colorado Scientific Society.Preliminary Report on the Gold Hill Mining District, Boulder County, Colorado Reprint 1940. 1940. 3. This folder contains 3 copies of a report reprinted from the Colorado Scientific Society Proceedings, vol. 14, no. 4. Two of the copies contain Norma LeVeque’s notes about mines in the Gold Hill Mining District. Goddard, Edwin N., and Geological Survey (U.S.). Nickel Deposit near Gold Hill, Boulder County, Colorado. Geological Survey Bulletin. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1942. iii, 349-62. maps. biblio. [electronic resource] from the U.S. Geological Survey Warehouse, Geological Survey bulletin ; 931-O: http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/ - search:advance/page=1/page_size=100/series_ cd=B/report_number=931-o:0 Griswold, P.R., Kindig, Richard H., and Trombly, Cynthia. Georgetown and the Loop. Denver, CO: Rocky Mountain Railroad Club, 1988. Hollenback, F.R. Central City and Black Hawk, Colorado: Then and Now. Denver, CO: Sage Books, 1961. 127 illus. Horner, John Willard. Silver Town. Caldwell, Idaho,: Caxton Printers, 1950. 322. illus. biblio. Howard, June Peterson. Stories of Sunshine: Life in a Mining Camp. Longmont, CO: The Book Lode, 2000. Kemp, Donald C. Silver, Gold, and Black Iron; a Story of the Grand Island Mining District of Boulder County, Colorado. Denver, CO: Sage Books, 1960. 230. illus. biblio. Leyendecker, Liston, Christine A. Bradley, and Duane A. Smith. The Rise of the Silver Queen: Georgetown, Colorado, 1859-1896. Boulder, CO, US: University Press of Colorado, 2005. Leyendecker, Liston E. Georgetown: Colorado’s Silver Queen, 1859-1876. 1st ed. Ft. Collins, Colo.: Centennial Publications, 1977. 40. illus. biblio. Manry, Charles E. Colorado Mines, 1859-1879, Boulder and Gilpin Counties. Edited by Charles E. Manry. Colorado Springs, CO: Gold Dirt Press, 1999. drawings. map. Remake, with additions of parts of Frank Fossett’s 1879 classic, Colorado: its Gold and Silver Mines, Farms and Stock Ranges, and Health and Pleasure Resorts - Tourist Guide to the Rocky Mountains. Marshall, Thomas M. Early Records of Gilpin County, Colorado 1859-1861. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado Press, 1920. Montgomery, Mabel Guise. A Story of Gold Hill, Colorado; Seventy-Odd Years in the Heart of the Rockies. Boulder, Colo. Book Lode,1987. 37. illus. map. Originally published in 1930.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 29 Pettem, Silvia. Red Rocks to Riches: Gold Mining in Boulder County, Then and Now. Boulder, CO: Stonehenge, 1980. 123. illus. photos. Preservation, Colorado Historical Society. Office of Archaeology dan Historic. Lafayette Coal Mining Era Buildings Multiple Property Listing. Denver, Colo.: Colorado Historical Society,, 1983. 1 PDF [electronic resource] http://hdl.handle.net/10176/co:1198_hed6502m661983internet.pdf Sampson, Joanna. Walking through History on Marshall Mesa, 1995 and 2008. 22. Sims, P. K. Economic Geology of the Central City District, Gilpin County, Colorado. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper. Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1963. Smith, Duane A., and University Press of Colorado. Silver Saga: The Story of Caribou, Colorado. Mining the American West. Rev. ed. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 2003. Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1974. 230. illus. biblio. index. Silver mining from 1870 in this mining area Smith, Phyllis. Once a Coal Miner: The Story of Colorado’s Northern Coal Field. Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing, 1989. 239. index. biblio. Spurr, Josiah E. and Garrey, George H. Professional Paper 63: Economic Geology of the Georgetown Quadrangle. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey, Government Printing Office, 1908. [electronic resource]: http://books.google.com/books?id=RqvmAAAAMAAJ

FIGURe 13: LOUISVILLe COAL MINeRS. Photo credit, Thomas J. Noel collection.

30 Bibliography: Front Range Superior Historical Commission (Superior Colo.). Lost Superior: Remembering the Architectural Heritage of a Colorado Coal Mining Town. Boulder, CO: White Sand Lake Press, 2004. 158. illus. maps. ports. folded color map. biblio. History of Clear Creek County, Tailings, Tracks, & Tommyknockers. Denver, CO: Specialty Publishing Company, 1986. 451 p. Twitty, Eric, Colorado Historical Society. Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation., and National Register of Historic Places. Amendment to Metal Mining and Tourist Era Resources of Boulder County Multiple Property Listing. Denver, CO: Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Colorado Historical Society, 2007. 412 illus. biblio. County history, historic site identification and significance evaluation. Mines and mineral resources Colorado Boulder County History. Historic buildings Conservation and restoration Colorado Boulder County. [electronic resource]: http://hdl.handle.net/10176/co:1206_hed6502m562007internet.pdf Warne, J. D., and F. D. Everett. Investigation of the Boulder County Tungsten District, Boulder County, Colorado. Report of Investigations. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1953. 29. illus.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 31

BIBLIOGRAPHy: South Central

Amitrani, E. J. A Town Is Born: The Story of South Park City. E.J. Amitrani, 1982. 104. illus. maps. biblio. Anderson, Peter From Gold to Ghosts: A History of St. Elmo, Colorado. Gunnison, CO: B & B Printers,1983. Bancroft, Caroline. Photo Story of the Matchless Mine and Baby Doe Tabor. Denver, CO: Golden Press, 1953. 24. illus. ports. photos. Bennett, Horace Wilson. Bright Yellow Gold. Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1935. 223. col. illus. Growing up in Creede. Insights into what it was like in the 1890s in a booming mining town. Bennett, Edwin Lewis and Spring, Agnes Wright. Boomtown Boy in Old Creede, Colorado. Chicago, Il: Sage Books, 1966. Blankenship, Warren M. “The Hardscrabble Mining District: Its Leading Mines and Towns, 1872-1900.” Master’s, University of Colorado at Denver, 1959. Burbank, W.S. and Charles W. Henderson. “Geology and Ore Deposits of the Bonanza Mining District, Colorado, with a Section on History and Production (Online).” 166. Washington, DC, 1932. Climax Molybdenum Company. Moly from the Mountain: The Story of Climax High on Colorado’s Continental Divide. CO: s.n., 1959. 9. illus. Research indicates that Coolbaugh (listed as Resident Manager in item introduction) was elected president of CMC in 1959 but then became president of the Climax Metal Company in 1960 (hence, item publication date assumed as 1959). Cross, Whitman. “Geology of Silver Cliff and the Rosita Hills, Colorado”. Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, U.S. Geological Survey, 1896. Emmons, S.F. “The Mines of Custer County, Colorado” Seventeenth Annual Report of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1895-96. Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, U.S. Geological Survey, 1896. Feitz, Leland. Cripple Creek! A Quick History of the World’s Greatest Gold Camp. [Rev. ed. Denver, Colo.,: Golden Bell Press, 1969. 56. illus. ports. map. biblio. . A Quick History of Creede, Colorado Boom Town. Denver,: Golden Bell Press, 1969. 48. illus., map, ports. biblio. Silver mining in Creede in Bonanza years. . A Quick History of Victor: Colorado’s City of Mines. Rev. ed. Colorado Springs: Little London Press, 1969. 48. illus. map.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 33 . Platoro, Colorado; Mining Camp and Resort Town. Denver,: Golden Bell Press, 1969. 32. illus., map, plan. biblio. Francis, J. Creede Mining Camp. Denver, CO: Press of the Colorado Catholic, 1892. Gardiner, Harvey N., and Colorado Historical Society. Mining among the Clouds. Colorado History, Denver, Colo.: Colorado Historical Society, 2002. 132. illus. biblio. index. Gibbens, Byrd. This Is a Strange Country: Letters of a Westering Family, 1880-1906. 1st ed. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988. 438. illus. biblio. index. Letters of Dr. Charles and Maggie Brown and relatives. They lived in Bonanza on Kerber Creek, Saguache County 1880-1882. Grimstad, Bill, and Raymond L. Drake. The Last Gold Rush: A Pictorial History of the Cripple Creek & Victor Gold Mining District. Victor, CO: Pollux Press, 1983. 159 illus. biblio. photos. Griswold, Donald L., and Jean Harvey. History of Leadville & Lake County. 2 vols Denver, CO, US: Colorado Historical Society & University Press of Colorado, 1996. 1374. illus. index. endnotes. b&w photos. endpaper maps. Harbour, Midge. The Tarryall Mountains and the Puma Hills: A History. Colorado Springs, CO: Century One Press, 1982. Huston, Richard C., and Creede Historical Society (Creede Colo.). A Silver Camp Called Creede: A Century of Mining. 1st ed. Montrose, CO: Western Reflections Pub. Co., 2005. xviii, 549. illus. maps. biblio. index.

FIGURe 14: MINeRS AT WORK L.C. McClure collection, ca. 1900. album xI,7. Nine hard rock miners and one mine supervisor working underground preparing blasting holes with rock hammers and chisels; area appears to be lit by candles on miners’ hats and tunnel walls. Photo credit: Denver Public Library Digital Collection, MCC-44.

34 Bibliography: South Central Kemper, Helen Ashley Anderson. Bonanza: A Pictorial History of Colorado’s Kerber Creek Country. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Little London Press, 1978. 48. illus. map. photos. Klucas, Gillian. Leadville: The Struggle to Revive an American Town. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2004. 304. map. biblio. index. map. Levine, Brian. Cripple Creek Gold: A Centennial History of the Cripple Creek District. Lake Grove, OR: The Depot, 1988. 110. illus. biblio. photos. Short biographies and history of district towns. Levine, Brian H. Cities of Gold: History and Tales of the Cripple Creek-Victor Mining District. Standing Stone Series. Boulder, Colo.: Stonehenge Books, 1981. 100. illus. map, ports. biblio. MacKell, Jan. Cripple Creek District: Last of Colorado’s Gold Booms. Charleston, SC, US: Arcadia, 2003. 160. illus. biblio. index. photos. drawings. Mazzulla, Fred, and Jo Mazzulla. The First 100 Years: A Photographic Account of the Rip-Roaring, Gold-Plated Ddys in World’s Greatest Gold Camp, Including Views of the Best Fires, Labor Wars, Murders, Parlor Houses, and Politicians in Cripple Creek and the Pikes Peak Region. 9th ed. Denver: A.B. Hirschfeld Press, 1975. 64. illus. maps. photos. Men of note Affiliated with Mining and Mining Interests in the Cripple Creek District. S.l.: L.A. Snyder, Publisher. 1905. [electronic resource]: http://archive.org/details/menofnoteaffilia00sllarich Morrison, Tom. Hardrock Gold: A Miner’s Tale. 1st ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992. 296. illus. Cripple Creek. Ajax, Cresson mines.1980s. Munn, Bill. A Guide to the Mines of the Cripple Creek District. Colorado Springs, CO: Century One Press, 1984. 72. illus. maps. Mumey, Norma L. Early Mining Camps of South Park. Denver, Colo.?: s.n., 1952. 54. illus., map. biblio. Newton, H.J. Yellow Gold of Cripple Creek. Denver, CO: Nelson Publishers, 1928. 128. Illus. Nutt, Katharine F. Gold, Guns, and Grass: South Park and Fairplay, Colorado Flagstaff Corral of Westerners International, 1983. Philpott, William P. “The Lessons of Leadville, or, Why the Western Federation of Miners Turned Left.” Based on the author’s thesis (B A ), Colorado Historical Society, Williams College, 1995. Pierson, C.T. and Singewald, Quentin D. Circular 294: Results of Reconnaissance for Radioactive Minerals in Parts of the Alma District, Park County, Colorado. Washington, D.C: U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1953.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 35 Simmons, Virginia McConnell. Bayou Salado: The Story of South Park. Rev. ed. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 2002. 275 illus. maps. biblio. index. Mumey, Nolie. Creede, History of a Colorado Silver Mining Town. Denver,: Artcraft Press, 1949. 185. illus., ports., folded maps. Smart, Stephen F., John F. Campion, and Kansas Pacific Railway Company. Leadville, Ten Mile, Eagle River, Elk Mountain, Tin Cup: And All Other Noted Colorado Mining Camps, Illustrated, with Accurate Map of the Leadville District, and Kansas and Colorado, Together with U.S. And State Mining Laws, and Rules of the National Land Department. Kansas City, Mo.: Ramsey, Millett & Hudson, 1879. 56. illus., 2 folded maps. National and state mining laws, and rules of the U.S. Land Office Sprague, Marshall. Money Mountain: The Story of Cripple Creek Gold. Boston, MA, US: Little Brown and Company, 1953. 342. index. chapter notes. biblio. photos. endpaper maps. Stride, Robert. Cripple Creek Gold Camp Souvenir Edition of Mines and Mining Men in Colorado, Historical, Descriptive and Pictorial... An Account of the Principal Producing Mines of Gold and Silver, the Bonanza Kings and Successful Prospectors, the Picturesque Camps and Thriving Cities of the Rocky Mountain Region. Denver,: J. G. Canfield, 1895. 118. illus. Taylor, Robert Guilford. Cripple Creek Mining District. Palmer Lake, CO, US: Filter Press, 1973. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University PhD. Dissertations, 1966 (Geographic Monograph Series, v.1). drawings. photos. maps. biblio.

FIGURe 15: VICTOR MINe ON BULL HILL, 1893. A group of miners pose outside the office of the Victor Mine on Bull Hill in Victor (Teller County), Colorado. February 16, 1893. Photo credit, Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-62589.

36 Bibliography: South Central Tierney, Luke E. Luke D. History of the Gold Discoveries on the South Platte River, to Which Is Appended a Guide of the Route, by Smith & Oaks. Edited by Facsimile reprinted by Nolie Mumey. Denver, CO: Pikes Peak Guidebooks, 3, 1949. Pacific City, IA: Herald Office, A. Thompson, Printer, 1859. 27. Twitty, Eric, Bureau of Land Management. Archaeological Mining Context for the Hardscrabble Mining District, Custer County, Colorado. Lakewood, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 2004. 226 illus. biblio. History of Custer County, historic site identification and significance evaluation. Vanderwalker, Joe, and Brian Levine. Portland Colorados Richest Gold Mine. 001. ed.: SYZYGY GOLD MINING C, 1989. illus. photos. Portland Mine on Battle Mountain in Cripple Creek district. Voynick, Stephen M. Leadville, a Miner’s Epic. Mountain Press, 1984. 165. Gold, silver and molybdenum mines of Leadville. The author is a former Climax Molybdenum Company hardrock miner. photos. . Climax: The History of Colorado’s Climax Molybdenum Mine. Missoula, Mont.: Mountain Press Pub. Co., 1996. 366. illus. maps. biblio. index. Waters, Frank. Midas of the Rockies: The Story of Stratton and Cripple Creek. Athens, OH: Swallow Press, 1972. 1937. 372. biblo. photos. Williamson, Arlene E. Fred Schwartzwalder and His Fabulous Strike on Indian Head Mountain. Carlton, 1983. 64. photos.

FIGURe 16: PARTy OF FINLAND MINeRS WITH WIVeS & CHILDReN Peter Carlson photographer, 1904. Finnish miners, wives and children sit on a tipple of the head frame of the Log Cabin shaft of the Morning Glory silver and lead mine in Leadville, Lake County, Colorado, owned by H.S. Dickerman. Photo credit: Denver Public Library Digital Collection, Z-1894.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 37

BIBLIOGRAPHy: Southeast

Christofferson, Nancy. Coal Was King: Huerfano County’s Mining History. La Veta, CO: Nancy C. Cristofferson, 2000. 114. photos. appendix. index. Clyne, Rick J. Coal People: Life in Southern Colorado’s Company Towns, 1890-1930. Colorado History Series. Edited by Steve Grinstead Denver, CO: Colorado Historical Society, 1999. 121. map. illus. notes. index Plested, Dolores. Life and Death of a Coal Mine: And the Story of One Man’s Battle for Its Life. 1st ed. Denver, CO: Bear Ca*on Books, 1987. 107. illus. History of Bear Canyon Coal Company from 1905-1953 by the owner’s daughter. Located SW of Ludlow down Berwind Canyon.

FIGURe 17: HISPANIC MINe MARSHALS Crecencio Vigil and Melitón Barela, marshals at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Cokedale Mines in Cokedale (Las Animas County), Colorado. Photo courtesy: Latinos/Hispanics in Colorado Collection (Denver Public Library Digital Collection), AUR-2306. Photo credit: A. Gene Vigil, Auraria Library Digital Collections.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 39

BIBLIOGRAPHy: Labor/Unions

Facts Concerning the Struggle in Colorado for Industrial Freedom. Denver, CO: Coal Mine Managers, 1914. 78. illus. [electronic resource]: http://archive.org/details/factsconcernings00commrich Andrews, Thomas G. Killing for Coal: America’s Deadliest Labor War. Cambridge, MA, US: Harvard University Press, 2008. 386. index. endnotes. illus. maps. Bathke, Edwin A., and Nancy E. Bathke. Harry Orchard the Man God Made Again. Nashville, TN: Southern Publishing Association, 1952. 200. photos. drawings. appendix. Beshoar, Barron B. Out of the Depths; the Story of John R. Lawson, a Labor Leader. Denver, CO: Colorado Labor Historical Committee of the Denver Trades and Labor Assembly, 1942. 372. photos. maps. biblio. Brundage, David Thomas. The Making of Western Labor Radicalism: Denver’s Organized Workers, 1878-1905. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1994. 224. index. Colorado Mine Operators’ Association. Criminal Record of the Western Federation of Miners, Coeur D’alene to Cripple Creek, 1894-1904. Denver: Smith-Brooks,1904. 32. [electronic resource] http://www.archive.org/ details/criminalrecordof00mineiala Access to some volumes or items may be restricted. San Francisco, Calif.: 2008. World Wide Web. Colorado. Adjutant General’s Office., John Chase, Colorado. Governor 913-(1 1914: Ammons), and United States. Congress. House. Committee on Mines and Mining. The Military Occupation of the Coal Strike Zone of Colorado by the Colorado National Guard, 1913-1914. Denver,: Press of the Smith-Brooks printing Co., 1914. 119. Report of the commanding general to the governor, for the use of the Congressional committee, exhibiting an account of the military occupation to the time of the first withdrawal of the troops in April, 1914. General John Chase, commanding general. Submitted by the governor of Colorado to the chairman of the House Committee on mines and mining, 63d Cong. Access to some volumes or items may be restricted. Electronic reproduction. San Francisco, Calif.: Internet Archive, 2008. Mode of access: World Wide Web. [electronic resource] http://www.archive.org/details/militaryoccupati00colorich

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 41 Colorado. Special Board of Officers to Inquire into the Armed Conflict April 20 1914. Ludlow, Being the Report of the Special Board of Officers Appointed by the Governor of Colorado to Investigate and Determine the Facts with Reference to the Armed Conflict between the Colorado National Guard and Certain Persons Engaged at the Coal Mining Strike at Ludlow, Colo., April 20, 1914. Denver,: Press of the Williamson-Haffner Co.,, 1914. 29. Access to some volumes or items may be restricted [electronic resource] http://www.archive.org/details/ludlowbeingrepor00colorich Conachy, Patrick L. A Rendezvous with Shame. Trinidad, CO: Inkwell, 2005. Inkwell, 1989. 110. index. biblio. Conlin, Joseph Robert. Big Bill Haywood and the Radical Union Movement. Men and Movements. [1st ed. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1969. biography. 244. biblio. Crampton, Frank A. Deep Enough: A Working Stiff in the Western Mine Camps. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1982. 304. index photos. Mined uranium in 1912 and was at Ludlow during the shootings in 1914. Fetherling, Dale. Mother Jones, the Miner’s Angel: A Portrait. Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1974. Biography. 263. Gitelman, Howard M. Legacy of the Ludlow Massacre: A Chapter in American Industrial Relations. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988. 355. index. photos biblio.

FIGURe 18: GReeK STRIKe LeADeR Portrait of Peter Catsules (?), a Greek UMWA strike leader against CF&I in Ludlow, Las Animas County, Colorado; his kerchief denotes support for the coal miners. 1913 or 1914. Photo credit, Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-60367.

42 Bibliography: Labor/Unions Guttridge, George S. McGovern and Leonard F. The Great Coalfield War. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1996. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1972. 383. index. biblio. photos. maps. endpaper. maps. The 1914 Ludlow Massacre in Southern Colorado was the deadliest confrontation in the history of the American labor movement. Based on Senator McGovern’s Ph.D. dissertation at Northwestern University. Haywood, William D. Big Bill Haywood’s Book. New York, NY: International Publishers, 1961. Autobiography. 368. Big Bill promoted the Western Federation of Miners and the Industrial Workers of the World (the IWW or Wobblies) Holbrook, Stewart H. The Rocky Mountain Revolution. New York, NY: Holt, 1956. 318. Jameson, Elizabeth. All That Glitters: Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek. The Working Class in American History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998. 367. illus. maps. biblio. index. Keating, Edward. The Gentleman from Colorado, a Memoir. Denver,: Sage Books, 1964. 522. illus., ports. Coal strike and incidents at Ludlow during 1914 strike. Keating, Edward, and University of Colorado Libraries. Archives Dept. Edward Keating Papers, 1900-1964. 25 linear ft. (16 boxes). In Congress, he forced a congressional investigation of the great strike in the coal mines of Southern Colorado. Included are Keating’s original notes, drafts, proofs and published book The story of “Labor” (1953). Notes, drafts, manuscripts and published memoirs from The gentleman from Colorado (1964) are included. Other items include books from Keating’s personal library, scrapbooks, photographs, newspapers and newspaper clippings. Langdon, Emma Florence. The Cripple Creek Strike, a History of Industrial Wars in Colorado. Mass Violence in America. New York,: Arno Press, 1969. 595. illus., ports. . The Cripple Creek Strike, 1903-1904. Mass Violence in America. New York, NY: Arno Press, 1974. Victor, CO: Daily Record, 1904. 248. illus. The strike from the miner’s point of view Lewis, John L. The Miners’ Fight for American Standards. Indianapolis, IN: Bell Publishing Company, 1925. 189. tables Long, Priscilla. Where the Sun Never Shines: A History of America’s Blood Coal Industry. New York, NY: Paragon House, 1991. 420. index. drawings. maps. photos. tables. Ludlow 1914 Lowell May & Richard Myers, eds. Slaughter in Serence: The Columbine Coal Strike Reader. Denver, CO: Bread and Roses Workers’ Cultural Center, 2005. 196.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 43 Martelle, Scott. Blood Passion: The Ludlow Massacre and Class War in the American West. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007. 208. index. appendix. selected biblio. photos. Martin, MaryJoy. The Corpse on Boomerang Road: Telluride’s War on Labor 1899-1908. 1st ed. Montrose, CO: Western Reflections Pub., 2004. 377. illus. maps. ports. biblio. index. Munsell, Darrell F. From Redstone to Ludlow: Jhohn Cleveland Osgood’s Struggle against the United Mine Workers of America. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 2009. 392. photos. maps. endnotes. bibliography. index. Papanikolas, Zeese, and Helen Papanikolas. Buried Unsung: Louis Tikas and the Ludlow Massacre. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991. 331. illus. biblio. Biography of Greek immigrant who was a union organizer in the Colorado coal mines. Murdered in the Ludlow Massacre during 1914 strike. Peterson, Richard H. The Bonanza Kings: The Social Origins and Business Behavior of Western Mining Entrepreneurs, 1870-1900. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1977. 108. index. appendix. biblio. tables. Rockerfeller, John D. Jr. The Colorado Industrial Paln. Digital, available http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Colorado_industrial_plan. html?id=z1YpAAAAYAAJ: Harvard University, 2008. 1916, by the author. 94. Digital available online. Schulman, Paul Buhle and Nicole. Wobblies!: A Graphic History of the Industrial Workers of the World. London: Verso, 2005. 299. index. biblio. photos Seligson, Harry and George Bardwell. Labor-Management Relations in Colorado. Denver, CO: Sage Books, 1961. 330. tables. Stein, Leon, and Philip Taft. Massacre at Ludlow: Four Reports. American Labor (New York, N Y ). Reprint ed. North Stratford, NH: Ayer, 2000. New York: Arno, 1971. 119, 91, 53, 89 illus. The military occupation of the coal strike zone of Colorado by the National Guard, 1913-1914 / by Colorado Adjutant General’s Office – The Ludlow massacre / by W. H. Fink – Report on the Colorado strike investigation made under House Resolution 387, 63rd Congress, 3rd session / by U.S. Committee on Mines and Mining – Report on the Colorado strike / by G. P. West. [electronic resource]: http://books.google.com/books?id=xNAoAAAAYAAJ Suggs, George G. Colorado’s War on Militant Unionism; James H. Peabody and the Western Federation of Miners. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 1972. 242. illus.

44 Bibliography: Labor/Unions FIGURe 19: ReFUGeeS OF LUDLOW TeNT COLONy Coal miners, women, boys, girls and babies pose at the Trades Assembly Hall in Trinidad, Las Animas County, Colorado. They are homeless because of the UMWA strike against CR&I in nearby Ludlow. April 22, 1914. Photo credit: Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-60399.

Vallejo, M. Edmund. “Recollections of the Colorado Coal Strike, 1913-1914.” In La Gente: Hispano History and Life in Colorado, edited by Vincent C. De Baca. 271. Denver, CO, USA: Colorado Historical Society, 1998. Whiteside, James. Regulating Danger: The Struggle for Mine Safety in the Rocky Mountain Coal Industry. Lincoln, NE, US: University of Nebraska Press, 1990. 265. index. endnotes. bibliography. essay. illus. Wolff, David A. Industrializing the Rockies: Growth, Competition, and Turmoil in the Coalfields of Colorado and Wyoming, 1868-1914. Boulder, CO, US: University Press of Colorado, 2003. 270. photos. endnotes. appendix. biblio. index. Wyman, Mark. Hard Rock Epic: Western Miners and the Industrial Revolution, 1860-1910. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979. 331. illus. biblio. index.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 45 FIGURe 20: 11TH U.S. CAVALRy A member of the 5th U.S. Cavalry poses with his rifle inside a building in Trinidad (Las Animas County) Colorado. The troops were called in at the request of Colorado Governor Ammons, to restore order in the coal fields after the Ludlow Massacre at the time of the United Mine Worker’s strike against Colorado Fuel & Iron. 1914. Photo credit, Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-60568.

FIGURe 21: LUDLOW STRIKe Coal miners marched into Trinidad from Ludlow to confront the federal troops during the UMW labor strike against CR&I, Las Animas County, Colorado. Camp San Rafael. 1913 or 1914. Photo credit: Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-60410.

46 Bibliography: Labor/Unions BIBLIOGRAPHy: ethnic Miners/Women

Backus, Harriet Fish. Tomboy Bride. Boulder, CO, US: Pruett Publishing, 1969. 273. photos. Bancroft, Caroline. The Unsinkable Mrs. Brown. 7th ed. Boulder, Colo.: Johnson Pub. Co., 1973. 39. illus. photos. The story of Maggie Brown . Silver Queen: The Fabulous Story of Baby Doe Tabor. 13th ed. Boulder, Colo.: Johnson Pub. Co., 1975. 79. illus., ports. photos. Told from Baby Doe’s perspective . Augusta Tabor: Her Side of the Scandal. Boulder, Colo.: Johnson Pub. Co., 1989. 16. illus. Horace Tabor’s first wife and her side of the affair and divorce. Bronesky, Lauren Elizabeth. “The Status of Women in Mining and Farming Families in Huerfano County, Colorado, 1890-1920.” Masters, University of Colorado at Denver, 1985. Ellis, Anne. ‘Plain Anne Ellis:’ More About the Life of an Ordinary Woman. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1931. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931. 248. A fine account of mining town life by an extraordinary woman. Foote, Mary Hallock, Rodman W. Paul, and Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery. A Victorian Gentlewoman in the Far West: The Reminiscences of Mary Hallock Foote. San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 2000. 416. illus. biblio. Foote married a mining engineer and lived in Leadville. 1879-1881. Friggens, Paul. “The Curious Cornish of Colorado.” 22: Boulder Public Library, 1977. Ida Drumm Arnett, Interviewer. Florence Drumm. “Caught in a Gold Mine Typescript.” 11. Boulder Public Library: Carnegie Branch for Local History, Undated. Mel Erskine, Interviewer. Bessie Launder Richards (Mrs. Edwin R. Richards). “Mining Town Memories - Colorado and Mexico,109. California: Bancroft Library, 1967. [electronic resource] http://Archive.Org/Details/Coloradominingto00bessrich Moynihan, Betty. Augusta Tabor, a Pioneering Woman. 1st ed. Evergreen, CO: Cordillera Press, 1988. 144. illus. biblio. index. Before and after divorce from Horace Tabor.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 47 FIGURe 22: IRISH MINeRS Photo credit, Thomas J. Noel collection

Rodman, Paul. A Victorian Gentlewoman in the Far West: The Reminiscences of Mary Hallock Foote. San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1972. Schmauder, Sherie. Colorado Mountain Women: Tales from the Mining Camps. Montrose, CO: Western Reflections Pub. Co., 2003. 172 illus. Todd, A. C. The Cornish Miner in America: The Contribution to the Mining History of the United States by Emigrant Cornish Miners–the Men Called Cousin Jacks. Truro (Cornwall), Glendale (Calif.): Barton; Clark, 1967. 279. illus., maps on endpapers. biblio. footnotes. Zanjani, Sally. A Mine of Her Own: Women Prospectors in the American West, 1850-1950. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. Zhu, Liping. A Chinaman’s Chance the Chinese on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier. Niwot, Colo.: University Press of Colorado,, 1997. 231. illus. maps. biblio. index. [electronic resource]: available. Access may be limited to NetLibrary affiliated libraries.

48 Bibliography: ethnic Miners/Women FIGURe 23: BABy DOe TABOR Studio portrait of elizabeth Bonduel McCourt “Baby Doe” Tabor, wife of millionaire Horace Tabor. Between 1885 and 1895. Photo credit: Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-21981.

FIGURe 24: CHINeSe-AMeRICAN MINeRS Dr. James Underhill poses with Chinese-American miners (probably) in the Colorado School of Mines’; edgar experimental Mine near Idaho Springs (Clear Creek County), Colorado. Between 1920-1930. Photo credit, Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-21651.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 49 FIGURe 25: MINeRS, SOMe POSSIBLy ASIAN Ouray County, Colorado, between 1880 and 1900. Photo credit: Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-61120.

FIGURe 26: MARCH TO FRee MOTHeR JONeS Miners and women march to free Mother Jones from prison and support the UMW Ludlow strike against CF&I, Commercial Street, Trinidad, Las Animas County, Colorado 1914. Photo credit, Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-60506.

50 Bibliography: ethnic Miners/Women BIBLIOGRAPHy: Ghost Towns

Aldrich, John K. Ghosts of Clear Creek County: A Guide to the Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Clear Creek County, Colorado. Lakewood, CO: Centennial Graphics, 1984. 36. col. illus. biblio. . Ghosts of Summit County: A Guide to the Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Summit County, Colorado. Lakewood, CO Centennial Graphics, 1986. 44. col. illus. map. folded map. biblio. . Ghosts of Chaffee County: A Guide to the Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Chaffee County and Eastern Gunnison County, Colorado. Lakewood, CO: Centennial Graphics, 1987. 52 col. illus. maps. folded maps. biblio. . Ghosts of the Eastern San Juans: A Guide to the Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of the Eastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado. Lakewood, Colo. (5815 W. 6th Ave., Suite A, Lakewood 80214): Centennial Graphics, 1987. 40. col. illus. map. biblio. Creede, Platoro, Summitville, Wagon Wheel Gap. . Ghosts of the Western San Juans. 2 vols Lakewood, Colo. (5815 W. 6th Ave., Suite A., Lakewood 80214): Centennial Graphics, 1988. col. illus. folded maps. biblio. v. 1. Ouray, San Juan, and Hinsdale Counties, Colorado – v. 2. San Miguel, La Plata, and Dolores Counties, Colorado. . My Favorite Ghosts: Excerpts from the Fourteen Book Series on Ghost Towns and Mining Camps in Colorado Written by the Same Author. Lakewood, Colo.: Centennial Graphics, 1988. 60. col. illus. biblio. . Ghosts of Northern Colorado: A Guide to the Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Eagle, Grand, Jackson, Routt, and Larimer Counties, Colorado. Rev. ed. Lakewood, Colo.: Centennial Graphics, 1991. 52. col. illus. folded map. biblio. . Ghosts of Pitkin County: A Guide to the Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Pitkin and Northern Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Rev. ed. Lakewood, Colo.: Centennial Graphics, 1992. 60. col. illus. 1 folded map. biblio. Towns: Ashcroft, Aspen, Crested Butte, Bunnison, Marble . Ghosts of Park County: A Guide to the Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Park County, Colorado. Rev. ed. Lakewood, CO Centennial Graphics, 1994. 56. col. illus. map. biblio. Towns: Alma, Fairplay, Tarryall.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 51 . Ghosts of Teller County: A Guide to the Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Teller County, Colorado. Rev ed. Lakewood, Colo.: Centennial Graphics, 1994. 51. col. illus. biblio. Towns: Altman, Anaconda, Arequa, Barry, Cameron, Cripple Creek, Eclipse, Elkton, Gillett, Goldfield, Independence, Lawrence, Midway, Mound City, Stratton, Victor, Teller County geology. . Ghosts of Boulder County: A Guide to the Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Boulder County, Colorado. Rev. ed. Denver, CO: Columbine Ink, LLC, 2008. 55. col. illus. one folded map in pocket. biblio. Towns: Caribou, Nederland, Ward Aldrich, John K., Ron Williams, Peg Williams, and Anne Justen. Ghosts of Gilpin County: A Guide to the Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Gilpin County, Colorado. [4th ed. Denver, CO: Columbine Ink, 2011. 44. col. illus. folded map. biblio, Towns: American City, Antelope, Apex, Baltimore, Black Hawk, Central City, East Portal, Gambell Gulch, Gilpin, Gold Dirt, Kingston, Lake Gulch, Missouri Flats, Mountain City, Nevadaville, Nugget, Perigo, Rollinsville, Russell Gulch, Tolland. Anderson, Peter. From Gold to Ghosts: A History of St. Elmo, Colorado. 1st ed. Gunnison, CO.: B & B Print., 1973. 118. illus. biblio. Dallas, Sandra. Colorado Ghost Towns and Mining Camps. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985. ix, 254. illus. maps. biblio. index. [electronic resource]: available Eberhart, Perry. Guide to the Colorado Ghost Towns and Mining Camps. Sage Books. 4th rev. ed. Chicago: Swallow Press, 1974. 496. illus. ports. 25 maps. Jessen, Kenneth Christian. Ghost Towns, Colorado Style: Northern Region. 1st ed. 3 vols. Vol. 1, Loveland, CO: J.V. Publications, 1998. 508. illus. maps. biblio. index. Volume one of three volume set. (Boulder, Clear Creek, Gilpin, Grand, Jackson, Larimer, Moffat, Routt and Summit Counties) . Ghost Towns, Colorado Style: Central Region. 3 vols. Vol. 1, Loveland, CO: J.V. Publications, 1999. 616. illus. maps. biblio. index. Volume two of a three volume set. (Garfield, Eagle, Pitkin, Lake, Park, Teller, Chaffee and Gunnison counties) . Ghost Towns, Colorado Style: Southern Region. 3 vols. Vol. 3, Loveland, CO: J.V. Publications, 2001. 632. illus. maps. biblio. index. Volume three of a three volume set. (Custer, Fremont, Alamosa, Conejos, Costilla, Rio Grande, Saguache, Hinsdale, Mineral, Ouray, San Juan, Delores, Montezuma, San Miguel, Las Animas, La Plata and Huerfano Counties)

52 Bibliography: Ghost Towns . Ghost Towns, Eastern Colorado. 1st ed. Loveland, CO: J. V. Publications, 2009. 624. illus. maps. biblio. index. Organized into three regions, Northern, Central and Southern and within each region, by county. . Colorado’s Best Ghost Towns. 1st ed. Loveland, CO: J. V. Publications, 2011. 136. col. illus. biblio. index. From old mining camps high in the Rockies to Mesa Verde in the south to homestead villages in the east, Kenneth Jessen presents the top 105 ghost towns of Colorado, selected from his 40-plus years of exploring over 1,600 ghost towns throughout the state. Each ghost town comes to life through color photos and a brief history; complete with descriptive directions and map coordinates. Riker, Hugh. Colorado Ghost Towns & Mining Camps: A Sketch Book. Palmer Lake, CO: The Filter Press, 1979. 54. illus.

FIGURe 27: SAINT eLMO, COLORADO, 1952. In Saint elmo, Chaffee County, Colorado. The City Hall – Fire Department has a belfry. 1952. Photo credit, Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-13472.

Sagstetter, Beth, and Bill Sagstetter. The Mining Camps Speak: A New Way to Explore the Ghost Towns of the American West. 1st ed. Denver, CO: BenchMark Pub. of Colorado, 1998. 283. illus. biblio. index. Wolle, Muriel Sibell. Stampede to Timberline: The Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Colorado. Athens, OH: Swallow Press/Ohio University Press, 1991. 2nd ed., rev. and enl. Chicago: Sage Books, 1974. 583. illus. index. . Timberline Tailings: Tales of Colorado’s Ghost Towns and Mining Camps. 1st Swallow Press/Ohio University Press ed. Athens: Swallow Press/Ohio University Press, 1993. 337. illus. maps. ill., Sequel to: Stampede to Timberline.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 53

BIBLIOGRAPHy: Technology

Bunyak, Dawn. Frothers, Bubbles and Floatation: A Survey of Flotation Milling in the Twentieth-Century Metals Industry. Denver, CO: National Park Service Intermountain Support Office, 1998. 92. bibliography. appendices. ps.ma photos. drawings. 8-1/2” x 11” paperback. Dunbar, A. R., and Arthur Lakes. Colorado State Mining Directory, 1898 ...: Buyer’s Guide to Representative Mining Machinery and Supply Houses of America. Denver, CO: Western Mining Directory Co. Pub., 1898. 510, xii. illus. directory. Mogensen, Paul, Ed Hunter, and Western Museum of Mining and Industry. A Concise History of Mine Hoisting: From Its Earliest Beginnings through Winfield Scott Stratton’s Independence Hoist. Mining History and Technology Series:. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Western Museum of Mining and Industry, 2002. 40. illus. maps. biblio. Niebur, Jay E., and James E. Fell. Arthur Redman Wilfley, Miner, Inventor, and Entrepreneur. Louisville, CO: Western Business History Research Center, Colorado Historical Society, 1982. 245. illus. maps. port. biblio. index. Biography of Redman who invented the Wilfley table for mineral separation. Kokomo, Silver Lake Mine, San Juans. Trennert, Robert A. Riding the High Wire: Aerial Mine Tramways in the West. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 2001. Twitty, Eric. Blown to Bits in the Mine: A History of Mining & Explosives in the United States. Ouray, CO: Western Reflections, 2001. 208. illus. photos. endnotes. biblio. index. . Riches to Rust: A Guide to Mining in the Old West. 1st ed. Montrose, CO: Western Reflections, 2002. 383. illus. biblio. index. ch. 1. Introduction – ch. 2. Building the surface plant – ch. 3. Surface plants for mine tunnels – ch. 4. Gear oil and steam power: surface plants for shafts in the Gilded Age – ch. 5. In the shadow of the fortune seekers: mining during the Great Depression – ch. 6. Riches to rust: interpreting the remains of historic mines – appendix. Tables for identifying and interpreting surface plant machinery and other facilities.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 55

BIBLIOGRAPHy: Videos

Lest We Forget (Videorecording): A Tribute to Colorado Mine Workers, Lafayette and Erie, Colorado, June 10, 1989 / Colorado Labor Forum, Iww. Thornton, CO: TAC Dubbing, 1989. Arts and Entertainment Network., Films for the Humanities & Sciences (Firm), and Films Media Group. John L. Lewis King Coal. A&E Classroom. New York, NY: Films Media Group, 2011. 1 streaming video file (45 min.). [electronic resource]: (Available to students, faculty and staff of the Auraria campus) http://0-digital.films.com.skyline.ucdenver.edu/PortalPlaylists. aspx?aid=19726&xtid=42362 Segments: Power of Recommendation (1:18) – Strike! Strike! Strike! (2:44) – Mining, A Hard Life (3:02) – Champion of Miner’s Rights (1:07) – Union Miners in Trouble (3:17) – The Great Depression (2:18) – Committee for Industrial Organization (3:25) – Sit-In at Fisher Body Plant (2:57) – GM Strike Over (3:11) – Lewis Versus Roosevelt (3:51) – Southern Coal Strike (5:06) – Steel Executives Refuse Union (2:35) – No Strikes During War (2:34) – Labor for War (2:12) – Centralia No. 5 Disaster (4:06) – Individual Enterprise (2:45) – Taft Hartley Act (2:58) – Economists at the Bargaining Table (2:36) – Credits: A&E Classroom: John L. Lewis King Coal (0:50) Access requires authentication through Films on Demand. Duncan, Rufus. The Modoc Mine and Mill, 1889-1989 (Videorecording): Discovery, Operation, Decline, Renovation/ Interviews by Dottie Wolcott; Filmed by Art Wainwright, vol. BCARN Reference V 978.863. Boulder Public Library, 1989. Moyers, Bill. Out of the Depths (Videorecording): The Miner’s Story / Hosted by Bill Moyers, A Walk Through the 20th Century with Bill Moyers. PBS Video, 1984. Southworth, Richard, Dave Southworth, and Wild Horse Publishing. Boulder County Mining Camps a Look Back, Colorado mining camp series. Round Rock, TX: Wild Horse Publishing,, 1995. videorecording, 1 videocassette (17 min.): sd., col. with b&w sequences ; 1/2 in. . Cripple Creek and the Mining Camps of Teller County, Colorado mining camp series. Round Rock, TX: Wild Horse Publishing,, 1995. videorecording, 1 videocassette (20 min.): sd., col. with b&w sequences ; 1/2 in. . Leadville the Boom Years, Colorado mining camp series. Round Rock, TX: Wild Horse Publishing,, 1995. videorecording, 1 videocassette (27 min.): sd., col. with b&w sequences ; 1/2 in.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 57 . The Mining Camps of Gilpin and Clear Creek Counties, Colorado mining camp series. Round Rock, TX: Wild Horse Publishing,, 1995. videorecording, 1 videocassette (25 min.): sd., col. with b&w sequences ; 1/2 in. . The Mining Camps of Northwest Colorado, Colorado mining camp series. Round Rock, TX: Wild Horse Publishing,, 1995. videorecording, 1 videocassette (30 min.): sd., col. with b&w sequences ; 1/2 in. . The Mining Camps of South Central Colorado, Colorado mining camp series. Round Rock, TX: Wild Horse Publishing,, 1995. videorecording, 1 videocassette (25 min.): sd., col. with b&w sequences ; 1/2 in. . The Mining Camps of the San Juans, Colorado mining camp series. Round Rock, TX: Wild Horse Publishing,, 1995. videorecording, 1 videocassette (40 min.): sd., col. with b&w sequences ; 1/2 in.

FIGURe 28: TIN CAN CAMPFIRe Photo credit, Thomas J. Noel Collection

58 Bibliography: Videos Thomas A. Edison. Cripple Creek barroom scene. Edison Manufacturing Co., James H. White production 1899. [electronic resource]: http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/ papr:@field(NUMBER+@band(edmp+1173)) Duration: 0.46 at 16 fps. Comedy. From Edison films catalog: Shows tap room of the “Miners Arms,” stout lady at the bar, and three men playing stud horse. Old toper with a silk hat asleep by the stove. Rough miner enters, bar maid serves him with Red Eye Whiskey and he proceeds to clean out the place. Barmaid takes a hand with a siphon of vichy, and bounces the intruder, with the help of the card players, who line up before the bar and take copious drinks on the house.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 59

BIBLIOGRAPHy: Fiction

Andrews, Robert Hardy. Great Day in the Morning: A Novel. New York: Coward- McCann, 1950. Novel. 341. A novel of Colorado gold mining Barker, Jane Valentine, Sybil Downing, Dian Diggs & Robert F. Wilson. Mountain Treasures. Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing, 1978. 44. historical fiction. photos. drawings Bennett, Horace Wilson. Silver Crown of Glory. Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1936. 205. illus. A historical novel based on rise and fall of silver mining in Colorado. Castle, Marian. The Golden Fury. Garden City, N.Y.: Sun Dial Press, 1950. 308. map A novel of hard times in mining towns before things work out in Cripple Creek. Dallas, Sandra. Prayers for Sale: A Novel. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 2009. Literature. 305. A novel of mining and women Downing, Sybil. Fire in the Hole. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1996. 256. Fiction. [electronic resource]: available Grahm, Upton Sinclair and John. The Coal War. Boulder, CO: Colorado Associated University Press, 1976. 417. Squeal to Upton Sinclair’s King Coal King, Alfred Castner. Mountain Idylls: And Other Poems. Chicago, Illinois: F.H. Revell Company, 1901. Poetry. 120. [electronic resource]: http://archive.org/details/mountainidyllsot00king Lavender, David Sievert, and Duane A. Smith. Red Mountain: A Novel of the Boom Days in Colorado. Ouray, Colo.: Western Reflections, 2000. 538. A historical novel based on history of Ouray and mining in the San Juans. Sinclair, Upton. King Coal: A Novel. New York, NY: Macmillan Company, 1917. 396. Historical fiction Stegner, Wallace. Angle of Repose. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co, 1971. 569. This 1971 Pulitzer-Prize winning novel explores America’s mining frontiers from one family’s perspective, setting one man’s obsession with mining against his wife’s yearnings for the cultural opportunities she left in the East.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 61 FIGURe 29: 1442 CReeDe By WILLIAM HeNRy JACKSON People bundled in coats stand in front of shanties in the town of Creede, Colorado in Mineral County. One of the rectangular wood-frame buildings has a gable with roofing; the gables of the other buildings are covered with tent material. Stacks of wood are piled in the foreground near piles of boards, debris, and rocks. The snow-covered, steep rocky hills that surround the town are in the background. Signs “Saloon Istrael and Groff” and “Notice This land either belongs to R.H. Sayre who has located it with Valentine Script or to the State of Colorado. In either case you are trespassing and cannot possible gain anything by squatting upon it. The matter will probably be settled in 30 days, at which time you can purchase lots and get a title. For particulars call on J.W. Smith” show. 1885. Photo credit, Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-7490.

62 Bibliography: Fiction Other Resources

mining-related ProPerties on national, state and loCal registers oF historiC PlaCes Colorado historical society: Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation denver, Colorado

• Directory of Mining-related properties in the Colorado State Register of Historic Properties, c2006 http://hdl.handle.net/10176/co:1285_hed6502m662006internet.pdf • Lafayette Coal Mining Era Buildings Multiple Property Listing. 1983. http://hdl.handle.net/10176/co:1198_hed6502m661983internet.pdf • 2008 National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation: The Mining Industry in Colorado MPS: http://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/crforms_ edumat/pdfs/651.pdf • Metal Mining and Toursit Era Resources of Boulder County MPL (Amendment): http://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/crforms_ edumat/pdfs/623amend09.pdf

ProPerties on the national register oF historiC PlaCes (For Colorado, see above online directory of mining-related properties)

Boulder County Cardinal Mill Added to Register: December 22, 2011 Along Coon Track Creek at Cardinal, around 4 miles west of Nederland. Intact ore concentration mill dating to the late 1890s. Milled tungsten and gold ore. Fox Mine Office Added to Register: February 23, 1996 1226 S. Cherryvale Rd., Boulder, CO Period of Significance: 1899-1925

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 63 Gold Hill National Historic District Added to Register: August 3, 1989 Roughly bounded by North St., Pine St., and College St. Gold Hill, Colorado Period of Significance: 1874-1925 Lewis House Added to Register: May 20, 1983 108 E. Simpson St. Lafayette, Colorado Miners Museum Period of Significance: 1899-1925 Modoc Mill Added to Register: December 27, 1978 North of Ward, Colorado Rocky Mountain Mammoth Mine Added to Register: July 6, 2010 4879 Magnolia Dr. Nederland, Colorado Snowbound Mine Added to Register: August 3, 1989 County Road 52 Gold Hill, Colorado

Chaffee County Crescent Moly Mine No. 100 and Mining Camp Added to Register: October 11, 2003 Vicksburg vicinity Period of Significance: 1925-1949 Vicksburg Mining Camp Added to Register: March 8, 1977 15 mi. N.W. of Buena Vista on SR 390 Period of Significance: 1875-1899 Winfield Mining Camp Added to Register: March 10, 1980 15 mi. N.W. of Buena Vista Period of Significance: 1875-1899

64 Properties on the National Register of Historic Places Clear Creek Argo Tunnel and Mill Added to Register: 1978 2517 Riverside Dr., Idaho Springs Period of Significance: 1899-1949 Lebanon and Everett Mine Tunnels Added to Register: 1971 N.E. of Silver Plume, adjacent to I-70 right-of-way, Silver Plume Period of Significance: 1874-1900 Ore Processing Mill and Dam Added to Register: May, 6, 1971 Also known as Lebanon Mill 1 mi. S.W. of Georgetown off I-70, Georgetown Period of Significance: 1850-1899 gilpin County Central City-Black Hawk Historic District Added to Register: 1966 Period of Significance: 1850-1874 hinsdale County Argentum Mining Camp Added to the Register: 1999 Address Restricted, Lake City Period of Significance: 1875-1899 Capitol City Charcoal Kilns Added to Register: 1999 Address Restricted, Lake City Period of Significance: 1875-1899 Empire Chief Mine and Mill Added to Register: 1999 Address Restricted, Lake City Period of Significance: 1924-1949 Golconda Mine Added to Register: 1999 Address Restricted, Lake City Period of Significance, 1900-1949 Hinsdale County MNetal Mining MP

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 65 Rose Lime Kiln Added to Register: 1993 Co Rd. 20 SW of Lake City Period of Significance: 1875-1899 Tellurium-White Cross Mining Camp Added to Register: 1999 Address Restricted, Lake City Period of Significance: 1899-1900 Tabasco Mine and Mill Added to Register: October 16, 2008 South of San Juan County Road and Hinsdale County Road 34 Lake City, Colorado (Listed as part of Hinsdale Metal Mining MPS) Extends into San Juan County Period of Significance: 1899-1900

lake County Derry Mining Site Camp Added to Register: 2000 West of US 24, Leadville Period of Significance: 1900-1924 Leadville Historic District Added to Register: 1966 Period of Significance: 1874-1899 Matchless Mine Added to Register: December 28, 2010 East 7th Road, Leadville, CO (Mining Industry in Colorado, MPS)

mesa County Calamity Camp Stone and log residences and other buildings dating back to 1913. Added to Register: June 1, 2011 About eight miles southeast of Gateway, Colorado Mined: Carnotite ore, a source of radium, uranium and vanadium

Pitkin County Holden Mining and Smelting Co. Added to Register: June 22, 1990 Aspen vicinity Period of Significance: 1875-1899

66 Properties on the National Register of Historic Places san Juan County Animas Forks Added to Register: March 21, 2011 Address Restricted, Silverton vicinity (Access is open) (Mining Industry in Colorado, MPS Martin Mining Complex Added to Register: 1966 6350 City Rd. #2, Silverton Period of Significance: 1899-1949 Minnie Gulch Cabins Added to Register March 21, 2011 Address Restricted, Silverton vicinity (Access is open) (Mining Industry in Colorado, MPS) Placer Gulch Boarding House Added to Register March 21, 2011 Address Restricted, Silverton vicinity (Access is open) (Mining Industry in Colorado, MPS) Silverton National Historic Landmark District Added to Register: July 4, 1961 Silverton, Colorado Shenandoah-Dives Mill Also called: Mayflower Mill Added to Register: February 16, 2000 Silverton, Colorado Two miles northeast of the Silverton town limits on Highway 110 and 100 feet north of the highway. Access is restricted to tours Silverton Historic District Added to Register: 1966, expanded 1997 Along CO 110 and aerial tramway from Lodore Mine to Mayflower Mine, Silverton Period of Significance, 1874-1900 Tabasco Mine and Mill Added to Register: October 16, 2008 South of San Juan County Road 25 and County Road 34 Lake City, Colorado (Listed as part of Hinsdale Metal Mining MPS) Extends into Hinsdale County Period of Significance: 1899-1925

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 67 san miguel County Lewis Mill Added to Register: 2009 3.5 mi S.E. of Telluride at the head of Bridal Veil Basin, Telluride Period of Significance: 1900-1924 Telluride National Historic District Added to Register: July 4, 1961 Telluride, Colorado Period of Significance: 1899-1900 Valley View Leasing and Mining Company Mill Also known as Matterhorn Mill CO 145, 2.8 mi. S. of Ophir, Ophir Period of Significance: 1924-1949

teller County Cripple Creek Historic District Added to Register 1966 Period of Significance: 1875-1899 Stratton’s Independence Mine and Mill Added to Register: 1993 Jct. of Rangeview Rd. and CO 67, Victor Period of Significance: 1899-1949

misC. direCtories and online resourCes Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Publications Includes government publication for the uranium industry. User Guide: https://www.lib.umn.edu/govpubs/aec-guide Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection (Online) http://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/Default/Skins/Colorado/ Client.asp?Skin=Colorado&AW=1228778584541&AppName=2 Newspapers provide a wealth of information on the history of mining in Colorado, often not available in any other source. The Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection represents 163 individual newspapers published in Colorado from 1859 to 1923. Colorado Mining Fatalities: An alphabetical listing of people who were killed in mining accidents in Colorado from 1884, when state legislation first required mining companies to report their accidents, through 1962. http://digital.denverlibrary.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/ p16079coll16/id/1931/rec/19

68 Properties on the National Register of Historic Places Corbett, Thomas B. The Colorado Directory of Mines: Containing a Description of the Mines and Mills, and the Mining and Milling Corporations of Colorado, Arranged Alphabetically by Counties, and a History of Colorado from Its Early Settlement to the Present Time. 1st ed. Denver: Rocky Mountain News Print Co., 1879. http://digital.denverlibrary.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16079coll9/id/168 Crofutt, George A., and W. Michel Kiteley. Crofutt’s Grip-Sack Guide of Colorado. Denver, CO: SoftEase Company,, 2006. Electronic text (PDF). Omaha, NE: Overland, 1885. Boulder, CO: Johnson Publishing, 1966. 1 CD-ROM. [electronic resource] CD-ROM. Originally published in 1881. 200 pages of history, descriptions, statistics, stories, tales, and parables. Includes early glimpses of Colorado and Denver, plus other cities, towns, villages, stations, mining camps, mineral springs, and resorts. Includes 30 pages of railway tours throughout Colorado. Illus. of 70 hand-cut etchings of scenic pictorials. Corregan, Robert A. and David F. Lingane, eds. Index to Colorado Mining Directory. 1st ed. Denver: The Colorado mining Directory Co., 1883. http://digital.denverlibrary.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16079coll9/id/114 Dunn, Lisa G. Colorado Mining Districts: A Reference. Golden, CO, US: Colorado School of Mines Arthur Lakes Library, 2003. 364. photos. maps. biblo. index. directory. History Colorado, Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation possesses numerous professional reports for cultural resource projects involving specific mining regions and individual mines. The reports, organized by county, usually include valuable area and site histories available nowhere else. Contact History Colorado for more information. Historic Colorado Mining Districts Colorado Geological Survey (Interactive Map) http://geosurvey.state.co.us/MINERALS/ HISTORICMININGDISTRICTS/Pages/HistoricMiningDistricts.aspx Historic Mines & Mining Companies inside.mines.edu/LBGuide_Historic_Mines_Companies Arthur Lakes Library, Colorado School of Mines This guide focuses on mines in Colorado and the Western U.S. Some resources also include modern mines and existing companies. Lingani, Robert A. Corregan & David F. Colorado Mining Directory: Containing an Accurate Description of the Mines, Mining Properties and Mills, and the Mining, Milling, Smelting, Reducing and Refining Companies and Corporations of Colorado. Denver, CO: Colorado Moine Directory C., 1883. 908. Information on Leadville, Clear Creek, Gilpin counties and the San Juans. List of Colorado Mines: www.historycolorado.org/researchers/mines-monuments

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 69 Mines Digital Repository: Colorado School of Mines minesdr.coalliance.org/ A web-based searchable repository that collects, preserves, and provides permanent open access to digitized materials of historical and institutional value as well as the scholarly works of Colorado School of Mines academic community. Overview of the Mining Industry in Colorado as outlined in the 2008 National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Listing: The Mining Industry in Colorado by James E. Fell and Eric Twitty. www.historycolorado.org/archaeologists/mining-industry-colorado http://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/crforms_ edumat/pdfs/651.pdf (This document develops four historic contexts). • Precious and Base Metal Mining Industry in Colorado: 1858-2005 • Coal Mining Industry in Colorado: 1858- 2005 • Industrial Metals Industry in Colorado: 1870-2005 • Mining Technology, Methods, and Equipment in Colorado: 1858-2005 “Western Mining Directory: Embracing an Index of the Principal Working Mines, Stamp Mills, Smelters, Reduction Works, Cyanide and Chlorination Plants of Arizona, California, Colorado, Dakota, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.” v. Denver, Col.: Western Mining Directory Company, 1898. Colorado State Business Directory with Colorado Mining Directory, 1899. 1899. Red Mountain Town by Mark L. Evans www.narrowgauge.org/ncmap/excur2_red_mnt_town.html Photos and discussion of the confusion surrounding Red Mountain Town and Red Mountain City. Routt and Moffat Counties, Colorado: Coal Mining Historic Context Steven F. Mehls, Carol Drake Mehls, 1991 http://cospl.coalliance.org/fedora/repository/co:1282/ hed6502r761991internet.pdf Robert A. Corregan and David F. Lingane, eds. Index to Colorado Mining Directory. Denver, CO: The Colorado Mining Directory Co., 1883. Available Online Simmons, J.S. Bartow and P.A. Colorado Mining Directory, 1896. Denver, CO: Colorado Mining Directory Company, 1896, 1896. 228. The U.S. Geological Survey and Colorado Geological Society published Professional Papers and Bulletins on the geology, ore deposits, and histories of most principal mining regions in Colorado. Librarian assistance may be requested to locate these reports. USGS Publications Warehouse http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/ - home Explore publications by USGS authors on Colorado mining history Wickersheim, Laurel Michele and LeBaron, Rawlene. Mine Owners and Mines of the Colorado Gold Rush. Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, 2005. 498. photos. index. Reprint of Corbett, 1879 directory

70 Misc. Directories and Online Resources additional online resourCes For artiCles and Primary doCuments Scholars and enthusiasts have produced numerous articles on Colorado coal mining and primary documents such as news articles, letters, and diaries have been reproduced in collections. In addition to checking the bibliographies of books in this guide for resources, try these free and commercial databases and digital collections. american Periodical series online (Auraria campus constituents have access) American Periodicals presents digitized images of the pages of American magazines and journals published from colonial days to 1900. From Proquest. american west (Auraria campus constituents have access) Contains the digitized contents of The Graff Collection of Western Americana at the Newberry Library in Chicago. Contents include original manuscripts, ephemeral material (including trade cards, wanted posters, photos, claim certificates, news-sheets, etc.), maps, and rare printed works. From Adam Matthews Digital. googlescholar (Open access) An index to a wide variety of journals. Auraria campus users will be linked to the full-text of articles, when available, by signing in through this link.

Jstor (Auraria campus constituents have access) An archival suite of full-text scholarly journals. nineteenth Century u.s. newspapers (Auraria campus constituents have access) A searchable full-text facsimile-image database of 19th-century newspapers from across the nation chronicling American culture, daily life and events. From Gale Cengage.

Periodical archive online (Pao) (Auraria campus constituents have access) Find hundreds of full-text digitized journals in PAO with content ranging from the early 19th century to the year 2000. From ProQuest/Chadwyck-Healey.

Project muse (Auraria campus constituents have access) Provides full text of over 100 scholarly journals in arts and humanities, social sciences, and mathematics. Current issues and backfiles. readers’ guide retrospective: 1890-1982 (Ebsco) Readers’ Guide Retrospective contains comprehensive indexing of the most popular general-interest periodicals published in the United States and reflects the history of 20th century America.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 71 liBraries and researCh institutes

arthur lakes library, Colorado school of mines library.mines.edu/ 1400 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401 303-273-3911 In addition to archival collections, Arthur Lakes Library hosts two online resources for Colorado mining history: • Mines Digital Repository: Colorado School of Mines minesdr.coalliance.org/ • Historic Mines & Mining Companies http://library.mines.edu/LBGuide_Historic_Mines_Companies

Bessemer historical society www.steelworks.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58 &Itemid=120 215 Canal Street Pueblo, CO 81004 719 564-9086 The CF&I Archives include over 100,000 photographs, more than 150 films, 30,000 maps and drawings, hundreds of ledgers, and internal publications such as Camp and Plant, The Industrial Bulletin, and The Blast.

Boulder Public library Carnegie Branch for local history http://boulderlibrary.org/carnegie/ 1125 Pine St., Boulder, Colorado 80302 303-441-3110 • Manuscript collections including photographs, diaries, oral histories and documents related to the mining industry in Boulder and Clear Creek Counties. • The Maria Rogers Oral History Program http://boulderlibrary.org/carnegie/collections/mrohp.html 1125 Pine St., Boulder, Colorado 80302 303-441-3110 Includes an extensive collection of oral histories focusing on mining in Colorado. Most interviews were conducted during 1980-1990.

72 Additional Online Resources for Articles and Primary Documents Center of southwest studies, Fort lewis College swcenter.fortlewis.edu/ 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, Colorado 81301 970-247-7456 Manuscript collections include documents on the uranium and vanadium mining industry, and mining records and printed materials, particularly for the Four Corners Region.

Clear Creek County archives 405 Argentine St., P.O. Box 2000, Georgetown, Colorado 80444 303-679-2357 email: Christine Bradley, mailto:[email protected]

Colorado state archives www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/ 1313 Sherman, Room 1B20, Denver, Colorado 80203 303 866-2358 Online resources are available. Requests for archived records may also be made Online. denver Public library western history and genealogy department denverlibrary.org/ 10 W. 14th Pkwy, Denver, Colorado, 80204 720-865-1111 Manuscript collections including photographs, maps, and documents related to Colorado mining history. russell l. & lyn wood mining history archive inside.mines.edu/Mining_History_Archive Arthur Lakes Library, Colorado School of Mines The Archive supports research on the history of mining, with emphasis on Colorado and the West. This includes the technical, environmental, economic and human aspects of the mining industry. Archive collections include documents, journals, books, maps, photographs and artifacts. In addition we hold materials on the history of the Colorado School of Mines.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 73 san Juan County historical society archive Silverton, Colorado 970-387-5609 / [email protected] Located on Court House Square to the north of the Court House and the Historical Society Museum. Large collections of historical documents pertaining to San Juan County region. including communities no longer there. Business records, survey notes, personal correspondence, diaries, maps, books, tapes, photographs and outstanding oral history collection.

stephen h. hart library and research Center www.historycolorado.org/researchers/stephen-h-hart-library- and-research-center History Colorado Center 1200 Broadway, Denver, Colorado 80203 303-866-2305 Manuscript collections including photographs, maps, documents related to Colorado mining history.

w. ross moore mining history library of the american west Research requests are accepted. Online index of collections: www.ouraycountyhistoricalsociety.org/RossMooreLibraryNew/index.html Operated by the Ouray County Historical Society Archives include books, documents and photographs between dated between 1875–2001 with focus on Colorado mining, mineralogy and geology, specifically related to the San Juan region.

western museum of mining & industry library Over 5,000 volumes of early mining practice to contemporary fiction. Online catalog: http://opac.libraryworld.com/opac/home

74 Libraries and Research Institutes PhotograPhs and maPs (digital, available online)

FIGURe 30: MINeRS POSe NeAR A HOIST A headframe and hoist hold a cage loaded with a mine car. Between 1970-1980. Photo credit: Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-60663.

David Rumsey Map Collection: http://www.davidrumsey.com/ Denver Public Library: • Western Mining: http://digital.denverlibrary.org/cdm/mining/ • Maps: http://digital.denverlibrary.org/cdm/maps/ Keller Mining Photographic Collection Colorado Mining History in Images: http://www.miningbureau.com/ The Library of Congress Map Collections http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/gmdhome.html Stephen H. Hart Library and Research Center Photography Collection: Mines – Monuments: www.historycolorado.org/researchers/mines-monuments University of Colorado Boulder Map Collection Cartographic PerspectivesMining maps including the collections of: W.H. McLeod, Charles A. Wolcott, Harrison Cobb and Hall, Babbitt and Thayer and the maps of Henry A. Drumm. http://www.cartographicperspectives.org/index.php/journal/article/ view/43/92 U.S. Geological Survey Photographic Library http://libraryphoto.cr.usgs.gov/keyword.htm

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 75 CeleBrations / eVents

town of Frederick annual miners memorial day Celebration September frederickco.gov/Residents/Miners-Memorial-Day-Celebration.htm

leadville Boom days old west Festival, mining Celebration & Burro race www.leadville.com/boomdays/

nederland miners’ day Celebration www.nederlandmuseums.org/minersdays.html

silverton Colorado hardrockers’ holidays Traditional celebration of mining, with mining competitions http://silvertonspecialevents.com/

assoCiations and CluBs

online resource for mining agencies & resources, associations, organizations & Clubs www.icmj.com/clubs-associations-govt-agencies.php - top

Colorado mining association www.coloradomining.org/index.php 216 16th St., Suite 1250, Denver, Colorado 80202 303-575-9199

Colorado mining history association http://www.mininghistoryassociation.org/ P.O. Box 552, Sedalia, Colorado 80135

Colorado department of natural resources dnr.state.co.us/Pages/DNRDefault.aspx 1313 Sherman Street, Room 718, Denver, Colorado 80203 303-866-3311 / 1-800-536-5308

denver mining Club, ltd. www.denverminingclub.org 303-986-6535 Local Chapter of the International Order of Ragged Ass Miners, established in 1891.

76 Photographs and Maps denver region exploration geologists’ society www.dregs.org/ The Denver Region Exploration Geologist’s Society’s principal objective is the exchange of current scientific thought and technology as it applies to exploration and ore deposits. Membership is open to persons with a geological background interested in mining or mineral exploration, or supporting technologies. gold Prospectors of Colorado www.gpoc.com/ Colorado Springs, Colorado Founded in 1974 for recreational gold prospectors. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

Colorado state minerals information minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/state/co.html 1313 Sherman Street, Room 715, Denver, Colorado 80203 303-866-2611

FIGURe 31: MeN INSIDe MINe Photo credit: Denver Public Library Digital Collection

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 77 mining towns, museums and mine tours

alma, Colorado Alma Firehouse and Mining Museum http://www.almafoundation.com/firemuseum.htm CO Hwy. 9 & 1 West Buckskin Rd., Alma, Colorado 719-838-0795 A fire in 1937 destroyed Alma’s business district. The museum displays firefighting equipment and materials on the mining industry that gave birth to what is now the highest (10,355 ft.) town in the United States.

aspen, Colorado Holden/Marolt Mining and Ranching Museum (former Holden Mining and Smelting Company) http://www.heritageaspen.org/hm.html 40180 Highway 82, Aspen, Colorado Located on the site of the 1891 Holden Lixiviation Mill. In 1990 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National register of Historic Places. Mining exhibits feature the silver boom and bust. The site was originally founded as a silver mining camp in 1879. Smuggler Mine/Compromise Mine 110 Smuggler Mt. Road, Aspen, Colorado 970-924-2049

Breckenridge, Colorado Barney Ford House Museum www.summithistorical.org 111E. Washington Ave., Breckenridge, Colorado 970-453-5761 Barney Ford, a runaway mulatto slave who became a prominent entrepre- neur and black civil rights pioneer in Colorado. Ford invested in various mining ventures and ‘grubstaked’ miners with equipment and supplies. Carbonate Mine www.carbonatemine.com Iowa Milling Co., Breckenridge, Colorado 720.226.0702

78 Associations and Clubs County Boy Mine www.countryboymine.com/ French Gulch Road, Breckenridge, Colorado 970-453-4405 The County Boy Mine was a gold mine that today offers tours, gold pan- ning, and other activities reminiscent of Colorado’s historic mining days. Iowa Hill Hydraulic Placer 970-370-5726 The Iowa Hill Mine is a partially restored hydraulic placer operation, with walking trail and archaeological features interpreted. The site included a log boardinghouse, mine workings, and equipment. For tour meet in Carriage House parking lot at corner of Valley Brook and Airport Road in Breckenridge, Colorado. Lomax Placer Mine www.summithistorical.org/Lomax.html 301 Ski Hill Rd., Breckenridge, Colorado 970-453-9022 The Lomax Mine was a hydraulic placer mining operation active in the 1860’s and near downtown Breckenridge. Today, the mine has a complete collection of equipment used in a typical hydraulic mining operation. A miner’s log cabin is also located on the site with artifacts to demonstrate on miners and their families lived. Sallie Barber Mine, Australia Gulch www.summithistorical.org/SallieBarberMine.html On the north face of Bald Mountain, the Sallie Barber was a hardrock mine. J.H. Johnston discovered the lode in 1880. Zinc was primarily mined, but silver was as well. Interpretive signage, remnants of the old mine including the headframe and tipple remain. See website for location and directions. Washington Gold & Silver Mine www.summithistorical.org/Washington.html 465 Illinois Gulch Rd., Breckenridge, Colorado 970-453-9022 The Washington Mine began in the early 1880s as a hardrock gold and silver mine. Cornish miners drilled and blasted the ore and teated their underground gremlins ‘ the “Tommy Knockers” with offerings of food to insure their mischief did not cause the miners harm. Scandinavian timbermen shored up the workings with timbers cut from local forests. The mine was active from 1880–1905 and intermittently until the 1960s. Tours are available.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 79 Cokedale, Colorado www.sangres.com/colorado/lasanimas/cokedale.htm#.UKVlro45uDk Cokedale is an example of an intact coal camp in Colorado. Named after nearby rows of coke ovens, the town was founded in 1906 by the American Smelting and Refining Company (ASARCO). In 1909, the main coal mine blew up and many miners died. A second portal blew up in 1911 and it was then determined that the coal was too gassy and attention turned to coking the coal brought from other locations. Cokedale was placed on the National Historic Register in 1984. Cokedale Mining Museum 719-846-7428 Located in the Gottlieb Mercantile Building. Open by appointment.

Colorado springs, Colorado Western Museum of Mining & Industry www.wmmi.org/ 225 North Gate Blvd., Colorado Springs, Colorado 80921 719-488-0880 / 800-752-6558 The museum provides exhibits, guided tours and a variety of educational events.

Craig, Colorado Trapper Mine Hwy 13, six miles south of Craig 970-824-4401

Creede, Colorado Creed Underground Museum museumtrail.org/creedeundergroundminingmuseum.asp 503 Forest Service Rd #9, Creede, Colorado 719-658-0811 The underground museum blasted out of solid rock includes displays of mining equipment and serves as a underground mining museum and community center. Tours are given by retired miners.

80 Mining Towns, Museums and Mine Tours Cripple Creek, Colorado Mollie Kathleen Mine www.goldminetours.com/goldminetours.com/Home.html 9388 Hwy. 67, Cripple Creek, Colorado 719-689-2466 Mollie Gortner discovered an outcropping of gold laced in quartz while out taking a walk to see a herd of elk. She became the first woman in the Gold Camp to find gold and strike a claim in her own name. The Gortner family operated the mine until 1949. Tours are available. Cripple Creek District Museum www.cripple-creek.org/ 5th & Bennett, Cripple Creek, Colorado 719-689-2634 The museum complex contains three buildings with six floors of mining memorabilia, maps, paintings, glass and china, children’s items, fur- nishings, an assay office, a photograph gallery, Indian artifacts, mineral displays and two Victorian apartments.

Central City Hidee Gold Mine www.hideegoldmine.com/ County Road 6, Central City/Blackhawk, Colorado 303-989-2861 The Hidee Gold Mine was originally located in 1896. The vein has been worked intermittently until the present. In the 1980s, it was opened for tours to schools, universities and mineralogists. Gilpin County Historical Society Museum www.coloradomuseums.org/gilpin.html 228 E. High Street, Central City, CO 80427 303-582-5283 georgetown Lebanon Silver Mine (Part of the Georgetown Loop Railroad Tour) www.georgetownlooprr.com 111 Rose Street, Georgetown, Colorado 888-456-6777

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 81 golden Colorado School of Mines Geology Museum www.mines.edu/Geology_Museum 1310 Maple St., Golden Colorado 80401 Located in the General Research Laboratory (GRL) building 303-273-3815 The museum serves as the state repository for Colorado’s mineral heritage and historic mining reassures.

idaho springs, Colorado Argo Gold Mine & Mill Museum www.historicargotours.com/ 2350 Riverside Drive, Idaho Springs, Colorado 303-567-2421 The Argo Mill was constructed to process gold bearing ore from area mines, much of it delivered via the 22,000-foot Argo Tunnel from 1913 until its closure in 1943. Tours are available. Clear Creek Mining and Milling Museum 23rd Ave. and Riverside Drive, Idaho Springs, Colorado Colorado School of Mines / Edgar Experimental Mine 365 8th Ave. Idaho Springs 303 567-2911 Open late May to late August. Tours take one hour and go a half-mile underground. The students and faculty of the Colorado School of Mines who try out traditional mining techniques as well as the latest advances in technology run the mine. Phoenix Gold Mine Idaho Springs www.phoenixmine.com I-70 to exit 239, take Stanley Road to west Trail Creek (303) 567-0422 Tours provide a glimpse of hard rock mining as well as at the process of gold panning. Underhill Museum 1416 Miner St., Idaho Springs 303-567-4709 A fascinating collection of mining artifacts and authentic living accom- modations of the gold mining era.

82 Mining Towns, Museums and Mine Tours lafayette, Colorado Lafayette Miner’s Museum www.cityoflafayette.com/index.aspx?NID=463 108 East Simpson Street, Lafayette, Colorado 80026 303-665-7030 The museum exhibits artifacts and photographs depicting Lafayette his- tory through its coal mining years to the present. William E. Lewis, a coal miner, and his family lived in the 900-square-foot house, now home to the museum. lake City, Colorado Hard Tack Mine www.hardtackmine.com Hanson Creek and Engineer Pass Road, Lake City, Colorado 970-944-2506 Hinsdale County Museum http://www.lakecitymuseum.com/ 130 North Silver Streets, Lake City 970-944-2050 leadville, Colorado Matchless Mine www.matchlessmine.com/ 414 E. 7th St., Leadville, Colorado 719-486-1229 Operated by the National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum. The mine helped make its owner, Horace Tabor, a millionaire and a U.S. Senator. Tabor’s fortune dwindled after the silver crash of 1893 and his destitute widow, Baby Doe, spent her last three decades living along at the mine where her frozen body was found in 1935. Tours are available. National Mining Hall of Fame & Museum www.mininghalloffame.org/ 20 W. 9th, Leadville, Colorado 80461 719-486-1229 Dedicated to men and women who pioneered the discovery, development and processing of our nation’s natural resources, the museum is located in the former Leadville high school. Exhibits of coal and hard rock mining artifacts include minerals, miniature dioramas and a model train.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 83 louisville, Colorado Louisville Historical Museum library.louisvilleco.gov/HISTORICALMUSEUM/tabid/607/Default.aspx 749 Main Street, Louisville, Colorado 80027 303-665-9048 Four buildings constructed between 1904 and 1908 feature artifacts and historic photographs that reflect the settlement and industry of Louisville, including coal mining and equipment. The Jacoe Store build- ing is on the National Register of Historic Places and the Louisville Register of Historic Places. The Tomeo House is on the Louisville Register of Historic Places.

nederland, Colorado www.nederlandmuseums.org/minersdays.html A celebration of miners and mining heritage. Spike driving, jackleg drill- ing, bow sawing, mucking and sigle and double jack are competitive events open to all adults and kids can participate in gold panning.

ouray Bachelor-Syracuse Mine Museum www.bachelorsyracusemine.com 1222 County Rd. 14, Ouray, Colorado 970-325-0220 This mine produced millions in silver, gold, lead, zinc and copper for investors from Syracuse, New York. Tours feature a 3,350-foot ride into the gold hill on a mine tram to investigate mining artifacts and equip- ment. Tours are available. Ouray County Museum www.ouraycountyhistoricalsociety.org/ 420 6th Avenue, Ouray, Colorado 81427 Housed in the original St. Joseph’s Miners’ Hospital built in 1887, the Ouray County Historical Society operates the museum featuring mining, ranching and railroading, the three main means of employment in Ouray’s early history.

84 Mining Towns, Museums and Mine Tours Pueblo Bessemer Historical Society www.steelworks.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79&It emid=92 The Bessemer Historical Society offers an annual Mine Excursion to a mine site related to Colorado Fuel and Iron. Past years trips have included mining camps at Primero, Ideal, Orient, Cameron, Walsen, Coal Creek, Crested Butte. These history-rich programs are available to members and the general public and typically occur during May. Steelworks Museum www.steelworks.us/ 215 Canal Street Pueblo, CO 81004 719-564-9086 Located in the former CF&I Medical Dispensary, the museum features exhibits related to all facets of the CF&I, including the history of mining, labor history, history of steel production, railroad history, as well as his- tory of Pueblo and Colorado and CF&I’s impact on the region. salida, Colorado Lost Mine www.salida.com/lostmine 1147 E. St., Salida, Colorado 719-221-6463 silverton, Colorado Mayflower Gold Mill (Shenandoah-Dives Mill) www.silvertonhistoricalsociety.org Hwy 110 and County Road 2, Silverton, Colorado 970-387-5838 The Mayflower Gold Mill was a working hardrock precious metals mill from 1930 to 1991. Operated by Silverton Historical Society. Tours available. Old Hundred Gold Mine www.minetour.com/ 721 County Rd., Silverton, Colorado 970-387-5444 Three brothers from Germany, Reinhard, Gustave, and Otto Neigold began old Hundred Gold Mine. They spent 30 years prospecting on Galena Mountain. They once had their own town called Neigoldstown on Stony Pass trail where they entertained the mining camp with music, song, operas and plays during long winter months. They owned the mine until 1904. The mine was active until 1973. Tours are available.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 85 Alpine Loop 4x4 route from Silverton to Ouray, through the center of Silvery San Juans. Numerous mines are interpreted with signage and pamphlets.

south Park, Colorado South Park City www.fairy-lamp.com/SPCMuseum/South_Park_City_Main.html South Park City is an open-air museum of a historic reconstruction of a mining town fro the days of the Colorado Gold Rush. 34 authentic relocated buildings are open with artifacts that depict aspects of life in a mining town during the last have of the 1800s. Two buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the South Park Brewery and the Summer Saloon. Living History Days www.parkcountyheritage.com/heritage-event-calendar/south-park-living- history-day/ In August, South Park City hosts a celebration with volunteers dreesed in period dress to romanticize the frontier and mining history. The game of faro is played, popular during the California and Colorado gold rushes, it is a game of chance illegal to play for money in all fifty states.

Victor, Colorado Victor-Lowell Thomas Museum, Victor www.victorcolorado.com/museum.htm 3rd St. and Victor Ave., Victor, Colorado 719-689-5509 Two floors of artifacts depicting life in Victor from its beginnings during the heyday of gold mining are located in the 1899 building, once a hard- ware store, hotel and furniture store. Gold Coin Mine 4th & Diamond, Victor, Colorado The mine site has a giant hoist, shaft and remaining buildings. Across the street is the Gold Coin Club, built in 1899 as a recreation hall for miners. The Gold Coin Mine is open for visitation. Cripple Creek & Victor Gold Mining Company (CC&V) www.victorcolorado.com/mining.htm 719-689-4211 The CC&V is the largest gold mine in Colorado today. Tours are available. Teresa Mine. Victor Pass. Intact headframe and buildings on interpretive walking trail.

86 Mining Towns, Museums and Mine Tours walsenburg, Colorado Walsenburg Mining Museum www.spanishpeakscountry.com 112 5th St., Walsenburg, CO 719-738-1992 Located in the former 1896 county jail, exhibits trace the history of southern Colorado coalmining. Mining equipment, gear, historic photo- graphs and materials relating to the coalfield-labor wars are on display.

FIGURe 32: exCHeqUeR, COLORADO A false front building in exchequer, a mining camp in Saguache County, Colorado. Between 1860 and 1880. Photo credit: Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-8322.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 87

JOURNALS

e&mJ engineering and mining Journal New York, New York www.e-mj.com/

Mining & Scientific Press San Francisco, California www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/minjour.html

the mining history Journal http://www.mininghistoryassociation.org/index.htm (Since 1994)

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 89 MINING GLOSSARy Source: Derived in large part from Mining the Hard Rock in the Silverton San Juan’s by John Marshall (212-213)

adit or Portal: An opening from the surface into a mine. Unlike a tunnel which is open on two ends, an adit is open at one end and is level or more or less level.

assay: qualitative or quantitative analysis of a metal or ore to determine its components.

Blasting: Using explosives to loosen rock or other closely packed materials.

Bullion: Gold or silver considered with respect to quantity rather than value. The metal has typically been melted into the form of bars, ingots, or plates suitable for further processing.

Bulkhead: A structure of almost any material to hold back something. Usually heavy timber temporarily placed at the top opening of a raise or manway to stop fly-rock from entering.

Cage or manCage: A device, similar to an elevator, of many sizes and styles for raising or lowering personnel in a shaft or raise. A skip can be attached to the bottom of a cage so man and rock can be moved simultaneously.

CharCoal: A black amorphous from of carbon produced by heating wood or bone in little or no air. Used as a fuel in smelting metal ores.

Coal: A combustible compact black or dark-brown carbonaceous rock formed from compaction of layers of partially decomposed vegetation or fossilized plants: a fuel and a source of coke, coal gas, and coal tar.

anthraCite Coal: A hard natural coal that burns slowly and gives intense heat.

Bituminous Coal: A type of soft black coal with a high percentage of volatile matter. It has a high sulfur content and burns with a smoky yellow flame. Also called soft coal and is the most common coal. Nickname “bit coal”.

lignite: Brown coal is a carbonaceous fuel intermediate between coal and peat. It is brown or yellowish in color and woody in texture. It contains more moisture than coal and tends to dry and crumble when exposed to the air. The flame is long and smoky and the heating power low.

metallurgiCal Coal: Sometimes referred to as coking coal because it is used in the process of creating coke.

90 Glossary Coke: The porous hard black rock of concentrated carbon created by heating bituminous coal without air to extremely high temperatures. It is used as a fuel and in making steel.

Coking: The process of converting solid reside into coke. This is done in a coking furnace.

ConCentrate: To separate ore or metal from its containing rock or earth by evaporation. The clean product recovered in froth flotation or other methods of mineral separation.

ContraCt mining: An agreement by which a company pays a mining crew for the amount of work accomplished in a given amount of time, as opposed to an hourly wage. In some cases this contract payment is for the tonnage of rock broken or per foot of advancement. Other times it was for the amount of rock moved to a designated location. In the late 1870’s and early 1880’s miners working in the North Star on Sultan Mountain near Silverton, mostly Cornish miners, were paid under a system called Tutwork. This was a form of contract mining that had been practiced in Cornwall. Because of contract mining Silverton, in the best of times, would be close to having the highest per capita income in the State of Colorado.

CriB: A structure composed of frames of timber laid horizontally upon one another built up like walls. One type of manway. Cribwork is a low-rent room for a low-rent whore.

CrossCut: A drift or tunnel driven approximately at right angles to its destination point and usually in barren rock to intersect a vein or other location.

Cut: In stopping, a pattern of holes drilled vertical to slab off the rock after being loaded with explosives and detonated. Usually drilled in rows from wall to wall, six feet deep. The rows are spaced about four feet apart and are drilled the entire length of the stope. After all the rows are shot out, the process is start all over again, being another cut. The cut is usually started in the middle of the stope and the rows of holes drilled back in two different directions.

Cut holes (cut): A pattern of closely drilled holes placed in the center of a round (see driving drift). They are the first …… hole in the rock so the other holes will have something to break to. There are many types of cuts, each with its own name such a 5-Hole burn, V-Cut, Pyramid, and so on. dog hole: A small short, horizontal excavation through a pillar, usually leading from a raise or manway into a stope or finger raise. Small enough where one must crawl through. dog house: Usually a small, excavated area n the mine, enclosed with boards and has a door. Furnished with table, bench and heater for mining crews to eat lunch and dry wet clothing. driFt: A horizontal passage underground. A drift follows the vein, as distinguished from a crosscut, which intersects it.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 91 driVing driFt (drifting): To excavate horizontally. Distinguished from “sinking” a shaft down or “raising,” excavating vertically upward. The technique varies, depending on its intended use. Basically, a pattern of holes are drilled horizontally (drilling a round) in the face or heading (interchangeable words referring to the end of the Drift) to a predetermined depth (usually six feet, but can vary) and as wide and high as necessary to establish size. The holes are then loaded with explosives and detonated (shot). After removing the broken rock (by a variety of methods) the process is then repeated, called cycling a round.

As for sinking shaft and raising, the technique is somewhat different, but the basic principle is the same as described above in drifting, but worked vertically.

dumP roCk: The waste rock dumped over the hillside outside the portal form developing a mine. This is what is seen outside most mines near the opening. No commercial value.

mining engineer: Engineers who specifically measure the excavation advancement throughout the mine. Those measurements are the basis for the mining maps. These maps need to be very accurate to establish a relationship between the surface and exact locations within the underground workings.

Fault: I geology, a break in the continuity of a body of rock, attended by a movement on one side or the other of the break so that what were once parts of one continuous rock stratum or vein are now separated. The movement can be inches or thousands of feet.

Flotation: The modern milling process of separating the metals from the ore, as used in a flotation mill. After the rock is pulverized and mixed with water, the metal is literally floated to the surface with chemical regents and retrieved. The waste rock which remains on the bottom of the float cell is carried down and out of the mill to waste piles called tailings ponds.

Flotation Cell: The device in which froth flotation of ores is performed.

Foot wall: The lower wall of an inclined vein. you can actually put your foot on it.

FurnaCe: enclosed space for burning fuel. The separation of many metals from their ores is accomplished by the use of various kinds of furnaces.

Blast FurnaCe: Structure used chiefly in smelting. The principle involved in extracting metals by the removal or oxygen from the metal oxide in order to obtain the metal. In the extraction of iron from ore, as the operation proceeds, the mass in the furnace becomes molten and the iron sinks to the bottom with impurities or slag being lighter, float on top. The slag is drained off and the iron tapped into sand molds to harden.

reVerBeratory FurnaCe: Used from smelting, refining, or melting metal from ore. The fuel is not in direct contact with the ore but heats it by a flame blown over from another chamber. Reverberatory furnaces are used in copper, tin and nickel production.

hanging wall: Opposite the foot wall, that portion which hangs over the miner at work.

92 Glossary headFrame: Also known as a gallows frame, winding tower, hoist frame, pit frame, shafthead frame or headgear, is the structural frame above an underground mine shaft. In historic mines, headframes were constructed of timber.

FIGURe 33: HeADFRAMe OF SILVeR PICK MINe The Silver Pick Mine in Teller county, Colorado between 1890 and 1900. Photo credit: Denver Public Library Digital Collection, X-62536. highgrade: High quality ore, rich in gold or silver, usually visible. Highgrading is to remove this ore from the mine, hopefully unseen, in one’s pocket or otherwise and is a form of theft. leyner (drifting drill): Technically a brand name of a rock drill (introduced shortly after the turn of the century) that was designed to be mounted on a metal column for drilling horizontal holes and in driving drift. It could be made to drill vertically as well. In later years, used as a slang word to describe any rock drill (regardless of make) which was mounted on a column. manCage: (see cage). manway: Usually a vertical excavation of any size, but more often about the size of an elevator shaft, with ladders for climbing to and from working places (stopes) or to a level above. All stopes carry at least one manway. Most manways would also hae a small one-man skip attached to a cable and thus to a hoist (tugger) for lifting men and material. metallurgy: The science that deals with procedures used in extracting metals from their ores, purifying and alloying metals, and creating useful objects from metals. Also the study of metals and their properties in builk and at the atomic level.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 93 mill: A facility for processing raw ore.

stamP mill: A machine for crusing very strong ores or rocks; consists essentially of a crushing member (gravity stamp) which is dropped on a die, the ore being crushed in water between the shoe and the die.

mine: An excavation in the earth from which ore or minerals can be extracted.

hard-roCk mine: A mine located in hard rock, especially a mine difficult to drill, blast and square up.

oPen Pit mine: A method of extracting ore from the earth by removal from an open pit or borrow as opposed to funneling into the earth. Used when deposits are found near the surface. Also see Strip mine.

PlaCer mine: The obtaining of minerals from a surface deposit of minerals that have been laid down by a river. The area is referred to as a placer. The minerals are usually concentrated in one area due to being relatively heavy and therefore settle out of the river’s currents more quickly than lighter sediments such as silt and sand. The extraction of minerals from placers is done by panning, washing or dredging.

striPe mine: An open mine, especially a coal mine, whose seams or outcrops run close to ground level and are exposed by the removal of overlying soil and rock.

moil: A sharp, pointed steel used for a variety of jobs. For example, one could hammer out a ledge in the rib in order to set a timber. The noun today means hard work or drudgery.

niPPer: A person hired to move supplies and/or material to working locations throughout the mine. Nippers usually worked in teams.

ore: A mineral or an aggregate of minerals from which a valuable constituent, especially a metal, can be profitably mined or extracted.

ore Chute: A structure usually made of heavy timber to catch and hold rock falling from above. Used to discharge rock into cars to be transported to another location.

ore Pass: A near vertical excavation similar to a raise or shaft, but with no timber. It is used to drop ore by gravity from upper levels to a pickup point below. In the case of 2200 Ore Pass of the Sunnyside in the San Juan, it starts on C Level ad extends to the American Level with connections to all other levels in-between; a vertical distance of about 1,600 feet.

ore Pile: An area where commercially valuable ore is stored before shipment to mill or smelter for processing.

ore shoot: A body of ore, usually of elongated form, extending downward within a vein. A mineralized zone of ore in a vein.

Pillar: A sold block of ground left in place to support the back (roof) or hanging wall in a stope. It can also be the rock ground between two excavations. A widely used mining term.

94 Glossary raise: A vertical or near-vertical excavation driven from the bottom up and about the size of an elevator shaft, and is interchangeable with manway if used in the stoping process. At times a raise is driven from level to level, similar to a crosscut, but vertical.

reFining: Various processes for separating impurities from crude material or ore. The purification of a metal is based upon physical or chemical differences between the metal and its accompanying impurities, including density, melting point, magnetic properties, and reaction to certain chemicals.

amalgamation: A method of extracting precious metals from their ores by treatment with mercury to form an amalgam.

Cyanide ProCess: A process of recovering gold and silver from ores by treatment with a weak solution of sodium cyanide. Also called cyaniding.

shaFt: This word is probably the most misused mining term of the layman. A shaft is a vertical or near-vertical excavation, but is sunk from the top down. It can be of any size, but is usually the size of a large elevator shaft. It normally has a laddered manway and at least one large mancage which is raised and lowered with a wire rope hoist. Usually it is a main artery in a mine and can have many horizontal levels leading off of it. In one care, the Washington Incline Shaft in the Sunnyside mine is almost 1,000 feel high and intersects six levels.

shiFter: A frontline supervisor, in mine or mill.

skiP: Technically, a bucket or other device used for raising or lowering rock (ore or waste) in a shaft or raise. Usually designed to automatically dump its load at a determined point. On occasion the term is used instead of mancage. More often, skip is used to describe a one-man cage in a small raise.

smelter: A facility or apparatus for smelting or extracting metal from its ore. This includes production of silver, iron, copper and other base metals from their ores.

matte: An impure metallic sulfide mixture produced by smelting the sulfide ores of such metals as copper, lead or nickel.

slag: The vitreous mass left as a residue by the smelting of metallic ore. In the process of coal mining, slag is a mixture of shale, clay, coal dust and other mineral waste produced during the process of coal mining.

starter steel: This short steel bar about one inch in diameter and about a foot long was used to start a hole. Depending on the length of the hole, three or more steels would follow. Started steel, second steel, third steel, finisher, for example, for a thirty-inch hole. This technology carries over to today’s modern drilling.

stoPe: An excavation from which the ore has been extracted from the vein, either above or below a level. Usually mined in horizontal strips called cuts and taken up vertically. In the shrink stope method, only enough broken ore is extracted from the stope (shrank) while being taken up to maintain a working platform. The dimensions will vary depending on ore availability, but vertically will run from level to level and 200 to 250 feet long; the depth determined by the width of the ore. In short, a stope is a very large room with the miners working off a rock pile. When finished, the stope is “pulled dry”.

COLORADO MINING HISTORy ReSOURCe GUIDe Dana echohawk 95 stoPer (Buzzy): A rock drill designed to drill vertical holes. Name derived from taking up stopes. See stope above.

stuB tram: A short, aerial tram system, not unlike the larger aerial trams. Normally tied into the larger trams for carrying supplies from the main tram house to remote work areas or boarding house.

tailings: Ore which has been processed is known as tailings and is generally a slurry. Tailings are pumped to a dam or settling pond where the water evaporates. Tailings ponds are often toxic due to the presence of unextracted sulfide minerals, and chemicals used to treat the ore such as cyanide.

tiPPle: A device for overturning ore trucks or mine cars so that they discharge their load. The place such trucks are tipped and unloaded is also referred to as tipple.

trammer: The movement of broken rock from one location to another by various means.

tramway: A four-wheeled, open, box-shaped wagon or iron car run on tracks in a coal mine.

tunnel: A horizontal passage like a drift, but coming from the surface. A tunnel is open at both ends. A crosscut from the surface to intersect a vein.

96 Glossary