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The Wave and Tidal Resource of Scotland Heriot-Watt University Research Gateway The wave and tidal resource of Scotland Citation for published version: Neill, SP, Vögler, A, Goward-Brown, AJ, Baston, S, Lewis, MJ, Gillibrand, PA, Waldman, SM & Woolf, DK 2017, 'The wave and tidal resource of Scotland', Renewable Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.03.027 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1016/j.renene.2017.03.027 Link: Link to publication record in Heriot-Watt Research Portal Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: Renewable Energy Publisher Rights Statement: Open Access Under a Creative Commons license General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via Heriot-Watt Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy Heriot-Watt University has made every reasonable effort to ensure that the content in Heriot-Watt Research Portal complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 Accepted Manuscript The wave and tidal resource of Scotland Simon P. Neill, Arne Vögler, Alice J. Goward-Brown, Susana Baston, Matthew J. Lewis, Philip A. Gillibrand, Simon Waldman, David K. Woolf PII: S0960-1481(17)30208-2 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.03.027 Reference: RENE 8620 To appear in: Renewable Energy Received Date: 7 July 2016 Revised Date: 14 February 2017 Accepted Date: 11 March 2017 Please cite this article as: Neill SP, Vögler A, Goward-Brown AJ, Baston S, Lewis MJ, Gillibrand PA, Waldman S, Woolf DK, The wave and tidal resource of Scotland, Renewable Energy (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.03.027. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 The wave and tidal resource of Scotland a,∗ b a c 2 Simon P. Neill , Arne V¨ogler , Alice J. Goward-Brown , Susana Baston , a d c 3 Matthew J. Lewis , Philip A. Gillibrand , Simon Waldman , David K. c 4 Woolf a 5 School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Marine Centre Wales, Menai Bridge, UK b 6 University of the Highlands and Islands, Lews Castle College, Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, 7 UK c 8 International Centre for Island Technology, Heriot-Watt University, Old Academy, 9 Back Road, Stromness, Orkney, UK d 10 Environmental Research Institute, North Highland College, University of the Highlands 11 and Islands, Thurso, UK 12 Abstract 13 As the marine renewable energy industry evolves, in parallel with an 14 increase in the quantity of available data and improvements in validated 15 numerical simulations, it is occasionally appropriateMANUSCRIPT to re-assess the wave 16 and tidal resource of a region. This is particularly true for Scotland - a 17 leading nation that the international community monitors for developments 18 in the marine renewable energy industry, and which has witnessed much 19 progress in the sector over the last decade. With 7 leased wave and 17 20 leased tidal sites, Scotland is well poised to generate significant levels of 21 electricity from its abundant natural marine resources. In this 22 state-of-the-art review of Scotland's wave and tidal resource, we examine 23 the theoretical and technical resource, and provide an overview of 24 commercialACCEPTED progress. We also discuss issues that affect future development 25 of the marine energy seascape in Scotland, applicable to other regions of 26 the world, including the potential for developing lower energy sites, and ∗Corresponding author PreprintEmail submitted address: [email protected] Renewable Energy SI: wave(Simon & tidal P. Neill) March 11, 2017 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 27 grid connectivity. 28 Keywords: Marine renewable energy, Wave energy, Tidal energy, EMEC, 29 Pentland Firth, Scotland 30 1. Introduction 31 If there is one region of the world that is synonymous with marine 32 renewable energy, it is Scotland. With 16,500 km of coastline and a 2 33 population density of 64=km [1], Scotland is in a strong position to make 34 use of its abundant wave and tidal resources to generate meaningful levels 35 of electricity [2]. Scotland sits on the western fringes of the northwest 36 European continental shelf, exposed to waves propagating from the north 37 Atlantic - the main source of its wave energy resource. In addition, 38 numerous narrow channels, seaways andMANUSCRIPT “firths” interspersed around 39 Scotland lead to the formation of some of the strongest tidal currents in the 40 world, with the Pentland Firth, in particular, often nicknamed the \Saudi 41 Arabia of tidal power" [e.g. 3]. As a consequence of Scotland's abundant 42 natural marine resources, there has been much commercial progress of both 43 wave and tidal energy projects in Scottish waters [e.g. 4], and this progress 44 has been facilitated by the formation, in 2003, of EMEC - the European 45 Marine Energy Centre - in Orkney. 46 However, the exploitation of Scotland's wave and tidal energy 47 resource from the most energetic sites is hindered by insufficient electrical 48 grid infrastructure.ACCEPTED The majority of promising wave power sites are 49 situated around remote island locations, with the greatest tidal energy 50 resource found in channels between islands, or between Scottish islands and 2 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 51 the mainland. A strong grid infrastructure between these remote sparsely 52 populated development sites and the main population centres further south 53 is therefore imperative for the further development of projects and marine 54 energy technology in the region. 55 This article, which reviews the marine energy resource of Scotland, is 56 organised into three main sections - commercial progress (Section 2), tidal 57 resource (Section 3), and wave resource (Section 4). Within each of the 58 resource sections, sites that are currently leased for either tidal or wave 59 energy development are briefly described, followed by a detailed regional 60 assessment of the resource (i.e. encompassing locations that have not 61 necessarily been leased), based on existing studies and new interpretations 62 of numerical models combined with observations. Finally, the article 63 concludes with a discussion of issues affecting future development of marine 64 energy in Scotland, such as exploiting lessMANUSCRIPT energetic sites, and grid 65 connectivity (Section 5). 66 2. Commercial progress 67 In this section, we explain the role of the European Marine Energy Centre 68 (EMEC) on the development of the marine energy industry in Scotland, 69 and provide an overview of commercial progress of tidal and wave energy. 70 2.1. European Marine Energy Centre, EMEC 71 The foundation of EMEC arose from a strong political commitment to 72 foster aACCEPTED wave and tidal energy industry in Scotland. The Atlantic coast of 73 Scotland, including the west coast of Orkney, has a strong wave energy 74 resource. Accessible tidal stream energy sources in both Orkney and 3 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 75 Shetland were identified by early research [5], including a specific site at 76 Fall of Warness, Orkney. A combination of this natural environment and 77 local industrial, academic and governmental support underpinned the 78 selection of Orkney to host test centres. The European Marine Energy 79 Centre (EMEC) was established in 2003, with the wave test centre at Billia 80 Croo on the west coast opening and welcoming the Pelamis 750 device in 81 2004. The tidal test centre at Fall of Warness opened in 2006, and in 2008 82 Open Hydro was the first tidal turbine to deliver electricity to the UK grid. 83 New developers continue to deploy at both EMEC sites, as detailed in the 84 following sections. EMEC has expanded to offer a \scale wave site" and a 85 \scale tide site", in addition to the original full-scale, open-sea sites. The 86 template of EMEC has been adopted internationally, but the early 87 establishment of the centre has undoubtedly benefited industrial 88 development in Scotland, including the supplyMANUSCRIPT chain. 89 2.2. Tidal energy developments 90 At the time of writing, at least six “first generation" seabed-mounted, 91 horizontal axis tidal turbines have completed testing at EMEC, as well as 92 several other devices. MeyGen and Nova Innovation are now installing 93 some of the world's first pre-commercial arrays off Caithness and Shetland, 94 respectively, using machines of this type. MeyGen plan 6 MW of installed 95 capacity in their first phase, using a blend of 1.5 MW units from Atlantis 96 and Andritz Hydro Hammerfest [6]. Nova Innovation are installing five of 97 their ownACCEPTED 100 kW devices, and reported the first power supplied to the 98 Shetland grid in March 2016 [7]. 99 Four device developers have announced plans to test \second 4 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 100 generation" tidal energy convertor (TEC) designs at EMEC in either 2016 101 or 2017: Nautricity with the CoRMaT, Sustainable Marine Energy with the 102 PLAT-O platform (using Schottel turbines), Tocardo with their T2 design, 103 and Scotrenewables with the SR2000. These technologies show two notable 104 areas of evolution. Firstly, all are floating designs (optionally in the case of 105 Tocardo), in contrast to earlier seabed-mounted devices; and secondly the 106 emergence, from Schottel and Tocardo, of \bare" turbines sold as 107 components, which are then integrated by others into full TEC systems.
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