Beau Travail » De Claire Denis : Le Cadre Et Le Fantôme

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Beau Travail » De Claire Denis : Le Cadre Et Le Fantôme RÉSISTANCE IDENTITAIRE DANS « BEAU TRAVAIL » DE CLAIRE DENIS : LE CADRE ET LE FANTÔME by Marie-Josée Guyon Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia May 2019 © Copyright by Marie-Josée Guyon, 2019 Dédicace : À Sandy et Felix ii TABLE DES MATIÈRES ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... v RÉSUMÉ .......................................................................................................................... vi LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS UTILISÉES ................................................................ vii REMERCIEMENTS ..................................................................................................... viii CHAPITRE 1 : INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 CHAPITRE 2 : L’IMPOSSIBILITÉ D’UNE IDENTITÉ TOTALE À TRAVERS LA HANTISE DU CADRE PAR LE FANTOMAL .................................................... 17 2.1 Le cadre mortel : la figure spectrale ........................................................................... 18 2.1.1 Le double de Galoup : l‘image d‘un revenant ................................................ 18 2.1.2 Un cadre de vie : Légion et marranisme ......................................................... 21 2.1.3 La voix-off : un spectre qui hante ................................................................... 23 2.2 La frontière entre le réel et la fiction : le cadre fictionnel .......................................... 29 2.2.1 Le contexte réel du tournage : un climat tendu .............................................. 30 2.2.2 Les acteurs et les personnages ........................................................................ 36 2.2.3 L‘économie du film est un spectre qui hante la fiction .................................. 39 2.3 La technicité du cadre filmique ................................................................................... 45 2.3.1 Le cadre filmique au sens large et la présence fantomatique ......................... 47 2.3.2 Le hors-champ dans le cadrage : lieu de manifestation des spectres ............. 55 CHAPITRE 3 : MONTRER LA RÉSISTANCE IDENTITAIRE GRÂCE À L’UTILISATION DU CADRE-FANTÔME ................................................................ 64 3.1 Le cadre identitaire de Beau Travail ........................................................................... 65 3.1.1 Le titre ............................................................................................................ 65 3.1.2 Le générique ................................................................................................... 67 3.1.3 L‘écriture filmique.......................................................................................... 71 3.1.4 Le genre .......................................................................................................... 74 3.2 Les liens de filiation de l‘œuvre et dans l‘oeuvre ....................................................... 80 3.2.1 Liens transfictionnels...................................................................................... 80 3.2.2 L‘onomastique ................................................................................................ 83 3.2.3 La déconstruction de la Légion-famille .......................................................... 87 iii 3.3 Cadres spatiaux fuyants .............................................................................................. 95 3.3.1 L‘exil .............................................................................................................. 95 3.3.2 Les non-lieux .................................................................................................. 96 3.4 Les cadres temporels ................................................................................................... 99 3.4.1 L‘atemporalité diégétique ............................................................................... 99 3.4.2 Le cadre temporel de la production de l‘œuvre : pour une déconstruction identitaire de l‘auteur ............................................................................................. 101 3.5 La déconstruction identitaire spectatorielle .............................................................. 104 3.5.1 Le spectateur-auteur ..................................................................................... 105 3.5.2 La disjonction des cadres .............................................................................. 110 CHAPITRE 4: CONCLUSION ................................................................................... 114 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ........................................................................................................ 120 ANNEXE: SCÉNARIO DE «BEAU TRAVAIL» ...................................................... 129 iv ABSTRACT Claire Denis is well known for her mysterious films, which often provoke controversy, and for her broad choice of topics, even though her movies more often than not revolve around the same themes (solitude, identity, desire, colonization‘s impact, family ties). Her movie Beau Travail, considered her masterpiece by many, will be the cornerstone of this thesis. Through the use of the figures of the frame and the ghost, we will show how the famous director questions the possibility of an identity that would be complete, known and knowable. Instead, through this original work of art, she highlights on the one hand, the fragility of the borders that identify the world surrounding us, even while exposing their inability to fully define it. On the other hand, Denis shows that at the heart of identity there is always a glimpse of alterity that remains, and this exteriority is deemed imperceptible because it is a constituent part of said identity. It is the limits‘ inadequacy to contain, as well as the obscure part in each and every thing, that render a feeling of tautness throughout the film, an intuition and a sensation which we will refer to and analyze with the term and the notion of ―resistance‖. v RÉSUMÉ La cinéaste Claire Denis est connue pour ses films énigmatiques, suscitant la controverse et dont les sujets sont diversifiés malgré le fait qu‘ils tournent souvent autour des mêmes thèmes (la solitude, l‘identité, le désir, l‘impact colonial, les liens familiaux). Son film Beau Travail, considéré comme étant l‘une de ses plus grandes œuvres, constituera la pierre angulaire de ce travail, dont le but est de montrer qu‘à travers l‘utilisation des figures du cadre et du fantôme, la cinéaste remet en question la possibilité d‘une identité totale, connue et connaissable. Au contraire, à travers cette œuvre, elle met en évidence d‘une part, la fragilité des structures parergonales qui s‘emploient à identifier le monde qui nous entoure et par conséquent leur incapacité à le définir de façon complète. Et d‘autre part, la cinéaste montre qu‘au cœur de l‘identité demeure toujours une part d‘altérité, une extériorité indiscernable parce que constitutive du propre. De cette inhabileté des limites à contenir et de cette part d‘obscur en chaque chose découlent une impression de tension au sein de l‘œuvre, que nous qualifierons de résistance et analyserons selon les implications de cette notion. vi LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS UTILISÉES Abréviations DP directrice de la photographie vii REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à exprimer toute ma reconnaissance à mon directeur de mémoire, le Dr Chris Elson, pour sa patience sans bornes, sa constante disponibilité et surtout ses judicieux conseils qui ont su guider ma réflexion à travers les labyrinthes denisien et derridien. Merci de m‘avoir fait découvrir ces deux grands esprits des 20e et 21e siècles et d‘avoir « encadré » le « fantôme » que j‘ai été durant ces trois années. Je voudrais également exprimer toute ma gratitude à mon mari, mes parents et mes beaux-parents sans le soutien de qui la complétion de ce mémoire n‘aurait jamais eu lieu. viii CHAPITRE 1 : INTRODUCTION Pour dire la vérité de l'œuvre, le savoir académique se l'approprie, s'y identifie, la restitue au code en excluant son extériorité1 A. Cette citation de Jacques Derrida nous met en garde contre ceux qui mettent en œuvre ce savoir académique et tentent de faire rentrer l‘œuvre d‘art dans une sorte de « moule ». L‘arraisonnement de l‘œuvre à l‘aide de nombreuses structures parergonales (titre, cartouche, classification par genre etc.) est la preuve qu‘ils tentent de circonscrire LA 1 Derrida, Jacques. "Restitutions – de la vérité en pointure" dans La vérité en peinture, Flammarion, Paris, 1978, pp 320-322. 1 vérité de l‘œuvre à une signification qui fasse consensus parmi eux. Mais parfois, l‘œuvre résiste à cette tentative d‘enclavement. Derrida voit dans les écrits de Schapiro et d‘Heidegger sur les Vieux Souliers aux lacets2 de Van Gogh un travail d‘attribution et d‘appropriation de la part des deux penseurs. Leurs attributions respectives des vieux souliers (Heidegger faisant de ces chaussures celles d‘un paysan et Schapiro les rattachant à un citadin, Van Gogh lui-même) sont la marque d‘une identification de chacun d‘eux dans l‘œuvre. Tous deux encadrent à leur façon cette peinture, selon leurs connaissances picturales et historiques mais également selon leur vécu personnel. Le tableau devient un lieu de projection pour eux, où ils s‘approprient la chose peinte et la définissent à leur image. Ce simple tableau renfermerait donc d‘innombrables
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