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TEACHER’S GUIDE Chinese Railroad Workers’ Experience Exhibit | 4th Grade | 2020 CHINESE RAILROAD WORKERS’ EXPERIENCE EXHIBIT The nation’s first Transcontinental Railroad, completed on May 10, 1869, had a profound impact on the nation’s development. More than ninety percent of the Central Pacific Railroad’s workforce was Chinese. They were vital to the successful completion of the railroad that changed life in America forever. Based on the latest research, this teacher’s guide provides you with background information and engaging student activities. 1. Summit Tunnel, No. 119. WHAT’S INSIDE THIS GUIDE - Background information on the building of the Transcontinental railroad & the Chinese railroad workers’ experience fueled by the latest research. - Transcontinental Railroad Timeline - Glossary of Terms - Resources for further reading CaliforniaStateRailroad.Museum - Student Activities [email protected] (916) 323-9280 California State Railroad Museum Chinese Railroad Workers’ Experience Exhibit Teacher’s Guide 4th Grade California State Railraod Museum Interpretation & Education Research & Writing: Debbie Hollingsworth, M.A. Graphic Design & Interpretation: Kim Whitfield, M.A. First Edition, 2020. California Teaching Standards: 4.4.1, 4.4.3, RI 4.1, 4.3. 4.6, W 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 © 2020 California State Parks & California State Railroad Museum californiarailroad.museum/education www.parks.ca.gov Questions about this handbook should be directed to: California State Railroad Museum Interpretation & Education California State Parks 111 I Street, Sacramento, California 95814 Phone: (916) 323-9280 [email protected] Teacher’s Guide: Chinese Railroad Workers’ Experience Exhibit 2020 3 INTRODUCTION The nation’s first transcontinental Experience offers visitors a view railroad, completed on May 10, of a labor force that achieved the 1869, had a profound impact impossible and was subsequently on the nation’s development. marginalized by history. It increased the rate of urbanization, industrialization In our endeavor to foster and agricultural development an atmosphere represented in nineteenth-century America. by diverse voices and to be Rail travel reduced the time a museum of, by, and for all required to cross the continent, people, we invited the Chinese thus encouraging settlement, community to help plan this new trade and industry. The railroad exhibit. Our advisory committee changed life in America forever. consisted of members of the US/China Railroad Friendship The Central Pacific Railroad Association, Chinese Cultural (CPRR) hired more than 10,000 Association and the Locke Chinese men to build the western Foundation. We also consulted portion of that railroad. By 1868, with the Stanford faculty who over ninety percent of the CPRRs founded Stanford University’s labor force consisted of Chinese Chinese Railroad Workers in immigrants. They were vital to North America Project. the successful completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. The Chinese immigrants’ experience is one of hard work 2. East Tunnel No. 8, No. 204. On May 10, 2019, the California and dedication, but also one of State Railroad Museum extreme prejudice and racism. accomplishment.”1 This story celebrated the 150th anniversary Professor Gordon Chang of of accomplishment culminates of this event with a renovation Stanford University describes with the first congressional of our Chinese railroad workers the Chinese story as one act designed to restrict the exhibit located in the Museum’s “of sacrifice, of suffering, of immigration of an entire race of Transcontinental Gallery. The tragedy, but also of heroism. people—The Chinese Exclusion Chinese Railroad Workers’ This is a heroic endeavor and Act of 1882. The lessons offered in this teacher’s packet will help students: 1. Learn about the history of the Chinese immigrant experience in California. 2. Understand the physical and social challenges the Chinese railroad workers encountered while building the Transcontinental Railroad. 3. Consider the impact of laws and practices against the Chinese had on the Chinese community. CALIFORNIA TEACHING STANDARDS History-Social Science Content Standards California Common Core State Standards, for California Public Schools Fourth Grade 4.4.1, 4.4.3 RI 4.1, 4.3, 4.6 W 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 CaliforniaStateRailroad.Museum (916) 323-9280 [email protected] Teacher’s Guide: Chinese Railroad Workers’ Experience Exhibit 2020 4 FROM CHINA TO SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA Tens of thousands of Chinese men came to California for the Gold Rush and, later, to work on the railroad. Most came from the Chinese province of Guangdong, a province in the southern part of China. War, poverty, and over-population made living there difficult. Seasonal typhoons caused great destruction. These brave young men looked to a new country to cultivate their dreams. California offered promise and excitement. 3. Canton, China - 1850s The Chinese referred to it as Gum San, or “Gold Mountain.” They left their families, villages, and ways of life. They dreamed of returning to China as wealthy men. Their “California Dream,” however, proved elusive. Prejudice, violence and low wages greeted them. Legislators passed laws designed to drive them out of California. Through it all, they stayed and worked hard. They fought for their rights. Their energy and work ethic transformed American history and the villages and homes of their birth. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSCONTINENTIAL RAILROAD 4. Sacramento, California - 1850 On July 1, 1862, President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railway Act authorizing the Union Pacific Railroad to build west from Omaha, Nebraska and the Central Pacific Railroad to build east from Sacramento. The federal government provided incentives in the form of land grants and subsidies based on the number of miles of track laid. With this basis for payment, the geography of the land played an important role. Flat prairie land dominated the landscape upon which the Union Pacific had to build. The Central Pacific, on the other hand, encountered the formidable Sierra Nevada mountain range before they could reach the flat deserts of Nevada. The rugged mountain terrain presented a major challenge that provided 5. J Street Sacramento City From The Levee, them with a slow start in a race for miles and No. 235. funding. CaliforniaStateRailroad.Museum (916) 323-9280 [email protected] Teacher’s Guide: Chinese Railroad Workers’ Experience Exhibit 2020 5 The biggest hurdle to overcome that post in 1862 by Governor for both companies was the need Stanford. E.B. Crocker was for labor. Building a railroad an art collector who traveled by hand required thousands of extensively throughout Europe. workers. For the Union Pacific, His art collection is the basis the Civil War occupied much for the Crocker Art Museum, of the available workforce, so located in Sacramento. construction was delayed until July 1865. In the west, mining Not included in this group of interests distracted a labor pool men, but no less important is of available men. the Central Pacific’s original chief engineer, Theodore Four men known to history D. Judah. Judah dreamed of 6. Theodore Judah. as the “Big Four” dominate building a transcontinental the transcontinental railroad railroad. He worked tirelessly construction story. Leland surveying a route for a railroad Stanford was president of the to connect California to the rest Central Pacific Railroad. He was of the country. It was Judah who also governor of California from convinced several Sacramento 1861-1863. C.P. Huntington was businessmen (including the Big the company’s vice-president Four) to invest in the Central and Mark Hopkins was treasurer. Pacific Railroad. When Judah lost Charles Crocker was the Chief of control of the railroad in 1863, Construction. he traveled east to recruit new investors. Sadly, Theodore Judah E.B. Crocker, Charles’ younger did not witness the completion brother, was the railroad’s of his dream. He died in New attorney and managed its York after contracting yellow business for 6 years. He was fever in the Isthmus of Panama. 7. The Associates. also Chief Justice of California’s Supreme Court, appointed to 8. The Route of the Central Pacific Railroad CaliforniaStateRailroad.Museum (916) 323-9280 [email protected] Teacher’s Guide: Chinese Railroad Workers’ Experience Exhibit 2020 6 THE PEOPLE WHO BUILT THE RAILROAD The Transcontinental Railroad was built mostly with immigrant labor. The Union Pacific Railroad hired Irish immigrants and Civil War veterans, including African American freemen. The Central Pacific Railroad hired Chinese and Irish immigrants. Mormon laborers worked for both lines. The railroad and related settlement threatened Native peoples’ ways of life. Farmers, miners, and tourists destroyed wildlife and habitats. Some tribes including Lakota, Shoshone, and Cheyenne resisted the railroad as it moved into their territory. Others, such as the Pawnee worked cooperatively with the railroad. Chinese immigrants made up 90% of the Central Pacific Railroad’s workforce. Attracted by the Gold Rush, many Chinese lived in California before the building of the Transcontinental Railroad. Charles Crocker (Chief of Construction) encouraged his superintendent of construction, James Strobridge, to hire 50 Chinese men because it was hard to find the labor they needed. They turned out to be hard-working and dependable. After hiring as many Chinese as he could find living in California, Crocker worked with labor contractors to bring men