DOCSLIB.ORG

Role of Forest Farmers in Conversion of Tropical Moist Forests

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Role of Forest Farmers in Conversion of Tropical Moist Forests SO 418.3 .T76 119 1 80 C.1 , Coogle Conversion of Tropical Moist Forests A report prepared by Norman Myers for the Committee on Research Priorities in Tropical Biology of the National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Washington, D.C. 1980 {J\~·I~A: FEB n1801 LIBRARY NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the Committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences ansi with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors acco~ding to proce­ dures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Med­ icine. The work of the Committee on Research Priorities in Tropical Biology was supported by Contract NSF-C3 10, Task Order No. 374 with the National Science Foundation; Dr. Myers' survey was supported under Subcontract ALS-20-78-265. COVER PHOTOGRAPH: Courtesy of the National Science Foundation Library or Congress Cataloging In Publication Data Myers, Norman. Conversion of tropical moist forests. Bibliography: p. I. Deforestation-Tropics. 2. Rain forest ecology. 3. Man-Influence on nature­ Tropics. 4. Forest surveys-Tropics. 5. Forests and forestry-Tropics. I. National Research Council. Committee on Research Priorities in Tropical Biology. II. Title. SD418.3.T76M9 333.7'5'0913 80-12477 ISBN 0-309-02945-7 A vailable from: Office of Publications, National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418 Printed in the United States of America COMMITTEE ON RESEARCH PRIORITIES IN TROPICAL BIOLOGY PEtER RAVEN, Missouri Botanical Garden, Chairman PETER S. ASHTON, Harvard University GERARDO BUDOWSKI, Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensefianza (CATlE), Costa Rica ARTURO GOMEZ-POMPA, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones sobre Recursos Bioticos, A.C., Mexico DANIEL H. J AN ZEN, University of Pennsylvania W. M. LEWIS, JR., University of Colorado HAROLD MOONEY, Stanford University PAULO NOGUEIRA-NETO, Ministerio do Interior, Brazil GORDON ORIANS, University of Washington HARALD SIOLI, Max Planck Institut fUr Limnologie, F. R. Germany HILGARD O'REILLY STERNBERG, University of California JOHN J. TERBORGH, Princeton University FRANK H. WADSWORTH, Institute of Tropical Forestry, Puerto Rico PA UL J. Z INK E, University of California JAMES J. TALBOT, NAS, Staff Officer III Preface The tropical moist forest biome is biologically the richest and least well known portion of the earth's surface. In this biome are to be found several million kinds of organisms of which no more than a half-million have even been given a Latin name. Many of the known and unknown species of organisms in the tropics offer significant potential for utiliza­ tion by man, and all are of intrinsic scientific interest. A number of tropical plants, including rubber and oil palm, have been brought into wide-scale cultivation within the past century. Many more should be investigated as to their useful properties. Because of the exceptional scientific interest of tropical moist forests, the National Research Council in 1977 appointed a Committee on Research Priorities in Tropical Biology, charged with investigating which biological questions can be answered only in the tropics, or can be answered better or more efficiently there than elsewhere. It is well known that the tropical moist forest contains baseline conditions for many biological phenomena and that these baseline conditions are not yet all well understood. Not only is the extrapolation of assumptions derived from studies of temperate ecosystems undesirable, but major differences between different areas of the tropics are becoming appar­ ent. These latter greatly increase the difficulty of reaching scientific generalities or of applying the results of particular studies to develop­ ment for human purposes. Consequently, many development schemes now being pursued in the tropics are very unlikely to succeed on a long-term basis. v vi PREFACE It is widely recognized that tropical forests are being converted rapidly, and on a wide scale, to alternative patterns of land use. This situation lends urgency to the kinds of biological priorities that the Committee seeks to formulate, and made it seem desirable to commis­ sion a review of the state and rate of such conversion. In part, this review is a response to what we perceive as a growing worldwide concern with the impact of tropical forest destruction on human welfare. The report is based on the results of a survey conducted by Norman Myers between July 1978 and April 1979. During this period, Dr. Myers collected, collated, and evaluated such documentary evi­ dence as he could obtain concerning different forms and degrees of conversion. His findings are summarized in this volume, which the Committee, with but one abstention, moved to make readily available, such that they may be taken into account in formulating scientific priorities for tropical research and also in the search for patterns of development that can be sustained for human welfare. PETER H. RAVEN, Chairman NRC Committee on Research Priorities in Tropical Biology Contents METHODS Previous Surveys, 1 Basic Considerations for Present Survey, 4 Reliability of Information, 6 Meaning of "Conversion," 7 Literature Analysis, 9 Correspondence, 9 Consultations and Discussions, 10 2 TROPICAL MOIST FORESTS 11 Definition, 11 Problems of Contrasting Terminology, 15 3 R OLE OF FOREST FARMERS IN CONVERSION OF TROPICAL MOIST FORESTS 23 4 ROLE OF TIMBER TRADE IN CONVERSION OF TROPICAL MOIST FORESTS 33 Contribution of Tropical Moist Forests to International Trade in Hardwoods for Solid-Wood Use, 34 Contribution of Tropical Moist Forests to International Trade in Sources of Paper Pulp, 38 vii viii CONTENTS Economic Value of Tropical Wood Trade, 39 Ecological Impact of Commercial Logging, 40 Wood Chips, 41 Plantations, 42 5 ROLE OF CATTLE RAISING IN CONVERSION OF TROPICAL MOIST FORESTS 44 6 ROLE OF FIREWOOD CUTTING IN CONVERSION OF TROPICAL MOIST FORESTS 48 Impact of the Firewood Problem on Agriculture, 49 Waste of Potentially Usable Firewood, 49 Supplementary Sources of Firewood, 50 7 MONITORING OF CONVERSION TRENDS OF TROPICAL MOIST FORESTS 51 Ongoing Studies, 51 Possible Surveys on the Part of Development Agencies, 52 Future Survey Research, 53 Scope of Remote Sensing Surveys, 54 8 REGIONAL REVIEW: SOUTHERN AND SOUTH EAST ASIA AND MELANESIA 62 Australia, 63 Bangladesh,64 Brunei,65 Burma, 66 India, 68 Indonesia, 68 Kampuchea, 76 Laos, 76 Malaysia, 79 Melanesia, 88 Papua New Guinea, 91 The Philippines, 95 Sri Lanka, 102 Thailand, 102 Vietnam, 114 9 REGIONAL REVIEW: TROPICAL LATIN AMERICA 117 Bolivia, 118 CONTENTS ix Brazil, 118 The Caribbean, 131 Central America, 131 Belize, 132; Costa Rica, 132; EI Salvador, 133; Guatemala, 134; Honduras, 134; Nicaragua, 134; Panama, 135 Colombia, 135 Ecuador, 141 French Guiana, 143 Guyana, 143 Mexico, 144 Peru, 145 Suriname, 148 Venezuela, 149 10 REGIONAL REVIEW: TROPICAL AFRICA 151 Cameroon, 151 Congo, 153 Gabon, 153 Ghana, 155 Ivory Coast, 156 Kenya, 159 Liberia, 160 Madagascar, 162 Nigeria, 162 Sierra Leone, 164 Tanzania, 164 Uganda, 165 Zaire, 165 11 SUMMATION 168 Differentiated Conversion Rates, 168 Problems of Documentation, 172 Comprehensive and Systematic Surveys, 174 Population Pressure, Especially from Forest Farmers, 174 Exceptionally Endangered Areas, 176 REFERENCES 177 APPENDIX 198 1 Methods This survey is an attempt to review widespread conversion patterns in a biome whose climatic range is reputed to cover 16 million km2 and whose present forest cover of different types is variously estimated to 2 cover 9-11 million km • An effort has been made to assess the respec­ tive impacts of at least four major forms of conversion, paying particu­ lar attention to a key question of assessment-reliability of information-as well as a host of additional factors. To accomplish as much as possible of these various objectives, the survey has adopted several approaches. PREVIOUS SURVEYS As a starting point, previous surveys, notably two surveys of the mid-I970s, were used as a basis from which to build. Replicating these previous surveys was not the intent (though an attempt was made, where appropriate, to up-date them), but rather assessing and evaluating the findings of previous surveys, and presenting a synoptic overview of information available as of early 1979-plus a review of gaps in our knowledge. Reports of the two surveys in question have been published by Persson (1974) and Sommer (1976). Each of these surveys has been conducted in whole or in part under the auspices ofthe Food and Agri­ culture Organization ofthe United Nations (FAO). FAO, as an agency of the United Nations, depends on reports submitted by Member State's 2 CONVERSION OF TROPICAL MOIST FORESTS for much of its information. While government organizations represent the principal, and often the sole, sources of information, this approach can sometimes be subject to basic constraints. It is dependent on the quantity and quality of information that governments wish to make available, and it effectively precludes FAO from applying the rigorous appraisal that should be an integral part of an objective survey (if governmental contributions are too closely scrutinized, they tend not to be furnished at all). This is not to say of course that the' FA 0 inves­ tigators in question have not done a competentjob with the information supplied to them. But all too often they have had to accept the information mostly at face value. The problems that these constraints present are wetl summarized by Sommer (1976), when he describes how he and his colleagues were confronted with "a voluminous mass of confusing reports, yielding very few facts." He indicates some of the major inadequacies charac­ terizing the documentation examined.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plant Communities & Habitats
    Plant Communities & Habitats CLASS READINGS Key to Common Trees of Bouverie Preserve Bouverie Vegetation Map This class will be held Deciduous & Evergreen Oaks of Bouverie Preserve almost entirely on the trail so dress Sun Leaves & Shade Leaves accordingly and bring Characteristics of the Oaks of Bouverie Preserve plenty of water Chaparral & Fire (California’s Changing Landscapes, Michael Barbour et.al., 1993) Bouverie Preserve Chaparral (DeNevers) ACR Fire Ecology Program Mixed Evergreen Forest (California’s Changing Landscapes, Michael Barbour et.al., 1993) Ecological Tolerances of Riparian Plants (River Partners) Call of the Galls (Bay Nature Magazine, Ron Russo, 2009) Oak Galls of Bouverie Preserve Leaves of Three (Bay Nature Magazine, Eaton & Sullivan, 2013) Mistletoe – Magical, Mysterious, & Misunderstood (Wirka) How Old is This Twig (Wirka) CALNAT: California Naturalist Handbook Chapter 4 (98-109, 114-115) Chapter 5 (117-138) Key Concepts By the end of this class, we hope you will be able to: Use a simple key to identify trees at Bouverie Preserve, Look around you and determine whether you are in oak woodland, mixed evergreen forest, riparian woodland, or chaparral -- and get a “feel” for each, Define: Plant Community, Habitat, Ecotone; understand how to discuss/investigate each with students, Stand under a large oak and guide students in exploring/discovering the many species that live on/around it, Find a gall on an oak leaf or twig and get excited about the lifecycle of the critters who live inside, Explain how chaparral plants are fire-adapted and look for evidence of these adaptations, Locate at least one granary tree and notice acorn woodpeckers that are guarding it, List some of the animals that rely on Bouverie’s oak woodland habitat, and Make an acorn whistle & count the years a twig has been growing SEQUOIA CLUB Resources When one tugs at a In the Bouverie Library single thing in nature, he A Manual of California Vegetation, second edition, finds it attached to the John Sawyer and Todd Keeler‐ Wolf (2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Phase I Vital Signs Monitoring Plan for the San Francisco Bay Area Network
    1 San Francisco Bay Area Network 2 Phase II Vital Signs Monitoring Plan 3 Working Draft 4 5 6 7 [Golden Gate image here when posted to web site!] 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 San Francisco Bay Area Network (SFAN) 28 Eugene O’Neill National Historic Site (EUON) 29 Fort Point National Historic Site (FOPO) 30 Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GOGA) 31 John Muir National Historic Site (JOMU) 32 Muir Woods National Monument (MUWO) 33 Pinnacles National Monument (PINN) 34 Point Reyes National Seashore (PORE) 35 Presidio of San Francisco (PRES) SFAN_Phase II draftv9.doc 1 Brad Welch 26 September 2003 1 Table of Contents 2 Page 3 4 List of Figures 5 5 List of Tables 6 6 Acknowledgments 8 7 8 Executive Summary 9 9 10 Chapter 1 Introduction and Background 10 11 1.1 Purpose 10 12 1.1.1 Justification for Integrated Natural Resource 13 Monitoring 10 14 1.1.2 Legislation, Policy, and Guidance 11 15 1.2 Monitoring Goals and Strategies 14 16 1.2.1 Role of Inventory, Monitoring, and Research in Resource 17 Management 14 18 1.2.2 Goals for Vital Signs Monitoring 16 19 1.2.3 Strategic Approaches to Monitoring 16 20 1.2.3.1 Scope and Process for Developing an 21 Integrated Monitoring Program 16 22 1.2.3.2 Strategies for Determining What to Monitor 18 23 1.2.3.3 Integration: Ecological, Spatial, Temporal, 24 and Programmatic 20 25 1.2.3.4 Limitations of the Monitoring Program 20 26 1.2.3.5 SFAN Monitoring Plan and GPRA Goals 21 27 1.2.3.6 SFAN Strategic Approach to Monitoring 22 28 1.3 Overview of Network Parks and Selected
    [Show full text]
  • Stone Corral-Josephine Peridotite Research Natural Area
    AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE PROPOSED STONE CORRAL-JOSEPHINE PERIDOTITE RESEARCH NATURAL AREA (L.E. HORTON-DARLINGTONIA BOG RESEARCH NATURAL AREA) ON THE SIX RIVERS NATIONAL FOREST, DEL NORTE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA (Purchase Order # 40-9AD6-5-907) Todd KeeLer-Wolf December 1986 INTRODUCTION ACCESS SCIENTIFIC INTEREST JUSTIFICATIONS FOR ESTABLISHMENT RARE FLORA ENDEMIC TAXA UNDESCRIBED TAXA THE DARLINGTONIA BOG PORT ORFORD CEDAR GEOLOGY SOILS CLIMATE VEGETATION BOG FOREST RIPARIAN VEGETATION DWARF FOREST LOWER DWARF FOREST JEFFREY PINE WOODLAND DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST CANYON FOREST IMPACTS RECOMMENDATIONS LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX 1; VASCULAR PLANT LIST FIGURES INTRODUCTION The proposed Darlingtonia bog Research Natural Area, also knawn as the L.E. Horton RNA covers approximately 1305 acres of eastwardly-facing slopes above the North Fork of the Smith River in extreme northwestern California. The area lies just four miles from the Oregon border and includes portions of Sections 24, 25, and 36 T. 18 N. R. 11 W. (Latitude 41' 55' N., Longitude 124' W.) Elevations range from ca. 600 ft. along the North Fork of the Smith River to slightly over 2400 ft. along the ridgetop south of the Stone Corral site. Terrain is steep and rugged in most of the southern and central portions of the study area, but becomes more gradual in the northern portion (see location map). It is in this northern area that the Darlfngtonia bogs occur (discussed as bog forest in the vegetation section). In addition to the Darlingtonia bogs (Figure 1) the site contains several other vegetation types including dwarf forest, Jeffrey pine woodland, lower dwarf forest, canyon forest, Douglas-fir forest, and two types of riparian vegetation.
    [Show full text]
  • Silverwood Wildlife Sanctuary
    SILVERWOOD WILDLIFE SANCTUARY This week we will be travelling again to Lakeside, this time to visit the Silverwood Wildlife Sanctuary. This 785-acre sanctuary is owned and operated by San Diego Audubon. It was created as a place to hike, bird watch, research and learn more about the native plants and birds that reside there, as well as reptile and mammals. And your timing couldn’t be better, as the wildflowers are exploding this year. Silverwood Wildlife Sanctuary (Silverwood Wildlife Sanctuary, 2012) (Contributors, Silverwood Wildlife Sanctuary, 2016) San Diego Audubon Society’s mission is to foster the protection and appreciation of birds, other wildlife and habitats through education and study, and to advocate for a cleaner, healthier environment. As a result, they own and operate two sanctuaries which seek to preserve the diversity of San Diego County. The two sanctuaries are Silverwood Wildlife Sanctuary and Anstine Audubon Nature Preserve, located in Vista. Silverwood Wildlife Sanctuary is dedicated to the preservation of the diverse combination of chaparral, and streamside riparian flora and fauna. It is managed essentially as a wilderness preserve, except for a small developed area near the entrance. It has an extensive trail system. Over 324 native plant species and 124 bird species have been recorded there. According to their website, “The purpose of Silverwood is to preserve, in as complete and natural a state as possible, a pg. 1 SILVERWOOD WILDLIFE SANCTUARY prime swath of one of the country’s most critically endangered ecosystems: California’s coastal chaparral. “ The first 85 acres of Silverwood were donated to the San Diego Audubon Society by member Harry Woodward in 1965.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity and Conservation of Sierra Chinaja: a Rapid Assessment of Biophysical Socioeconomic and Management Factors in Alta Verapaz Guatemala
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2006 Biodiversity and conservation of Sierra Chinaja: A rapid assessment of biophysical socioeconomic and management factors in Alta Verapaz Guatemala Curan A. Bonham The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Bonham, Curan A., "Biodiversity and conservation of Sierra Chinaja: A rapid assessment of biophysical socioeconomic and management factors in Alta Verapaz Guatemala" (2006). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 4760. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4760 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University of M ontana Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. **Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature Yes, I grant permission No, I do not grant permission Author's Signature:i _ ________ Date: Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. 8/98 Biodiversity and Conservation of Sierra Chinaja: A r a p id ASSESSMENT OF BIOPHYSICAL, SOCIOECONOMIC, AND MANAGEMENT f a c t o r s in A l t a V e r a p a z , G u a t e m a l a by Curan A.
    [Show full text]
  • DECISION TIME for CLOUD FORESTS No
    WATER-RELATED ISSUES AND PROBLEMS OF THE HUMID TROPICS AND OTHER WARM HUMID REGIONS IHP HUMID TROPICS PROGRAMME SERIES NO. 13 IHP Humid Tropics Programme Series No. 1 The Disappearing Tropical Forests DECISION TIME FOR CLOUD FORESTS No. 2 Small Tropical Islands No. 3 Water and Health No. 4 Tropical Cities: Managing their Water No. 5: Integrated Water Resource Management No. 6 Women in the Humid Tropics No. 7 Environmental Impacts of Logging Moist Tropical Forests No. 8 Groundwater No. 9 Reservoirs in the Tropics – A Matter of Balance No.10 Environmental Impacts of Converting Moist Tropical Forest to Agriculture and Plantations No.11 Helping Children in the Humid Tropics: Water Education No.12 Wetlands in the Humid Tropics No.13 Decision Time for Cloud Forests For further information on this Series, contact: UNESCO Division of Water Sciences International Hydrological Programme 1, Rue Miollis 75352 Paris 07 SP France tel. (+33) 1 45 68 40 02 fax (+33) 1 45 67 58 69 PREFACE At a Tropical Montane Cloud Forest workshop held at Cambridge, U.K. in July 1998, 30 scientists, professional managers, and NGO conservation group members representing more than 14 countries and all global regions, concluded that there is insufficient public and political awareness of the status and values of Tropical Montane Cloud Forests (TMCF). The group suggested that a science-based “pop-doc” would be an effective initial action to remedy this. What follows is a response to that recommendation. It documents some of the scientific information that will be of interest to other scientists and managers of TMCF, but not over- whelming for a lay reader who is seeking to become more informed about these remarkable ecosystems.
    [Show full text]
  • Dacrydium Elatum (Podocarpaceae) in the Montane Cloud Forest of Bokor Mountain, Cambodia
    90 P.W. Rundel et al. Dacrydium elatum (Podocarpaceae) in the montane cloud forest of Bokor Mountain, Cambodia Philip W. RUNDEL1,*, M. Rasoul SHARIFI1, Judith KING-RUNDEL2 & David J. MIDDLETON3 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. 2 Department of Earth Sciences, California State University, Dominguez Hills, 1000 E. Victoria Street, Carson, California 90747, USA. 3 Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569, Singapore. * Corresponding author. Email [email protected] Paper submitted 20 May 2016, revised manuscript accepted 29 July 2016. ɊɮɍɅʂɋɑɳȶɆſ əDŽɒɌɀɿ ƺȴɸɌɊɮ ɯɋɵɅɵƙɈɳɁȟɳǷǂɊɉɸƒɵɅɵƙɈƙɁȪɈɩȷ ǕȷƙɁȪɎLJɅɳȵˊȻɳǷɁɸɆɅɽȳƕȶɽǍɆɵɅȹɯɌɉɸƒȼɸɌȲɪ ɭƒȶəɃǚɅƺɁɩɆɮȲɳƵʆ ȹƙNjɍɳƸɃɳǷɃɩɑƴȶɁƓɮȶɵɅȹɯɌɉɸƒ Ʌɩȶ ȹɩɁɑɊɭƙɃɆɳȶˊžɁƺɁɸɆɅɽNjɅɍȲſȳʂɀƋ ɳɑˊɊȳɭɑƙɆƙȲɁɪ ɴȼɍNjɅȲɊƕɑɽɃɫȲɳɉƚȣȶɳɍˊɑ Ɉɪ ʕʐʐʐ Ɋ.Ɋ ɵɅȲɊƕɑɽɃɫȲɳɉƚȣȶƙɆƸɸƹƒ ɸ NjɅɑǁƊ Ʌƽȷɽʉ ɅɩȶNjɅǕɑɭɪɁȳƕɑɽʆ ɍȲſȳʂɀƋ DŽɸȶɳɅɹɆɳȶˊžɁɤƘNjɅɵƙɈɳɁȟ Ʌɩȶ Ƀɪ ȷɭɍƙɈɫȲƞɴȼɍNJȴɳƙȷˊɅƺƙɆɳɉɃ Dacrydiumȱ elatumȱ (Podocarpaceae)ʆ ɆɴƙɊɆƙɊȫɍɃɸɒɸɳȼˊɊɳȺˊƙɁȪɎLJɅƙɆɃɹɳȵˊȻ ȲɊƕɑɽƸɆɽɈɪ ʕ-ʗ Ɋ. ɳǷǂɊȹƙNjɍȹɩɁȲɸɈɮɍɅɩȶɆɅƎɌɒɮɁǂɊɁɸɆɅɽɆɴƙɊɆƙɊɍȫ Ʌɩȶ ȲɊƕɑɽȼɍɽ ʑʕ Ɋ. ȲɭƒȶɁɸɆɅɽɴȲƓɌɃɫȲDžƚ Ȳɽ ɈɈȲɎɍʆɩ ɑɫȲɴȼɍNjɅɑǁƚ Ɗ ɅȼɮȷȯɑƳɵɅɳȼˊɊɳȺˊɳɈȻɎɋʂ Ʌɩȶ ɑǁƊ ɅƙɃɴɎȶȯɑȷȷȫ ɭȶɵɅȲɮɅɌȲɭ ſƺɁɩƙɆɳɉɃ D.ȱ elatum ɆƷƟ ȻɈɪɃɸɳdžɌȲɃɩɑɈɅɬƚɳɄˊɌɑƛ ɪɑƗ ɸɳnjȴ ɳɒˊɋɍȲſɀɺɳɅɹȲʁɆƷƟ ȻɈɪƳɌɆɅǜɸɳǵɅɫȶɍȲſȳʂɀƋ ɈɈȲɳƙȷˊɅɵɅȹƙɊȲɳǷɉɸƒɆɮȲɳƵʆ ɃƙɊȶɽDŽɸȶɈɪɌLJɅƻɅȼɍɽ ʕʐ% ɵɅɔƙǂɔɁɩɆɌNjɵɅƳɌƙƺɆǃɊɈɍɈɅɬƚȲƙɊɩɁDŽɆȴɬƙɁɫɊɴɁ ʒʐʐɊɪƙȲȪɊɻɮɍ/ɴɊɻƙɁ/ ɎdžɃɩ ɪʆ ɔƙǂɔɁɩɆɌNjɵɅƳɌƙƺɆǃɊɈɍɈɅɬƚɳɓˊȶȳƕɑɽɌɒɮɁȼɍɽƙɆɴɒɍ ʘʐʐ ɊɪƙȲȪɊɻɮɍ/ɴɊɻƙɁ/ ɎdžɃɩ
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Theecological Systemsof Puerto Rico
    United States Department of Agriculture Guide to the Forest Service Ecological Systems International Institute of Tropical Forestry of Puerto Rico General Technical Report IITF-GTR-35 June 2009 Gary L. Miller and Ariel E. Lugo The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and national grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Authors Gary L. Miller is a professor, University of North Carolina, Environmental Studies, One University Heights, Asheville, NC 28804-3299.
    [Show full text]
  • Composition, Structure, and Developmental Determinants of a Scrub Oak Forest in the West Cross Timbers of North Central Texas
    The Texas Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 31:39-82 (2018) 39 © Agricultural Consortium of Texas Composition, Structure, and Developmental Determinants of a Scrub Oak Forest in the West Cross Timbers of North Central Texas Randall E. Rosiere1 Allan D. Nelson*2 Donald G. McGahan3,4 Kalee R. Smith2 1Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Technology, formerly Department of Agribusiness, Agronomy, Horticulture, and Range Management, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX 76402 2Department of Biological Sciences, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX 76402 3Department of Wildlife, Sustainability, and Ecosystem Science, formerly Department of Agribusiness, Agronomy, Horticulture, and Range Management, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX 76402 4 Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Stephenville, TX 76401 ABSTRACT We evaluated composition and community determinative factors of an old-growth, scrub forest on a deep-sand habitat in the West Cross Timbers of North Central Texas. Species composition and vegetation structure were analyzed based on 1) dominance, density, and importance values of woody plants and 2) foliar cover of herbaceous species and woody seedlings or offshoots in the understory. We concluded that this was the potential natural vegetation for this deep-sand site with the sandy soil being the principal determining factor in development and stability of this natural community (i.e., an edaphic climax). We designated this as a sand post oak-saw greenbrier (Quercus margarettiae-Smilax bona-nox) community based on the dominant tree and shrub species. The scrub forest consisted of three layers: 1) a closed canopy of sand post oak and blackjack oak (Q. marilandica); 2) a shrub layer of six species, including saw greenbrier, a liana that extended into the tree canopy; and 3) an irregular understory of herbaceous plants plus seedlings and clonal shoots of oaks and greenbrier.
    [Show full text]
  • W • 32°38'47.76”N 117°8'52.44”
    public access 32°32’4”N 117°7’22”W • 32°38’47.76”N 117°8’52.44”W • 33°6’14”N 117°19’10”W • 33°22’45”N 117°34’21”W • 33°45’25.07”N 118°14’53.26”W • 33°45’31.13”N 118°20’45.04”W • 33°53’38”N 118°25’0”W • 33°55’17”N 118°24’22”W • 34°23’57”N 119°30’59”W • 34°27’38”N 120°1’27”W • 34°29’24.65”N 120°13’44.56”W • 34°58’1.2”N 120°39’0”W • 35°8’54”N 120°38’53”W • 35°20’50.42”N 120°49’33.31”W • 35°35’1”N 121°7’18”W • 36°18’22.68”N 121°54’5.76”W • 36°22’16.9”N 121°54’6.05”W • 36°31’1.56”N 121°56’33.36”W • 36°58’20”N 121°54’50”W • 36°33’59”N 121°56’48”W • 36°35’5.42”N 121°57’54.36”W • 37°0’42”N 122°11’27”W • 37°10’54”N 122°23’38”W • 37°41’48”N 122°29’57”W • 37°45’34”N 122°30’39”W • 37°46’48”N 122°30’49”W • 37°47’0”N 122°28’0”W • 37°49’30”N 122°19’03”W • 37°49’40”N 122°30’22”W • 37°54’2”N 122°38’40”W • 37°54’34”N 122°41’11”W • 38°3’59.73”N 122°53’3.98”W • 38°18’39.6”N 123°3’57.6”W • 38°22’8.39”N 123°4’25.28”W • 38°23’34.8”N 123°5’40.92”W • 39°13’25”N 123°46’7”W • 39°16’30”N 123°46’0”W • 39°25’48”N 123°25’48”W • 39°29’36”N 123°47’37”W • 39°33’10”N 123°46’1”W • 39°49’57”N 123°51’7”W • 39°55’12”N 123°56’24”W • 40°1’50”N 124°4’23”W • 40°39’29”N 124°12’59”W • 40°45’13.53”N 124°12’54.73”W 41°18’0”N 124°0’0”W • 41°45’21”N 124°12’6”W • 41°52’0”N 124°12’0”W • 41°59’33”N 124°12’36”W Public Access David Horvitz & Ed Steck In late December of 2010 and early Janu- Some articles already had images, in which ary of 2011, I drove the entire California I added mine to them.
    [Show full text]
  • Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve September 3–18, 2019
    PERU: MANU BIOSPHERE RESERVE SEPTEMBER 3–18, 2019 Red-and-green Macaw. Ara chloropterus. Photo: D. Ascanio. LEADERS: DAVID ASCANIO & PERCY AVENDAÑO LIST COMPILED BY: DAVID ASCANIO VICTOR EMANUEL NATURE TOURS, INC. 2525 WALLINGWOOD DRIVE, SUITE 1003 AUSTIN, TEXAS 78746 WWW.VENTBIRD.COM PERU: MANU BIOSPHERE RESERVE SEPTEMBER 3–18, 2019 By David Ascanio Photo album: https://flic.kr/s/aHsmHnbkJg When I started writing the Field Report for this amazing tour, I was on my flight back home. And, as I was enjoying the view from the plane’s window, I was wondering how to start an introductory paragraph highlighting the best experiences and birds of our Manu Biosphere Reserve tour. I found it to be a difficult task, not only because we came across an impressive number of habitats, but also because we saw so many wonderful birds! As I was still on that international flight, it didn’t take me long to figure out that I should, instead, divide this Field Report into four major areas and describe the amazing experiences and wonderful birds we enjoyed in each one. With that in mind, here we go! THE HIGH ANDES – PUNA Once we landed in Cusco, and after a wonderful breakfast, our tour started in the Huarcapay Lagoon, where 3 individuals of the rarely encountered Chilean Flamingo were observed. Here, we also saw Puna, Yellow-billed and Cinnamon teals, Spot-winged Pigeon, a vocal Plumbeous Rail, the beautiful White-tufted Grebe, several Andean Gulls, the secretive Rusty-fronted Canastero (endemic to Peru), and the Rufous-naped Ground-Tyrant, which is easily camouflaged by its gravel color.
    [Show full text]
  • Use and Abuse of China's Deserts and Rangelands Bill E
    Rangelands 8(6), December 1986 267 Use and Abuse of China's Deserts and Rangelands Bill E. DahI and Cyrus M. McKeIl The People'sRepublic ofChina places avery high priority on the development and management of its arid and semi arid lands.To fully usethe resources ofthese landsas well as restructure the policies and methods for their management, China seeksto understandand applyappropriate technolo- gies that will increase arid land productivity and contribute to the support of the world's largest population. In summer 1984 the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the China Association for Science and Tech- nologysponsored an Arid Lands Symposium at the Desert Research Institute, Lanzhou, China. Following the sympo- sium, members of the U.S. and China delegations toured extensiveareas of westernChina. The following overview of China's arid land problems is from observations and avail- able literature, some presentedat the symposium in Lanzhou and in a companion symposium in 1985, "Use, Abuse, and Renewabilityof China's Arid Lands" atthe annualmeeting of the AAAS in Los Angeles, California. China's Arid Lands China has 425,000 mi2 of deserts in the northern and Three vegetation realms and 17 vegetation zones of China. I. /1 needle-leaved 12 northwestern ofthe About 259,000mi2 are true Easternhumid forests: Cool-temperate forests; parts country. Temperate mixed needle- and broad-leaved forest; 13 Warm-tem- climaticdeserts, with less than 4inches annual precipitation perate deciduous broad-leavedforest; 14 Northern subtropic mixed (and a sizeable proportion of this below one inch); while evergreenand deciduous broad leaved forest; 15 Middle subtropic 66,000 mi2 are deserts resulting from man's abuse (deserti- evergreen broad-laved forest; /6 Southern subtropic evergreen 17 monsoon forestand rain forest; /8 fied).
    [Show full text]