: MANU BIOSPHERE RESERVE SEPTEMBER 3–18, 2019

Red-and-green Macaw. Ara chloropterus. Photo: D. Ascanio.

LEADERS: DAVID ASCANIO & PERCY AVENDAÑO LIST COMPILED BY: DAVID ASCANIO

VICTOR EMANUEL NATURE TOURS, INC. 2525 WALLINGWOOD DRIVE, SUITE 1003 AUSTIN, TEXAS 78746 WWW.VENTBIRD.COM

PERU: MANU BIOSPHERE RESERVE SEPTEMBER 3–18, 2019 By David Ascanio

Photo album: https://flic.kr/s/aHsmHnbkJg

When I started writing the Field Report for this amazing tour, I was on my flight back home. And, as I was enjoying the view from the plane’s window, I was wondering how to start an introductory paragraph highlighting the best experiences and of our Manu Biosphere Reserve tour. I found it to be a difficult task, not only because we came across an impressive number of habitats, but also because we saw so many wonderful birds! As I was still on that international flight, it didn’t take me long to figure out that I should, instead, divide this Field Report into four major areas and describe the amazing experiences and wonderful birds we enjoyed in each one. With that in mind, here we go!

THE HIGH – PUNA Once we landed in Cusco, and after a wonderful breakfast, our tour started in the Huarcapay Lagoon, where 3 individuals of the rarely encountered Chilean Flamingo were observed. Here, we also saw Puna, Yellow-billed and Cinnamon teals, Spot-winged Pigeon, a vocal Plumbeous Rail, the beautiful White-tufted Grebe, several Andean Gulls, the secretive Rusty-fronted Canastero (endemic to Peru), and the Rufous-naped Ground-Tyrant, which is easily camouflaged by its gravel color.

Scarlet-bellied Mountain-, Anisognathus igniventris . Photo: D. Ascanio

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Because we had a long day ahead, we started our drive towards the Acjanaco Pass, and we made several stops where we nailed Yellow-billed Tit-Tyrant, Rusty-fronted Canastero, Chestnut-breasted Mountain-Finch (endemic to Peru), White-browed Chat- Tyrant, Rufous-webbed Bush-Tyrant, Ash-breasted Sierra-Finch, and the similar looking Puna and Spot-billed ground-tyrants. We drove across three high passes, and the highest one allowed us great views of Mountain Caracara and Black-chested Buzzard- Eagle. Once we reached Acjanaco, we left the Puna behind (the high Andean habitat above line) and started descending to the Elfin or Dwarf , in the humid side of the Andes.

THE DWARF FOREST Wayqecha Lodge was our headquarters for exploring this rich and intriguing type of forest. Generally speaking, birds tend to be shy and mostly quiet. In this environment, the nights are as cold as in winter and sunny days can get as warm as in the summer. Think about the enormous adaptations that birds and other wildlife have to deal with in such contrasting temperatures in 24 hours!

Chestnut-crested Cotinga, Ampelion rufaxilla. Photo: D. Ascanio

In the vicinity of Wayqecha we enjoyed active feeding flocks that included White- banded Tyrannulet, Mountain Cacique, Black-throated and Masked flowerpiercers, Hooded Mountain-Tanager (a flock leader!), the exceptionally beautiful Golden-collared Tanager, and Moustached Flowerpiercer. On an exposed branch of a relatively large

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 3 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019 tree we saw the wonderful Red-crested Cotinga, and later in the ecotone forest-puna we observed a Puna Thistletail.

Moustached Flowerpiercer, Diglossa mystacalis. Photo: D. Ascanio.

We also visited the Acjanaco Pass and observed a parade of Mountain Caracaras with about 20 juveniles and 2 adults welcoming us, all having a great time in the air. As we explored the shrubby vegetation, we started discovering some of the gems of this extreme . In the afternoon, we went back to the dwarf forest and enjoyed seeing a feeding flock with 17 species in attendance, and the favorite ones included Yellow-billed Cacique, Black-capped Hemispingus, Hooded and Scarlet-bellied mountain-, and Spectacled Redstart. Other birds were also active in the same area due to the fact that some had plenty of fruits, and this allowed a second view of Red-crested Cotinga.

THE When you hear the word “cloud forest,” images come to mind of trees loaded with epiphytes, several in their branches, and a rich green frond. And, although that is not wrong, I have to say that it is more than that. Exploring the cloud forest on the Manu road showed us well-demarcated strata, each with associated wildlife.

In the upper cloud forest (or as we call it, the montane wet forest) we caught a glimpse of the Rufous Antpitta, enjoyed seeing the Trilling Tapaculo (they should be called mice birds), were astonished by the beauty of the Shining Sunbeam, and never got tired of seeing Hooded Mountain-Tanagers, one that showed up repeatedly.

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Gray-breasted Mountain-Toucan, Andigena hypoglauca. Photo: D. Ascanio.

Taking the road to the lower elevations opened a whole new world to us. A pair of Gray-breasted Mountain-Toucans were observed at a relatively close distance, and we were delighted with the feeding flocks along the road. Among the flock attendants we saw Barred Fruiteater, Streaked Tuftedcheek, White-collared Jay, Mountain Cacique, Grass-green Tanager, and Capped Conebill. We also enjoyed views of the secretive White-eared Solitaire and smaller such as Azara’s Spinetail, Sierran , and Spectacled Redstart.

In the lower cloud forest, we were (once again) exposed to a new world of birds! Here richness increased dramatically, and we added unbelievable such as Wire-crested Thorntail, Booted Racquet-tail, White-bellied Woodstar (behaving much like a bumblebee), Fork-tailed Woodnymph, Green Hermit, the territorial Sparkling Violetear, and the elegant Bronzy Inca. Versicolored Barbet came to a feeder near the entrance of the lodge, and Speckled Chachalacas welcomed us each morning with their raucous voices.

The lower Cloud Forest hosted a visit to a lek (display arena) of the astonishingly beautiful Andean Cock-of-the-rock. We enjoyed seeing the males displaying while we were delighted with Venezuelan chocolate with chili peppers from the Yekuana Amerindian community in the deep Orinoco forest. Later, we drove back to the higher

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Cloud Forest and were rewarded with views of Crested and Golden-headed quetzals, as well as the astonishing Chestnut-crested Cotinga. Our last afternoon ended with an exploration of one of the trails on the lodge property, and we added an almost impossible-to-see bird, the Scaled Antpitta. Later, we drove uphill along the road to enjoy views of two Lyre-tailed Nightjars displaying in the air.

Andean Cock-of-the-rock, Rupicola peruviana . Photo: D. Ascanio.

THE LOWLAND RAINFOREST As if we were moving from one planet to another, reaching the lowlands was like entering a new world, but this time with many more tyrant-flycatchers and antbirds and fewer hummingbirds and tanager species. Our first morning in Villa Carmen gave us the opportunity to see Blue-throated Piping-Guan and Crested Guan, two species that are wiped-out in several areas of the Orinoquia and Amazonia due to intensive hunting. The noisy chachalacas gave a distinctive “never-mind, never-mind!” and were complemented with the harsh voice of the Violaceous Jay. On this ranch we found ourselves birding in a mosaic of selectively lumbered forest and large tracts of spiny .

Aside from having the opportunity to explore various lowland habitats, we were delighted to observe three impossible-to-see bird species, and that was due to the great job that Yonatan, the antpitta whisperer, had done. In one morning, he took us to the site where he feeds an Amazonian Antpitta with land worms. Seeing Yonatan calling this individual “chico” and preparing the table for the feast was a privilege. He knew this individual very well, and upon retracing his steps from the area where he dropped the land worms, this amazing and secretive bird showed up, took the food, swallowed it, and went away! Later in the afternoon, we were in another location, sitting behind a

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 6 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019 blind and, as if we were visiting an opera theater, the main characters showed up: two pairs of Cinereous and Undulated walked into a small clearing where he had spread some raw rice to feed them. What an experience!

The night wasn’t quiet either. Antbirds and tyrant-flycatchers voices shifted to frogs and crickets. In the dark, a wood-rail gave its typical “chiqui-coca, chiqui-coca!”; the Limpkin blasted its distinctive cry; a screech-owl softened the atmosphere; and a distant filled the air with musical notes.

Amazonian Antpitta, Hylopezus berlepschi. Photo: D. Ascanio.

In the second morning, we birded the spiny bamboo and got flash views of Bamboo Antshrike as well as Manu Antbird and White-lined Antbird. Also, we added new small tyrant-flycatchers to our list such as Johanne’s Tody-Tyrant and White-cheeked Tody- Flycatcher. In the lowlands of the Manu road we nailed so many birds that listing them won’t tell the whole story. But I can say that the mix of antbirds, foliage-gleaners, puffbirds, barbets, woodpeckers, , tyrant-flycatchers, waterbirds, and aracaris was, in a single word, magical.

Leaving behind the Manu road, we were now into the great river system of the Madre de Dios province. From Atalaya we started our boat ride along a meandering Alto Madre de Dios River. It was so shallow that our crew had to deal with few rapids and narrow channels at various times. After about 5 hours going downstream, we reached a larger river, one that eventually flows into the great Amazon, the Madre de Dios River. Along the boat ride we enjoyed views of several egrets, Cocoi Heron, Large-billed and

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Yellow-billed terns, Pied Lapwing, and Collared Plover. In the bright blue skies, we were pleased to see a Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle soaring, as well as the much smaller Double-toothed Kite. We arrived at the Manu Wildlife Center in the late afternoon, enjoyed a delicious meal, and then collapsed in our beds, surrounded by mosquito nets. Yes, we felt we were in a comfortable cocoon.

Undulated Tinamou, Crypturellus undulates. Photo: D. Ascanio.

Four full days in the lowlands of Manu were dedicated to so many exciting birding experiences. First, we visited a macaw, parrot, and parakeet clay lick; in another morning we walked up to a platform about 120 feet high on a canopy of an enormous tree; we paddled on a wonderful oxbow lake; and on the last full day we went birding inside a seasonally flooded forest and, later, a terra firme forest. This mix allowed us to compile an impressive number of bird species and experiences alike. In the clay lick we learned about the synchronization of various birds using it. The first to arrive were the Blue-headed and Orange-cheeked parrots. Later, Cobalt-winged and Tui parakeets reached the area but used the lower part of the clay lick and, in the meantime, the Mealy and Yellow-crowned parrots joined the group. After midmorning, the Red-and- green Macaws started showing up, but they were wary to land on the clay. Eventually, the macaws made it to the clay lick, and we loved seeing these wonderful and noisy birds flying from here to there, all at eye level.

On the canopy platform we enjoyed the view of the forest, from the canopy! And, we got amazing eye level views of White-necked Puffbird, Bare-necked Fruitcrow, and the diminutive Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher. A contrasting birdlife was found on the boat

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 8 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019 trip to an oxbow lake. In this wetland, the rare and local Pale-eyed Blackbird was observed, as well as some antbirds, Horned Screamer, Limpkin, the unique Purus , and Wattled Jacana. But the forest trails were the ones that offered an amazing richness of birds and the most challenging birding of all: to see, in detail, the attendants of the canopy mixed species flocks.

Red-and-green Macaw, Ara chloropterus . Photo: D. Ascanio.

Seeing and following a mixed species flock is art and science together. Percy and I focused our efforts on trying to show you those species that were uncommon or rare and left the commoner ones for the next flock. We spent a whole morning studying small antwrens, shrike-tanagers, greenlets, euphonias, tyrant-flycatchers of various sizes, and tanagers. Having experienced a continued flow of mixed species flocks, we returned to the lodge for a rest and continued the afternoon exploring the terra firme forest.

Our last morning in the Manu Biosphere Reserve found us seeing birds on the grounds of the lodge. A beautiful boat ride followed, one that eventually revealed a crude reality in non-protected areas and among gold miners, deforested areas, agriculture, and a paved road. We realized how privileged we were to have seen a pristine Manu National Park, with the hope that the Peruvians continue to protect this area that has no other parallel on planet Earth.

A morning birding around Puerto Maldonado prior to the flight back home allowed us to add a few more species to the list, some being White-throated Jacamar, Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl, Rusty-fronted Tody-Flycatcher, Purple-throated Euphonia, and Scaled Pigeon. As we took off on our flight to Lima, we left behind the highly humid green hell (as called by the conquistadores), saw the extensive and impressive forest in the east slope of the Andes, admired glaciers above 12,000 feet, and noticed the contrast when

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 9 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019 approaching an arid Lima. All in all, this tour visited a vast array of habitats and micro- habitats, provided variable temperatures and , and gave us the opportunity to understand the fragility and complexity of . We travel to admire and to learn, and the Manu Biosphere Reserve gave us both!

Chestnut-fronted Macaw, Ara severus . Photo: D. Ascanio.

Now that you have learned about the richness of the Manu Biosphere Reserve’s flora, fauna, and history, I want to invite you to join us in other destinations, equally interesting and beautiful but remarkably different from the Madre de Dios watershed in Peru. Some are:

Costa Rica: A Relaxed & Easy tour. Costa Rica is for those who wish to bird various altitudinal levels, from cloud forest to lowland rain forest, and still do it at a slow pace. We include a ride in the aerial tram where besides seeing birds we also learn about the flora of this spectacular country. This tour is designed for seeing gaudy species such as tanagers and honeycreepers, as well as many hummingbirds. For that, we visit various feeder stations. See the photos and video: Photo album (2018 tour): https://www.flickr.com/photos/davidascanio/albums/72157675954896128 Video link (2015 tour): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzgD6NfVNSE

Colombia: the Magdalena River Valley and the Western Andes: A Relaxed & Easy tour.

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Colombia claims to have the largest avifauna in the world. Our tour starts in the lowlands of the Magdalena River Valley, in the Rio Claro Reserve. The wealth of birds in this humid lowland forest is comparable with its natural beauty. We will have the opportunity to look for Barred Puffbird and Beautiful Woodpecker, two birds that frequently sing in the morning. In contrast, the beautiful town of Jardin will give us the opportunity to see tanagers, toucanets, and hummingbirds. There is an accessible Andean Cock-of-the-rock lek. Photo album: https://www.flickr.com/photos/davidascanio/albums/72157709903582576

Cuba: Birds and People For birders, Cuba has always been one of the finest bucket-list islands to visit. We bird three major areas of the island and look for most of the endemic birds including the Bee Hummingbird, the smallest bird in the world. See the photos and the video of our 2015 tour in: Photo album (2019 tour): https://www.flickr.com/photos/davidascanio/albums/72157706744663161 Video link (2015 tour): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylRHvB1jzdI

Thank you for joining us!

Blue-headed Parrot, Pionus menstruus. Photo: D. Ascanio.

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ITINERARY: 3 Sept. 2019. Arrival. Night Lima. 4 Sept. 2019. Flight Lima-Cuzco. Drive across the high Andes. Night Wayquecha. 5 Sept. 2019. Stunted (dwarf) forest in high Andes. Night Wayquecha lodge. 6 Sept. 2019. East slope of the Andes. Stunted forest and montane wet forest. Night Cock-of-the-rock Lodge. 7-8 Sept. 2019. Montane and upper montane wet forest (called cloud forest). Night Cock-of-the-rock Lodge. 9 Sept. 2019. Premontane wet forest (also called cloud forest) to tropical humid forest (also called rainforest). Night Villa Carmen. 10 Sept. 2019. Guadua spiny bamboo and forest edge. Night Villa Carmen. 11 Sept. 2019. Drive to Atalaya. Boat trip across Alto Madre de Dios and Madre de Dios rivers. Night Manu Wildlife Center. 12-15 Sept. 2019. Collpa (macaw lick), oxbow lake, canopy tower and trail systems in tropical humid forest (called rainforest). Nights Manu Wildlife Center. 16 Sept. 2019. Boat ride downriver to Puerto Maldonado. Night Cabaña Quinta. 17 Sept. 2019. Cachuela forest edge and La Pastora road. Departure.

HABITATS: PUNA. Puna, a high Andes habitat above treeline. UMFO. The ultra-wet stunted forest in the high Andes around Wayquecha lodge. MWFO. Includes the montane forest type (in popular literature is called “cloud forest”). Is located between the stunted forest (above) and the premontane humid forest. PHFO. Premontane humid forest. Type around Cock-of-the-rock Lodge.

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THFO. Tropical humid and wet forest types. Includes all kind of forest in the lowlands subject to some kind of flooding during the high-water season. In popular literature is called “rain forest.” TFFO. Terra firme forest. This is the type of lowland forest that never gets flooded. OXL. Oxbow lakes. FRL. Farmland. RIV. River, river edge, floodplains and secondary growth. Also, river islands. * Special sightings or relevant species.

BIRDS: Tinamous, Tinamidae Great Tinamou – Tinamus major. Heard only. THFO. * Cinereous Tinamou - Crypturellus cinereus. Superb views of a pair! THFO. Brown Tinamou - Crypturellus obsoletus. Heard only. MWFO. Undulated Tinamou - Crypturellus undulates . Amazing views of a pair! THFO. Black-capped Tinamou - Crypturellus atrocapillus . Heard only, PHFO. Ornate Tinamou – Nothoprocta ornata. An individual walking across the road! PUNA.

Screamers, Anhimidae Horned Screamer - Anhima cornuta. OXB, RIV.

Ducks & Geese, Anatidae * Orinoco Goose - Oressochen jubatus . RIV. Muscovy Duck - Cairina moschata. OXL, RIV. Brazilian Teal - Amazonetta brasiliensis. FRL. Puna Teal - Spatula puna. Wetland in PUNA. Cinnamon Teal - Spatula cyanoptera. Wetland in PUNA. Yellow-billed Teal - Anas flavirostris. Wetland in PUNA.

Guans & Chachalacas, Cracidae Speckled Chachalaca - Ortalis guttata . PHFO, THFO. Andean Guan - Penelope montagnii . MHFO. Spix's Guan - Penelope jacquacu . THFO. * Blue-throated Piping-Guan - Pipile cumanensis . THFO.

Wood-Quails, Odontophoridae Rufous-breasted Wood-Quail - Odontophorus speciosus. Heard only. PHFO. Starred Wood-Quail - Odontophorus stellarus. Heard only. THFO.

Flamingoes, Phoenicopteridae Chilean Flamingo – Phoenicopterus chilensis . Wetland in PUNA.

Grebes, Podicipedida White-tufted Grebe - Rollandia rolland. Wetland in PUNA.

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Pigeons & Doves, Columbidae Rock Pigeon - Columba livia . Urban areas. Pale-vented Pigeon - Patagioenas cayennensis. OXL, FRL. Scaled Pigeon – Patagioenas speciose. Edge of THFO. Spot-winged Pigeon - Patagioenas maculosa . PUNA. Band-tailed Pigeon - Patagioenas fasciata. MWFO. Plumbeous Pigeon - Patagioenas plúmbea. THFO. Ruddy Pigeon - Patagioenas subvinacea. THFO. Ruddy Ground-Dove - Columbina talpacoti. FRL. * Ruddy Quail-Dove - Geotrygon montana . Flushed in trail. THFO. Gray-fronted Dove - Leptotila rufaxilla . THFO Eared Dove - Zenaida auriculata. PUNA.

Cuckoos, Cuculidae Greater Ani - Crotophaga major. OXL. Smooth-billed Ani - Crotophaga ani . FRL. Squirrel Cuckoo - Piaya cayana. THFO. * Dark-billed Cuckoo - Coccyzus melacoryphus . THFO.

Nightjars & Allies, Caprimulgidae * Sand-colored Nighthawk - Chordeiles rupestris . Nesting and perched on exposed branches. RIV. Common Pauraque - Nyctidromus albicollis. THFO. * Lyre-tailed Nightjar - Uropsalis lyra . Wonderful views of males displaying in the air. PHFO.

Potoos, Nyctibiidae Great Potoo - Nyctibius grandis. Superb photo opportunities! THFO. Common Potoo - Nyctibius griseus. THFO.

Swifts, Apodidae Chestnut-collared Swift - Streptoprocne rutila. UMFO, MWFO, PHFO. White-collared Swift - Streptoprocne zonaris. UMFO, MWFO, PHFO, THFO. * Amazonian Swift - Chaetura viridipennis . THFO. We can never be sure about this species. Based in behavior, size and location, I concluded it might have been this species. Villa Carmen. Short-tailed Swift - Chaetura brachyura. THFO. Gray-rumped Swift – Chaetura cinereiventris. PHFO. Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift – Panyptila cayennensis . THFO. Fork-tailed Palm-Swift - Tachornis squamata . FRL, RIV, open areas with Moriche palm stands.

Hummingbirds, Trochilidae Hummingbirds were originally believed to be a cross between an and a bird. Furthermore, as a consequence of having such impressive plumage, it is not surprising that a demand started for such fantastic creatures, thus pushing a trade

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 14 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019 business that shipped hundreds of thousands of hummingbird skins into Europe. By then, there were no common names associated with the hummingbirds. So, how did these birds get such beautiful names? The person to give the most common English names to the hummingbirds was J. Gould on his memorable Monograph of Trochilidae (1849-1861). But, did you know that until the publication of his renowned monograph Gould had never seen a hummingbird alive? Only after finishing such an impressive work did he visit the Americas in May 1857 and see his first living Trochilidae , a Ruby-throated Hummingbird. In our Manu tour we managed to see 30 species of hummingbirds. White-necked Jacobin - Florisuga mellivora . PHFO, THFO. Rufous-breasted Hermit - Glaucis hirsutus . THFO. Pale-tailed Barbthroat - Threnetes leucurus. PHFO. White-bearded Hermit – Phatethornis hispidus . THFO. Green Hermit - Phaethornis guy. PHFO. Reddish Hermit - Phaethornis ruber . THFO. * Green-fronted Lancebill - Doryfera ludovicae . PHFO. * Geoffroy's Wedgebill - Schistes geoffroyi . PHFO. Sparkling Violetear - Colibri coruscans. PUNA, MWFO, PHFO. Amethyst-throated Sunangel - Heliangelus amethysticollis . UMFO. * Wire-crested Thorntail - Discosura popelairii . PHFO. * Festive Coquette - Lophornis chamlybeus. THFO. Speckled Hummingbird - Adelomyia melanogenys . PHFO. Rufous-capped Thornbill – Chalcostigma ruficeps . UMFO. Tyrian Metaltail - Metallura tyrianthina . PUNA. * Shining Sunbeam - Aglaeactis cupripennis . PUNA, UMFO. Bronzy Inca - Coeligena coeligena. MWFO. Collared Inca - Coeligena torquata . MWFO, PHFO. Violet-throated Starfrontlet – Coeligena violifer. UMFO. Chestnut-breasted Coronet - Boissonneaua matthewsii . MWFO. * Booted Racket-tail - Ocreatus underwoodii. PHFO. * Gould's Jewelfront - Heliodoxa aurescens. THFO. Manu Wildlife Center hummingbird feeder. Violet-fronted Brilliant - Heliodoxa leadbeateri. PHFO. Giant Hummingbird - Patagona gigas. PUNA. White-bellied Woodstar - Chaetocercus mulsant. PHFO. Gray-breasted Sabrewing - Campylopterus largipennis . THFO. Villa Carmen. Fork-tailed Woodnymph - Thalurania furcata. PHFO, THFO. Manu Wildlife Center. Many-spotted Hummingbird - Taphrospilus hypostictus. PHFO. Cock-of-the-rock Lodge. Sapphire-spangled Emerald - Amazilia lactea. THFO. Villa Carmen. Golden-tailed Sapphire - Chrysuronia oenone . THFO. Villa Carmen.

Hoatzin, Opisthocomidae Hoatzin - Opisthocomus hoazin. OXL. This is one of the most fascinating bird species in our planet. The Hoatzin has a long crop that function as a rumen to allow digest poisonous . It was believed to be a relative with the Tinamidae and later with the Cracidae, Rallidae, Otididae, Pteroclidae, Columbidae, Colidae, Cariamidae, and

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Cuculidae . It is now believed to be a very old lineage with a long evolutionary history and no close living relatives. Its taxonomical position has been greatly debated and apparently, remains unclear.

Rails & Gallinules, Rallidae * Plumbeous Rail - Pardirallus sanguinolentus . Wetland in PUNA. Gray-cowled Wood-Rail - Aramides cajaneus . Wetland in THFO. RIV. Common Gallinule - Gallinula galeata . Wetland in PUNA. Slate-colored Coot - Fulica ardesiaca. Wetland in PUNA. Purple Gallinule - Porphyrio martinica. OXL.

Limpkin, Aramidae Limpkin - Aramus guarauna . OXL.

Lapwings & Plovers, Charadriidae * Pied Lapwing - Vanellus cayanus . RIV. Southern Lapwing - Vanellus chilensis . RIV. Andean Lapwing – Vanellus resplendens . Wetland in PUNA. Collared Plover - Charadrius collaris . RIV.

Jacanas, Jacanidae Wattled Jacana - Jacana jacana. RIV, OXL.

Sandpipers & allies, Scolopacidae Pectoral Sandpiper - Calidris melanotos . 15+ river island. RIV. Spotted Sandpiper - Actitis macularius . RIV. Solitary Sandpiper - Tringa solitaria . RIV.

Gulls & Terns, Laridae Andean Gull - Chroicocephalus serranus . Wetland in PUNA. Yellow-billed Tern - Sternula superciliaris . RIV. Large-billed Tern - Phaetusa simplex . RIV. Black Skimmer - Rynchops niger . RIV.

Sunbitterns, Eurypygidae * Sunbittern - Eurypyga helias . RIV.

Jabiru & storks, Ciconiidae * Jabiru - Jabiru mycteria . FRL near Puerto Maldonado. Wood Stork - Mycteria americana . RIV.

Anhinga, Anhingidae Anhinga - Anhinga anhinga . RIV, OXL.

Cormorants, Phalacrocoracidae

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Neotropic Cormorant - Phalacrocorax brasilianus. RIV, OXL.

Herons & Egrets, Ardeidae Rufescent Tiger-Heron - Tigrisoma lineatum . OXL. Cocoi Heron - Ardea cocoi . RIV. Great Egret - Ardea alba . RIV. Snowy Egret - Egretta thula . RIV. Little Blue Heron - Egretta caerulea . RIV. Cattle Egret - Bubulcus ibis . RIV. Striated Heron - Butorides striata. OXL. Capped Heron - Pilherodius pileatus. RIV.

Ibises & Spoonbills, Threskiornithidae Puna Ibis - Plegadis ridgwayi . Wetland in PUNA. Green Ibis - Mesembrinibis cayennensis . RIV, OXL.

New World Vultures, Cathartidae Black Vulture - Coragyps atratus . RIV. Turkey Vulture - Cathartes aura . RIV, OXL. Greater Yellow-headed Vulture - Cathartes melambrotus. THFO.

Osprey, Pandionidae Osprey - Pandion haliaetus . OXL.

Hawk & Eagles, Accipitridae Swallow-tailed Kite - Elanoides forficatus . THFO. Black Hawk-Eagle – Spizaetus tyrannus. Heard only. PHFO. Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle - Spizaetus melanoleucus . PHFO. * Black-and-chestnut Eagle - Spizaetus isidori . MHFO. Black-collared Hawk – Busarellus nigricollis. RIV. Snail Kite – Rosthramus sociabilis. OXL. Double-toothed Kite - Harpagus bidentatus . THFO. Plumbeous Kite - Ictinia plumbea . Open areas in RIV, THFO. Sharp-shinned Hawk – Accipiter striatus ventralis . UMFO. Crane Hawk - Geranospiza caerulescens . RIV. Great Black Hawk - Buteogallus urubitinga . RIV. Roadside (Riverside) Hawk - Rupornis magnirostris . RIV. Variable Hawk - Geranoaetus polyosoma . PUNA. Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle – Geranoaetus melanoleucus. PUNA. Gray-lined Hawk - Buteo nitidus . THFO. Short-tailed Hawk - Buteo brachyurus. THFO. White-throated Hawk - Buteo albigula. UMFO.

Owls, Strigidae Tawny-bellied Screech-Owl - Megascops watsonii . THFO.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 17 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019

Amazonian Pygmy-Owl - Glaucidium hardyi . THFO. Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl - Glaucidium brasilianum . RIV. Burrowing Owl - Athene cunicularia . RIV. Black-banded Owl – Ciccaba hulula. THFO.

Quetzals & Trogons, Trogonidae * Golden-headed Quetzal - Pharomachrus auriceps . MWFO, PHFO. * Crested Quetzal - Pharomachrus antisianus . MWFO, PHFO. Black-tailed Trogon - Trogon melanurus . THFO. Amazonian Trogon - Trogon ramonianus . THFO. Blue-crowned Trogon - Trogon curucui . THFO. Collared Trogon - Trogon collaris . THFO. Masked Trogon - Trogon personatus . PWFO.

Motmots, Momotidae Amazonian - momota . THFO. Andean Motmot – Momotus aequatorialis. PHFO. Rufous Motmot - Baryphthengus martii . Heard only. THFO. Broad-billed Motmot - Electron platyrhynchum . THFO.

Kingfishers, Alcedinidae Ringed Kingfisher - Megaceryle torquata . RIV. Amazon Kingfisher - Chloroceryle amazona . RIV. Green-and-rufous Kingfisher - Chloroceryle inda . OXL.

Puffbirds, Bucconidae White-necked Puffbird – Notharchus hyperrhynchus. THFO. * Chestnut-capped Puffbird - Bucco macrodactylus . THFO. Eastern Striolated-Puffbird – Nystalus striolatus. THFO (canopy). Black-streaked Puffbird – Malacoptila fulvogularis . PHFO. Lanceolated Monklet - Micromonacha lanceolata . THFO. Scoped! Rufous-capped Nunlet – Nonnula ruficapilla. Bamboo contiguous to THFO. Black-fronted Nunbird - Monasa nigrifrons . RIV. White-fronted Nunbird - Monasa morphoeus . TFFO. Swallow-winged Puffbird - Chelidoptera tenebrosa . RIV.

Jacamars, Galbulidae * Purus Jacamar - purusianus . OXL. * White-throated Jacamar - Brachygalba albogularis . RIV contiguous to open areas, Puerto Maldonado. Bluish-fronted Jacamar - Galbula cyanescens . THFO.

New World Barbets, Capitonidae Gilded Barbet - Capito auratus . THFO. Lemon-throated Barbet – Eubucco richardsoni. THFO.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 18 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019

* Versicolored Barbet - Eubucco versicolor . PHFO.

Toucans, Ramphastidae Southern Emerald-Toucanet – Aulacorhynchus albivitta. PHFO. * Blue-banded Toucanet - Aulacorhynchus coeruleicinctis . MWFO, PHFO. * Gray-breasted Mountain-Toucan - Andigena hypoglauca . MWFO. Superb views of a pair. Scoped! Chestnut-eared Aracari - Pteroglossus castanotis . THFO. * Curl-crested Aracari – Pteroglossus beauharnaesii. THFO. * Golden-collared Toucanet – Selenidera reinwardii. THFO. White-throated Toucan - Ramphastos tucanus . THFO. Channel-billed Toucan - Ramphastos vitellinus . THFO.

Woodpeckers, Picidae Fine-barred Piculet - Picumnus subtilis. PHFO. Yellow-tufted Woodpecker - Melanerpes cruentatus. THFO, RIV. Little Woodpecker - Dryobates passerines. RIV. Red-necked Woodpecker - Campephilus rubricollis. THFO. Crimson-crested Woodpecker - Campephilus melanoleucos. THFO. * Scale-breasted Woodpecker - Celeus grammicus. Heard only. THFO. Cream-colored Woodpecker - Celeus flavus. THFO, RIV. Golden-olive Woodpecker - Colaptes rubiginosus. PHFO. * Crimson-mantled Woodpecker - Colaptes rivolii. UMFO. Spot-breasted Woodpecker - Colaptes punctigula. RIV.

Falcons & Caracaras, Falconidae Black Caracara - Daptrius ater . RIV. * Red-throated Caracara - Ibycter americanus . THFO. Mountain Caracara - Phalcoboenus megalopterus . PUNA. Southern Caracara - Caracara plancus . RIV, FRL. American Kestrel - Falco sparverius . PUNA. Bat Falcon - Falco rufigularis. THFO, RIV.

Parrots & Parakeets, Psittacidae Tui Parakeet - Brotogeris sanctithomae . THFO, Clay lick. Cobalt-winged Parakeet - Brotogeris cyanoptera . THFO, Clay lick. * Orange-cheeked Parrot - Pyrilia barrabandi . THFO, Clay lick. Speckled-faced Parrot – Pionus tumultuosus . UMFO. Blue-headed Parrot - Pionus menstruus . THFO, Clay lick. Yellow-crowned Parrot - Amazona ochrocephala . THFO, Clay lick. Mealy Parrot - Amazona farinosa. THFO, Clay lick. Scaly-naped Parrot – Amazona mercenarius. UMFO. * White-bellied Parrot - Pionites leucogaster. THFO. Rose-fronted Parakeet – Pyrrhura roseifrons . THFO.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 19 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019

Dusky-headed Parakeet - Aratinga weddellii. RIV. Red-bellied Macaw - Orthopsittaca manilatus. Moriche palm stand. * Blue-and-yellow Macaw - Ara ararauna. THFO, Clay lick. Military Macaw - Ara militaris . Heard only. PHFO. Scarlet Macaw - Ara macao. THFO. * Red-and-green Macaw - Ara chloropterus. THFO, Clay lick. Chestnut-fronted Macaw - Ara severus . THFO near Pillcopata, mainly. Golden-plumed Parakeet – Leptosittaca branickii. Heard only. UMFO. White-eyed Parakeet - Psittacara leucophthalmus . FRL, RIV.

Antbirds, Thamnophilidae Fasciated Antshrike – Cymbilaimus lineatus. Heard only. THFO. * Bamboo Antshrike - Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae. THFO, restricted to native stand of Spiny Bamboo. Great Antshrike - Taraba major . FRL, edge of THFO. Barred Antshrike - Thamnophilus doliatus . RIV. * Chestnut-backed Antshrike - Thamnophilus palliatus. THFO, PHFO. Dusky-throated Antshrike - Thamnomanes ardesiacus. THFO. Bluish-slate Antshrike - Thamnomanes schistogynus. THFO. Plain-throated Antwren – Isleria hauxwelli. THFO. Spot-winged Antshrike - Pygiptila stellaris . THFO, near rivers. Ornate Antwren - Epinecrophylla ornata . THFO. Pygmy Antwren - Myrmotherula brachyura . THFO. * Amazonian Streaked-Antwren - Myrmotherula multostriata . RIV. Stripe-chested Antwren - Myrmotherula longicauda. PHFO. White-flanked Antwren - Myrmotherula axillaris. THFO. Slaty Antwren – Myrmotherula schisticolor. PHFO. Long-winged Antwren - Myrmotherula longipennis . THFO. Gray Antwren - Myrmotherula menetriesii. THFO. Banded Antbird – Dichrozona cincta. Heard only. THFO. Yellow-breasted Antwren - Herpsilochmus axillaris. MWFO, PHFO. Striated Antbird - Drymophila devillei . THFO, in stand of spiny bamboo. Peruvian Warbling-Antbird - Hypocnemis peruviana. Heard only. THFO. Riparian Antbird – Cercomacroides fuscicauda. THFO, edge. * Manu Antbird - Cercomacra manu. THFO, in stand of spiny bamboo. Black-faced Antbird - Myrmoborus myotherinus. TFFO. White-lined Antbird – Myrmoborus lophotes. THFO, near Guadua bamboo. Silvered Antbird - Sclateria naevia. RIV. Plumbeous Antbird - Myrmelastes hyperythrus. THFO. Goeldi’s Antbird – Akletos goeldii. THFO. Scondary growth. Sooty Antbird - Hafferia fortis. THFO. Black-throated Antbird - Myrmophylax atrothorax . THFO near forest streams and wet vegetation.

Gnateaters, Conopophagidae Slaty Gnateater – Conopophaga ardesiaca . PHFO.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 20 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019

Antpittas, Grallaridae * Scaled Antpitta – Grallaria guatimalensis. Superb views of a single individual. PHFO. Red-and-white Antpitta - Grallaria erythroleuca . Heard only. MWFO. * Rufous Antpitta - Grallaria rufula . Flash views of a single individual. UMFO. * Amazonian Antpitta - Hylopezus berlepschi . Astonishing views of a single individual. THFO. Thrush-like Antpitta – Myrmothera campanisona. Heard only. THFO.

Tapaculos, Rhinocryptidae Rusty-belted Tapaculo – Liosceles thoracicus. THFO. Trilling Tapaculo – Scytalopus parvirostris. Nice views. UMFO. White-crowned Tapaculo - Scytalopus atratus . A pair bathing at a river side, above Cock of the Rock lodge. PHFO. Puna Tapaculo - Scytalopus simonsi . Heard only. PUNA.

Antthrushes, Formicariidae Rufous-capped Antthrush - Formicarius colma . Heard only. THFO. Black-faced Antthrush - Formicarius analis . Heard only. THFO. Rufous-breasted Antthrush - Formicarius rufipectus . Heard only. PHFO. Striated Antthrush – Chamaeza nobilids. Heard only. THFO.

Ovenbirds, Spinetails & Woodcreepers, Furnariidae * Slender-billed Miner - Geositta tenuirostris . Seen briefly. PUNA. Plain-brown – Dendrocincla fuliginosa . THFO. Wedge-billed Woodcreeper – Glyphorynchus spirurus. THFO. Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper - Dendrexetastes rufigula . THFO, near rivers. * Long-billed Woodcreeper - Nasica longirostris . THFO. * Elegant Woodcreeper - Xiphorhynchus elegans . Heard only. THFO. Buff-throated Woodcreeper - Xiphorhynchus guttatus . THFO. Olive-backed Woodcreeper - Xiphorhynchus triangularis . MWFO. Straight-billed Woodcreeper - Dendroplex picus . THFO. Plain - Xenops minutus . THFO. Streaked Xenops – Xenops rutilans. PHFO. Streaked Tuftedcheek - Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii. PHFO. Pale-legged Hornero - Furnarius leucopus . THFO, near water. Wren-like Rushbird - Phleocryptes melanops . Wetland in PUNA. Chestnut-winged Foliage-Gleaner – Philydor erythropterum . THFO. Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner - Philydor rufum . PHFO. Cinnamon-rumped Foliage-Gleaner – Phylidor pyrrhoides. THFO. Montane Foliage-gleaner - Anabacerthia striaticollis . PHFO. * Chestnut-crowned Foliage-gleaner - Automolus rufipileatus . THFO. Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner - Automolus ochrolaemus . THFO. Striped Woodhaunter – Automolus subulatus. THFO. Olive-backed Foliage-Gleaner – Automolus infuscatus. THFO. * Pearled Treerunner - Margarornis squamiger . PHFO.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 21 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019

* Puna Thistletail - Asthenes helleri . PUNA. Rusty-fronted Canastero - Asthenes ottonis . PUNA. * Marcapata Spinetail - Cranioleuca marcapatae . MWFO. Creamy-crested Spinetail - Cranioleuca albicapilla . UMFO. Ash-browed Spinetail - Cranioleuca curtata . Pair nesting. PHFO. Speckled Spinetail – Cranioleuca gutturata. THFO. Plain-crowned Spinetail - Synallaxis gujanensis . THFO, edge. Dark-breasted Spinetail - Synallaxis albigularis . Heard only. RIV. Azara's Spinetail - Synallaxis azarae . MWFO, edge.

Tyrant Flycatchers, Tyrannidae White-lored Tyrannulet – Ornithion inerme. THFO. White-banded Tyrannulet - Mecocerculus stictopterus. UMFO. White-throated Tyrannulet - Mecocerculus leucophrys. UMFO. Yellow-billed Tit-Tyrant - flavirostris. PUNA. Tufted Tit-Tyrant – Anairetes parulus . PUNA. Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet – Tyrannulus elatus. THFO. Forest Elaenia - Myiopagis gaimardii. THFO. Small-billed Elaenia - Elaenia parvirostris. RIV. Mottle-backed Elaenia – Elaenia gigas. PHFO. Sierran Elaenia - Elaenia pallatangae. UMFO, PHFO. Streak-necked Flycatcher - Mionectes striaticollis . PHFO. Olive-striped Flycatcher – Mionectes olivaceus. PHFO. Sepia-capped Flycatcher - Leptopogon amaurocephalus . THFO. Slaty-capped Flycatcher - Leptopogon superciliaris . PHFO. Marble-faced Bristle-Tyrant - Phylloscartes ophthalmicus . PHFO. Cinnamon-faced Tyrannulet - Phylloscartes parkeri . PHFO. * Bolivian Tyrannulet - Zimmerius bolivianus . PHFO. * Ornate Flycatcher - Myiotriccus ornatus. PHFO. * Ringed - Corythopis torquatus . THFO. Short-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant – Myiornis ecaudatus. Heard only. THFO. Scale-crested Pygmy-Tyrant - Lophotriccus pileatus . PHFO. Long-crested Pygmy-Tyrant – Lophotriccus pileatus. THFO, terra firme forest trail. Photo and recording! Flammulated Pygmy-Tyrant - Hemitriccus flammulatus . THFO. White-bellied Tody-Tyrant – Hemitriccus griseipectus . Heard only. THFO. Johannes's Tody-Tyrant - Hemitriccus Iohannis. THFO. Black-throated Todfy-Tyrant – Hemitriccus granadensis. UMFO. White-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher – Poecilotriccus albifacies. THFO, Guadua bamboo stand. * Rusty-fronted Tody-Flycatcher - Poecilotriccus latirostris . Edge of THFO, secondary growth. Spotted Tody-Flycatcher - Todirostrum maculatum . RIV. * Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher - Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum . Canopy of THFO. Golden-crowned Spadebill - Platyrinchus coronatus. TFFO. Cinnamon Flycatcher - Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus . MWFO, PHFO.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 22 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019

Bran-colored Flycatcher - Myiophobus fasciatus . FRL. Smoke-colored Pewee - Contopus fumigatus . PHFO. Black Phoebe - Sayornis nigricans . River in PHFO. Vermilion Flycatcher - Pyrocephalus rubinus. RIV. Drab Water Tyrant - Ochthornis littoralis . RIV. Spot-billed Ground-Tyrant – Muscisaxicola maculirostris. PUNA. Puna Ground-Tyrant – Muscisaxicola juninensis. PUNA. Rufous-naped Ground-Tyrant - Muscisaxicola rufivertex. PUNA. Rufous-bellied Bush-Tyrant - Myiotheretes fuscorufus . UMFO. Rufous-webbed Bush-Tyrant - Polioxolmis rufipennis. PUNA. Slaty-backed Chat-Tyrant - Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris. UMFO. Rufous-breasted Chat-Tyrant - Ochthoeca rufipectoralis . UMFO. Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant – Ochthoeca fumicolor. PUNA. White-browed Chat-Tyrant - Ochthoeca leucophrys . PUNA. Long-tailed Tyrant - Colonia colonus . Edge of THFO. * Dull-capped Attila - Attila bolivianus . Heard only. Sibilant (White-rumped) Sirystes – Sirystes sibilator. THFO, edge. Dusky-capped Flycatcher - Myiarchus tuberculifer. UMFO. Short-crested Flycatcher - Myiarchus ferox . THFO. Lesser Kiskadee – Pitangus lictor. OXL. Great Kiskadee - Pitangus sulphuratus . Edge of THFO, RIV. Boat-billed Flycatcher - Megarynchus pitangua . Edge of THFO. Social Flycatcher - Myiozetetes similis . RIV, edge of THFO. Gray-capped Flycatcher - Myiozetetes granadensis . Edge of THFO. Lemon-browed Flycatcher - Conopias cinchoneti . Canopy of PHFO. Golden-crowned Flycatcher - Myiodynastes chrysocephalus. PHFO. Streaked Flycatcher - Myiodynastes maculatus. PHFO. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher - Myiodynastes luteiventris. THFO. Piratic Flycatcher - Legatus leucophaius. Edge of PHFO, edge of THFO. Crowned Slaty Flycatcher - Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus. PHFO. Sulphury Flycatcher - Tyrannopsis sulphurea. Heard only lodge Manu. THFO, edge. Tropical Kingbird - Tyrannus melancholicus. RIV and open habitats.

Cotingas, Cotingidae * Band-tailed Fruiteater – Pipreola intermedia. PHFO. * Barred Fruiteater - Pipreola arcuata . UMFO. * Red-crested Cotinga - Ampelion rubrocristatus. UMFO. * Chestnut-crested Cotinga - Ampelion rufaxilla. UMFO. * Andean Cock-of-the-rock - Rupicola peruvianus . About 13 individuals in lek. MWFO. Plum-throated Cotinga – Cotinga maynara. THFO. * Spangled Cotinga - Cotinga cayana . THFO. * Screaming Piha - Lipaugus vociferans . THFO. Bare-necked Fruitcrow - Gymnoderus foetidus . Edge of THFO.

Manakins, Pipridae Blue-backed Manakin – Chiroxiphia pareola. Heard only. THFO, near Guadua bamboo.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 23 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019

* Yungas Manakin - Chiroxiphia boliviana . PHFO. Cerulean-capped Manakin – Lepidothrix coreuleocapilla. Heard only. PHFO. * Band-tailed Manakin - Pipra fasciicauda. THFO. Wing-barred Piprites – Piprites chloris. Heard only. THFO.

Tityras, Tityridae Black-tailed Tityra - Tityra cayana . THFO. Black-crowned Tityra - Tityra inquisitor . THFO. Masked Tityra - Tityra semifasciata . PHFO, THFO. Varzea (Greater) Schiffornis – Schiffornis major. THFO (seasonally flooded forest). Cinereous Mourner - Laniocera hypopyrra . Heard only. THFO. Barred Becard - Pachyramphus versicolor . MWFO. Chestnut-crowned Becard - Pachyramphus castaneus . THFO.

Vireos & Greenlets, Vireonidae Dusky-capped Greenlet - Pachysylvia hypoxantha . THFO. Chivi - Vireo chivi . A recent split from Red-eyed Vireo – Vireo olivaceus. THFO.

Crowns & Jays, Corvidae * White-collared Jay - Cyanolyca viridicyanus . MWFO. Green Jay – Cyanocorax yncas. UMFO. Purplish Jay - Cyanocorax cyanomelas . Edge of THFO, RIV. Violaceous Jay - Cyanocorax violaceus. THFO.

Swallows & Martins, Hirundinidae Blue-and-white Swallow - Pygochelidon cyanoleuca . PHFO. * Pale-footed Swallow – Orochelidon flavipes. PMHF. Brown-bellied Swallow - Orochelidon murina. UMFO, PUNA. White-banded Swallow - Atticora fasciata . RIV. Southern Rough-winged Swallow - Stelgidopteryx ruficollis . RIV. Gray-breasted Martin - Progne chalybea. RIV. Brown-chested Martin - Progne tapera. RIV. White-winged Swallow - Tachycineta albiventer. RIV.

Wrens, Troglodytidae House Wren - Troglodytes aedon . RIV. Mountain Wren - Troglodytes solstitialis . MHFO. Thrush-like Wren - Campylorhynchus turdinus . THFO. Moustached Wren - Pheugopedius genibarbis. THFO. * Fulvous Wren - Cinnycerthia fulva. MHFO. Gray-breasted Wood-Wren - Henicorhina leucophrys . Heard only. PHFO.

Dippers, Cinclidae White-capped Dipper – Cinclus leucocephalus. RIV (PMFO).

Donacobius, Donacobiidae

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 24 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019

Being exposed to a long and controversial taxonomic history, this species was first believed to be a relative of the thrushes and the mockingbirds and named Mockingthrush. Later, it was moved with the wrens and renamed after its , Donacobius. Today, it is believed to be a distant relative of the old-world warblers and placed in the Sylvioidea clade (Old World lineage). Three pairs or family groups were enjoyed singing while moving their tail sideways. Black-capped Donacobius - Donacobius atricapilla. OXL.

Thrushes, Turdidae Andean Solitaire - Myadestes ralloides . MWFO. Spotted Nightingale-Thrush - Catharus dryas . Heard only. MWFO. * White-eared Solitaire - Entomodestes leucotis . MWFO. White-necked Thrush - Turdus albicollis . THFO. Lawrence’s Thrush – Turdus lawrencii. We heard a single individual delivering its unique composition that included the voices of Ringed Antpipit, Black-billed Thrush, Varzea’s Schiffornis, Barred Forest-Falcon, Cream-colored Woodpecker and Black-faced Antthursh! Black-billed Thrush - Turdus ignobilis . THFO. Great Thrush - Turdus fuscater . PUNA. Chiguanco Thrush - Turdus chiguanco . PUNA, MWFO. Glossy-black Thrush - Turdus serranus . UMFO.

Chlorophonias & Euphonias, Fringillidae Blue-naped Chlorophonia - Chlorophonia cyanea . Heard only. MWFO. Purple-throated Euphonia – Euphonia chlorotica. THFO, near Puerto Maldonado. Thick-billed Euphonia - Euphonia laniirostris . THFO. * Bronze-green Euphonia - Euphonia mesochrysa . UMFO. White-vented Euphonia - Euphonia minuta . THFO. Orange-bellied Euphonia - Euphonia xanthogaster . PHFO. Hooded Siskin - Spinus magellanicus . PUNA. Olivaceous Siskin - Spinus olivaceus . PHFO.

New World Sparrows, Passerellidae Yellow-throated Chlorospingus - Chlorospingus flavigularis. PHFO. Short-billed Chlorospingus. Chlorospingus parvirostris. PHFO. Yellow-browed Sparrow - Ammodramus aurifrons . PHFO. Pectoral Sparrow – Arremon taciturnus. THFO. Rufous-collared Sparrow - Zonotrichia capensis . PUNA. Black-faced Brushfinch - Atlapetes melanolaemus . UMFO.

Troupials, Blackbirds & allies, Icteridae Red-breasted Meadowlark - Leistes militaris . FRL. Road to Puerto Maldonado. Yellow-billed Cacique – Amblycercus holosericercus. UMFO. Russet-backed - Psarocolius angustifrons . PHFO, THFO. Dusky- - Psarocolius atrovirens . PHFO. Crested Oropendola - Psarocolius decumanus . PHFO.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 25 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019

Olive Oropendola – Psarocoluis bisfaciatus. THFO, terra firme trail. Solitary Black Cacique - Cacicus solitarius . RIV. Yellow-rumped Cacique - Cacicus cela . Edge of THFO. Mountain Cacique - Cacicus chrysonotus . UMFO. Casqued Oropendola – Cacicus oseryi . THFO. * Orange-backed Oriole - Icterus croconotus. OXL. – Molothrus bonariensis. OXL. Giant Cowbird - Molothrus oryzivorus . RIV. * Pale-eyed Blackbird - Agelasticus xanthophthalmus . OXL. Yellow-winged Blackbird - Agelasticus thilius . Wetland in PUNA.

New World Warblers, Parulidae Three-striped Warbler - Basileuterus tristriatus . PHFO. Citrine Warbler - Myiothlypis luteoviridis . UMFO. Pale-legged Warbler – Myiothlypis signata. PHFO, edge. Buff-rumped Warbler - Myiothlypis fulvicauda . RIV. Two-banded Warbler - Myiothlypis bivittata . PHFO. * Golden-bellied Warbler - Myiothlypis chrysogaster . THFO, slope of Andes. Slate-throated Redstart - Myioborus miniatus . PHFO. * Spectacled Redstart - Myioborus melanocephalus . UMFO, PHFO.

Ant-Tanagers & Grosbeaks, Cardinalidae Red-crowned Ant-Tanager - Habia rubica . THFO. Amazonian Grosbeak - rothschildii . THFO.

Tanagers & allies, Thraupidae Red-capped - Paroaria gularis . RIV. Magpie Tanager - Cissopis leverianus . Edge of THFO. Hooded Tanager - Nemosia pileata . THFO. Slaty Tanager - Creurgops dentatus . PHFO. Black-capped Hemispingus – Kleinothraupis atropileus. UMFO. * Black-eared Hemispingus - Sphenopsis melanotis . PHFO. Rust-and-yellow Tanager - Thlypopsis ruficeps. PHFO. Superciliaried Hemispingus - Thlypopsis superciliaris . MWFO. White-shloudered Tanager – Tachyphonus luctuosus. THFO. * White-winged Shrike-Tanager - Lanio versicolor . THFO. Silver-beaked Tanager - Ramphocelus carbo . RIV and edge of THFO. Masked Crimson Tanager - Ramphocelus nigrogularis . RIV. Hooded Mountain-Tanager - Buthraupis montana . UMFO. * Grass-green Tanager - Chlorornis riefferii . UMFO. Scarlet-bellied Mountain-Tanager - Anisognathus igniventris . UMFO, MWFO. Chestnut-bellied Mountain-Tanager - Dubusia castaneoventris . MWFO. * Yellow-throated Tanager - Iridosornis analis . MWFO. * Golden-collared Tanager - Iridosornis jelskii . UMFO. Fawn-breasted Tanager - Pipraeidea melanonota. MWFO. Blue-and-yellow Tanager - Pipraeidea bonariensis . PUNA.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 26 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019

Orange-eared Tanager - Chlorochrysa calliparaea . MWFO. Blue-gray Tanager - Thraupis episcopus. RIV, edge of THFO. Palm Tanager - Thraupis palmarum . RIV, Moriche palm stand, edge of THFO. Blue-capped Tanager - Thraupis cyanocephala . MWFO. Yellow-bellied Tanager - Ixothraupis xanthogastra . PHFO. Spotted Tanager - Ixothraupis punctata. PHFO. Blue-necked Tanager - Tangara cyanicollis. THFO. Turquoise Tanager - Tangara mexicana. THFO. Paradise Tanager - Tangara chilensis. THFO. Opal-rumped Tanager – Tangara velia. THFO. Bay-headed Tanager – Tangara gyrola. PHFO. * Golden-eared Tanager - Tangara chrysotis . PHFO. Saffron-crowned Tanager - Tangara xanthocephala . MWFO. Green-and-gold Tanager - Tangara schrankii . PHFO. Golden Tanager - Tangara arthus. PHFO. Swallow Tanager - Tersina viridis . PHFO. Black-faced Dacnis - Dacnis lineata. THFO. Blue Dacnis - Dacnis cayana . THFO. Green Honeycreeper – Chlorophanes spiza. THFO. Guira Tanager – Hemithraupis guira. THFO. Chestnut-vented Conebill - Conirostrum speciosum . Edge of THFO. White-browed Conebill - Conirostrum ferrugineiventre . UMFO. Capped Conebill - Conirostrum albifrons . UMFO. Cinereous Conebill - Conirostrum cinereum . PHFO. Moustached Flowerpiercer - Diglossa mystacalis . UMFO. Black-throated Flowerpiercer - Diglossa brunneiventris . PUNA. Masked Flowerpiercer - Diglossa cyanea . MWFO. * Peruvian Sierra-Finch – Phrygilus punensis. PUNA. Plumbeous Sierra-Finch - unicolor. PUNA. Ash-breasted Sierra-Finch - Geospizopsis plebejus . PUNA. Drab Hemispingus – Pseudospingus xanthophthalmus. UMFO. REMARKS: The placement of this Hemispingus here follows the dismemberment of the genus Hemispingus. Expect a new English name for this species soon! Chestnut-breasted Mountain-Finch – Poospiza caesar. PUNA. Blue-black Grassquit - Volatinia jacarina . RIV. Chestnut-bellied Seedeater - Sporophila castaneiventris . RIV, OXL. Black-and-white Seedeater - Sporophila luctuosa. Edge of PHF. Double-collared Seedeater - Sporophila caerulescens. Road to Puerto Maldonado, FRL. Band-tailed Seedeater - Catamenia analis . PUNA. Bananaquit - Coereba flaveola . RIV. Dull-colored Grassquit - Tiaris obscurus . Edge of PHFO. Buff-throated Saltator - Saltator maximus . PHFO. Grayish Saltator - Saltator coerulescens . RIV. Golden-billed Saltator - Saltator aurantiirostris . PUNA.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 27 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019

OTHER SPECIES: Sloths, Bradypodidae Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth - Bradypus variegatus. THFO.

Marmosets & Tamarins, Callitrichidae Saddleback Tamarin - Saguinus fascicollis. THFO.

New World Monkeys, Cebidae Dusky Titi-Monkey - Callicebus moloch. THFO. Road to Puerto Maldonado. Common Squirrel Monkey – Saimiri sciureus . THFO. Brown (or Tufted) Monkey – Cebus apella. PHFO. White-fronted Capuchin – Cabus albifrons. THFO.

Night Monkeys, Aotidae Night Monkey (Owl Monkey) - Aotus sp. THFO.

Saki monkeys, Pitechiidae Rio Tapalos Saki or Gray’s Bald-faced Saki – Pitechia irrorata. Superb views of a single individual, presumably a male. THFO.

Large New World Monkeys, Atelidae Red-howler Monkey - Alouatta seniculus. THFO.

Squirrels, Sciuridae Southern Amazon Red Squirrel - Sciurus spadiceus. THFO. Amazon Dwarf Squirrel – Microsciurus Flaviventer. PHFO.

Agoutis, Dasyproctidae Brown Agouti - Dasyprocta variegata. PHFO, THFO.

Spiny Rats & Tree Rats, Edcfhimyidae Amazon – dactylinus. THFO.

Sheath-tailed Bats, Emballonuridae Long-nosed (Proboscis) Bat - Rhynchonycteris naso. THFO.

Weasels, Otters & Allies, Mustelidae Tayra - Eira barbara. Cock of the Rock Lodge. PHF. Giant Otter – Pteronura brasiliensis. OXL.

Deers, Cevidae White-tailed Deer – Odocoileus virginianus. PUNA.

Guinea Pigs, Caviidae

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 28 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019

Montane Guinea Pig - Cavia tschudii. PUNA.

Caimans, Alligatoridae Black Caiman - Melanosuchus niger. OXL.

Sideneck Turtles, Podocnemidae Yellow spotted Amazon River Turtle – Podocnemis unifilis. RIV.

Lizards, Teiidae Giant Ameiva – Ameiva ameiva. THFO.

Poison dart frogs, Aromobatidae Poison Dart Frog - Allobates femoralis. THFO.

Invertebrates White Witch Moth – Thysania agrippina . Caligo Butterfly. Arboreal . Paper Wasp. Ciccada. Click . Blue Morpho Butterfly. Carnivorous Grasshopper. Miscellaneous caterpillars. Airplane Grasshopper. -cutter Ants. Aztec Ants.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 29 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2019