Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Opportunities in Power Electronics
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ORNL/TM-2017/702 Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Opportunities in Power Electronics Kristina Armstrong Sujit Das Laura Marlino November 2017 Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via US Department of Energy (DOE) SciTech Connect. 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ORNL/TM-XXXX/XXX Energy and Transportation Science Division WIDE BANDGAP SEMICONDUCTOR OPPORTUNITIES IN POWER ELECTRONICS Kristina Armstrong Oak Ridge Institute for Science & Education Sujit Das Laura Marlino Oak Ridge National Laboratory April 2017 Prepared by OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6283 managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the US DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... xi 1. POWER SEMICONDUCTOR MARKET OVERVIEW ........................................................... 1 1.1. SEMICONDUCTOR AND POWER ELECTRONICS MARKET ..................................... 1 1.2. WIDE BANDGAP POWER ELECTRONICS MARKET .................................................. 5 1.3. WBG GROWING MARKET AND MARKET DRIVERS ............................................... 11 1.4. SIC AND GAN SUPPLY CHAINS AND MANUFACTURERS..................................... 14 1.5. SIC DISCRETE AND MODULE VALUE CHAINS ....................................................... 24 1.6. MARKET OVERVIEW CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 26 2. DATA CENTERS ..................................................................................................................... 27 2.1. DATA CENTERS OVERVIEW ........................................................................................ 27 2.2. UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES ..................................................................... 32 2.3. SERVER POWER SUPPLIES .......................................................................................... 34 2.4. ENERGY SAVINGS ESTIMATION ................................................................................ 35 2.5. DC POWER ....................................................................................................................... 37 2.6. DATA CENTER CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 40 3. RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION .............................................................................. 45 3.1. RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION OVERVIEW ................................................. 45 3.2. PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION ......................................... 48 3.3. WIND ................................................................................................................................. 53 3.4. RENEWABLE GENERATION CONCLUSION .............................................................. 56 4. MOTOR DRIVES ..................................................................................................................... 59 4.1. MOTOR DRIVE OVERVIEW .......................................................................................... 61 4.2. WBG POWER ELECTRONICS IN VFDS ....................................................................... 64 4.3. MOTOR DRIVES MARKET ............................................................................................ 67 4.4. ENERGY SAVINGS ESTIMATION ................................................................................ 69 4.5. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 69 5. RAIL TRACTION .................................................................................................................... 73 5.1. RAIL TRACTION OVERVIEW ....................................................................................... 73 5.2. POWER ELECTRONICS IN RAIL .................................................................................. 75 5.3. WBG IN RAIL ................................................................................................................... 77 5.4. RAIL MARKET ................................................................................................................. 78 5.5. ENERGY SAVINGS ESTIMATION ................................................................................ 79 5.6. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 81 6. HYBRID AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES ................................................................................. 85 6.1. TYPES OF H/EV ............................................................................................................... 86 6.2. PE IN H/EV ........................................................................................................................ 86 6.3. WBG IN H/EV ................................................................................................................... 89 6.4. H/EV MARKET ................................................................................................................. 91 6.5. ENERGY SAVINGS ESTIMATION ................................................................................ 96 iii 6.6. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 97 7. INDUSTRY PERCEPTIONS OF ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR GROWTH OF THE WIDE BANDGAP SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY ............................................................. 101 7.1. 2012 SURVEY RESULTS .............................................................................................. 101 7.2. GAN INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVES ............................................................................... 101 7.3. SIC INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVES ................................................................................. 102 7.4. LATEST WIDE BANDGAP INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVES ......................................... 103 8. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 105 8.1. POWER SEMICONDUCTOR MARKET....................................................................... 105 8.2. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR WBG INTEGRATION ....................... 106 8.3. WBG ENERGY SAVINGS OPPORTUNITIES ............................................................. 112 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 115 APPENDIX A: WBG MANUFACTURERS ............................................................................. 139 APPENDIX B. EXPANDED ENERGY SAVINGS CALCULATIONS ................................. 144 APPENDIX C: DETAILED 2012 SURVEY RESULTS ........................................................... 158 APPENDIX D: DETAILED 2013 SURVEY RESULTS ........................................................... 166 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1. WBG power electronics within the semiconductor industry. ....................................1 Figure 1-2. Total semiconductor 2015 market share by a) device type, b) applications and c) sales location. .......................................................................................................................2 Figure 1-3. Relative semiconductor device market share based on company HQ. ......................3 Figure