DOCSLIB.ORG

Future Generations of Red Blood Cell Substitutes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Future Generations of Red Blood Cell Substitutes Journal of Internal Medicine 2003; 253: 527–535 MINISYMPOSIUM Future generations of red blood cell substitutes T. M. S. CHANG From the Artificial Cells & Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Abstract. Chang TMS (Artificial Cells & Organs erties. New artificial red blood cells that are more like Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, RBC are being developed. One is based on haemo- Quebec, Canada). Future generations of red blood globin lipid vesicles. A more recent one is based on cell substitutes (Minisymposium). J Intern Med 2003; nano-dimension artificial red blood cells containing 253: 527–535. haemoglobin and RBC enzymes with membrane formed from composite copolymer of polyethylene Polyhaemoglobins (PolyHb) and perfluorochemicals glycol–polylactic acid. Their circulation time is double are in advanced phase III clinical trials and conju- that of PolyHb. gated haemoglobins in phase II clinical trial. New recombinant human haemoglobin with no vasoac- Keywords: antioxidant, artificial red blood cells, tivity is being developed. A soluble macromolecule of blood substitutes, microencapsulation, nanoen- PolyHb–catalase–superoxide dismutase is being capsulation, oxygen carriers. studied as an oxygen carrier with antioxidant prop- Introduction The first attempt at modified haemoglobin was to prepare artificial red blood cells encapsulating hae- Fluids for volume replacement have been in routine moglobin and red blood cell enzymes, but this proved clinical use for many years. When haematocrit falls to be an overambitious approach at that time [6, 7]. A below the critical level and fluid replacement alone is much simpler approach is based on polyhaemoglobin not enough, red blood cells or whole blood is now (PolyHb) which is prepared based on the use of the only next step. The present effort in the bifunctional agents to cross-link haemoglobin inter- development of blood substitutes is to produce a molecularlly [6, 7] including the use of glutaralde- substitute for red blood cells. Concentrated efforts to hyde to cross-link haemoglobin into soluble PolyHb develop blood substitutes for public use were only (Fig. 1) [8]. This type of cross-linking prevents the seriously started in the 1990s because of concerns breakdown of the haemoglobin into dimers that was a regarding HIV in donor blood. At present, red blood problem when unmodified stroma-free haemoglobin cells substitutes in phase III clinical trials are (SF-Hb) was used [9]. Promising results using PolyHb nothing more than oxygen carriers [1–5]. For are being gathered in phase III clinical trials involving example, the most commonly used first generation mostly perioperative uses where oxygen carriers are blood substitutes in phase III clinical trial consist of needed in addition to volume replacements [10–17]. Ringer-Lactate solution with an oxygen carrier in One type has been approved for routine use in South the form of modified haemoglobin (Hb) or perfluor- Africa [15]. Another oxygen carrier is based on the ochemicals. conjugation of haemoglobin molecules to polymers to Ó 2003 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 527 528 T. M. S. CHANG Principle first reported [27, 28]. Both of these have very good oxygen α1 α2 releasing characteristics (high P50). However, infu- Crosslinked polyHb α1 α2 - β1 β2 sion of 2 units or more in clinical trials can result in 1964 Chang - Diacid β1 β2 - α α vasoconstriction [26, 28]. One theory is that unlike 1971 Chang - Glutaraldehyde - 1 2 1980 Hsia - o-raffinose PolyHb and conjugated haemoglobin, the smaller β1 β2 single tetrameric haemoglobin molecules can cross Conjugated Hb the intercellular junction of endothelial cells lining 1964 Chang: polyamide the vessel walls and enter the interstitial space α1 α2 1968 Wong: dextran where they bind nitric oxide [10, 11]. When 2 units 1975 Sunder conjugated Hb β1 β2 or more are used, this can result in the removal of 1980 Iwashita: polyethylene glycol sufficient amount of nitric oxide to result in vaso- constriction and other smooth muscle effects. It Crosslinked tetrameric Hb α1 α2 1968 Bunn & Jandl - should be noted that PolyHb and conjugated hae- 1979 Walder et al: Diaspirin β1 β2 moglobin usually contain a small fraction of intra- molecularly cross-linked tetrameric haemoglobin. Recombinant human Hb The PolyHb containing <1% of tetrameric Hb did α1 α2 1990 Hoffman et al not result in vasoactivity when very large volumes nd β1 β2 1998 Doherty et al (2 generation) were infused in clinical trials. Polyhaemoglobin with <5% of tetramers results in slight vasoactivity when Fig. 1 Different types of modified haemoglobin. Updated, modified and reprinted with permission from: Chang, TMS, Blood Substi- large volumes were infused. Polyhaemoglobin with tutes. Karger Publisher, Basel, 1997, courtesy of copyright holder higher concentration of tetramer results in vasoac- [10]. tivity when lower volumes were infused. As mentioned above, when only intramolecularly form conjugated haemoglobin (Fig. 1) [7, 18–20]. cross-linked tetrameric haemoglobin was used, there Improved conjugated haemoglobins in phase II clin- was marked vasoactivity when small volumes were ical trials have been reported recently [21, 22]. Still used. This seems to support the possible role of another type of oxygen carrier in phase III clinical tetrameric haemoglobin in vasoacitivity [10, 11]. trial is based on perfluorochemicals [23, 24]. These Another possible contribution to vasoconstriction oxygen carriers are an intermediate step between has also been proposed related to the difference in volume replacement and red blood cells. While they the flow and oxygen release characteristics of work well when the conditions only require short- oxygen carriers in the microcirculation of oxygen term oxygen carriers, there are other conditions carriers as compared with RBC [3]. Second-genera- requiring more than just oxygen carriers. Further- tion recombinant human haemoglobin has recently more, progress in the field requires further basic been developed in which the addition of an amino fundamental knowledge. This paper concentrates on acid, tryptophan resulted in steric hindrance for the three areas: (1) modified haemoglobin, nitric oxide nitric oxide receptor site [29]. This new tetrameric and vasoactivity; (2) oxygen carriers with antioxidant recombinant human haemoglobin does not cause acitivity for those conditions with potentials for vasoconstriction when infused into animals. How- ischaemia–reperfusion injuries and (3) red blood cell ever, there was a change in the oxygen release substitutes that resemble more closely their biological characteristics (lower P50). This problem was solved counterpart. by replacing the distal histidine of the recombinant human haemoglobin with glutamine resulting in Vasoactivity and nitric oxide normal oxygen release characteristics. This new approach is now being actively developed. Cross-linking each haemoglobin molecule intra- molecularly can also prevent its breakdown into Conditions with potentials dimers [25, 26]. Another approach is the use of for ischaemia–reperfusion injury recombinant technology for Escherichia coli to pro- duce ‘fused’ single human haemoglobin molecules Red blood cells contain catalase (CAT), superoxide that do not break down into half molecules (Fig. 1) dismutase (SOD) and other enzymes. However, the Ó 2003 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Journal of Internal Medicine 253: 527–535 MINISYMPOSIUM: FUTURE BLOOD SUBSTITUTES 529 90 SF-Hb 0.8 PolyHb 80 SF-Hb + SOD + CAT * PolyHb Saline 70 0.6 PolyHb-SOD-CAT 60 Sham control 0.4 50 40 g per forebrain) 0.2 µ ( 30 3,4 DHBA production PolyHb-SOD-CAT Evan blue in brain tissue in brain blue Evan 20 0.0 10 0246810 Reperfusion time (min) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fig. 2 Oxygen radicals in ischaemic intestinal reperfused with Time after reperfusion (h) PolyHb or PolyHb–SOD–catalase. Effects on oxygen radicals as measured by effluent 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate. Reprinted with Fig. 3 Effects of PolyHb–SOD–CAT on blood–brain barrier in permission from: S Razack, F D’Agnillo, and TMS Chang. Artificial ischaemia–reperfusion compared to other solutions. Reprinted Cells, Blood Substitutes and Immobilization Biotechnology, 25: with permission from Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes and 181–192, 1997. Courtesy of Marcel Dekker Publisher Inc., NY. Immobilization Biotechnology, an International Journal, 30: 25– 42, 2002. Courtesy of Marcel Dekker Inc., NY. present first generation blood substitutes are only oxygen carriers with no enzyme activities [30]. 400 SF-Hb Lack of oxygen supply in severe haemorrhagic PolyHb 350 shock, stroke, myocardial infarction, organ trans- Saline 300 SF-Hb + SOD + CAT plantation and other conditions may result in PolyHb-SOD-CAT ischaemia. Ischaemia leads to alterations in meta- 250 Sham control bolic reactions producing hypoxanthine and activa- 200 ting the enzyme xanthine oxidase. The level of 150 hypoxanthine increases with the duration and severity of ischaemia. When the tissue is reperfused 100 with oxygen carrying fluid, xanthine oxidase con- 50 (mg of water per forebrain) (mg of water verts oxygen and hypoxanthine into superoxide. By content water Changes in brain 0 several mechanisms, superoxide results in the 0 123 4 5 6 formation of oxygen radicals that can cause tissue Time after reperfusion (h) injury. Superoxide dismutase and CAT in red blood Fig. 4 Effects of PolyHb–SOD–CAT on brain oedema in isch- cell converts superoxide into hydrogen peroxide that aemia–reperfusion compared to other oxygen carrying solutions. is
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stem Cells and Artificial Substitutes Could Ease the Dependence on Blood Donations
    OUTLOOK BLOOD DOING WITHOUT DONORS Stem cells and artificial substitutes could ease the dependence on blood donations. ANDREW BAKER BY ELIE DOLGIN S12 | NATURE | VOL 549 | 28 SEPTEMBER©2017 Ma c2017millan Publishers Li mited, part of Spri nger Nature. All ri ghts reserved. ©2017 Mac millan Publishers Li mited, part of Spri nger Nature. All ri ghts reserved. BLOOD OUTLOOK ach year, at about 13,000 collection centres worldwide, phlebotomists stick needles in the veins of healthy vol- unteers and amass in excess of 110 million donations of blood. The volume collected is enough to fill 20 Olympic- sized swimming pools — but it’s nowhere near to meeting the medical demand for whole blood or its components. To fill the gap, an enterprising group of stem-cell biologists and bio- Eengineers hopes to produce a safe, reliable and bottomless supply of on-demand blood substitutes in the laboratory. According to Robert Lanza, a pioneer of stem cell therapies and head IMAGES IWM VIA GETTY CHETWYN/ SGT. of global regenerative medicine at Astellas Pharma in Marlborough, Massachusetts, current technologies are not yet ready to compete with the real stuff. “We’re not going to put blood banks out of business any time soon,” he says. But in the near future, artificial blood products could be approved for use when transfusions are not otherwise an option, such as during combat or in people with a religious objection to receiving blood transfusions. And therapies that rely on reprogrammed stem cells to produce components of blood might also help transfusion centres to relieve shortages or to avoid donor-derived contamination.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Blood Utilization Practice in Obstetrics – a Prospective Study
    EVALUATION OF BLOOD UTILIZATION PRACTICE IN OBSTETRICS – A PROSPECTIVE STUDY Dissertation submitted to THE TAMIL NADU DR. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY In partial fulfillment of the regulations For the award of the degree of M.D. BRANCH - XXI IMMUNOHAEMATOLOGY & BLOOD TRANSFUSION DEPARTMENT OF TRANSFUSION MEDICINE THE TAMIL NADU DR. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY CHENNAI, INDIA. APRIL 2016 ABSTRACT EVALUATION OF BLOOD UTILIZATION PRACICE IN OBSTETRICS- A PROSPECTIVE STUDY Background: The optimal blood usage in modern therapeutics avoids transfusion risks and aid better blood inventory management. The maximum blood utilization in the developing country is for the Obstetrics. Frequent requests are made to cross-match units as a precautionary measure for Caesarean Sections in patients with anticipated blood loss, resulting in wastage of health care resources. Hence, studying the current Clinical Transfusion Practice in Obstetrics would ensure the appropriate blood usage in modern health care services. Aim and Objectives: To assess the Red cell utilization in Obstetrics Transfusion Practice and to assess its appropriate use. Materials & Methods: The study conducted for one year (August 2014-July 2015) on the Obstetrics in-patients for whom blood transfusion requests were given. The requests were processed and cross-matched as per the hospital transfusion guidelines. The data collected on the clinical and blood transfusion particulars of the patients were analyzed for the Red cell usage according to their diagnosis. Blood utilization indices calculated and compared with the standard cut - off values to know the current red cell transfusion practice. The appropriateness of red cell use was assessed by RCOG guidelines for Blood transfusion in Obstetrics, Green-top guidelines no.
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Blood Transfusion
    Chapter 16 Principles of Blood Transfusion Nuri Mamak and İsmail Aytekin Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48332 1. Introduction The aim of this chapter is to present a revised overview of small and large animal transfusion medicine based on a review of the veterinary literature. Blood transfusion has become more performable in small and large animal practice. By donor selection and the availability of blood component substitutes, usage of the blood products improved. The use of blood component therapy safely needed knowledge of blood groups, antibody prevalence and the impact of blood groups on veterinary transfusion medicine. Animal blood transfusions antibodies against blood group antigens also play a role. In addition knowledge of the means to decrease the risk of adverse reactions by using proper donors and screening assays that simplify detection of serological incompatibility is important. The clinical significance of blood group antigens in veterinary medicine is generally in the areas of transfusion reactions and neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI). This chapter includes an update on canine and feline, horse, donkey, cattle, sheep, gaot, pig, llama and alpaca blood groups and known blood incompatibilities, donor selection and blood collection, storage of blood components, available equine blood products and indications for transfusion, whole blood (WB) and blood product transfusion in ruminants and camelids, blood component and blood substitute therapy, administration, and adverse reactions in small and large animal blood transfusion. 2. Blood types in dogs and cats Blood types are classified according to specific antigens on the surface of erythrocytes. Platelets, leukocytes, and body tissues and fluids may also consists of erytrocyte antigens.
    [Show full text]
  • Artificial Blood
    August 2007 ARTIFICIAL BLOOD HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT UNIT MEDICAL DEVELOPMENT DIVISION MINISTRY OF HEALTH MALAYSIA 008/07 Prepared by: Dr Izzuna Mudla bt Mohamed Ghazali Principal Assistant Director Health Technology Assessment Unit Ministry of Health Malaysia August 2007 Dr Mohd Aminuddin bin Mohd Yusof Principal Assistant Director Health Technology Assessment Unit Ministry of Health Malaysia August 2007 Reviewed by: Datin Dr Rugayah bt Bakri Deputy Director Health Technology Assessment Unit Ministry of Health Malaysia August 2007 ARTIFICIAL BLOOD 1. INTRODUCTION Artificial blood or blood substitutes are solutions intended to replace transfusion of banked red blood cells. Alternatives to red blood cell transfusions are designed to overcome known limitations; short supply of donor blood, risk from contamination and clerical error and the requirement for cross-matching.i,ii The risks of allogenic blood transfusions are multiple and include infectious transmission, delayed postoperative wound healing, transfusion reactions, transfusion related acute lung injury, immunomodulation and potential risk of cancer recurrence.iii The term artificial blood or blood substitutes is not accurate since human blood performs many important functions. The preferred and more accurate terms are volume expanders for inert products (crystalloid-based or colloid-based) and oxygen therapeutics for oxygen- carrying products.iv Although volume expanders are well-established in its use, oxygen therapeutics are still in clinical trials. Oxygen therapeutics can be further classified into two categories based on the transport mechanism. They are namely perfluorocarbon based and hemoglobin based.v Efforts to produce artificial blood started over a century ago. Since then many types of artificial blood products have been produced.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood Substitutes: Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers
    Blood Substitutes: Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers : By Jerrold H. Levy, MD, FAHA : : : : THE AMERICAN COUNCIL ON SCIENCE AND HEALTH Blood Substitutes: Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers By Jerrold H. Levy, MD, FAHA Professor and Deputy Chair for Research Emory University School of Medicine Director of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Critical Care Emory Healthcare Atlanta, Georgia Art Director: Crysthal Marin May 2009 Reviewers The American Council on Science and Health would like to thank the following people who, with the help of two anonymous reviewers, evaluated this paper. Timothy G. Buchman, PhD, MD, FACS, FCCM Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis David Burris, MD, FACS, DMCC; Col., MC, USA American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Jeffrey D. Kerby, MD, PhD, FACS Alabama Resuscitation Center The University of Alabama at Birmingham Gus Vlahakes, MD Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital Disclosure: Author Jerrold H. Levy has received research support from Biopure and Alliance. ACSH accepts unrestricted grants on the condition that it is solely respon- sible for the conduct of its research and the dissemination of its work to the public. The organization does not perform proprietary research, nor does it accept support from individual corporations for specific research projects. All contributions to ACSH—a publicly funded organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code—are tax deductible. Copyright © 2009 by American Council on Science and Health, Inc. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission. (2800) Table of Contents Current status of blood supply and need for a substitute .
    [Show full text]
  • Blood Substitutes Artificial Blood Synthetic Alternatives to Donor Blood Have Been Stuck in Development for Decades
    Blood substitutes Artificial blood Synthetic alternatives to donor blood have been stuck in development for decades. Nina Notman reports on recent promising progress Human blood substitutes have been blood reserves, says Chang. More could be contaminated, companies in the pipeline since the 1980s. But, niche needs include patients, such In short started to make many different for a combination of scientific and as Jehovah’s Witnesses, who for The HIV crisis in the types of blood substitutes, and political reasons, there are none religious reasons can not use donor 1980s triggered research unfortunately some don’t work and currently on the market in either blood, and patients who have into artificial blood some have adverse side effects.’ Europe or the US. There are a few developed immune responses to Obtaining regulatory The concerns came to a head in blood substitutes still progressing donated blood. approval for these early 2008, when a meta-analysis through clinical trials, and the Aside from not being reliant on products has proved of findings from 16 clinical trials academic community is still actively donor blood supplies, other major difficult so far in Europe of five different products that had improving the products, also advantages of artificial blood include and the US been used on over 3500 patients known as oxygen therapeutics and not needing to check blood types Commercial design was published in the Journal of haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. before transfusion – artificial blood approaches include the American Medical Association. ‘No one was interested in this type is the universal blood group O leaving haemoglobin free The study, led by Charles of work until HIV came in the 1980s,’ negative.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood Substitutes
    BLOOD SUBSTITUTES 2- OptroHeme (USA), made from recombinant genes using E.coli, had a shelf-life of 1.5 years. Their side ef- fects were many and included fever, chills, GI distress and BLOOD SUBSTITUTES backache. 3- HemoPure (USA), made from cow Hb with a shelf-life of 3 years, is currently in use for veterinary cases in the US (phase III for humans), and used on human beings in only. These are the synthetic Per-Fluoro Carbon (PFC) and certain critical care cases in South Africa. the Hemoglobin- based O2 Carrier (HBOC) classes. 4- HemoSpan (USA), a powdered Hb-tetramer with a The PFC’s are small synthetic compounds that are not sol- shelf-life of 3 years, and of much interest for the US Army. uble in blood. They must first be mixed into an emulsion It must first be mixed with saline and poly-ethylene gly- DR Eddie Racoubian using vitamins, salts and even egg yolk before being trans- col (PEG) before it can be infused. It has passed many MD MSC fused as tiny droplets, 1/40th the size of an RBC. These re- phase III clinical trials, the last one being with 90 patients Responsible ST. MARC main in the blood for 48 hours before being exhaled from in Sweden. Laboratory the lungs. The “Liquid breathing”- filling your lungs with fluid- concept is possible due to these compounds, because Advantages AND they can carry a large load of oxygen. Disadvantages OF SUBSTITUTES: INTRODUCTION: The first FDA approved substitute was a PFC, made by the Japanese Green Cross in 1989.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood Transfusion
    Blood Transfusion Dr. Arkaprovo Roy Associate Professor Department of Surgery Medical College Kolkata Discussions on • Definition and indications of blood transfusion • Blood banking • Blood grouping and cross matching • Blood products • Blood substitutes • Auto transfusion • Complications of blood transfusion • Massive blood transfusion Definition • It is the transfusion of the whole blood or its components such as blood corpuscles or plasma from one person to another Indications for blood transfusions 1. Blood loss greater than 20% of blood volume 2. Haemoglobin level < 8g/dl without any risk factors 3. Haemoglobin level <10g% with major diseases /major surgery How to prepare blood for transfusion • Screening for blood borne infections • Blood grouping and compatibility testing RBC Contains >300 antigens, 20 blood group antigens are well known Blood Banking • In 1937 Bernard Fantus, director of therapeutics at the Cook County Hospital in Chicago, established one of the first hospital blood banks in the United States. • It preserved, refrigerated and stored donor blood - Fantus originated the term "blood bank". • Blood banking is the process that takes place in the lab to make sure that donated blood, or blood products, are safe for blood transfusions and other medical procedures. • Blood banking includes typing the blood for transfusion and testing for infectious diseases. Blood group systems Major system- • ABO system • Rhesus system Minor system • H-antigen • MNS antigen system • Lutheran system • Kell system • Duffy system Blood Grouping • Here are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB and O. • The ABO and Rh blood grouping system is based on agglutination reaction. • When red blood cells carrying one or both the antigens are exposed to the corresponding antibodies they interact with each other to form visible agglutination or clumping.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Artificial Blood: a Source We Need
    Online - 2455-3891 Vol 10, Issue 9, 2017 Print - 0974-2441 Review Article A REVIEW ON ARTIFICIAL BLOOD: A SOURCE WE NEED KRISHNA VENI R, BRINDHA DEVI P*, IVO ROMAULD S Department of Bio-Engineering, School of Engineering, Vels University, Chennai - 600 117, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: [email protected] Received: 6 April 2017, Revised and Accepted: 9 June 2017 ABSTRACT Blood is a liquid tissue, in which abundant chemical factors and millions of different cells are dissolved. It is one of the most demanding sources in clinical and medical aspects. The issues and cost of human blood collection and storage directed this procedure toward the use of alternative blood. Thus, came an invention of artificial blood and blood substitutes. These alternative blood or blood substitute is a substance which is made to play as a substitute of erythrocytes. Thus, the main objective is to replace the normal human blood with artificial blood substitutes in the place of blood transfusion during surgeries and organ transfusion. Two major and focused blood substitutes in pharmaceutical aspects are perfluorocarbons and hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC’s). Among these HBOCs vaguely resemble normal human blood. These blood substitutes are to allow flow through the blood stream to carry the oxygen and supply it to heart and other parts of the blood. They are used to fill the lost fluid volume. They are also called as plastic blood with iron atom as the base. They are found to serve as a good oxygen carrier. The results showed by these products are discussed, and they proved that they can act as a blood substitute and also they can reach the human tissue easier than erythrocytes and can control oxygen directly.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood Substituents an Overview
    187 Shankar M. et al. / Acta Biomedica Scientia. 2016;3(4):187-192. e - ISSN - 2348 - 2168 Print ISSN - 2348 - 215X Print ISSN - Acta Biomedica Scientia Journal homepage: www.mcmed.us/journal/abs BLOOD SUBSTITUENTS AN OVERVIEW D. Likhitha, M. Shankar*, S. Kavya Lalitha, T. Supriya, M. Niranjan Babu Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Venkataramapuram, Tirupati-517561, Andhra Pradesh, India. Article Info ABSTRACT Received 21/04/2016 Blood is a special type of connective tissue that is composed of white cells, red cells, Revised 01/05/2016 platelets and plasma. A blood substitute is a substance used to mimic and fulfill some Accepted 09/05/2016 functions of biological blood. It aims to provide an alternative to blood transfusion, which is transferring blood or blood based products from one person into another. Artificial blood Keywords :- is a product made to act as a substitute for red blood cells. The main categories of oxygen Human hemoglobin, carrying blood substitutes being hemoglobin based oxygen carriers and perfluoro carbon Photodynamic, based oxygen carriers. Depending on the type of artificial blood, it can be produced in Biochemical technology. different ways using synthetic production, chemical isolation, or recombinant biochemical technology. To obtain hemoglobin, a strain of E. coli bacteria that has the ability to produce human hemoglobin is used. Synthetic oxygen carriers may also show potential for cancer treatment, as their reduced size allows them to diffuse more effectively through poorly vasculated tumour tissue, increasing the effectiveness of treatments like photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy. INTRODUCTION On the membranes of these cells are proteins that the body Blood recognizes as its own.
    [Show full text]
  • Transfusion Replacement Strategies in Jehovah's Witnesses and Others Who Decline Blood Products
    Transfusion Replacement Strategies in Jehovah’s Witnesses and Others Who Decline Blood Products Thomas G. DeLoughery, MD, MACP, FAWM Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Pediatrics, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon Correspondence: Abstract: The use of blood transfusions is a mainstay of modern Thomas G. DeLoughery, MD, MACP, FAWM medical practice. Jehovah’s Witnesses decline the use of blood Oregon Health & Science University transfusions as a matter of faith, however, and other patients do so 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd for personal reasons. In all cases, it is important to document what Mail Code: OC14HO Portland, OR 97239-3098 blood products can or cannot be used. It is also essential to test all Phone: (503) 494-4335 patients for iron deficiency, and to address any correctable factors in Fax: (503) 494-3257 those who are anemic. This article reviews a variety of options that Email: [email protected] are available to aid in caring for patients who refuse blood trans- Twitter: @bloodman fusions, ranging from tranexamic acid to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. With the use of these treatments, patients who decline blood transfusion can be safely managed in situations ranging from elective surgery to stem cell transplant to pregnancy. Introduction A challenging situation is the patient with severe anemia/bleeding who has clearly expressed a wish to decline blood transfusions. This article reviews why certain patients decline blood transfusions, the various options for the treatment of severe anemia, how to prepare for surgery patients who decline blood products, and the emergency treatment of severe bleeding in these patients.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategies for the Prevention of Post-Transfusion Hepatitis PAUL D
    ANNALS OF CLINICAL AND LABORATORY SCIENCE, Vol. 14, No. 3 Copyright © 1984, Institute for Clinical Science, Inc. Strategies for the Prevention of Post-Transfusion Hepatitis PAUL D. MINTZ, M.D. Blood Bank and Transfusion Service, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908 ABSTRACT Hepatitis is a common and potentially serious adverse effect of blood transfusion. A large number of strategies have been developed or proposed to reduce the incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH). The education of physicians regarding the risks of hemotherapy and the judicious use of blood must be the cornerstone of any substantial reduction in PTH. The use of volunteer rather than paid donors is associated with a much reduced incidence of PTH. Deferral of donors implicated in PTH is also helpful. Other proposed strategies include donor alanine amino-trans- ferase levels, donor anti-HBc testing, the provision of immune globulin to recipients, and the inactivation, removal, or immune neutralization of the virus from blood products. In the absence of a blood substitute, au­ tologous transfusion is an excellent means of improving transfusion safety. The incidence of PTH type B should decrease as an increasing proportion of donors and recipients are immunized by vaccine and as increasingly sensitive tests for HBsAg become available. The development of a sero­ logic test and vaccine for non-A, non-B hepatitis would be outstanding accomplishments, but their absence underscores the need to pursue vig­ orously other means of reducing the incidence of the disease. Introduction from blood transfusion at all.49 In any event, efforts at reducing the incidence Post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH) de­ of PTH will be successful only if they are velops in approximately seven percent of directed at preventing the transmission the recipients of blood transfusions.1 of NANB hepatitis.
    [Show full text]