DOCSLIB.ORG

West Moberly First Nations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
West Moberly First Nations WEST MOBERLY FIRST NATIONS In reply I have to inform you that this information cannot be located in the files of the Department and it is possible that the documents may be in the Lesser Slave Lake Agency. In letters dated 21st March and 30th March 1914, Indian Agent H. Laird was instructed to admit these bands into treaty when making the annuity payments that year and the first pay list shows Old Man, No.1, as the Chief, and Migsedlean, No.2, and Dogie, No.3, as Headmen of the Hudson’s Hope Band and William Desjarlais, No. 1, as Headman of the Moberly Lake (Saulteaux) band. It is presumed that these Indians signed the treaty for their respective bands, the number admitted in the Hudson’s Hope Band being 116 and in the Saulteaux Band 34” (Parc 1/1 11-5 1933-65). Following the March adhesion at Hudson’s Hope, MacRae noted: “In the summer of 1914, Indian Reserve #172, totalling about 4 000 acres was surveyed... by Donald F. Robertson some 13 kilometres north of the present site of Fort. St. John. For the Beaver at Halfway River, 45 kilometres north of Hudson’s Hope, Robertson also marked out Reserve #168, totalling 9 893 acres. Here he reported that “the land was best suited for grazing,” and that “the hunting is good in the mountains nearby and at some seasons the trout are plentiful in Halfway River. These Indians live by hunting and fishing. At the same time, Reserve #168A, totalling 5 025 acres, was surveyed at the west end of Moberly Lake” (Leonard 1995:81). Godsell noted some anger over surveyors and noted that the Beaver Indians believed the land was theirs: “The Beavers still look upon the country as their own and upon all white men as usurpers... Now the Beavers were looking with genuine hatred and alarm at the increasing number of whites who are coming each year into their land. The surveyors especially aroused their keen suspicions. Why are they making these lines and cutting down the Beaver Indians’ trees?” (Godsell 1963:284) Godsell wrote: “The moccasin telegraph had brought further word of still more white settlers pouring into the Pouce Coupe and Grande Prairie country... Even the Moberly Lake Saulteaux were reported be resistive and it didn’t seem to occur to any of them that in accepting King George’s annual treaty bounty from Harold Laird, the Indian Agent, in the form of crisp new greenbacks and gold-braided suits for their chiefs they had bartered all rights to the land” (Godsell 1942:80). 38 SEPTEMBER 2014 POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS TO CULTURAL VALUED COMPONENTS In light of the immediate hostility and alarm on the part of the Dunne-za to the treaty process and its aftermath, it is difficult to understand how MacRae could have been so certain that he had eradicated “any little misunderstanding” or gave “explanations as seemed most likely to prevent any possibility of misunderstandings in future.” Further, the treaty process was marked by significant communications difficulties and cultural disconnects (many of which still exist today). Even today, the Dunne-za have no term or phrase to describe the act of surrendering land or letting someone else take it from them (Aasen 1993). In addition to MacRae’s report, two eyewitness accounts to the Hudson’s Hope adhesions were documented by Elizabeth Beattie. These are perhaps the only written non-First Nations perspective of what occurred. Despite the content of the letters to and from the Department of Indian Affairs referenced above, these eyewitness accounts indicate that the Hudson’s Hope and Saulteau adhesions/admittances were not the tranquil affairs described in the official government reports. “[When I arrived here in 1914 there was] just the Hudson Bay store here, a lot of trappers around and Indians… and that’s about it. Very few buildings. Oh yes, they were on this whole flat, they were in Teepees. They were here, the whole bunch from the North and from Moberly Lake and all over. They were all camped on this flat here… waiting for the Treaty. They were giving their first Treaty… Tomtoms playing all night long and playing a game, whatever they play. They were here for about three weeks or so and the boat finally came up and they got their Treaty. That was really worth seeing that Treaty business, when they had the money. The Hudson Bay man that was here, Drew, he was going to build a hotel and he had ordered all the stuff for the hotel that he needed like bedding, sheets, pillowcases and all that and even a cookstove through the Hudson Bay… he also got ready for this Treaty business. He ordered all these fancy hats, high heel shoes and button shoes and all this for the Indians… When they got the Treaty and they had all this for the hotel bedspreads, candlewick bedspreads, and things like that and all kinds of ribbon and stuff. And after that they had the Treaty and they went and got all these bedspreads, they bought them and ribbons, they had rows of ribbons of different colors… on the bottoms of these blankets for horse blankets… and they were really flying around here And you could see the young fellows particularly. There was money sticking out of every pocket you know and racing around on the horses… and that was really worth seeing. I’ll never forget that. That was the first Treaty. They got quite a bit here at that time… and then after that the Indian Agent would come up every year and pay them …so much for the year… but they didn’t get so much then. They couldn’t do things like that then, but that first Treaty, my it was really something to see gambling 39 WEST MOBERLY FIRST NATIONS night and day …and that old tomtom kept going all the time. Beaver Indians from the north and Moberly and the Cree Indians. They all camped together. This whole flat was just a mess of teepees way down across the road there where the church is – all that on the river flat all the Indians, there were hundreds and hundreds of them… their teepees were made of canvas. [A]fter all their money was spent they all went back in the hills again trapping I suppose” (Beattie, 1989b). Figure 4–3: Cabin used by West Moberly for trapping, hunting, and other cultural activities The second half of Beattie’s account provides a snapshot of the Dunne-za and Cree lifestyle at the time, as well as noting that Dunne-za and English speakers had challenges communicating with each other: “You see at that time they used to catch beaver pretty well all year round. They lived on it, they ate it. Then they go hunting of course and put up their meat. 20 mile and 12 mile that was at one time their headquarters there... They even started to build some cabins there at 12 mile, there was 3 cabins there they started (the Cree)… They used to come up there⋅ for quite a few years and still hunt even after we lived here. They were up on the flat… and camped there, their whole outfit would camp there, quite a bunch... Then they would go both directions back and down to 12 40 SEPTEMBER 2014 POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS TO CULTURAL VALUED COMPONENTS mile and up Schoolar Creek and like that. They used to put up there meat there… Not so much moose because there wasn’t any at that time but deer and bear, lots of bear, there was lots of bear… When they were camping there that spring they used to dry the meat and so on and they would render out the bear fat… These Indians were from Moberly and the Halfway. They used to come and they’d go around… and then go down on the raft… from the Finlay Forks and the Finlay, way up the Finlay… and around and then they always camped there when they come down. They had clothes, the Hudson Bay had everything in there, stores up there. At Finlay Forks there was a Hudson Bay store… A breed was running it, Billie Fox. They had moose hide jackets and mitts and all that. They had good moose hide but one thing I never could figure out, they just had these moccasins on and maybe one pair of stockings with the legs wrapped around. That’s all they would have on in the winter time. I guess they got used to it. [T]hey didn’t mix with the white and no they didn’t speak English, you had to use your hands and face and everything else too” (Beattie 1989b). The second account by Elizabeth Beattie relates much of the same information and is again important for documenting the celebration of the adhesions at Hudson’s Hope. “…I happened to be the first white woman that crossed over the Portage on a saddle horse. That was in 1914. Then of course we landed in Hudson’s Hope put up a tent and fixed everything up… After that we had a cabin built. We lived in the Hope for three years, then we moved up on the farm about thirty-five miles above the Hope on the river and now, we lost it [due to the building of the dam]. [T]hey hadn’t had the Treaty until that year. They were camped all over the flat for about a month before the boat came up with the Agent to give them the Treaty.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Duncan Lake): a Draft Report
    Tse Keh Nay Traditional and Contemporary Use and Occupation at Amazay (Duncan Lake): A Draft Report Amazay Lake Photo by Patrice Halley Draft Submission to the Kemess North Joint Review Panel May, 2007 Report Prepared By: Loraine Littlefield Linda Dorricott Deidre Cullon With Contributions By: Jessica Place Pam Tobin On Behalf of the Tse Keh Nay ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was written under the direction of the Tse Keh Nay leaders. The authors would like to thank Grand Chief Gordon Pierre and Chief Johnny Pierre of the Tsay Keh Dene First Nation; Chief John Allen French of the Takla Lake First Nation and Chief Donny Van Somer of the Kwadacha First Nation for their support and guidance throughout this project. The authors are particularly indebted to the advisors for this report who took the time to meet with us on very short notice and who generously shared with us their knowledge of Tse Keh Nay history, land and culture. We hope that this report accurately reflects this knowledge. We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Grand Chief Gordon Pierre, Ray Izony, Bill Poole, Trevor Tomah, Jean Isaac, Robert Tomah, Chief John Allen French, Josephine West, Frank Williams, Cecilia Williams, Lillian Johnny, Hilda George and Fred Patrick. We would also like to thank the staff at the Prince George band and treaty offices for assembling and providing us with the documents, reports, maps and other materials that were used in this report. J.P. Laplante, Michelle Lochhead, Karl Sturmanis, Kathaleigh George, and Henry Joseph all provided valuable assistance and support to the project.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Discoveries in Finlay Reach, Williston Reservoir Richard Brolly and Matt Begg
    ... "" . Archaeological Discoveries in Finlay Reach, Williston Reservoir Richard Brolly and Matt Begg In 1968, the W. A.C Bennett Dam was completed, blocking at Finlay Forks (Bostock 1948). the Peace Ri ver and creating Williston Reservoir, bigger than any Williston Reservoir affects the lands it has inundated in natural lake in BC The reservoir inundated the lands of the north­ ways common to other hydroelectri c reservoirs in BC, but today, em Rocky Mountain Trench, and has three arms, or "reaches": one of the most pervasive environmental effects is dust, raised by Finlay Reach, Parsnip Reach and Peace Reach. The Finlay Reach winds blowing over the draw-down zone (reservoir lands that are is located 250 km north of Prince George and 225 km north west of alternately exposed andre-inundated by seasonal fl uctuations of Fort St. John, and is 11 6 km long. Today, the Tsay Keh Dene First pool-elevations). To address the recurrent nuisance and potential Nation community ofTsay Keh, located at the head of Williston health risks by long-term exposure to dust, BC Hydro has begun Reservoir, is the only permanent habitation on Finl ay Reach. a program of dust-control in the draw-down zone. Prior to these Pri01· to the inundation of Williston Reservoir, Finlay Forks actions, Areas Consulting Archeologists was asked to assess the was · the point where the Finlay and Parsnip Ri vers joined in archaeological resources of six dust-control localities in Fi nlay the Rocky Mountain Trench to form the Peace River, the only Reach (A reas Consul ting Archeologists 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Proposed Highway Through British Columbia and the Yukon Territory to Alaska
    BRITISH COLUMBIA-YUKON-ALASKA HIGHWAY COMMISSION PRELIMINARY REPORT ON PROPOSED HIGHWAY THROUGH BRITISH COLUMBIA AND THE YUKON TERRITORY TO ALASKA April, 1940 Ottawa, Ontario VOLUME 2 - APPENDIX BRITISH COLUMBIA-YUKON-ALASKA HIGHWAY COMMISSION PRELIMINARY REPORT ON PROPOSED HIGHWAY THROUGH BRITISH COLUMBIA AND THE YUKON TERRITORY TO ALASKA April, 1940 Ottawa, Ontario VOLUME 2 - APPENDIX APPENDIX 1. Statistics of Prince George Route. Submitted by Prince George Board of Trade 105-6 2. Description of route through British Columbia to Alaska, via Hazelton and Kitwanga, by P.M.Monckton. Submitted by E.T.Kenney, M.L.A., on behalf of Hazelton District Chamber of Commerce. 107-110 3. Outline of Factual Data pertaining to the feasibility of the western route north from Hazelton. Submitted on behalf of the Hazelton District Chamber of Commerce. 111-20 4. Notes re Alaska Highway re Noel Humphrys, Vancouver. 121-133 5. Memorandum on Route MBif by F.C.Green,Victoria. 134-136 6. Memorandum re Forest Conditions on route of Alaska Highway. By W.E.D.Halliday, Dominion Forest Service, Department of Mines and Resources, Ottawa. 137-142 7. Tables of forest land classification and merchantable timber in northern British Columbia. Forest Branch, Government of British Columbia. 1939. 143-146 8. List of Reports of Geological Survey of Canada covering mineral resources in northern British Columbia and Yukon Territory. 147-151 9. The United States - Alaska Highway; a suggested alternative for the section between Hazelton and the Yukon Telegraph Trail, by Marius Barbeau. 152-154 10. Meteorological Data. 155-182 APPENDIX (continued) 11. Report to the Public Works Department of British Columbia on Reconnaissance Survey of Northern Part of Route ”3'’ - British Columbia - Yukon - Alaska Highway between Liard River and Sifton Pass.
    [Show full text]
  • Rangifer Tarandus Caribou) in BRITISH COLUMBIA
    THE EARLY HISTORY OF WOODLAND CARIBOU (Rangifer tarandus caribou) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA by David J. Spalding Wildlife Bulletin No. B-100 March 2000 THE EARLY HISTORY OF WOODLAND CARIBOU (Rangifer tarandus caribou) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA by David J. Spalding Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks Wildlife Branch Victoria BC Wildlife Bulletin No. B-100 March 2000 “Wildlife Bulletins frequently contain preliminary data, so conclusions based on these may be sub- ject to change. Bulletins receive some review and may be cited in publications. Copies may be obtained, depending upon supply, from the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Wildlife Branch, P.O. Box 9374 Stn Prov Gov, Victoria, BC V8W 9M4.” © Province of British Columbia 2000 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Spalding, D. J. The early history of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in British Columbia (Wildlife bulletin ; no. B-100) Includes bibliographical references : p. 60 ISBN 0-7726-4167-6 1. Woodland caribou - British Columbia. 2. Woodland caribou - Habitat - British Columbia. I. British Columbia. Wildlife Branch. II. Title. III. Series: Wildlife bulletin (British Columbia. Wildlife Branch) ; no. B-100 QL737.U55S62 2000 333.95’9658’09711 C00-960085-X Citation: Spalding, D.J. 2000. The Early History of Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in British Columbia. B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Wildl. Branch, Victoria, BC. Wildl. Bull. No. 100. 61pp. ii DISCLAIMER The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. In cases where a Wildlife Bulletin is also a species’ status report, it may contain a recommended status for the species by the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Committee
    University of Alberta Tse Keh Nay-European Relations and Ethnicity 1790s-2009 by Daniel Sims A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Department of History and Classics ©Daniel Sims Spring 2010 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Examining Committee Gerhard Ens, History and Classics David Mills, History and Classics Christian Andersen, Natives Studies Robert Irwin, History and Classics, Grant Macewan University Abstract This thesis examines Tse Keh Nay (Sekani) ethnic identity over three periods of Aboriginal-European relations: the fur trade period, the missionary period, and the treaty and reserve period. It examines the affects these three periods have had on the Tse Keh Nay as an ethnic group in four chapters, the first two dealing with the fur trade and missionary periods, and the last two with the treaty and reserve aspects of the treaty and reserve period.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Development, First Nations and Distributive Justice in Mackenzie
    FOREST DEVELOPMENT, FIRST NATIONS AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE IN MACKENZIE FOREST DISTRICT by Stephen Walter Dodds B.A., University of Victoria, 1992 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Forestry) We accept this thesis as conforming to the reqvnredi^and^rd THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1999 © Stephen Walter Dodds, 1999 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. 1 further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) ABSTRACT This thesis examines the emotionally charged relationship between First Nation representatives and the licensee and government stewards of forest development. It provides an overview of the Mackenzie Forest District, its communities, its First Nations, and its stewards. It then discusses the institutional arrangements that constitute the planning and decision-making milieu. Next it provides an historical and a local overview of issues and events that concern First Nation representatives. Turning to principles of distributive justice (elements of political theory that prescribe how resources, opportunity, and power should be distributed among persons) it explains Ronald Dworkin's (1978 & 1985) principle of equal concern and respect, and Joseph Raz's (1986) principle of autonomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Language. Legemds, Amd Lore of the Carrier
    SUBMITTED TO REV. H. POUPART. O.M.I., PH.D. in ii lusrgaccfc i n 11 gc—Majsmi ••• IIIIWHWII i ini DEAN OP THE FACULTY OF ARTS | LANGUAGE. LEGEMDS, AMD LORE OF THE , 1 : V CARRIER IKDIAHS ) By./ J-. B- . MUKRO\, M.S.A. Submitted as Thesis for the Ph.D. Degree, the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. UMI Number: DC53436 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform DC53436 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Foreword Chapter 1 A Difficult Language .... 1-16 Chapter 2 Pilakamulahuh--The Aboriginal Lecturer 17 - 32 Chapter 3 Lore of the Pacific Coast . 33-44 Chapter 4 Dene Tribes and Waterways ... 45-61 Chapter 5 Carriers or Navigators .... 62-71 Chapter 6 Invention of Dene Syllabics . 72-88 Chapter 7 Some Legends of Na'kaztli ... 89 - 108 Chapter 8 Lakes and Landmarks .... 109 - 117 Chapter 9 Nautley Village and Legend of Estas 118 - 128 Chapter 10 Ancient Babine Epitaph ...
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography and Research Guide Surveyors, Guides, and Explorers of Northern British Columbia
    BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESEARCH GUIDE SURVEYORS, GUIDES, AND EXPLORERS OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA NORTHERN BC ARCHIVES UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA FUNDING FOR THIS PROJECT WAS GENEROUSLY PROVIDED BY A PRIVATE FOUNDATION. INTRODUCTION This is a bibliography relating to the surveyors, geological explorers, and guides of Northern British Columbia. The majority of these sources relate to the early twentieth century, when much of the geography of Northern British Columbia was only vaguely recorded. The work of these men influenced the development of many town sites in Northern British Columbia, and their records often contain information on the history of early settlement of these regions. Their cartographic records also contain a great amount of information on the industrial development and mineral exploration of the area. Included in this bibliography are sources relating to the 1934 Bedaux Sub-Arctic Expedition. The trip was an elaborate and potentially record-breaking track from Edmonton to Fort Saint John, with the planned destination Telegraph Creek and the Pacific. Sources are included that pertain to individuals who were involved with surveying or packing on either Charles Bedaux’s Sub- Arctic expedition or his 1932 hunting trip to Central British Columbia. Many of these records of surveyors, guides, and explorers are not held at the Northern BC Archives, but descriptions of content and links to holdings are provided whenever possible. This bibliography is intended to provide information about what sources may exist and where to look for further information. A NOTE ON FORMATTING NAMES OF SURVEYORS, GUIDES, AND EXPLORERS ARE HIGHLIGHTED IN DARK BLUE. NAMES OF INSTITUTIONS WHERE MATERIAL IS FOUND ARE HIGHLIGHTED IN LIGHT BLUE.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Survey Trans-Canadian Alaska Railway Location
    REPORT ON SURVEY TRANS-CANADIAN ALASKA RAILWAY LOCATION Syllabus The district engineer reports completion of Trans-Canadian Alaska Railway location survey and incorporates condensed profiles, maps, and preliminary estimates in his report. Field and district office work is still under way on construction studies, evaluation of possible revisions and permanent records. WAR DEPARTMENT United States Engineer Office Seattle, Washington October 12, 1942. Subject: Report on Survey of Trans-Canadian Alaska Railway Location. To: The Division Engineer, North Pacific Division, Portland, Oregon. 1. Authority. - The following directive was issued' by the Commanding General, Services of Supply, Washington, D.C., March 25, 1942. "MEMORANDUM FOR THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS” "1. It is directed that a field survey be undertaken at the earliest practicable date and pushed to completion for the construction of a rail route via the Rocky Mountain Trench from Prince George, British Columbia, to Fairbanks, Alaska, .The survey should be completed during the coming season. It is desired that an experienced railway locating engineer familiar with the northwest be placed in charge of the survey or attached to it in a superior "executive capacity. "2. That the general specifications for this projected location be restricted to meet the requirements of a military railroad only. "3. That the area northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska, be reconnoitered, both by air and ground, in order to have more knowledge on file as to the possibilities of that terrain in case of emergency. BREHON SOMERVELL, Lieutenant General, Commanding. a. In compliance with paragraphs 1 and 2 of the above-quoted directive, the following report, with appendices A to I, inclusive, is submitted on the survey of a railroad location from Prince George, British Columbia, to a rail connection with the Alaska Railroad.
    [Show full text]
  • Download/ Schedule B Table of Conditions.Pdf British Columbia Environmental Assessment Office and Canadian Environmental Assesment Agency
    POWER RELATIONS: ENVIRONMENT, EMOTION, AND VIOLENCE IN THE SITE C DAM APPROVAL PROCESS by Brenda Fitzpatrick A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Anthropology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2021 ©Brenda Fitzpatrick, 2021 The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, the dissertation entitled: Power Relations: Environment, Emotion and Violence in the Site C Dam Approval Process submitted by Brenda Fitzpatrick in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology Examining Committee: Dr. Bruce G. Miller, Anthropology, UBC Supervisor Dr. Carole Blackburn, Anthropology, UBC Supervisory Committee Member Dr. Shaylih Muehlmann, Anthropology, UBC Supervisory Committee Member Dr. Tracey Heatherington, Anthropology, UBC University Examiner Dr. Tina Loo, History, UBC University Examiner ii Abstract The Site C hydroelectric dam on the Peace River in northeastern British Columbia, though purportedly a source of green power, is controversial because it would flood 5660 hectares (approximately 14,000 acres) of wilderness, farmland, and First Nations’ treaty territory. This dissertation is both an ethnography of that environmental conflict, and an exploration of the intersections between ethnography and conflict transformation. Research methods consisted of participant observation between June 2013 and October 2014, attendance at the Site C public hearings, analysis of hearing transcripts and related documents, and interviews with dam supporters and opponents, including a photo prompt exercise and a key word exercise. I found that different relationships to the environment and place, and different notions of development carried motivational, moral force in the conflict and were reflected in communication at the public hearings.
    [Show full text]
  • Crossing the Divide: Northern Approaches to New Caledonia
    Western Geography, 12 (2002), pp. 290–318 ©Western Division, Canadian Association of Geographers Crossing the Divide: Northern Approaches to New Caledonia J. Kent Sedgwick Prince George, British Columbia European exploration and settlement of mainland British Columbia originated from the northeast, cross- ing the Arctic–Pacific continental divide. Four aborigi- nal routes were followed, beginning with Mackenzie’s historic journey in 1793 through a pass on the headwa- ters of the Parsnip River. Twelve years later, fur trader Simon Fraser developed the McLeod-Stuart Lakes trail, used until 1880. The short portage between Summit Lake (Peace River headwaters) and Salmon River, a Fraser River tributary, was used infrequently until 1872. Finally, Giscome Portage between the Fraser River and Summit Lake was identified by gold prospec- tors in 1863 and constructed as a government road in 1871. After 1905, Giscome Portage became the primary route across the divide with a road built directly from Prince George to Summit Lake in 1919. After 1952, a highway, railway, pipelines and electric transmission lines were built across Giscome Portage, forming the primary transportation corridor linking northern and southern British Columbia. Introduction Historical studies of British Columbia often ignore the fact that the first European exploration and settlement of mainland British Columbia was overland from the northeast. The initial approach was made in 1793 by Alexander Mackenzie of the North West Company. The settlement, which defined the fur trade district of New Caledonia, consisted of four North West Company trading posts established by Simon Fraser in the first decade of the nine- teenth century. A few years later, from a base on the Columbia River, other fur posts at Kamloops and Alexandria were additions to mainland settlement.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposed Highway Through British Columbia and the Yukon Territory to Alaska
    BRITISH COLUMBIA-YUKON-ALASKA HIGHWAY COMMISSION PRELIMINARY REPORT ON PROPOSED HIGHWAY THROUGH BRITISH COLUMBIA AND THE YUKON TERRITORY TO ALASKA April, 1940 Ottawa, Ontario VOLUME 1 ? BRITISH COLUMBIA-YUKON-ALASKA HIGHWAY COMMISSION PRELIMINARY REPORT ON PROPOSED HIGHWAY THROUGH BRITISH COLUMBIA AND THE YUKON TERRITORY TO ALASKA April, 1940 Ottawa, Ontario VOLUME 1 CONTENTS I Report of Commission 1-15 II Preliminary Conference, April, 1,939 ... 16 - 23 III Public hearings: Prince Ceorge Vanderhoof Burns Lake Smithers Hazelton Stewart Prince Rupert Whitehorse Atlin Carcross Vancouver ........................ 24 - 61 IV Victoria Conference, July,1939 62 - 65 V Engineering Investigations 66 - 81 VI Cariboo Road 82 - 90 VII Natural Resources 91 - 104 Appendix 105 - 266 APPENDIX 1. Statistics of Prince George Route. Submitted by Prince George Board of Trade 105-6 2 . Description of route through British Columbia to Alaska, via Hazelton and Kitwanga, by P.M.Monckton. Submitted by S.T.Kenney, M.L.A., on behalf of Hazelton District Chamber of Commerce. 107-110 3. Outline of Factual Data pertaining to the feasibility of the western route north from Hazelton. Submitted on behalf of the Hazelton District Chamber of Commerce. 111-20 4. Notes re Alaska Highway re Noel Humphrys, Vancouver.' 121-133 5. Memorandum on Route MB” by F.C.Green,Victoria. 134-136 6. Memorandum re Forest Conditions on route of Alaska Highway. By U.E.D.Halliday, Dominion Forest Service, Department of Mines and Resources, Ottawa. 137-142 7. Tables of forest land classification and merchantable timber in northern British Columbia. Forest Branch, Government of British Columbia. 1939. 143-146 8.
    [Show full text]