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Space and Combination Heaters Space and combination heaters Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Review Study Task 3 Space and water heating demand & usage FINAL REPORT Review study of Commission Regulation (EU) No. 813/2013 [Ecodesign] and Commission Delegated Regulation No. (EU) No. 811/2013 (Energy Label) Prepared by VHK, Delft (NL), in collaboration with BRG, London (UK) for the European Commission, DG ENER C.3 July 2019 The information and views set out in this study are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Commission. Prepared by Study team: Van Holsteijn en Kemna B.V. (VHK), The Netherlands, in collaboration with BRG Building Solutions, London (UK) Authors: René Kemna, Martijn van Elburg (both VHK) Study team contact: René Kemna ([email protected]) Contract manager: Jan Viegand, Viegand Maagøe Project website: www.ecoboiler-review.eu Specific contract: no. ENER/C3/SER/FV 2016-537/08/FWC 2015-619 LOT2/02/SI2.753930 Title: Review Study existing ecodesign & energy labelling SPACE HEATERS & COMBINATION HEATERS Contract date: 9.6.2017 Consortium: Viegand Maagøe, VHK, Wuppertal Institute, Armines, Oakdene Hollins Cover: Gas-fired central heating boiler [picture VHK 2016-2017] This study was ordered and paid for by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy. The information and views set out in this study are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. This report has been prepared by the authors to the best of their ability and knowledge. The authors do not assume liability for any damage, material or immaterial, that may arise from the use of the report or the information contained therein. © European Union, July 2019. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. More information on the European Union is available on the internet (https://europa.eu). II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is the final Task 3 report of the preparatory review study on the Ecodesign Commission Regulation (EU) No. 813/2013 and Energy Label Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No. 811/2013 for central heating boilers. Task 3 not only serves as an update of figures on usage of the product during and after its life, following the MEErP methodology, but it also reviews specific aspects mentioned in Article 7 of the regulations and evaluates the effectiveness of the current regulations in as much as can be derived from usage data. The Task 3 report gives a clear picture of the space- and water heating load of central heating (combi) boilers. Recent Eurostat statistics give an EU-wide picture of the energy sources that are used for space- and water heating per Member State, at least for the period since 2015 and for the residential sector. This helps also to improve the quality of the estimates of space heating energy in the often-underestimated services, industrial and other sectors. The main conclusion is that central heating (combi) boilers provide 40-50% of the EU28 space and water heating demand. The EU space heating load is estimated at 2860 TWh of heat and the CH boilers provide 1200 TWh (42%) of that space heat, consuming almost 1680 TWh of primary energy (in Net Calorific Value, NCV). This comes down to an average space heating efficiency of 72% on NCV (66% on GCV). If the scope were extended to include also boilers in the range of 400kW to 1 MW, an extra 15% of space heating load and energy use would be covered. The total residential (84%) and non-residential (16%) sanitary hot water heating demand is 13.4 million m³ hot water/year @ 40°C, which in terms of energy equals ~8 million m³ hot water/year @ 60°C. The net hot water content equals almost 470 TWh/year. The (combi) boilers provide approximately half of that (235 TWh) consuming around 340 TWh gas and oil as well as a small amount of electricity. This gives an average primary energy efficiency of 69% (on NCV, 62% on GCV). As regards the material resources use the boilers are exemplary. New gas-boilers weigh less than half compared to 15 years ago. Recycling of the —mostly metal— product is estimated at over 90%. The main concern, not for material resources but for energy resources and air pollution, is the product life of especially oil-boilers: They old, highly inefficient types simply never break down. Some data sources mention an average product life of over 30 years for jet-burner boilers. As regards the infrastructure for CH boilers this report concentrates on the energy availability in the future, following the most recent Commission its strategic long-term vision for a climate-neutral economy by 2050. It shows that, although electrification is a key element, there is still a place for gaseous fuels of various kinds (hydrogen, biogas, e- gas and even some natural gas) in a carbon-neutral society. In fact, hydrogen (and/or derivatives) from electrolysis of water by wind turbines and solar PV may well be the key for both back-up space heating as well as the storage capacity needed in low wind- and/or solar energy days. The section 5 concludes with a comprehensive overview of the often-overestimated leakage rate of refrigerants used in heat pumps. III ACRONYMS AND UNITS Parameters CH Central Heating A floor surface area building [m²] EC European Commission cair specific heat air [Wh/ m³.K] ECCP European Climate Change Programme Q heat/energy [kWh] ED Ecodesign q hourly air exchange [m³.h-1/ m³] EEA European Environmental Agency rec ventilation recovery rate [-] EIA Ecodesign Impact Accounting (study) S shell surface area building [m²] EL Energy Labelling SV shell surface/volume ratio building ENER EC, Directorate-General Energy t heating season hours [h] EnEV Energie Einsparungs Verordnung (DE) Tin Indoor temperature [°C] ENTR EC, Directorate-General Enterprise Tout outdoor temperature [°C] ENTRANZE Policies to ENforce the TRAnsition to Nearly U insulation value in [W/K. m²] Zero Energy buildings in the EU-27 EPBD Energy Performance of Buildings Directive V heated building volume [m³] EPG Energie Prestatie Gebouwen (NL) ΔT Indoor-outdoor temperature difference [°C] EPISCOPE Energy Performance Indicator Tracking η (heating boiler) efficiency [-] Schemes for the Continuous Optimisation of Refurbishment Processes in European Housing Stocks GCV Gross Calorific Value (of a fuel) GIS Geographical Information System Units HDD Heating Degree Days € Euro HVAC Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning °C degree Celsius IEA International Energy Agency a annum (year) NACE Statistics classification by Economic Activity bn billion (1000 million) NCV Net Calorific Value (of a fuel) CO2 carbon-dioxide (equivalent) PBIE Building Performance Institute Europe h hours pef primary energy factor K degree Kelvin RT Réglémentation Thermique (FR) kWh kilo Watt hour SAP Standard Assessment Procedure (UK) m metre or million SCOP Seasonal Coefficient Of Performance m² square metre SEER Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio m³ cubic metre TABULA Typology Approach for Building Stock Energy W Watt Assessment UHI Urban Heat Island VHK Van Holsteijn en Kemna (author) IV Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................... III ACRONYMS AND UNITS ....................................................................... IV 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 1.1 Update (MEErP)....................................................................................... 1 1.2 Review (Art. 7) ....................................................................................... 3 1.3 Evaluation .............................................................................................. 3 2 SPACE HEATING LOAD .................................................................... 4 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 4 2.1.1 Objective of this subtask ................................................................. 4 2.1.2 Heat demand model ....................................................................... 4 2.1.3 Modelling ...................................................................................... 5 2.2 Time and temperatures ............................................................................ 8 2.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 8 2.2.2 Outdoor temperature and heating season ......................................... 8 2.2.3 Indoor temperature ....................................................................... 21 2.2.4 Other influencing parameters ......................................................... 23 2.2.5 Conclusion on temperature difference .............................................. 29 2.3 Volumes and surfaces ............................................................................. 30 2.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 30 2.3.2 Data sources ................................................................................ 33 2.3.3 Secondary EU data sources ............................................................ 35 2.3.4 SV ratio ....................................................................................... 37 2.3.5 Volumes and surfaces
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