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Home , Aslan, Peter Pevensie, Stone Table

ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 11, 2020 C. S. LEWIS’ THE CHRONICLES OF - THE , THE WITCH AND THE WARDROBE AS AN ALLEGORY

Ms. K. Priscilla Harshini1, Dr. N. Nagalakshmi2

1Research Scholar, Assistant Professor, VISTAS, Chennai 2Associate Professor, Department of English, VISTAS, Chennai

ABSTRACT: by C. S. Lewis is a series of seven books. The Magician‟s Nephew (1955), The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950), (1954), (1951), The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952), (1953) and (1956). The stories centre on the magical land Narnia, which is filled with mythological creatures and talking animals. The great lion, , is a Christ- figure in the series, appearing in each book. He watches over Narnia and intervenes throughout its history. The Magician‟s Nephew explains how Aslan first created Narnia. Digory, a young boy, and his neighbour, Polly, use magic rings to travel between different worlds. They witness Aslan creating Narnia, and are responsible for enabling the evil to enter its borders. Digory and Polly bury their magic rings with an apple core from a Narnian tree; a new apple tree grows from its seeds, and Digory uses its wood to build the wardrobe that the Pevensies use to enter Narnia. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe tells how Lucy, Edmund, Susan and discover Narnia by walking through a magic wardrobe. The children join Aslan‟s army and fight the White Witch. The Witch attempts to defeat Aslan by demanding Edmund‟s life. Aslan offers his life to the Witch instead; however, after she kills him, he rises from the dead and defeats her with his army of talking beasts. In the end, he crowns the Pevensie children kings and queens of Narnia. KEYWORDS: Fantasy, Fantastical world, Magic, Allegory and Mythical Creatures. An Allegory is a device in which the characters, events, actions or settings of a novel or a poem symbolise or represent ideas and concepts. It is a literary term which is used widely throughout the history of art. It is a powerful device of illustrating complex ideas in a concrete way. In it, a message is communicated by means of symbolic figures, actions or symbolic representation. It contains double meaning. It is called as an extended metaphor. It can be read on two different ways: one is Literal and Straight forward meaning and another one is Symbolic or Allegorical meaning. M. H. Abrams defines allegory as a narrative, in which the agents and actions, and sometimes the setting as well, are contrived so as to make coherent sense on the “literal,” or primary, level of signification and at the same time to communicate a second, correlated order of signification. There are two distinctive types of allegory: One is Historical and Political allegory in which the characters and actions which represent the historical personages and events. For example: Absalom and Achitophel (1681) by John Dryden. It is about the Biblical character King David represent as Charles II of England whereas Absalom, the son of the Duke of Monmouth. The Biblical story is of Absalom‟s rebellion of Monmouth against Charles II. The second type is the abstract allegory or allegory of ideas, in which the narrative can be read purely for the plot‟s pleasure or the characters are related to the names which has an allegorical sense. For example: The Pilgrim‟s Progress (1678) by John Bunyan. Here the main character named Christian represents a Christian person; Mr. Worldly Wiseman represents a man who is wise in worldly matters. Allegory is usually associated by personification in a literary work; that is in animate objects acquire human qualities and become animate. Personification is a figure of speech in which an inanimate object or an idea is given human qualities. There are variety of literary genres which are classified as species of allegory. A Fable which is a brief narrative in prose or verse that has moral in it. In this either a narrator or one of the characters of the story states the moral in the form of an Epigram. Most common is the beast fable, which includes talking animals representing human types. Fables, fairy tales and folktales are among others that can fall into the special type of allegory. C. S. Lewis‟ The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe fits into Abrams‟ definition of allegory. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is an allegory with the Biblical themes of betrayal, death and resurrection. The story takes place during the World War-II. The Pevensie children, Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy are sent from London by their mother to a village to live in a huge house of Professor Kirke. The children

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 11, 2020 are astonished to see such a huge and old country house where they have to stay. They stumble through an old wardrobe which is the gateway to the magical land of Narnia, where animals talk and magic exists. These four children meet Aslan the King of Narnia and help him to defeat the White Witch who holds Narnia under her power. The first of the children to enter into the land of Narnia is Lucy, the youngest. There she meets a friendly faun named Mr. Tumnus who confesses her that he is an agent of the White Witch and his duty is to capture any human he meets. He explains that the Witch has held Narnia under the enchantment which makes it always winter and never Christmas. The only way the Witch could be defeated is to have four humans sit on the throne in the castle of Cair Paravel. Then Tumnus let her escape from the land and she safely returns to the wardrobe. When she returns home, she explains everything to her brothers and sister but they did not believe her and they think she is either lying or crazy. But soon Edmund follows Lucy into the world and meets the White Witch who offers him with Turkish Delight extracting a promise from him, that he will bring his siblings to her. Finally, all of the children enter into the wardrobe to the land of Narnia. Lucy takes them to the house of Mr. Tumnus and later they all find out through a written notice in his house that he is arrested by the White Witch. They then go on a journey to rescue Mr. Tumnus. During the journey to find Aslan, to seek his help to rescue Mr. Tumnus, Edmund betrays his siblings and goes to join the White Witch and becomes her prisoner. After Aslan rescues Edmund, the Witch approaches him claiming the right to Edmund‟s life because of his traitorous act. But Aslan has a deal with the Witch that he will sacrifice his life for Edmund‟s place, letting her kill him. As the girls, Lucy and Susan watch him tied up and then killed, they both become so sad to see his love and kindness which made him sacrifice his own life for their brother. As they despair, he suddenly raises from death and appear before them and lead them to the aid of Peter‟s army defeating the Witch forever. Later in the castle of Cair Paravel, Aslan crowns the children the kings and queens of Narnia. The children spend years in Narnia where they grow up, to be kings and queens having many adventures, until one day they hunt in the woods and find their way back to their own world through the wardrobe. There they are children again and find out that no time at all has passed. In the Chronicles of Narnia, Lewis exemplifies the character of Jesus Christ in the Bible as the character of Aslan the lion. Narnia is a land where animals speak, thus Lewis uses a device called the personification of animals in the Narnia Chronicles. Thus, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe illustrate the union of fairy tale with Biblical truth. Narnia is a land of perfection and full of cheerfulness and it is a symbolic Eden with all the creatures living in harmony, until the White Witch seizes power and claims herself as the Queen of Narnia. The four children, Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy are considered to be the children of Adam and Eve. The children also symbolise the disciples of Jesus Christ who stumble into the world of Narnia through the wardrobe in a huge and old house they are staying in. The house is so huge and there are numerous hallways and empty rooms which is a symbolic of worldly confusion and searching that people experience before “finding God”. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe does not give any background as to how evil entered the world. But the land of Narnia is fully covered with snow which is under the spell of the White Witch where there is “always winter and never Christmas”. But for Lucy it seems quite a wonderful place where she meets a friendly faun named Mr. Tumnus and he invites her to his house to spare a cup of tea with him. There in his house, he tells the stories of the evil spell of the White Witch over the land and some of the animals and how two sons and two daughters of Adam and Eve sitting on the thrones in the Cair Paravel can break the spell. She listens the stories very eagerly and believes it. Lucy and Mr. Tumnus, are the first true friends in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Lucy gives away her handkerchief to Mr. Tumnus which is a symbol of friendship and Mr. Tumnus refuses to take his new friend to the White Witch signifies the true friendship. Friendship is later exemplified in the characters of Mr. and Mrs. Beaver, a pair of talking animals who lead the children to the , where they find Aslan and his faithful warriors. The Beavers are very loyal to Aslan and they totally oppose the action of the Witch. They believe in ancient prophecies that four humans are to rule the land of Narnia. Mr. Beaver shows the handkerchief that Lucy gave to Mr. Tumnus as a symbol of friendship and he becomes a dearest friend to Lucy. Lucy shows her loyalty to Mr. Tumnus is also driving force behind the story. In that the children do all they can to save Mr. Tumnus. Lucy is depicted as the most observant child throughout the story because without her, the children would never travel to Narnia. She is seen as a pure, innocent, concerning and a very friendly little girl. In the end, though she is crowned as the queen of Narnia, she still maintains delightful, childlike quality. Lewis shows through the innocence of Lucy, as to how every individual should lead their life in a loyal, friendly, compassionate, faithful and truthful way. Later Edmund, the second youngest, meets the White Witch for the first time when he follows Lucy to the land of Narnia through the wardrobe. He sells his soul for some Turkish Delight. Edmund‟s sin is gluttony. This story focuses on gluttony which is one of the seven deadly sins. Edmund himself allows to have the

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 11, 2020 possession on the Turkish Delight long after he leaves the Witch. Edmund‟s consumption of the Turkish Delight may also be a reference to the sin of Adam and Eve, when they ate the fruit from the forbidden Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil in the Garden of Eden. Adam and Eve also committed a sin of consumption of the fruit from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil which God warned them not to eat. And the Lord God commanded the man, saying, of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat: But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. (Genesis- 2:16, 17). So, Edmund‟s gluttony for the Turkish Delight alludes to Adam and Eve‟s desire to eat the fruit from the forbidden tree. The White Witch offers him an enchanted Turkish Delight and tempts him with the prospect of princehood. I think I would like to make you the Prince—some day when you bring the others to visit me. Edmund actually hates his brother and sisters because he feels that he is smarter than them and they are just silly and inferior creatures. The White Witch wants to kill him along with his siblings since she is aware of the prophecies and she is quite afraid whether it will become true. So, she tries to trap him by making him tempt for more Turkish Delight. Edmund‟s character is most closely allegorised to the two Biblical characters, Eve and Judas Iscariot, the betrayer of Jesus Christ. He first tempts to have more Turkish Delight just like Eve is tempted to have the fruit of the forbidden tree by the serpent. And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat. (Genesis-3:6). He then betrays his brother and sisters and the Beavers by secretly leaving them to seek the White Witch in Chapter 8. All he can think about are his worldly desires and he craves to have “Turkish Delight and to be a Prince”. Through the character of Edmund, Lewis points out the sinful nature of mankind. Edmund is seen as a traitor, selfish, unkind, a liar, a glutton, proud and ambitious character in this novel. The White Witch tempts Edmund by offering the power of Princehood is like the story of Jesus where Satan tried to tempt Him thrice in the desert. …., the devil taketh Him up into an exceeding high mountain, and sheweth Him all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them; And saith unto Him, all these things will I give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship me. (Matthew- 4:8, 9). The White Witch may not be the exact representation of Satan and the place she lives does not fit as that of Satan‟s place. But she manipulates Edmund is like the serpent in Genesis which manipulated Eve to eat the fruit the forbidden tree. The Satan actually enters into the body of a serpent and fulfilled his work of tempting the humans and made them disobey the Lord. The same thing this Witch is doing where her main aim is to capture the children and kill them and never allow Aslan to rule the land of Narnia. Thus, she is the burden of Narnia. She thinks herself the Queen of Narnia and makes everyone slaves and enchanted Narnia which made it always winter and never Christmas. She also turns her enemies to stone with her magic wand. She is the embodiment of cruelty, selfishness, power and greed. Through the character of the White Witch, Lewis shows that the mankind craves for more power and when they achieve it, they become more selfish, cruel, and greedy. The stone, winter and ice represent the absence of life and a symbol of Evil. In the end, Edmund is forgiven for his betrayal. This is one of the touching and greatest events which involves the most important allegorical theme in the Narnian Chronicles: Aslan‟s character with Jesus Christ. Aslan comes and saves Narnia from the hands of the White Witch which is like Jesus Christ who came to save the humanity from their sins. Aslan can be compared to the Son of God. He is not the Creator of Narnia but he is mentioned in this novel as “the Son of the great emperor beyond the sea”. He is a strong and fierce lion who is loyal and his actions are justifiable. The similarity between Aslan and Jesus Christ is noticeable when he forgives Edmund. He knows that Edmund has betrayed everyone but he willingly rescues Edmund from the White Witch. She claims Edmund‟s life for his traitorous act. You at least know the magic which the Emperor put into Narnia at the very beginning. You know that every traitor belongs to me as my lawful prey and that for every treachery I have a right to kill. (P. 152). Aslan then offers his own life to save Edmund‟s life. The Witch is delighted with this request from him since this will be the end of her enemy. This particular act is symbolic of Jesus Christ who sacrificed His life and died for the sins of humanity. Edmund‟s sin is symbolic of all the sins of mankind and Aslan pays for it. It is just like Jesus Christ who paid His life as a penalty for the sins of mankind.

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 11, 2020 But God commendeth His love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us. (Romans- 5:8). And He is the propitiation for our sins: and not for ours only, but also for the sins of the whole world. (1 John- 2:2). The execution of Aslan is an exact imagery to that of the death of Jesus Christ in the Bible. Aslan‟s slow and sombre walk up to the hill to the Stone Table exemplifies the walk of Jesus carrying the heavy wooden Cross on His back to the place called Golgotha. And they bring Him unto the place Golgotha, which is, being interpreted, The place of the Skull. (Mark-15:22). While Aslan is slowly walking towards the Stone Table, the two girls, Susan and Lucy follows him in grief. And both the girls cried bitterly and clung to the lion…. (P. 162). The same event happens in the Bible where Jesus walked carrying the Cross on His back, many people followed Him, including women. And there followed Him a great company of people, and of women which also bewailed and lamented Him. (Luke- 23:27).

Once Aslan is in the hands of the Witch, he is subjected to ridicule and humiliation. „Stop!‟ said the Witch. „Let him first be shaved‟…… they worked about his face putting on the muzzle…... he was surrounded by the whole crowd of creatures kicking him, hitting him, spitting on him, jeering at him. (P. 170). This is also similar to that of the Gospels. Then did they spit in His face, and buffeted Him; and others smote Him with the palms of their hands. (Matthew- 26:67). And they stripped Him, and put on Him a scarlet robe. And when they had platted a crown of thorns, they put it upon His head, and a reed in His right hand: and they bowed the knee before Him, and mocked Him saying, Hail, King of the Jews! And they spit upon Him, and took the reed, and smote Him on the head. And after that they had mocked Him, they took the robe off from Him, and put His own raiment on Him, and led Him away to crucify Him. (Matthew-27:28, 29, 30, 31). The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is the perfect symbol of the story of salvation. Once Aslan arrives at the Stone Table, he is tightly tied with ropes and muzzle, and beaten unmercifully. The same thing happens to Jesus. Here Aslan is a powerful, courageous and majestic lion who humbles and sacrifices himself for the sin of Edmund. This signifies Jesus, who is mighty, strong, courageous and yet a humble person who sacrificed Himself for the sins of mankind. The White Witch and her followers represent the Romans- Caiaphas the high priest, the elders and the soldiers. And they that had laid hold on Jesus led Him away to Caiaphas the high priest, where the scribes and the elders were assembled. (Matthew- 26:57). The hill where the Stone Table is situated represents Golgotha (the place of skull) and the Stone Table symbolises the Cross where Jesus is crucified. The Stone Table has carvings of an unknown language particularly this statement, “Thou Shalt Not Kill”. This event happens in the Bible but it has a different statement. On the Cross of Jesus, a board is laid over His head with a statement. And a superscription also was written over Him in letters of Greek, and Latin, and Hebrew, THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS. (Luke- 23:38). The allegory continues with Lucy and Susan crying, as did the disciples of Jesus Christ when He was crucified. These two girls remove the muzzle and the ropes tied on the lifeless Aslan and let him free. This symbolises the disciples taking Him from the Cross and preparing His body for burial. Then took they the body of Jesus, and wound it in linen clothes with the spices, as the manner of the Jews is to bury. (John- 19:40). Susan and Lucy turn in grief and watch the sunrise which represents a New Day- a representation of Easter where Jesus is resurrected. The moment sun rises, there is a great earthquake and the girls hear a loud wound and turn to see the Stone Table broken into two pieces and Aslan is gone. This represents two events in the Gospels. The first event happens just after Jesus gave up His spirit and suddenly the earth quaked and the veil of the temple is torn into two pieces. Jesus, when He had cried again with a loud voice, yielded up the ghost. And, behold, the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom; and the earth did quake, and the rocks rent. (Matthew- 27:50, 51). The second event happens after Jesus is buried in the tomb where the huge stone is covered the entrance of the tomb is being moved and Jesus rising from the dead.

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 11, 2020 In the end of the Sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week, came Mary for the angel of the Lord descended from Heaven, and came and rolled back the stone from the door, and sat upon it. (Mark- 28: 1, 2). Now Aslan is resurrected and his first appearance is to Susan and Lucy who were weeping by the Stone Table. This is a symbolic of the two women Mary Magdalene and Mary, the mother of James who first appeared when Jesus is resurrected. Aslan carrying Susan and Lucy on his back, runs to Witch‟s palace where the White Witch has turned the good Narnian creatures to stone with her magic wand. He breathes on each one and life returns to their souls. After every creature gets their life back, there are sounds of rejoice. The whole place rang with the sound of happy roarings, brayings, yelpings, songs and laughter. (P. 184). This is a symbolic of the Gospels. Jesus‟ gift for His resurrection is to give the Holy Spirit to His disciples which He does by breathing on them. And when He had said this, He breathed on them, and saith unto them, Receive ye the Holy Ghost: (John- 20:22). All the tree spirits, animals, centaurs, fauns, giants, unicorns and humans follow Aslan to defeat the White Witch and reclaim Narnia. Thus, Lewis has retold the story of the death and the resurrection of Aslan and Narnia. He has revolutionised the Biblical events through his wonderful novel The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Aslan and his good army conquer the White Witch‟s army. Aslant is the one who slays the White Witch and when she is killed, Good triumphs over Evil. Hence, Aslan and the White Witch are the personification of the struggle between good and evil. Over the course of the battle, Peter the eldest comes of age and when the battle is over, Lucy notices that his face has grown older. He has built on his experiences and is now capable of leading Aslan‟s army without the lion‟s guidance. Edmund, likewise, proves his courage by fighting without fear. At last he has realised his fault and proves that he has changed. He succeeds in destroying the wand which is the source of the Witch‟s power. He helps to pave the way to victory. His gift is the forgiveness of his brother and his sisters, in addition to Aslan‟s self- sacrifice which Edmund is not aware of. Lucy uses the gift of the „vial of cordial‟ from Father Christmas to heal Edmund of his wounds. She also shares the vial with all of the wounded creatures and made them alive. She is seen as an innocent and unselfish character. She is quite energetic and helpful little girl. She later becomes the queen of Narnia and was called as “Lucy the Valiant”. At last the four children sit on the four thrones in the Cair Paravel. Peter is rewarded for his courage and made a Knight. The problems between the two brothers is been solves and it seems that now they have reached a deeper level of affection than ever before. Peter, the eldest of the four children is the natural leader, recognised for his bravery and good judgement. He is considered to be upright and virtuous. So, he gets the superior power to rule Narnia. He becomes the over his brother and sisters at the castle of Cair Paravel and was called as “Peter the Magnificent”. Edmund‟s transformation is completed when Lucy gives him the juice of the fire-flower, which heals him both physically and symbolically. He is crowned as “Edmund the Just”. Lewis implies, in order to be “just”, one must have experience both with justice and with injustice. Susan‟s character is quite neglected throughout the story. She is considered to be calm, gentle, practical and cautious. She possesses characteristics ideally suited for a queen. So, Susan is made the queen and was called “Susan the Gentle”. Finally, the four children become the kings and queens of Narnia and hence the ancient prophecy is fulfilled. The children‟s reign is peaceful, good and just which is in direct contrast to the reign of the White Witch, with her secret Police and everlasting winter. They become the part of Narnia and after some time they even forget their previous lives. Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy, in other words, become a part of the fantasy. Their memories are flashed when they see the lamp-post and return to the Professor‟s house once they come out of the wardrobe. They realise that the time and the situation is not changed. Now Narnia seems to them like a dream but they believe in their experiences, and the lessons they learned remain with them. The Professor believes their story entirely because his past experiences have shown him that the children are truthful. Their fantastic story, therefore, must be real. Through this story, Lewis suggests that fables are not impossible, but are at the very least truthful in the lessons that they teach. In Narnia, the children are exposed to crucial lessons about friendship, loyalty, forgiveness, faith, courage, good judgement, realisation and self- sacrifice. The world that Lewis presents to his readers becomes a vehicle through which everyone could learn the crucial elements of personal and spiritual growth. Hence, the myth of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe draws a direct parallel to the story of Jesus Christ.

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 11, 2020 Conclusion: Now that I am a Christian, I do have moods in which the whole thing looks very improbable: but when I was an Atheist, I had moods in which Christianity looked terribly probable. (Mere Christianity P. 140). The writings of C. S. Lewis have influenced people all over the world. His works motivated many Christians over the course of many decades. It offered readers intellectually satisfying answers to moral life and encouraged them to walk in faith and obedience. He became a writer only after accepting Christ in his life. he started writing many essays like Faith, Christianity and the Church, Image and Imagination, The Allegory of Love, Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Literature, Mere Christianity and so on. His famous novel series The Chronicles of Narnia reveals humanity. His works are based on the relation between the Creator and the Creation (God and Humanity). The three „S‟ that he used in his works are Spirituality, Sin and Sanctification. His works offered readers a deeper understanding of how Lewis‟ fascinating insights on the Christian life can lead them to a deeper awareness of God‟s presence and work in their own lives. Readers who generally interested in literature and religion, as well as those who have a particular regard for the academic work of C. S. Lewis or who simply like good English prose style will get more attached to his works. Every writer from the ancient period to modern period has created their own imaginary or fictitious place in their works which evoked Lewis to create his own mythical place called Narnia which is considered as Heaven. Narnia can easily be compared to Heaven or the Garden of Eden as it is a vast place with wonderful creation of God. Moreover, it is considered to be the land of perfection which Lewis too created in his fantastical land called Narnia. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, is a rare abstract of biblical stories and symbolism. There are mythical creatures that Lewis used in this novel but still the plot is a symbolic representation to the story of Salvation found in the Gospels. It is a wonderful novel as to how he relates the character of Aslan to the character of Jesus Christ in the Bible. He used a Biblical motif and simplified it for better understanding for children‟s attention. He presents Christian faith and morality in an allegorical form to child readers. The use of simple English and captivating illustrations in the novel and the intense imagination and religious enthusiasm made him the most predominant writer of Children‟s fiction. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe through kindling imagination brings readers to God. His goal in writing the Narnian Chronicles was to write a good story rather than simply a Christian story. Fortunately, through his imagination, creativity of mythical elements and allegorical representation of Biblical story, he successfully touched the hearts of the readers and especially child readers. This story is an allegory of the Crucification of Jesus Christ and the sacrifice of His own life for the sins of humanity. There is a verse in the Bible Verily I say unto you, whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child, he shall not enter therein. (Mark- 10:15). Lewis opened the hearts of young readers who after reading The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe adored the lovely character of Aslan. He actually fashioned Aslan to be just like Christ. The character of Aslan is the direct personification of the character of Jesus Christ. He chose Aslan as a mighty lion because in the Bible, Jesus is referred as “the Lion of the Tribe of Juda” (Rev- 5:5) and he also thought the lion which is called as “the King of the Jungle”. This shows Lewis‟ intellectual and imaginary quality that made him to write this wonderful masterpiece novel. Thus, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe proves itself to be an allegory. REFERENCE Primary Sources: [1] Lewis, C. S. The Chronicles of Narnia- The Magician‟s Nephew, Great Britain: Harpercollins Publishers Ltd London, 1955. Print. [2] ---. The Chronicles of Narnia- The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Great Britain: Harpercollins Publishers Ltd London, 1950. Print. Secondary Sources: [3] Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms: Macmillan Publishers India Ltd., 1978. Print. [4] Abrams, M. H. and Geoffrey Galt Harpham. A Glossary to Literary Terms: Cengage Learning India Private Limited Delhi, 2015. Print. [5] James, King. The Holy Bible: Trinitarian Bible Society. Print. [6] Lewis, C. S. Mere Christianity, Great Britain: William Collins publishers Ltd London, 2016. Print.

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