The Game Stats Appendix A: Further Reading

Checkers Organizations American Checker Federation (ACF). http://usacheckers.com. Membership in- cludes the bimonthly ACF Bulletin. English Draughts Association (EDA). http://home.clara.net/davey. Membership includes the occasional English Draughts Journal.

Checkers Irving Chernev, The Compleat Draughts Player, Oxford University Press, 1981. A readable and instructive book including the history of the game, openings, strate- gies, endgames, problem solving, and classic games. Chernev is one of the few players to reach the title of master in both chess and checkers. Robert Pike, Checker Power: A Game of Problem Solving, Charlesbridge Pub- lishing, 1997. Pike has authored a series of readable books on using checkers for problem solving (and fun). Robert L. Schuffett, Checkers the Tinsley Way, published privately, 1982. Avail- able through the ACF. This book contains over seven hundred of Tinsley’s games, along with pictures, anecdotes, and statistics from his remarkable career. Richard Pask, The Legendary MFT, Checkered Thinking, 2007. Available at http://www.bobnewell.net/nucleus/checkers.php. The most comprehensive collec- tion of material on Tinsley. Richard Fortman, Basic Checkers, seven volumes, privately published. Available from the ACF and at http://home.clara.net/davey/basicche.html. A detailed intro- duction to the main lines of play of the three-move ballot openings.

Computer Checkers History Christopher Strachey, “Digital Computers Applied to Games,” Faster Than Thought, B.V. Bowden (editor), Pitman & Sons, London, 1953. Arthur Samuel, “Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Check- ers,” IBM Journal of Research and Development 3, 1959, pp. 210-229.

549 550 One Jump Ahead

Arthur Samuel, “Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers—Recent Progress,” IBM Journal of Research and Development 11, 1967, pp. 601-617. Tom Truscott, “The Duke Checkers Program,” Journal of Recreational Mathe- matics 12(4), 1979-80, pp. 241-247. David N.L. Levy (ed.), Computer Games, Volumes I and II, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988. Contains the pioneering research papers for computer game play- ing. Volume I contains backgammon, chess, checkers (Strachey’s and Samuel’s works), and Scrabble. Volume II contains bridge, chemin-de-fer, dama, dominoes, Go, Gomoku, halma, hearts, Othello, poker, push-over, and Qubic.

Solving Checkers The papers in this section plus earlier CHINOOK-related solving work are avail- able at http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/˜chinook. Jonathan Schaeffer, Neil Burch, Yngvi Bjornsson,¨ Akihiro Kishimoto, Martin Muller,¨ Rob Lake, Paul Lu, and Steve Sutphen, “Checkers is Solved,” Science 317(5844), 2007, pp. 1518-1522. The definitive article on solving checkers. Jonathan Schaeffer, Yngvi Bjornsson,¨ Neil Burch, Akihiro Kishimoto, Martin Muller,¨ Rob Lake, Paul Lu, and Steve Sutphen, “Solving Checkers,” International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), 2005, pp. 292-297. Reporting the first solved checkers opening, the White Doctor.

CHINOOK The papers in this section plus additional CHINOOK-related work are available at http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/˜chinook. Jonathan Schaeffer, Joseph Culberson, Norman Treloar, Brent Knight, Paul Lu, and Duane Szafron, “A World Championship Caliber Checkers Program,” Artificial Intelligence 53(2-3), 1992, pp. 273-290. The definitive paper on CHINOOK, circa 1991. Unfortunately, we haven’t written an update to this paper to reflect work done subsequently. Jonathan Schaeffer, Yngvi Bjornsson,¨ Neil Burch, Rob Lake, Paul Lu, and Steve Sutphen, “Building the Checkers 10-piece Endgame Databases,” Advances in Com- puter Games 10, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003, pp. 193-210. The paper de- scribes the techniques used to build the ten-piece endgame databases. Yngvi Bjornsson,¨ Jonathan Schaeffer, and Nathan Sturtevant, “Partial Informa- tion Endgame Databases,” Advances in Computer Games 11, Lecture Notes in Com- puting Science #4250, Springer-Verlag, 2005, pp. 11-22. The techniques used to build the partial-information endgame databases. Jonathan Schaeffer, Robert Lake, Paul Lu, and Martin Bryant, “CHINOOK: The World Man-Machine Checkers Champion,” AI Magazine 17(1), 1996, pp. 21-29. The story of the 1994-95 world championship matches. Jonathan Schaeffer, Norman Treloar, Paul Lu, and Robert Lake, “Man Versus Machine for the World Checkers Championship,” AI Magazine 14(2), 1993, pp. 28- 35. The story of the 1992 world championship match. Appendix A: Further Reading 551

Programming Computers to Play Games Jonathan Schaeffer and Jaap van den Herik (eds.), Chips Challenging Champi- ons, Elsevier Science Publishers, 2002. Also appears as a special issue of Artifi- cial Intelligence 134(2), 2002. Contains papers on the latest advances in computer games, including chess, poker, Scrabble, backgammon, and Go. Peter Frey (ed.), Chess Skill in Man and Machine, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1977 (1st edition), 1983 (2nd edition). Although the original edition is over thirty years old, this book is still a gem. If you are interested in writing a chess or checkers program, the Slate and Atkins paper is a historic landmark. Journal of the International Computer Games Association (formerly the Journal of the International Computer Chess Association), http://www.cs.unimaas.nl/icga. A quarterly publication describing the latest results and advances in computers play- ing the classic board and card games. Feng-hsiung Hsu, Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion, Princeton University Press, 2002. Hsu relates his personal experiences as part of the DEEP BLUE team.

Solving Games Links to all the papers in this section and other solving-related works can be found at http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/˜chinook. John Romein and Henri Bal, “Solving Awari with Parallel Retrograde Analysis,” IEEE Computer 36(10), 2003, pp. 26-33. The techniques used to solve Awari. Jaap van den Herik, Jos Uiterwijk, and Jack van Rijswijck, “Games Solved: Now and in the Future,” Artificial Intelligence 134, 2002, pp. 277-311. Also in Chips Challenging Champions (see above). An excellent overview of the state of the art for solving games circa 2001. Victor Allis, Searching for Solutions in Artificial Intelligence, Ph.D. thesis, De- partment of Computer Science, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Nether- lands, 1994. Allis discusses the techniques he used to solve Qubic and Gomoku, including proof-number search. The Wikipedia (http://www.wikipedia.org) has an excellent article on the subject (look under “solved board games”).

Artificial Intelligence Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Prentice Hall (multiple editions). A hefty book with both high-level overviews and detailed information. The best book on the market. Appendix B: Tinsley’s Record

The sources for this information are Richard Pask’s The Legendary MFT and Robert Schuffett’s Checkers the Tinsley Way. Year Formative Years (1945-1950) Result W-L-D 1945 South Louisiana 1st 1945 Ohio State Junior Championship vs. R. McDowell won 7-0-4 1945 Match vs. Carrol Binsack lost 1-2-7 1946 Inter-State 1st 1946 Cedar Point 1st 1946 U.S. National Championship 2nd 1947 6th District Championship 1st 1947 Chicago Open 1st 1947 Ohio State Open 1st 1947 U.S. Junior Championship vs. Maurice Chamblee won 3-2-25 1948 Ohio State Open 1st 1948 Cedar Point 1st (tied) 1948 U.S. National Championship 1st 1949 Ohio State Open 1st 1949 Cedar Point 1st 1949 Canadian Open 1st 1949 6th District Championship 1st (tied) 1950 Match vs. Ralph Banks won 1-0-5 1950 Match vs. Jack Cox won 1-0-5 1950 Match vs. Roy Hunt won 3-0-11 1950 Cedar Point 1st 1950 Canadian Open 1st 1950 U.S. National Championship 5th

553 554 One Jump Ahead

Year Peak Years (1951-1995) Result W-L-D 1951 Lakeside 1st 1952 Match vs. Maurice Chamblee won 1-0-7 1952 Lakeside 1st 1952 Canadian Open 1st (tie) 1952 World Two-Move Championship vs. Newell Banks won 3-0-37 1952 Match vs. William Fraser won 14-0-26 1954 Match vs. Alex Cameron won 4-0-8 1954 U.S. National Championship 1st 1955 World Three-Move Championship vs. Walter Hellman won 3-0-35 1956 U.S. National Championship 1st 1957 British Isles matches N/A 13-0-16 1957 Match vs. James Marshall won 1-0-7 1958 Match vs. Harold Freyer drawn 0-0-10 1958 British Open 1st 1958 World Three-Move Championship vs. Derek Oldbury won 9-1-24 1970 Southern States Championship 1st 1970 U.S. National Championship 1st 1974 Florida Open 1st 1974 Lakeside 1st 1974 Southern States Championship 1st 1974 U.S. National Championship 1st 1975 Florida Open 1st 1975 Lakeside 1st 1975 Southern States Championship 1st 1976 Florida Open 1st 1977 Florida Open 1st 1978 U.S. National Championship 1st 1979 World Three-Move Championship vs. Elbert Lowder won 15-0-10 1981 World Three-Move Championship vs. Asa Long won 3-0-34 1982 Southern States Championship 1st 1982 U.S. National Championship 1st 1983 U.S.-Great Britain International match 1st board 1985 World Three-Move Championship vs. Asa Long won 6-1-28 1986 Match vs. Ron King won 3-0-11 1986 Match vs. J. Wolcott won 2-0-4 1987 World Three-Move Championship vs. Don Lafferty won 2-0-36 1989 World Three-Move Championship vs. Paul Davis won 10-0-20 1989 U.S.-U.S.S.R. match 1st board 1990 U.S. National Championship 1st 1990 Match vs. CHINOOK won 1-0-13 1992 Man-Machine World Championship vs. CHINOOK won 4-2-33 1994 Mississippi State Championship 1st 1994 U.S. National Championship 1st-3rd 1994 Man-Machine World Championship vs. CHINOOK forfeit 0-0-6 Appendix B: Tinsley’s Record 555

The following is a list of games lost by Marion Tinsley in serious tournaments and matches. The principal source for this information is Richard Pask’s The Leg- endary MFT. Year Opponent Event 1945 Carrol Binsack Match 1945 Carrol Binsack Match 1946 Willie Ryan U.S. National Championship 1946 Willie Ryan U.S. National Championship 1946 Everett Fuller U.S. National Championship 1946 Abe Bernstein U.S. National Championship 1946 Maurice Chamblee U.S. National Championship 1947 Maurice Chamblee U.S. Junior Championship match 1947 Maurice Chamblee U.S. Junior Championship match 1947 Perry Gray Ohio State Open 1947 Bobby Martin Chicago Open 1948 E. Zuber Ohio State Open 1948 George Farley Cedar Point 1949 Roy Hunt 6th District Championship 1949 Barney Talis Ohio State Open 1950 Alex Cameron U.S. National Championship 1950 George McRitchie Canadian Open 1958 Derek Oldbury World Three-Move Championship 1975 Everett Fuller Florida Open 1985 Asa Long World Three-Move Championship 1992 CHINOOK World Man-Machine Championship match, game 8 1992 CHINOOK World Man-Machine Championship match, game 14

Richard Pask records Tinsley losses in the following casual games: Year Opponent Type of Game 1945 Asa Long practice 1946 W. Stacey practice 1948 G. Bass postal 1950 Gilbert Romine simultaneous exhibition 1954 Carm Avery simultaneous exhibition 1956 P. Thompson practice 1957 R. Surgenour simultaneous exhibition 1960 P. Thompson practice 1980 Don Lafferty practice Appendix C: CHINOOK’s Record

Formative Years (1989-1993) Result W-L-D 1989 Computer Olympiad 1st 1990 Mississippi State Championship 1st 1990 U.S. National Championship 2nd 1990 Computer Olympiad 2nd 1990 Match vs. Marion Tinsley lost 0-1-13 1991 Match vs. Don Lafferty lost 2-3-11 1992 Match vs. Asa Long drawn 1-1-18 1992 Match vs. Jim Loy won 3-0-1 1992 Southern States Open 1st 1992 U.S. National Championship 3rd-8th 1992 World Man-Machine Championship vs. Marion Tinsley lost 2-4-33 1993 Match vs. Don Lafferty lost 1-3-14 1993 Match vs. COLOSSUS won 9-2-43

Peak Years (1994-1997) Result W-L-D 1994 Match vs. Derek Oldbury won 3-0-9 1994 Match vs. Don Lafferty drawn 0-0-18 1994 Southern States Open 1st 1994 U.S. National Championship 1st-3rd 1994 World Man-Machine Championship vs. Marion Tinsley win (forfeit) 0-0-6 1994 World Man-Machine Championship vs. Don Lafferty drawn 1-1-18 1995 World Man-Machine Championship vs. Don Lafferty won 1-0-31 1996 Match vs. Jerry Childers won 8-0-12 1996 Southern States Open 1st 1996 U.S. National Championship 1st 1997 Match vs. Ron King won 1-0-1

557 Appendix D: CHINOOK Technical Specifications

Legend

Event:CHINOOK tournaments and matches. Computer: The computer used by CHINOOK for that event. Manufacturers in- clude: HP = Hewlett-Packard IBM = International Business Machines SGI = Silicon Graphics International Sun = Sun Microsystems Proc: The number of processors available on the machine and the number actually used. RAM: Machine memory in megabytes. SP: Machine speed as measured using the popular SPECi benchmark. The larger the number, the faster the computer. Pos: The time in seconds taken by PHOENIX to analyze a standard set of chess positions. It was tempting to put the CHINOOK numbers here but since the program was continually changing, this would be misleading. For exam- ple, before the 1992 Tinsley match the evaluation function was modified, and it became much more expensive to compute. The PHOENIX numbers were compiled by Steve Sutphen. Since 1986 he has been using an old version of PHOENIX to assess the speed of comput- ers. Note that the SPECi numbers are the published speed of the computer, while the PHOENIX numbers represent the observed speed of a particular application. Of interest is that by the SPECi benchmark, the SGI Chal- lenge is faster than the Sun-4/260 by a factor of 94/7 = 13.5. According to the PHOENIX test, a program similar in structure to CHINOOK, the im- provement factor is only 3500/357 = 9.8. For some reason CHINOOK’s and PHOENIX’s performance never quite matched up with the manufacturer’s advertised claims. **: Numbers not available.

559 560 One Jump Ahead

Event Computer Proc RAM SP Pos

1989 Computer Olympiad Sun 4/260 1 32 7 3500 1990 Mississippi State IBM RS6000/520 1 32 16 1800 1990 U.S. Championship IBM RS6000/520 1 32 16 1800 1990 Computer Olympiad IBM RS6000/520 1 64 16 1800 1990 Match vs. Tinsley SGI 4D/340 (innisfree) 4/1 64 22 1327 1991 Match vs. Lafferty SGI 4D/340 (innisfree) 4/1 64 22 1327 1992 Match vs. Long SGI 4D/340 (innisfree) 4/1 64 22 1327 1992 Match vs. Loy SGI 4D/340 (innisfree) 4/1 64 22 1327 1992 Southern States SGI 4D/480 8/8 64 25 ** 1992 U.S. Championship SGI 4D/480 8/8 64 25 ** 1992 Match vs. Tinsley SGI 4D/480 8/8 256 25 ** 1993 Match vs. Lafferty HP 9000/720 (hobbema) 1 32 39 629

1993 Match vs. COLOSSUS HP 9000/720 (hobbema) 1 32 39 629 1994 Match vs. Oldbury SGI Challenge 150 MHz (quebec) 20/1 1024 94 357 1994 Match vs. Lafferty SGI Challenge 150 MHz (hawaii) 8/4 512 94 357 1994 Southern States SGI Challenge 150 MHz (hawaii) 8/8 512 94 357 1994 U.S. Championship SGI Challenge 150 MHz 8/8 512 94 357 1994 Match vs. Tinsley SGI Challenge 150 MHz 16/16 1024 94 357 1994 Match vs. Lafferty SGI Challenge 150 MHz 16/16 1024 94 357 1995 Match vs. Lafferty SGI Challenge 150 MHz 8/8 512 94 357 1996 Match vs. Childers SGI Challenge 150 MHz 8/1 192 94 357 1996 Southern States SGI Challenge 150 MHz 8/8 192 94 357 1996 U.S. Championship SGI Challenge 150 MHz 8/8 384 94 357 1997 Match vs. Ron King SGI Challenge 150 MHz 8/8 384 94 357 Appendix E: Tinsley–CHINOOK games

1990 U.S. National Championship Tupelo, August 12, 1990

CHINOOK - Tinsley 1 1. d6-e5 a3-b4 2. f6-g5 c3-d4 3. e5×c3 b2×d4 4. g7-f6 b4-a5 5. b6-c5 d4×b6 6. a7×c5 a1-b2 7. g5-h4 g3-f4 8. f6-g5 f4-e5 9. h8-g7 e3-f4 10. g5×e3 f2×d4×b6 11. b8-a7 b2-a3 12. a7×c5 e5-d6 13. c7×e5 a5-b6 14. g7-f6 b6-a7 15. h6-g5 a7-b8=k 16. g5-f4 b8-a7 17. d8-c7 d2-c3 18. c5-d4 c3-b4 19. e7-d6 b4-a5 20. d6-c5 a7-b8 21. c7-d6 b8-c7 22. d4-c3 a5-b6 23. c3-b2 c7-d8 24. f8-e7 b6-a7 25. b2-a1=k a7-b8=k 26. a1-b2 e1-d2 27. b2-a1 b8-c7 28. a1-b2 c7-b8 29. b2-a1 b8-c7 30. a1-b2 c7-b8 31. b2-a1 d8-c7 32. a1-b2 b8-a7 33. b2-a1 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 2 1. d6-e5 a3-b4 2. f6-g5 b4-a5 3. g5-h4 c3-d4 4. e5×c3 b2×d4 5. g7-f6 a1-b2 6. b6-c5 d4×b6 7. a7×c5 g3-f4 8. f6-g5 d2-c3 9. c5-b4 e1-d2 10. e7-d6 b2-a3 11. f8- e7 a3×c5 12. d6×b4 c3-d4 13. h8-g7 h2-g3 14. c7-b6 a5×c7 15. b8×d6 c1-b2 16. b4-a3 b2-c3 17. a3-b2 c3-b4 18. b2-c1=k d4-e5 19. d8-c7 e5-f6 20. g7×e5 b4-c5 21. d6×b4 f4×d6×b8=k 22. c1-b2 e3-d4 23. e7-f6 d2-e3 24. b2-c3 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 3 1. f6-g5 a3-b4 2. e7-f6 b4-c5 3. d6×b4 c3×a5 4. f6-e5 e3-f4 5. g5×e3 d2×f4×d6 6. c7×e5 a5×c7 7. b8×d6 f2-e3 8. g7-f6 b2-c3 9. f6-g5 g3-f4 10. e5×g3 h2×f4 11. h8-g7 a1-b2 12. g7-f6 c3-d4 13. g5-h4 g1-f2 14. f8-e7 c1-d2 15. f6-e5 d4×f6 16. e7×g5 d2-c3 17. d8-c7 c3-b4 18. c7-b6 b4-a5 19. d6-c5 a5×c7 20. c5-d4 e3×c5 21. g5×e3×g1=k Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 4 1. f6-g5 a3-b4 2. e7-f6 b4-c5 3. d6×b4 c3×a5 4. f6-e5 e3-f4 5. g5×e3 d2×f4×d6 6. c7×e5 a5×c7 7. b8×d6 b2-c3 8. g7-f6 a1-b2 9. h6-g5 g3-h4 10. g5-f4 b2-a3 11. h8-g7 f2-g3 12. d6-c5 c3-b4 13. c5-d4 h4-g5 14. f6×h4×f2 g1×e3×c5 15. g7-h6 c5-d6 16. f4-g3 h2×f4 17. e5×g3 b4-a5 Draw

561 562 One Jump Ahead Exhibition Match Edmonton, December 11-14, 1990

CHINOOK - Tinsley 1 1. d6-c5 e3-f4 2. c7-d6 f4-e5 3. d6×f4 g3×e5 4. f6×d4 c3×e5 5. e7-f6 d2-c3 6. f6×d4 c3×e5 7. c5-b4 a3×c5 8. b6×d4 h2-g3 9. h6-g5 g3-h4 10. g5-f4 h4-g5 11. b8-c7 e1-d2 12. g7-h6 g5-f6 13. h6-g5 b2-a3 14. c7-b6 e5-d6 15. f8-g7 f6-e7 16. d8×f6 d6-e7 17. f6-e5 e7-f8=k 18. g5-h4 f8×h6 19. f4-g3 f2-e3 20. d4×f2 g1×e3 21. g3-f2 d2-c3 22. f2-e1=k e3-d4 23. e5-f4 h6-g5 24. f4-g3 d4-e5 25. g3-h2 g5-f4 26. h8-g7 e5-d6 27. e1-f2 d6-e7 28. f2-g3 f4-e3 29. g7-h6 e7-d8=k 30. g3-f4 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 2 1. d6-c5 e3-f4 2. c7-d6 f2-e3 3. b6-a5 c3-d4 4. f6-e5 d4×b6 5. a7×c5 b2-c3 6. e7- f6 c1-b2 7. b8-a7 c3-d4 8. e5×c3 b2×d4×b6 9. a7×c5 d2-c3 10. f6-e5 g3-h4 11. e5×g3 h2×f4 12. f8-e7 c3-d4 13. c5-b4 a3×c5 14. d6×b4 d4-c5 15. e7-d6 c5×e7 16. d8×f6 g1-h2 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 3 1. d6-e5 g3-h4 2. e5-f4 e3×g5 3. h6×f4 f2-g3 4. e7-d6 g3×e5 5. d6×f4 a3-b4 6. f6-e5 g1-f2 7. c7-d6 b4-c5 8. b6×d4 d2-e3 9. f4×d2 c1×e3×c5×e7 10. f8×d6 h4- g5 11. g7-f6 g5×e7 12. d8×f6 c3-d4 13. e5×c3 b2×d4 14. a7-b6 a1-b2 15. h8-g7 h2-g3 16. b8-a7 b2-c3 17. b6-a5 f2-e3 18. a7-b6 g3-f4 19. g7-h6 e1-f2 20. f6-g5 f2-g3 21. g5-h4 d4-e5 22. h4×f2 e5×c7 23. f2-e1=k c7-b8=k 24. b6-c5 c3-d4 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 4 1. d6-e5 g3-h4 2. e5-f4 e3×g5 3. h6×f4 f2-g3 4. e7-d6 g3×e5 5. d6×f4 a3-b4 6. f6- e5 g1-f2 7. c7-d6 b4-c5 8. b6×d4 d2-e3 9. f4×d2 c1×e3×c5×e7 10. f8×d6 h4-g5 11. g7-h6 f2-g3 12. h6×f4 c3-d4 13. e5×c3 g3×e5×c7 14. b8×d6 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 5 1. d6-e5 a3-b4 2. f6-g5 b4-a5 3. g5-h4 g3-f4 4. e5×g3 h2×f4 5. g7-f6 c3-d4 6. h8- g7 b2-a3 7. b6-c5 d4×b6 8. a7×c5 a1-b2 9. e7-d6 f4-g5 10. h6×f4 e3×g5×e7 11. d8×f6 b2-c3 12. f6-e5 c3-b4 13. e5-d4 c1-b2 14. g7-f6 d2-e3 15. d6-e5 b4×d6 16. d4-c3 b2×d4 17. e5×c3 d6-e7 18. f8×d6 e3-d4 19. c3-b2 a3-b4 20. b2-c1=k d4-c5 21. d6-e5 c5-d6 22. e5-d4 d6-e7 23. d4-c3 b4-c5 24. c7-d6 c5-b6 25. d6-c5 e7-f8=k 26. c5-b4 f8-e7 27. b8-a7 e7×g5 28. a7×c5 a5-b6 29. b4-a3 g5-f4 30. a3-b2 f4-e5 31. b2-a1=k e5-d6 32. c5-b4 d6-c5 33. b4-a3 c5-b4 34. c1-d2 b6-c7 35. a1-b2 c7- d8=k 36. b2-a1 d8-c7 37. a1-b2 c7-b6 38. b2-a1 b6-c5 39. a1-b2 c5-b6 40. b2-a1 b6-c5 41. a1-b2 c5-b6 42. b2-a1 b6-c5 43. a1-b2 f2-e3 44. d2×f4 b4×d2 45. b2-c1 d2-c3 46. c1-d2 c5-b4 47. d2-e3 e1-f2 48. a3-b2 c3×a1 49. e3-d2 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 6 1. d6-e5 a3-b4 2. f6-g5 b4-a5 3. g5-h4 c3-d4 4. e5×c3 b2×d4 5. g7-f6 a1-b2 6. b6- c5 d4×b6 7. a7×c5 b2-a3 8. e7-d6 d2-c3 9. f8-e7 c3-b4 10. f6-e5 g3-f4 11. e5×g3 h2×f4 12. e7-f6 c1-d2 13. h8-g7 f4-g5 14. h6×f4 e3×g5×e7 15. d8×f6 d2-e3 16. f6-e5 a5-b6 17. c7×a5×c3 e3-d4 18. c5×e3 f2×d4×f6×h8=k 19. d6-c5 h8-g7 20. c3-b2 g7-f6 Draw Appendix E: Tinsley–CHINOOK games 563

Tinsley - CHINOOK 7 1. f6-g5 c3-d4 2. g7-f6 g3-f4 3. h8-g7 b2-c3 4. g5-h4 c3-b4 5. f6-g5 b4-a5 6. b6-c5 d4×b6 7. a7×c5 d2-c3 8. c5-b4 a3×c5 9. d6×b4×d2 e1×c3 10. e7-d6 c3-d4 11. g7-f6 c1-b2 12. d8-e7 h2-g3 13. d6-e5 f4×d6 14. c7×e5×c3 b2×d4 15. e7-d6 g3-f4 16. b8-a7 a1-b2 17. d6-c5 d4×b6 18. a7×c5 b2-c3 19. c5-b4 c3-d4 20. b4-c3 a5-b6 21. c3-d2 d4-e5 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 8 1. f6-g5 c3-d4 2. g7-f6 b2-c3 3. g5-h4 g3-f4 4. h8-g7 c3-b4 5. f6-g5 d2-c3 6. b6-c5 d4×b6 7. c7×a5 c1-d2 8. a7-b6 a1-b2 9. d8-c7 b4-c5 10. b6×d4 c3×e5 11. d6- c5 h2-g3 12. e7-d6 b2-c3 13. c5-d4 e3×c5×e7 14. g5×e3×c1=k e5-d6 15. c7×e5 e1-d2 16. f8×d6 a3-b4 17. c1×e3 f2×d4×f6×h8=k 18. h4×f2 g1×e3 19. d6-e5 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 9 1. b6-a5 a3-b4 2. c7-b6 b2-a3 3. f6-e5 g3-f4 4. e5×g3 h2×f4 5. g7-f6 c3-d4 6. a5×c3 d2×b4 7. b6-c5 d4×b6 8. a7×c5 a1-b2 9. f6-e5 f2-g3 10. e7-f6 b2-c3 11. f8-g7 b4-a5 12. b8-c7 c1-d2 13. e5-d4 c3×e5 14. f6×d4×f2 g1×e3 15. g7-f6 g3-h4 16. h8-g7 f4-g5 17. h6×f4 e3×g5×e7 18. d8×f6 d2-e3 19. g7-h6 e1-d2 20. f6-e5 h4-g5 21. h6×f4 e3×g5 22. c5-d4 g5-f6 23. e5-f4 f6-e7 24. d6-e5 e7-f8=k 25. c7-d6 a5-b6 26. f4-e3 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 10 1. b6-a5 a3-b4 2. c7-b6 b2-a3 3. f6-e5 g3-f4 4. e5×g3 h2×f4 5. g7-f6 c3-d4 6. a5×c3 d2×b4 7. b6-c5 d4×b6 8. a7×c5 a1-b2 9. f6-g5 b2-c3 10. h8-g7 g1-h2 11. g7-f6 c1-d2 12. b8-c7 c3-d4 13. g5-h4 d4×b6 14. c7×a5×c3 d2×b4 15. d6-c5 b4×d6 16. e7×c5 e1-d2 17. f6-g5 f4-e5 18. d8-c7 e5-f6 19. c7-d6 f6-g7 20. g5-f4 e3×g5 21. h6×f4 g7-h8=k 22. c5-d4 a3-b4 23. d4-c3 f2-e3 24. c3×e1=k e3×g5 25. e1-d2 g5-h6 26. d2-c3 b4-a5 27. c3-d4 a5-b6 28. d4-e5 h8-g7 29. d6-c5 b6-c7 30. c5-d4 c7-d8=k 31. d4-e3 d8-c7 32. e3-f2 c7-b6 33. f2-e1=k b6-a7 34. e1-f2 a7-b6 35. f2-e3 b6-c7 36. e3-f4 Tinsley wins

Tinsley - CHINOOK 11 1. h6-g5 e3-d4 2. g5-f4 g3×e5 3. d6×f4 a3-b4 4. b6-c5 b4×d6 5. e7×c5×e3 f2×d4 6. f6-e5 d4×f6 7. g7×e5 c3-d4 8. e5×c3 b2×d4 9. c7-d6 a1-b2 10. h8-g7 g1-f2 11. b8-c7 f2-e3 12. g7-h6 e3×g5 13. h6×f4 e1-f2 14. f8-g7 b2-c3 15. g7-f6 f2-e3 16. f6-g5 d4-e5 17. g5-h4 e3×g5 18. d6×f4 d2-e3 19. f4×d2 c1×e3 20. c7-d6 g5-f6 21. a7-b6 f6-g7 22. d6-c5 g7-f8=k 23. b6-a5 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 12 1. h6-g5 e3-d4 2. g5-f4 g3×e5 3. d6×f4 a3-b4 4. b6-c5 b4×d6 5. e7×c5×e3 f2×d4 6. f6-e5 d4×f6 7. g7×e5 c3-d4 8. e5×c3 b2×d4 9. c7-d6 g1-f2 10. h8-g7 a1-b2 11. a7-b6 b2-c3 12. b8-c7 f2-g3 13. f8-e7 g3×e5 14. d6×f4 e1-f2 15. c7-d6 f2-g3 16. d8-c7 g3×e5 17. d6×f4 c3-b4 18. e7-d6 d2-e3 19. f4×d2 c1×e3 Draw 564 One Jump Ahead

CHINOOK - Tinsley 13 1. d6-e5 c3-b4 2. e5-f4 g3×e5 3. f6×d4 e3×c5 4. b6×d4 d2-e3 5. c7-b6 e3×c5 6. b6×d4 c1-d2 7. a7-b6 h2-g3 8. g7-f6 b4-c5 9. b6-a5 d2-e3 10. b8-a7 g3-h4 11. f6-e5 a3-b4 12. a5×c3 f2-g3 13. d4×f2 b2×d4×f6 14. e7×g5 h4×f6 15. f8-g7 g1×e3 16. g7×e5 a1-b2 17. e5-d4 g3-h4 18. d4×f2 e1×g3 19. d8-c7 b2-c3 20. c7-b6 c5-d6 21. b6-c5 d6-e7 22. a7-b6 e7-d8=k 23. b6-a5 d8-e7 24. c5-b4 c3-d4 25. b4-c3 e7-d6 26. a5-b4 d6-c5 27. b4-a3 d4-e5 28. c3-d2 c5-d4 29. d2-e1=k d4-e3 30. h8-g7 g3-f4 31. a3-b2 e5-d6 32. b2-c1=k d6-e7 33. e1-d2 e7-f8=k 34. d2-c3 f4-e5 35. c1-b2 f8-e7 36. b2-c1 e7-d6 37. c1-b2 d6-c7 38. b2-c1 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 14 1. d6-e5 c3-b4 2. e5-f4 g3×e5 3. f6×d4 e3×c5 4. b6×d4 d2-e3 5. c7-b6 e3×c5 6. b6×d4 c1-d2 7. a7-b6 b4-c5 8. b6-a5 d2-e3 9. b8-a7 a3-b4 10. a5×c3 c5-b6 11. a7×c5 f2-g3 12. d4×f2 b2×d4×b6 13. g7-f6 g1×e3 14. h6-g5 a1-b2 15. h8-g7 g3- f4 16. g7-h6 b2-c3 17. e7-d6 b6-a7 18. g5-h4 e1-f2 19. d6-c5 a7-b8=k 20. f6-g5 f4-e5 21. f8-g7 b8-a7 22. d8-c7 a7-b8 23. c7-b6 e5-d6 24. b6-a5 d6-e7 25. c5-b4 c3-d4 26. b4-c3 e7-f8=k 27. g5-f4 e3×g5 28. h6×f4 f8×h6 29. f4-e3 b8-c7 30. e3×g1=k Draw

1992 World Man-Machine Championship Match London, August 17-29, 1992

CHINOOK - Tinsley 1 1. d6-e5 e3-d4 2. c7-d6 d4-c5 3. b6×d4 g3-f4 4. e5×g3 c3×e5×c7 5. b8×d6 h2×f4 6. f6-e5 f2-g3 7. g7-f6 b2-c3 8. f6-g5 d2-e3 9. a7-b6 c3-b4 10. g5-h4 e1-f2 11. h8-g7 b4-a5 12. g7-f6 a5×c7 13. d8×b6 a1-b2 14. f6-g5 a3-b4 15. e7-f6 b4-a5 16. b6-c5 a5-b6 17. c5-d4 e3×c5×e7 18. g5×e3 f2×d4 19. h4×f2 g1×e3 20. e5×c3×a1=k e7-d8=k 21. f6-e5 b6-a7 22. h6-g5 a7-b8= 23. e5-f4 e3-d4 24. g5-h4 b8-c7 25. f4-e3 c7-d6 26. h4-g3 d6-e5 27. g3-f2 d8-c7 28. f2-e1=k c7-d6 29. e1-d2 d4-c5 30. d2-c3 c5-b6 31. c3-b4 b6-c7 32. e3-f2 e5-f4 33. f2-g1=k f4-g3 34. g1-h2 g3-f4 35. h2-g1 f4-g3 36. g1-h2 g3-f4 37. h2-g1 f4-g3 38. g1-h2 g3-f4 39. h2-g1 f4-g3 40. g1-h2 g3-f4 41. h2-g1 f4-e3 42. g1-h2 e3-f4 43. h2-g1 c7-b8=k 44. g1-f2 b8-a7 45. b4-a5 f4-g5 46. f2-g3 d6-e5 47. g3-h2 g5-f4 48. h2-g1 f4-e3 49. g1-h2 e5-f4 50. h2-g1 f4-g3 51. f8-e7 g3-f2 52. e7-d6 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 2 1. d6-e5 e3-d4 2. c7-d6 d4-c5 3. b6×d4 g3-f4 4. e5×g3 c3×e5×c7 5. b8×d6 h2×f4 6. f6-e5 f2-g3 7. g7-f6 e1-f2 8. a7-b6 b2-c3 9. b6-a5 f2-e3 10. f6-g5 a3-b4 11. e7-f6 b4-c5 12. d6×b4 f4×d6 13. f6-e5 a1-b2 14. b4-a3 e3-d4 15. f8-g7 d4×f6 16. g7×e5 g3-h4 17. g5-f4 h4-g5 18. f4-g3 g5-f6 19. h6-g5 f6-g7 20. h8×f6 d6-e7 21. d8-c7 e7-d8=k 22. c7-b6 d8-e7 23. b6-c5 e7-d6 24. e5-d4 c3×e5×g7 25. g5-h4 d6×b4 26. a5×c3×e1=k b2-c3 27. g3-f2 g1×e3 Draw Appendix E: Tinsley–CHINOOK games 565

Tinsley - CHINOOK 3 1. d6-e5 e3-d4 2. f6-g5 d4×f6 3. g7×e5 c3-d4 4. e5×c3 b2×d4 5. g5-h4 g3-f4 6. h8- g7 a1-b2 7. b6-c5 d4×b6 8. a7×c5 f2-e3 9. g7-f6 b2-c3 10. c7-d6 c3-d4 11. c5-b4 a3×c5 12. d6×b4 e1-f2 13. b8-c7 d4-e5 14. f6×d4 e3×c5 15. e7-f6 d2-e3 16. b4-c3 e3-d4 17. c7-d6 c5×e7 18. f8×d6 f4-e5 19. d6×f4 f2-g3 20. h4×f2 g1×e3×g5×e7 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 4 1. d6-e5 e3-d4 2. f6-g5 d4×f6 3. g7×e5 c3-d4 4. e5×c3 b2×d4 5. g5-h4 g3-f4 6. h8-g7 a1-b2 7. b6-c5 d4×b6 8. a7×c5 f2-e3 9. g7-f6 b2-c3 10. c7-d6 c3-d4 11. c5- b4 a3×c5 12. d6×b4 f4-e5 13. f8-g7 e5-d6 14. e7×c5 d4×b6 15. b8-a7 b6-c7 16. d8×b6 e3-f4 17. b4-a3 d2-c3 18. b6-a5 g1-f2 19. a7-b6 c3-d4 20. f6-g5 f4-e5 21. g5-f4 f2-e3 22. f4×d2 e1×c3 23. h6-g5 e5-d6 24. g5-f4 d6-c7 25. f4-e3 c7-b8=k 26. e3-d2 c1×e3 27. a3-b2 b8-a7 28. b2-c1=k a7×c5 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 5 1. f6-e5 a3-b4 2. g7-f6 b4-a5 3. h8-g7 e3-f4 4. e5-d4 c3×e5 5. f6×d4 b2-a3 6. b6-c5 a1-b2 7. c5-b4 a3×c5 8. d6×b4 g3-h4 9. b4-a3 d2-e3 10. c7-d6 e3×c5 11. d6×b4 f2-g3 12. b8-c7 g1-f2 13. g7-f6 f2-e3 14. c7-d6 e1-d2 15. f6-e5 b2-c3 16. e7-f6 f4-g5 17. h6×f4 e3×g5×e7 18. d8×f6 a5-b6 19. a7×c5 c3×a5 20. e5-d4 a5-b6 21. c5-b4 b6-c7 22. d4-c3 d2-e3 23. c3-d2 e3-d4 24. d6-e5 c1×e3 25. e5×c3 c7-d8=k 26. c3-d2 e3-f4 27. d2-e1=k d8-c7 28. f8-e7 c7-d8 29. e1-d2 f4-g5 30. d2-e3 g5-h6 31. e3-d4 h6-g7 32. d4-c5 g7-h8=k 33.b4-c3 g3-f4 34. a3-b2 d8-c7 35. c5-b4 c7-d8 36. b4-c5 d8-c7 37. c5-b4 c7-d8 38. b4-c5 d8-c7 39. c5-b4 c7-d8 40. b4-c5 d8-c7 41. c5-b4 f4-g5 42. b2-c1=k h8-g7 43. f6-e5 g7-f6 44. e5-f4 f6×d8 45. f4-e3 g5-h6 46. c1-d2 h2-g3 47. c3-b2 h6-g7 48. b2-c1=k g7-f8=k 49. e3-f2 g3-f4 50. c1-b2 f8- e7 51. f2-g1=k f4-g5 52. d2-e3 g5-h6 53. g1-h2 h6-g7 54. e3-f4 g7-f8=k 55. f4-g3 Tinsley wins

Tinsley - CHINOOK 6 1. f6-e5 a3-b4 2. g7-f6 b4-a5 3. b6-c5 b2-a3 4. f6-g5 g3-f4 5. e5×g3 h2×f4 6. h8- g7 c3-d4 7. g7-f6 d4×b6 8. a7×c5 a1-b2 9. f6-e5 b2-c3 10. e5×g3 f2×h4×f6 11. e7×g5 c3-d4 12. b8-a7 d4×b6 13. a7×c5 d2-c3 14. g5-f4 e3×g5 15. h6×f4 c3-b4 16. f8-g7 g1-f2 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 7 1. f6-e5 e3-d4 2. d6-c5 d4×f6 3. g7×e5 d2-e3 4. c7-d6 c3-d4 5. e5×c3 b2×d4 6. h8-g7 g3-f4 7. g7-f6 h2-g3 8. d8-c7 c1-d2 9. c5-b4 a3×c5 10. d6×b4 f4-e5 11. f8-g7 e3-f4 12. b6-a5 d2-c3 13. b4×d2 e1×c3 14. f6-g5 f2-e3 15. g5-h4 e5-d6 16. h4×f2 d6×f8=k 17. g7-f6 f8-e7 18. f6-g5 e7-f6 19. g5-h4 f6-e7 20. f2-e1=k a1-b2 21. e1-f2 e7-f8 22. f2-e1 f8-e7 23. h4-g3 b2-a3 24. e1-f2 g1-h2 25. c7-b6 e7-d6 26. f2-e1 f4-e5 27. g3-f2 e5-f6 28. f2-g1=k e3-f4 29. g1-f2 f4-e5 30. h6-g5 f6-e7 31. g5-f4 e7-d8=k 32. f4-e3 e5-f6 33. e3-d2 d6-c5 34. d2-c1=k f6-g7 35. c1-b2 d8-e7 36. f2-e3 g7-f8=k 37. e3-f4 c5-d6 38. f4-e3 d6-c5 39. e3-f4 c5-d6 40. f4-e3 d6-c5 Draw 566 One Jump Ahead

CHINOOK - Tinsley 8 1. f6-e5 e3-d4 2. d6-c5 d4×f6 3. g7×e5 c3-b4 4. c5-d4 g3-f4 5. e5×g3 h2×f4 6. e7-f6 b4-c5 7. f6-g5 f4-e5 8. h8-g7 a3-b4 9. g5-f4 b4-a5 10. h6-g5 b2-a3 11. d4-c3 d2×b4 12. b6×d4 a1-b2 13. g5-h4 b4-c5 14. d8-e7 a3-b4 15. f4-g3 c1-d2 16. e7- d6 c5×e7 17. f8×d6×f4 f2-e3 18. d4×f2 g1×e3×g5 19. g3-f2 e1×g3 20. h4×f2 d2-c3 21. g7-h6 g5-f6 22. f2-e1=k f6-e7 23. e1-d2 b2-a3 24. d2-c1 c3-d4 25. c1-d2 d4-c5 26. d2-c3 CHINOOK wins

CHINOOK - Tinsley 9 1. d6-c5 g3-h4 2. f6-g5 h4×f6 3. g7×e5 c3-d4 4. e5×c3 b2×d4 5. h8-g7 h2-g3 6. g7-f6 a1-b2 7. c7-d6 b2-c3 8. b8-c7 g3-f4 9. f6-g5 g1-h2 10. g5-h4 f2-g3 11. h4×f2 e1×g3 12. b6-a5 d4×b6 13. a7×c5 g3-h4 14. c5-b4 a3×c5 15. d6×b4 e3-d4 16. e7-f6 d4-c5 17. c7-d6 c5×e7 18. f8×d6 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 10 1. d6-c5 g3-h4 2. f6-g5 h4×f6 3. g7×e5 c3-d4 4. e5×c3 b2×d4 5. h8-g7 h2-g3 6. g7-f6 a1-b2 7. c7-d6 b2-c3 8. b8-c7 g3-h4 9. f6-g5 h4×f6 10. e7×g5 f2-g3 11. g5-f4 g3×e5 12. d6×f4 e3×g5 13. h6×f4 d2-e3 14. f4×d2 c1×e3 15. c7-d6 e1-d2 16. d8-e7 d4-e5 17. d6×f4 e3×g5 18. b6-a5 g1-h2 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 11 1. f6-g5 g3-h4 2. g5-f4 e3×g5 3. h6×f4 c3-d4 4. b6-c5 d4×b6 5. a7×c5 b2-c3 6. d6-e5 c3-b4 7. c7-d6 a1-b2 8. g7-f6 b4-a5 9. h8-g7 b2-c3 10. d8-c7 c3-b4 11. g7-h6 f2-g3 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 12 1. f6-g5 g3-h4 2. g5-f4 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 13 1. h6-g5 a3-b4 2. b6-c5 b4-a5 3. g5-f4 g3×e5 4. d6×f4 e3×g5 5. f6×h4 d2-e3 6. g7-f6 c3-d4 7. e7-d6 d4×b6 8. a7×c5 b2-c3 9. h8-g7 a1-b2 10. c5-b4 e1-d2 11. d6-e5 b2-a3 12. b8-a7 a3×c5 13. c7-b6 a5×c7 14. d8×b6×d4×b2 c1×a3 15. f6-g5 a3-b4 16. g7-h6 b4-c5 17. f8-e7 d2-c3 18. e5-f4 e3-d4 19. e7-f6 h2-g3 20. f4×h2 c3-b4 21. f6-e5 d4×f6 22. g5-f4 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 14 1. h6-g5 a3-b4 2. b6-c5 b4-a5 3. g5-f4 g3×e5 4. d6×f4 e3×g5 5. f6×h4 d2-e3 6. g7-f6 c3-d4 7. e7-d6 d4×b6 8. a7×c5 b2-c3 9. h8-g7 c3-d4 10. c5-b4 e1-d2 11. d6-e5 d4-c5 12. g7-h6 h2-g3 13. h6-g5 a1-b2 14. b4-a3 c5-b6 15. f8-g7 b6-a7 16. c7-d6 a5-b6 17. b8-c7 a7-b8=k 18. c7×a5 b8-a7 19. d8-e7 a7-b8 20. g7-h6 g1-h2 21. d6-c5 b8-c7 22. e5-d4 c7-d6 23. f6-e5 d6×f8 24. g5-f4 e3×g5 25. h6×f4 f8-e7 26. c5-b4 d2-c3 27. b4×d2 c1×e3×g5 28. a3×c1=k e7-d6 29. d4-c3 d6×f4 30. c3-d2 g5-f6 31. d2-e1=k f6-e7 32. c1-b2 f4-e3 33. b2-c3 e7-f8=k 34. c3-b4 e3-d4 CHINOOK wins Appendix E: Tinsley–CHINOOK games 567

Tinsley - CHINOOK 15 1. b6-c5 c3-d4 2. a7-b6 b2-c3 3. f6-g5 d4-e5 4. d6×f4 g3×e5 5. e7-d6 f2-g3 6. d6×f4 g3×e5 7. d8-e7 e1-f2 8. g7-f6 e5×g7 9. h8×f6 c3-b4 10. b6-a5 b4×d6 11. c7×e5 a1-b2 12. b8-c7 b2-c3 13. c7-d6 a3-b4 14. g5-f4 e3×g5 15. h6×f4 f2-e3 16. f4-g3 h2×f4 17. e5×g3 e3-d4 18. d6-e5 c1-b2 19. f8-g7 b2-a3 20. g7-h6 d4-c5 21. e5-d4 c3×e5×g7 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 16 1. b6-c5 c3-d4 2. a7-b6 g3-h4 3. d6-e5 h2-g3 4. e5×c3 d2×b4×d6 5. e7×c5 b2-c3 6. b8-a7 c3-b4 7. c5-d4 e3×c5 8. b6×d4 c1-d2 9. f6-e5 d2-c3 10. d4×b2 a1×c3 11. f8-e7 f2-e3 12. g7-f6 e3-f4 13. c7-d6 e1-f2 14. a7-b6 b4-a5 15. b6-c5 a5-b6 16. c5-d4 a3-b4 17. d4×b2 b4-c5 18. d6×b4 f4×d6×f8=k 19. f6-e5 f2-e3 20. b2-c1=k g1-h2 21. c1-d2 e3-f4 22. e5-d4 f8-g7 23. h8×f6 f4-g5 24. h6×f4 g3×e5×g7 25. d4-e3 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 17 1. b6-a5 e3-f4 2. c7-b6 f2-e3 3. f6-e5 c3-d4 4. e5×c3 b2×d4 5. g7-f6 f4-e5 6. d6×f4 g3×e5×g7 7. h8×f6 e1-f2 8. d8-c7 a1-b2 9. c7-d6 d4-c5 10. b6×d4 e3×c5 11. d6×b4 a3×c5 12. b8-c7 f2-e3 13. c7-b6 e3-d4 14. e7-d6 c5×e7 15. f8×d6 h2- g3 16. d6-e5 b2-c3 17. h6-g5 d2-e3 18. b6-c5 d4×b6 19. a7×c5 g1-h2 20. c5-b4 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 18 1. b6-a5 e3-f4 2. c7-b6 f2-e3 3. b6-c5 c3-d4 4. f6-e5 d4×b6 5. a7×c5 b2-c3 6. e7- f6 c1-b2 7. b8-a7 c3-b4 8. a5×c3 b2×d4×b6 9. a7×c5 d2-c3 10. f6-g5 g3-h4 11. e5×g3 h4×f6 12. g7×e5 h2×f4 13. e5×g3 c3-d4 14. h6-g5 d4×b6 15. g5-h4 e3-f4 16. d6-c5 e1-d2 17. c5-d4 d2-c3 18. d4×b2 CHINOOK forfeits; Tinsley wins

Tinsley - CHINOOK 19 1. f6-g5 a3-b4 2. b6-a5 b2-a3 3. a7-b6 e3-d4 4. d6-e5 d4×f6 5. g7×e5 g3-f4 6. g5×e3 f2×d4×f6 7. e7×g5 c1-b2 8. f8-e7 b4-c5 9. b6×d4 c3×e5 10. e7-f6 e5×g7 11. h8×f6 a3-b4 12. a5×c3 b2×d4 13. c7-d6 a1-b2 14. b8-a7 h2-g3 15. d6-c5 d4×b6 16. a7×c5 d2-c3 17. f6-e5 b2-a3 18. c5-d4 g3-h4 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 20 1. f6-g5 a3-b4 2. b6-a5 b2-a3 3. a7-b6 e3-d4 4. d6-e5 d4×f6 5. g7×e5 g3-f4 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 21 1. d6-c5 c3-d4 2. f6-e5 d4×f6 3. g7×e5 g3-f4 4. e5×g3 h2×f4 5. c7-d6 b2-c3 6. h8-g7 c3-d4 7. g7-f6 f2-g3 8. b6-a5 d4×b6 9. a7×c5 g3-h4 10. d8-c7 a1-b2 11. d6-e5 f4×d6 12. c7×e5 b2-c3 13. e5-f4 e3×g5 14. h6×f4 d2-e3 15. f4×d2 c1×e3 16. b8-c7 c3-d4 17. c7-b6 e1-d2 18. f8-g7 g1-f2 19. e7-d6 f2-g3 20. d6-e5 d2-c3 21. g7-h6 e3-f4 22. c5×e3 f4×d6 23. e3-d2 Draw 568 One Jump Ahead

Tinsley - CHINOOK 22 1. d6-c5 c3-d4 2. f6-e5 d4×f6 3. g7×e5 d2-c3 4. c7-d6 c3-b4 5. h8-g7 e3-f4 6. g7-f6 b4-a5 7. b8-c7 b2-c3 8. c5-b4 a3×c5 9. b6×d4×b2 a1×c3 10. a7-b6 f2-e3 11. b6- c5 e1-d2 12. c5-b4 g3-h4 13. e5×g3 h2×f4 14. f6-e5 g1-h2 15. e5×g3 h2×f4 16. e7-f6 c3-d4 17. f8-e7 f4-g5 18. h6×f4 e3×g5 19. c7-b6 a5×c7 20. d8×b6 g5-h6 21. b4-a3 h6-g7 22. d6-e5 d2-c3 23. e7-d6 g7-f8=k 24. d6-c5 f8-e7 25. c5×e3 e7×g5 26. e5-f4 g5-f6 27. f4-g3 f6-e5 28. e3-f2 c3-b4 29. b6-a5 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 23 1. f6-e5 g3-f4 2. e5×g3 h2×f4 3. g7-f6 c3-d4 4. f6-g5 b2-c3 5. g5-h4 c3-b4 6. h8-g7 b4-a5 7. g7-f6 d2-c3 8. b6-c5 d4×b6 9. a7×c5 c3-d4 10. b8-a7 d4×b6 11. a7×c5 c1-d2 12. f6-e5 f4-g5 13. h6×f4 e3×g5 14. c5-b4 a3×c5 15. d6×b4 a1-b2 16. e7- d6 b2-c3 17. b4-a3 d2-e3 18. a3-b2 e3-d4 19. e5-f4 c3-b4 20. b2-a1=k d4-c5 21. a1-b2 c5×e7 22. f8×d6 g5-f6 23. b2-c3 f6-g7 24. f4-e3 f2×d4 25. c3×e5 e1-d2 26. e5-f4 g7-f8=k 27. d6-e5 b4-c5 28. e5-d4 c5-b6 29. c7-d6 b6-c7 30. d8×b6 a5×c7 31. d6-c5 f8-e7 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 24 1. f6-e5 g3-f4 2. e5×g3 h2×f4 3. g7-f6 c3-d4 4. f6-g5 b2-c3 5. g5-h4 c3-b4 6. h8-g7 b4-a5 7. g7-f6 d2-c3 8. b6-c5 d4×b6 9. a7×c5 c3-d4 10. b8-a7 d4×b6 11. a7×c5 c1-d2 12. f6-e5 g1-h2 13. e5×g3 h2×f4 14. e7-f6 f4-g5 15. h6×f4 e3×g5×e7 16. d8×f6 a1-b2 17. f6-e5 d2-e3 18. f8-e7 f2-g3 19. h4×f2 e1×g3 20. e5-d4 e3-f4 21. c5-b4 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 25 1. b6-a5 e3-d4 2. f6-e5 d4×f6 3. g7×e5 g3-h4 4. e7-f6 h2-g3 5. h8-g7 f2-e3 6. a7- b6 g1-h2 7. b8-a7 c3-d4 8. e5×c3 b2×d4 9. d6-e5 d2-c3 10. c7-d6 c1-d2 11. b6-c5 d4×b6 12. a7×c5 e3-f4 13. c5-d4 c3-b4 14. a5×c3 d2×b4 15. h6-g5 f4×h6 16. d4-c3 e1-f2 17. c3-d2 f2-e3 18. d2-e1=k e3-f4 19. e1-f2 b4-c5 20. d6×b4 f4×d6 21. b4-c3 d6-e7 22. f8×d6 h6×f8=k 23. f6-e5 g3-f4 24. e5×g3 h2×f4 25. d6-c5 f4-g5 26. d8-c7 g5-f6 27. c5-d4 Tinsley wins

Tinsley - CHINOOK 26 1. b6-a5 e3-d4 2. f6-e5 d4×f6 3. g7×e5 g3-h4 4. f8-g7 f2-e3 5. g7-f6 h2-g3 6. h8-g7 e3-d4 7. a7-b6 g1-h2 8. b8-a7 d2-e3 9. e5-f4 e3×g5 10. h6×f4 g3×e5 11. d6×f4 c1-d2 12. e7-d6 d4-e5 13. f6×d4 c3×e5 14. b6-c5 h4-g5 15. c5-d4 g5-f6 16. d4-e3 f6×h8=k 17. e3×c1=k h8-g7 18. d6-c5 e5-f6 19. c5-b4 a3×c5 20. c1×a3 g7-h6 21. f4-e3 h6-g5 22. c7-b6 c5-d6 23. a3-b4 d6-e7 24. e3-d2 e1×c3 25. b4×d2 e7-f8=k 26. b6-c5 g5-f4 27. a5-b4 h2-g3 28. b4-c3 f4-e5 29. c5-b4 f8-e7 30. b4-a3 e7-d6 31. a3-b2 e5-f4 32. b2-c1=k g3-h4 33. c1-b2 h4-g5 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 27 1. b6-c5 e3-f4 2. c5-d4 c3×e5 3. f6×d4 d2-c3 4. e7-f6 c3×e5 5. f6×d4 e1-d2 6. g7-f6 f4-e5 7. d6×f4 g3×e5×g7 8. h8×f6 h2-g3 9. f6-e5 a3-b4 10. f8-e7 b4-c5 11. c7-d6 b2-a3 12. d6×b4 a3×c5 13. b8-c7 d2-e3 14. h6-g5 a1-b2 15. c7-b6 c1-d2 16. e7-d6 c5×e7 17. d8×f6 e3×c5 18. b6×d4 d2-e3 19. d4-c3 b2×d4 20. e5×c3 g3-f4 21. g5-h4 e3-d4 Draw Appendix E: Tinsley–CHINOOK games 569

CHINOOK - Tinsley 28 1. b6-c5 e3-f4 2. c5-d4 c3×e5 3. f6×d4 d2-c3 4. e7-f6 c3×e5 5. f6×d4 a3-b4 6. f8-e7 b2-a3 7. e7-f6 c1-d2 8. f6-g5 f4-e5 9. d6×f4 g3×e5 10. a7-b6 b4-a5 11. g5-f4 a3-b4 12. h6-g5 b4-c5 13. g7-h6 c5×a7 14. d4-e3 f2×d4 15. f4-g3 h2×f4 16. g5×e3×c1=k e5-f6 17. h6-g5 d4-e5 18. g5-h4 g1-f2 19. c7-b6 a5×c7 20. b8×d6×f4 a7-b8=k 21. f4-g3 b8-a7 22. g3-h2 a7-b6 23. h2-g1=k e1-d2 24. c1×e3 f2×d4 25. g1-f2 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 29 1. f6-g5 a3-b4 2. b6-c5 b2-a3 3. g5-f4 g3×e5 4. d6×f4 b4×d6 5. c7×e5 e3×g5 6. h6×f4 a3-b4 7. d8-c7 a1-b2 8. a7-b6 b2-a3 9. g7-h6 f2-e3 10. h8-g7 e3×g5 11. h6×f4 g1-f2 12. c7-d6 b4-a5 13. b8-c7 d2-e3 14. f4×d2 c1×e3 15. b6-c5 c3-b4 16. e7-f6 f2-g3 17. g7-h6 g3-f4 18. e5×g3 h2×f4 19. f6-e5 e1-d2 20. e5×g3 d2-c3 21. g3-h2 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 30 1. f6-g5 a3-b4 2. b6-c5 b2-a3 3. g7-f6 b4-a5 4. f6-e5 g3-f4 5. e5×g3 h2×f4 6. h8- g7 c3-d4 7. g7-f6 d4×b6 8. a7×c5 a1-b2 9. f6-e5 b2-c3 10. e5×g3 f2×h4×f6 11. e7×g5 c3-d4 12. b8-a7 d4×b6 13. a7×c5 d2-c3 14. g5-f4 e3×g5 15. h6×f4 c3-b4 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 31 1. b6-a5 c3-d4 2. d6-e5 b2-c3 3. c7-d6 e3-f4 4. f6-g5 d4×f6 5. g5×e3 f2×d4 6. g7×e5 d4×f6 7. e7×g5 g3-h4 8. g5-f4 c3-d4 9. h8-g7 g1-f2 10. f8-e7 d4-c5 11. d6×b4 a3×c5 12. g7-f6 f2-e3 13. f6-e5 e3×g5 14. h6×f4 e1-f2 15. e5-d4 a1-b2 16. b8-c7 f2-g3 17. f4-e3 d2×f4 18. d4-e3 b2-c3 19. c7-d6 c5-b6 20. a7×c5 c3-d4 21. c5-b4 f4-g5 22. e7-f6 g5×e7 23. d8×f6 d4-c5 24. d6-e5 c5-d6 25. e3-f2 d6-e7 26. f2-e1=k e7-d8=k 27. e1-f2 d8-e7 28. f6-g5 h4×f6 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 32 1. b6-a5 c3-d4 2. d6-e5 b2-c3 3. c7-d6 e3-f4 4. f6-g5 d4×f6 5. g5×e3 f2×d4 6. g7×e5 d4×f6 7. e7×g5 c3-d4 8. h8-g7 a1-b2 9. g7-f6 d4-c5 10. d6×b4 a3×c5 11. f8-e7 g1-f2 12. b8-c7 f2-e3 13. a5-b4 g3-f4 14. c7-d6 b2-a3 15. d8-c7 e3-d4 16. g5×e3 d2×f4 17. f6-g5 e1-d2 18. g5×e3 d2×f4 19. b4-c3 a3-b4 20. c7-b6 b4-a5 21. d6×b4 a5×c7 22. e7-f6 c7-d8=k 23. f6-g5 f4-e5 24. g5-f4 d8-e7 25. f4-e3 e7-d6 26. c3-d2 d6-c5 27. b4-c3 e5-d6 28. d2-e1=k d6-e7 29. e1-f2 e7-d8=k 30. c3-d2 d8- e7 31. d2-e1=k e7-d6 32. e1-d2 c5-b4 33. a7-b6 b4-a5 34. f2-g3 h2×f4 35. d2-c3 a5×c7 36. c3×e5×g3 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 33 1. f6-g5 a3-b4 2. g7-f6 b4-c5 3. d6×b4 c3×a5 4. h8-g7 e3-d4 5. g5-f4 g3×e5 6. b6-c5 d4×b6 7. f6×d4 b2-a3 8. a7×c5 h2-g3 9. e7-f6 a1-b2 10. f6-e5 d2-e3 11. f8-e7 c1-d2 12. e7-d6 e3-f4 13. g7-f6 d2-e3 14. d8-e7 g1-h2 15. b8-a7 a3-b4 16. c5×a3×c1=k e3×c5 17. d6×b4 f4×d6×f8=k 18. f6-g5 g3-h4 19. g5-f4 f8-e7 20. c1-b2 e7-f6 21. b4-c3 f2-g3 22. f4-e3 h4-g5 23. h6×f4 g3×e5 24. c3-d2 e1×c3 25. b2×d4 Draw 570 One Jump Ahead

Tinsley - CHINOOK 34 1. f6-g5 a3-b4 2. g7-f6 b4-c5 3. d6×b4 c3×a5 4. h8-g7 e3-d4 5. g5-f4 g3×e5 6. b6-c5 d4×b6 7. f6×d4 h2-g3 8. a7×c5 d2-e3 9. e7-f6 b2-a3 10. f6-e5 a1-b2 11. g7-f6 c1-d2 12. f8-e7 d2-c3 13. f6-g5 c3-b4 14. c7-d6 b2-c3 15. d4×b2 e3-f4 16. g5×e3 f2×d4×b6 17. b2-a1=k b6-c7 18. d8×b6 a5×c7 19. e5-f4 g3×e5 20. d6×f4 c7-d8=k 21. e7-f6 b4-c5 22. f4-e3 c5-d6 23. a1-b2 d6-e7 24. f6-e5 e7-f8=k 25. e5-d4 f8-g7 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 35 1. b6-a5 e3-d4 2. c7-b6 d2-e3 3. b8-c7 c1-d2 4. f6-e5 d4×f6 5. g7×e5 c3-b4 6. a5×c3 b2×d4×f6 7. e7×g5 g3-h4 8. f8-g7 h4×f6 9. g7×e5 a1-b2 10. h8-g7 b2-c3 11. g7-f6 h2-g3 12. b6-c5 g3-h4 13. c7-b6 c3-b4 14. e5-d4 b4-a5 15. d6-e5 a5×c7 16. d8×b6 e3-f4 17. e5×g3 g1-h2 18. d4-e3 d2×f4 19. b6-a5 h4-g5 20. f6×h4 f4-e5 21. a5-b4 h2×f4 22. b4-c3 e5-d6 23. c3-b2 d6-c7 24. b2-c1=k c7-d8=k 25. c1-b2 d8-c7 26. c5-d4 f4-g5 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 36 1. b6-a5 e3-d4 2. c7-b6 d2-e3 3. b8-c7 c1-d2 4. f6-e5 d4×f6 5. g7×e5 c3-b4 6. a5×c3 b2×d4×f6 7. e7×g5 a1-b2 8. h8-g7 g3-h4 9. g7-f6 b2-c3 10. d6-c5 c3- b4 11. c5-d4 e3×c5 12. b6×d4 f2-e3 13. d4×f2 g1×e3 14. f8-e7 h2-g3 15. f6-e5 h4×f6 16. e7×g5 g3-h4 17. g5-f4 e3×g5 18. h6×f4 d2-e3 19. f4×d2 e1×c3 20. e5-f4 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 37 1. b6-a5 g3-h4 2. d6-e5 h2-g3 3. a7-b6 e3-d4 4. b8-a7 f2-e3 5. c7-d6 e3-f4 6. f6- g5 h4×f6 7. e7×g5×e3 d4×f6 8. g7×e5 d2×f4 9. f8-e7 c1-d2 10. e7-f6 d2-e3 11. b6-c5 c3-d4 12. e5×c3 b2×d4×b6 13. a7×c5 a1-b2 14. f6-e5 b2-c3 15. d8-e7 g3- h4 16. e5×g3 c3-d4 17. c5-b4 a3×c5 18. d6×b4 g1-h2 19. g3-f2 e1×g3 20. b4-c3 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 38 1. b6-a5 g3-h4 2. d6-e5 h2-g3 3. a7-b6 e3-f4 4. c7-d6 d2-e3 5. b8-a7 c1-d2 6. b6-c5 c3-b4 7. a5×c3 b2×d4×b6 8. a7×c5 d2-c3 9. c5-d4 e3×c5 10. d6×b4×d2 f4×d6 11. e7×c5 e1×c3 12. c5-d4 c3×e5 13. f6×d4 f2-e3 14. d4×f2 g1×e3 15. f8-e7 a3-b4 16. g7-f6 e3-d4 17. f6-g5 h4×f6 18. e7×g5 b4-a5 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 39 1. d6-c5 c3-d4 2. h6-g5 g3-h4 3. g5-f4 e3×g5 4. c5×e3 d2×f4 5. g7-h6 b2-c3 6. c7-d6 a1-b2 7. f6-e5 c1-d2 8. e5×g3 h2×f4 9. h8-g7 c3-d4 10. g7-f6 d4-e5 11. f6×d4 d2-c3 12. d6-e5 f4×d6 13. h6×f4 c3×e5 14. e7×c5 f2-e3 15. f4×d2 e1×c3 16. b6-a5 h4-g5 17. d8-c7 e5-f6 18. c7-d6 g1-f2 19. d6-e5 f2-g3 20. c5-d4 g5-h6 21. d4-e3 f6-g7 22. e3-f2 g7-h8=k 23. f2-g1=k h8-g7 24. b8-c7 g7-f6 25. c7-d6 f6-d4 26. d6-c5 d4×b6 27. a7×c5 c3-d4 28. c5×e3 b2-c3 29. e3-d2 g3-h4 30. g1-f2 c3-d4 31. f2-e3 d4-c5 32. e3-d4 c5-b6 33. d2-e1=k b6-a7 34. e1-f2 a7-b8=k Tinsley wins Appendix E: Tinsley–CHINOOK games 571 1994 U.S. National Championship Dallas, August 1, 1994

Tinsley - CHINOOK 1 1. d6-e5 e3-f4 2. e7-d6 c3-d4 3. e5×c3 b2×d4 4. b6-c5 d4×b6 5. a7×c5 f2-e3 6. f6-e5 g3-h4 7. e5×g3 h2×f4 8. g7-f6 f4-g5 9. h6×f4 e3×g5×e7 10. d8×f6 a1-b2 11. h8-g7 b2-c3 12. g7-h6 c3-b4 13. f6-e5 e1-f2 14. e5-f4 d2-c3 15. c7-b6 f2-e3 16. f4×d2 c1×e3 17. b6-a5 e3-f4 18. f8-g7 h4-g5 19. d6-e5 f4×d6 20. h6×f4 d6-e7 21. c5-d4 c3×e5 22. a5×c3 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 2 1. d6-e5 e3-f4 2. e7-d6 c3-d4 3. e5×c3 b2×d4 4. b6-c5 d4×b6 5. a7×c5 f2-e3 6. f6-e5 g3-h4 7. e5×g3 h2×f4 8. g7-f6 f4-g5 9. h6×f4 e3×g5×e7 10. d8×f6 a1-b2 11. h8-g7 d2-e3 12. d6-e5 g1-f2 13. f8-e7 b2-c3 14. g7-h6 c1-d2 15. e7-d6 c3-d4 16. e5×c3 d2×b4 17. c7-b6 b4-a5 18. d6-e5 a5×c7 19. b8×d6 e1-d2 20. h6-g5 f2-g3 21. e5-d4 g3-f4 22. d4×f2 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 3 1. b6-a5 e3-f4 2. c7-b6 f4-e5 3. d6×f4 g3×e5 4. f6×d4 c3×e5 5. e7-f6 d2-c3 6. f6×d4 c3×e5 7. a5-b4 a3×c5 8. b6×d4 h2-g3 9. h6-g5 g3-h4 10. g5-f4 b2-a3 11. a7-b6 a1-b2 12. b6-a5 e5-d6 13. g7-f6 c1-d2 14. f6-e5 f2-e3 15. d4×f2 g1×e3×g5 16. e5-f4 b2-c3 17. f4-g3 c3-d4 18. g3-h2 a3-b4 19. a5×c3 d2×b4 20. d8-c7 d4- e5 21. h2-g1=k g5-f6 22. c7-b6 b4-a5 23. b6-c5 a5-b6 24. g1-h2 f6-e7 25. h2-g3 e7-d8=k 26. g3-f4 d8-e7 27. c5-d4 b6-c7 28. d4-c3 c7-d8=k 29. c3-b2 e5-f6 30. b2-c1=k f6-g7 31. f8×h6 e7-f6 32. c1-b2 e1-d2 33. f4-g3 d6-e7 34. b2-c1 d2-c3 35. h6-g5 e7-f8=k 36. g5-f4 c3-b4 37. f4-e3 b4-a5 38. c1-b2 d8-e7 39. b2-c3 f6-e5 40. e3-d2 e5-d6 41. d2-e1=k d6-c5 42. g3-f4 a5-b6 43. f4-e5 e7-f6 44. e5×g7 f8×h6 45. e1-d2 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 4 1. b6-a5 e3-f4 2. c7-b6 f2-e3 3. b6-c5 c3-d4 4. f6-e5 d4×b6 5. a7×c5 b2-c3 6. e7- f6 c1-b2 7. b8-a7 c3-b4 8. a5×c3 b2×d4×b6 9. a7×c5 d2-c3 10. f6-g5 g3-h4 11. e5×g3 h4×f6 12. g7×e5 h2×f4 13. e5×g3 c3-d4 14. h6-g5 d4×b6 15. g5-h4 e3-f4 16. d6-c5 e1-d2 17. c5-d4 d2-c3 18. d4×b2 a1×c3 19. h8-g7 a3-b4 20. g7-h6 b4-c5 21. f8-g7 c3-b4 22. g7-f6 c5-d6 23. g3-f2 g1×e3 24. f6-e5 d6-e7 25. e5×g3 e7-f8-k Draw

1994 World Man-Machine Championship Match Boston, August 15-16, 1994

CHINOOK - Tinsley 1 1. b6-c5 c3-d4 2. f6-e5 d4×b6 3. a7×c5 b2-c3 4. e5-f4 g3×e5 5. d6×f4 e3×g5 6. h6×f4 c3-b4 7. c7-d6 f2-g3 8. d8-c7 g3×e5 9. d6×f4 b4×d6 10. e7×c5 a1-b2 11. g7-f6 b2-c3 12. h8-g7 d2-e3 13. f4×d2 c1×e3 14. f6-e5 e1-f2 15. g7-f6 h2-g3 16. c7-d6 g3-h4 17. b8-c7 c3-b4 18. e5-d4 e3-f4 19. d4-c3 f4-g5 20. f6-e5 g5-f6 21. e5-f4 f6-e7 22. c5-d4 g1-h2 23. c3-d2 b4-a5 24. d6-e5 e7-d8=k 25. f4-e3 d8×b6 26. e3×g1=k b6-c5 27. d4-e3 c5-d6 28. e5-d4 h4-g5 29. d2-e1=k g5-f6 30. g1-f2 Draw 572 One Jump Ahead

Tinsley - CHINOOK 2 1. b6-c5 c3-d4 2. f6-e5 d4×f6 3. g7×e5 b2-c3 4. c7-b6 a1-b2 5. b8-c7 e3-d4 6. c5×e3 f2×d4×f6 7. e7×g5 c3-d4 8. f8-e7 b2-c3 9. h8-g7 g3-h4 10. g7-f6 h2-g3 11. b6-c5 d4×b6 12. a7×c5 d2-e3 13. d6-e5 g1-h2 14. e7-d6 e1-d2 15. c7-b6 c1-b2 16. d8-c7 g3-f4 17. e5×g3 h2×f4 18. f6-e5 h4×f6 19. e5×g3 e3-f4 20. g3-f2 f6- e7 21. f2-g1=k d2-e3 22. g1-h2 c3-d4 23. h2-g1 e7-f8=k 24. g1-f2 f8-e7 25. f2-e1 b2-c3 26. e1-f2 e7-f6 27. f2-e1 f6-g5 28. e1-f2 g5-h4 29. b6-a5 d4×b6×d8=k 30. f2×d4×b2 d8-c7 31. d6-c5 f4-e5 32. c5-d4 e5-f6 33. d4-c3 c7-d6 34. c3-d2 d6-e5 35. b2-c3 f6-e7 36. d2-c1=k e7-d8=k 37. c1-d2 d8-c7 38. d2-c1 c7-d6 39. c1-d2 d6-c5 40. d2-c1 c5-d4 41. c1-b2 d4-e3 42. b2-c1 h4-g3 43. c1-b2 g3-f4 44. b2-c1 e3-d4 45. c3-d2 e5-f6 46. c1-b2 f4-e5 47. d2-c3 d4-e3 48. b2-c1 f6-e7 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 3 1. d6-e5 e3-d4 2. e7-d6 f2-e3 3. f8-e7 g3-h4 4. e5-f4 e3×g5 5. h6×f4 d4-e5 6. f6×d4 c3×e5 7. e7-f6 g1-f2 8. f6×d4 d2-e3 9. f4×d2 c1×e3×c5×e7 10. d8×f6 a3-b4 11. g7-h6 f2-e3 12. c7-d6 b2-a3 13. f6-e5 e3-f4 14. e5×g3 h2×f4 15. h8-g7 h4-g5 16. b6-a5 b4-c5 17. d6×b4 a3×c5 18. a5-b4 a1-b2 19. b8-c7 b2-c3 20. b4×d2 e1×c3 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 4 1. d6-e5 e3-d4 2. e7-d6 d2-e3 3. d6-c5 g3-f4 4. e5×g3 h2×f4 5. f6-g5 f2-g3 6. g5- h4 e1-f2 7. g7-f6 c3-b4 8. h8-g7 b4×d6 9. c7×e5×c3 b2×d4 10. b6-c5 d4×b6 11. a7×c5 a1-b2 12. f8-e7 b2-c3 13. e7-d6 c3-d4 14. b8-a7 d4×b6 15. a7×c5 e3-d4 16. c5×e3 f2×d4 17. h4×f2 g1×e3 18. f6-g5 d4-c5 19. d6×b4 Draw

CHINOOK - Tinsley 5 1. f6-e5 e3-f4 2. b6-c5 f2-e3 3. g7-f6 c3-d4 4. e5×c3 b2×d4×b6 5. a7×c5 a1-b2 6. f6-e5 b2-c3 7. h8-g7 g3-h4 8. e5×g3 h2×f4 9. g7-f6 c3-b4 10. f6-e5 g1-h2 11. e5×g3 h2×f4 12. e7-f6 f4-g5 13. h6×f4 e3×g5×e7 14. d8×f6 d2-e3 15. c7-b6 e3- f4 16. f6-e5 f4-g5 17. b6-a5 c1-d2 18. a5×c3 d2×b4 19. c5-d4 g5-f6 20. e5-f4 f6-e7 21. d6-e5 e7-d8=k 22. d4-c3 b4-c5 Draw

Tinsley - CHINOOK 6 1. f6-e5 e3-f4 2. b6-c5 c3-b4 3. e7-f6 b2-c3 4. f6-g5 d2-e3 5. a7-b6 b4-a5 6. f8- e7 a1-b2 7. b8-a7 c3-b4 8. g7-f6 e1-d2 9. h8-g7 b2-c3 10. g5-h4 e3-d4 11. c5×e3 f2×d4 12. h4×f2 g1×e3 13. e5×g3 h2×f4 14. f6-g5 b4-c5 15. d6×b4 a3×c5 16. g5-h4 f4-e5 17. e7-f6 e3-f4 18. h4-g3 c5-d6 19. g3-f2 d6×b8=k 20. b6-c5 d4×b6 21. f6×d4×b2 c1×a3 22. a7×c5 b8-a7 23. g7-f6 Draw Appendix F: Proof Statistics

The table on the following page gives statistics for the nineteen openings used to solve checkers. The columns are as follows: Proof: The proven value for this opening. Searches: The number of positions handed off by the proof-tree manager to be searched by the solvers. Max ply: The depth of the longest line searched by the proof-tree manager in the complete tree built for this opening. Minimal: The size of the proof-tree manager’s search tree once all computations that are unnecessary for the final result are removed. Max ply: The depth of the longest line searched by the proof-tree manager in the minimal tree. Note that the total for a column does not necessarily match the sum of the col- umn entries. When all nineteen openings are merged into one tree, there are some duplicate positions. They have been removed.

573 574 One Jump Ahead

# Opening Proof Searches Max ply Minimal Max ply

1 b6-a5 c3-b4 a5×c3 Draw 736,984 56 275,097 55 2 b6-a5 a3-b4 a7-b6 Draw 1,987,856 154 684,403 85 3 b6-a5 c3-d4 d6-e5 Draw 715,280 103 265,745 58 4 b6-a5 e3-d4 a7-b6 Draw 671,948 119 274,376 94 5 b6-a5 e3-f4 f6-g5 Draw 964,193 85 358,544 71 6 b6-a5 g3-f4 f6-e5 Draw 554,265 53 212,217 49 7 b6-a5 g3-h4 f6-e5 Draw 1,058,328 59 339,562 58 8 b6-c5 e3-d4 c5×e3 ≤Draw 2,202,533 77 573,735 75 9 d6-c5 e3-d4 c5×e3 ≤Draw 1,296,790 58 336,175 55 10 d6-e5 c3-d4 e5×c3 ≤Draw 543,603 60 104,882 41 11 f6-e5 c3-d4 e5×c3 ≤Draw 919,594 67 301,310 59 12 f6-g5 e3-f4 g5×e3 ≤Draw 1,969,641 69 565,202 64 13 h6-g5 g3-f4 b6-a5 Loss 205,385 44 49,593 40 14 h6-g5 g3-f4 b6-c5 ≤Draw 61,279 45 23,396 44 15 h6-g5 g3-f4 d6-c5 ≤Draw 21,328 31 8,917 31 16 h6-g5 g3-f4 d6-e5 ≤Draw 31,473 35 13,465 35 17 h6-g5 g3-f4 f6-e5 ≤Draw 23,803 34 9,730 34 18 h6-g5 g3-f4 g5-h4 ≤Draw 283,353 49 113,210 49 19 h6-g5 g3-f4 g7-h6 ≤Draw 266,924 49 107,109 49

Overall Draw Total Max Total Max 15,123,711 154 3,301,807 94 Index

A Boy From Emporia, xvi, 88, 89 learning, 58, 69, 70, 88, 90, 96, 178–179, ACF Bulletin, xii, 142, 158, 165, 173, 182, 448, 451 196, 216–218, 240, 273, 343, 416, 443, neural net, 448 447, 511, 549 proof-number search, 435–437, 551 Adams, Michael, 489 reinforcement learning, 451 Ajeeb automaton, 87 retrograde analysis, 38, 432, 462, 551 Albrecht, Karl, 147–152, 157, 162, 164, 171, search, 60, 65–70, 191, 203–204, 225, 249, 177, 179, 181, 185, 187 271, 348–349, 351–353 Alekhine, Alexander, 341 selective deepening, 203–204 Allen, James, 42, 431 singular extensions, 69 Allis, Victor, 42, 348, 431, 435, 551 Artificial stupidity, 58 Alpha-beta search, 68–69, 436 Atkins, Larry, 378, 551 American Checker Federation (ACF), xv, 32, Awari, 42, 430–433, 461–462, 535, 536, 551 53, 94, 95, 102–103, 112–113, 136, 142, 143, 150, 168, 173, 197–198, 214–220, Babbage, Charles, 88 243, 261, 266, 269, 374, 375, 391, Backgammon, 15, 40, 73, 76, 435, 445, 447, 407–411, 413, 416–418, 423, 511, 549 451, 550, 551 Anantharaman, Thomas, 69, 74 Bal, Henri, 432, 462, 551 Anderson, Andrew, 31 Balderson, Les, 112–113 Artificial intelligence, 7, 9–10, 42, 55–71, 83, Banks, Mac, 465 90, 93, 97, 108, 263, 344, 380, 508, 509, Banks, Newell, 124, 242, 447, 554 518, 526, 551 Banks, Ralph, 553 alpha-beta search, 68–69, 436 Barto, Andy, 451 Basic Checkers, 144–145, 148, 153–154, 159, best-first search, 434 162, 163, 166, 179–181, 191, 195, 203, brute-force search, 65–66, 68, 70 244, 266, 267, 273, 274, 278, 283, 355, credibility, 59 389, 400, 461, 471, 477, 511, 533, 549 Deep Blue significance, 442 BBN TC2000 computer, 236–237, 239, depth-first search, 434 254–258, 326, 354, 360, 361 ends justify the means, 57 Beal, Don, 449 evaluation function, 17, 60–63, 99, 107–109 Bellman, Richard, 97 history heuristic, 69 Berliner, Hans, 73–74, 76–77, 375, 415 horizon effect, 415 Bernstein, Abe, 555 illusion of intelligence, 57 Berry, Pat, 413 iterative deepening, 149–150 Bierman, Alan, 11, 93, 94, 97 knowledge, 11, 60–65, 69, 71, 249, Billings, Darse, ix, 394, 452, 466, 484, 487, 448–449, 508 500, 505

575 576 One Jump Ahead

Binsack, Carrol, 553, 555 3130 endgame, 240–242 Bishop, Anthony, 32, 136 aging community, 131, 140, 146, 173, 218, Bishop, Bob, xv, 252, 283, 324, 328, 345, 358, 511, 527 380, 390, 392, 418 back rank, 91 Bit rot, 456, 503 Black Doctor opening, 63 Bjornsson,¨ Yngvi, ix, 416, 467–469, 474, 478, Black Widow opening, 473, 492 481, 483, 495, 501, 503, 550 bridge formation, 269, 349 BKG backgammon program, 73, 76 Canadian checkers, 25 Blakeman, Nelson, 520 chess comparison, 31–32, 527 Blondie24 learning program, 448–450, 509 cooks, 202, 242, 252, 262, 370, 372, 377, Boland, Ben, 443 389, 396–397, 414 Boland, Noel, 131, 132, 142 cramps, 116–117, 164, 396 Brattin, Don, 369 dog-hole, 62, 63, 294 Breen, Patricia, 220 Dunne’s trap, 148, 179, 181, 187 Breuker, Dennis, 347 eleven-man ballot, 30, 110, 464 Bridge, 15, 40, 198, 445, 550 first position, 27–29, 37 British Draughts Federation (BDF), 391 go-as-you-please (GAYP), 30, 43 British Draughts Journal, 356 history, 31 Brockington, Mark, 359, 401, 416, 447 International checkers, 25, 26, 40, 102, 347, Brooks, Eugene, xv, 235–236 511 Bruch, Ed, 143, 146–147, 167, 243, 261, 263, low membership, 102 422, 423, 511 material balance, 61, 262 Brute-force search, 65–66, 68, 70 Minotaur opening, 293 Bryant, Martin, ix, xv, 29, 52, 169–170, 242, Octopus opening, 155, 162, 342 266–267, 329–330, 335–342, 344–346, openings, 29–30, 96, 144–145, 153, 155, 354–356, 365–367, 375, 376, 380, 383, 177–178, 180, 198, 268, 443, 464 384, 386–390, 392, 395, 396, 399–402, popularity, 198 407, 409, 423, 424, 492, 512, 531–534, Rattlesnake opening, 388 550 reputation, 29 Bug (programming error), 22, 80–81, 175–176, rules, 25–26 182, 201, 225, 234, 262–263, 371–372 runaway checker, 61, 349 Burch, Neil, ix, 452, 461, 462, 468–471, 473, Russian checkers, 511 474, 477–478, 481, 483–487, 491–498, Skullcracker opening, 191–192, 313 500, 501, 503, 505, 512, 535–537, 550 three-move ballot, 30, 177–178, 202–203, Buro, Michael, 445 274, 549 Butler, David, xv, 45–46, 52, 423 tournament atmosphere, 172–173 Buzan, Tony, 129, 252, 324, 328–329, 345, trapped king, 61, 205, 212–213, 320, 415 376, 380, 408, 523 two-for-one, 16, 353 two-move ballot, 29–30, 124 Cameron, Alex, 554, 555 White Doctor opening, 48–49, 63, 96, 178, Campbell, Murray, 59, 69, 74, 77, 202, 375, 317, 319, 337, 343, 470–471 441, 517, 518 world championship, 30–31, 33, 93, 102, Capablanca, Jose´ Raul, 127 124–126, 242–243, 421, 554 Carlacci, Franco, 109–110 world man-machine championship Case, Basil, 285, 447 (WMMC), 197, 220, 554, 557, 564–572 Cash, Murray, 453, 454, 457, 462, 463, 465, Checkers matches 466 1934 Long-Banks WCC, 242 Caws, Joan, 220 1948 Long-Hellman WCC, 125, 242 Chamberlain, William, 57 1952 Tinsley-Banks WCC, 124, 554 Chamblee, Maurice, 447, 553–555 1952 Tinsley-Fraser, 124, 554 Channel Tunnel (Chunnel), 224 1955 Tinsley-Hellman WCC, 125, 554 Charosh, Mannis, 27 1958 Tinsley-Oldbury WCC, 125, 297, 554, Checkers, viii, 10, 25–33, 40, 52–53 555 197-year problem, 443–444 1961 Long-Hellman WCC, 242 Index 577

1976 Oldbury-Levitt GAYP, 110 Nemesis, 453, 457, 463–466 1979 Tinsley-Lowder WCC, 126, 138, 244, Sage Draughts, 50, 52, 356 272, 554 Samuel’s, 16–19, 44, 91–97, 108, 381, 487 1981 Tinsley-Long WCC, 126, 242, 554 Tournament Checkers, 45–46, 52 1985 Tinsley-Long WCC, 126, 243, 554, Truus, 347, 353 555 Wyllie, 463, 465 1987 Tinsley-Lafferty WCC, 126, 217, 262, Checkers the Tinsley Way, 104–106, 124, 180, 554 200, 549, 553 1989 Tinsley-Davis WCC, 126, 145, 217, Checkers tournaments 554 1907 U.S. championship, 143 1990 Tinsley-Chinook, 184–196, 557, 560, 1922 U.S. championship, 242 562–564 1946 U.S. championship, 124, 553, 555 1991 Lafferty-Chinook, 198–199, 204–206, 1948 U.S. championship, 124, 553 208–214, 557, 560 1950 U.S. championship, 124, 126, 553, 555 1991 Oldbury-Hallett WCC, 136, 252 1954 U.S. championship, 125, 554 1992 Long-Chinook, 557, 560 1956 U.S. championship, 125, 554 1992 Tinsley-Chinook WMMC, 277–297, 1970 U.S. championship, 126, 554 299–321, 527, 532, 554, 555, 557, 560, 1974 U.S. championship, 126, 554 564–570 1976 Florida Open, 147, 150, 554 1993 Colossus-Chinook, 336–340, 557, 560 1978 U.S. championship, 136, 554 1993 Lafferty-Chinook, 332–334, 557, 560 1980 U.S. championship, 242 1993 Oldbury-King GAYP, 358 1982 U.S. championship, 554 1994 Lafferty-Chinook, 365, 557, 560 1984 U.S. championship, 242 1994 Lafferty-Chinook WMMC, 390–392, 1986 U.S. championship, 140, 152, 217 395–401, 470, 557, 560 1988 U.S. championship, 145 1994 Oldbury-Chinook, 356–357, 557, 560 1989 Computer Olympiad, 40–46, 50–52, 1994 Tinsley-Chinook WMMC, 377–384, 557, 560 554, 557, 560, 571–572 1990 Computer Olympiad, 169–171, 220, 1995 Lafferty-Chinook WMMC, 412–416, 557, 560 557, 560 1990 Mississippi State, 131–142, 557, 560 1996 King-Lafferty WCC, 421 1990 U.S. championship, 143–168, 218, 1997 King-Chinook, 445–446 243, 554, 557, 560–561 2000 Moiseyev-King WCC, 511 1991 Computer Olympiad, 242 2002 Moiseyev-Lowder WCC, 511 1992 Southern States, 259–262, 557, 560 2003 Moiseyev-King WCC, 511 1992 U.S. championship, 269–273, 557, 560 Checkers programs 1994 Southern States, 367–368, 557, 560 Blondie24, 448–450, 509 1994 U.S. championship, 368–375, 470, Borchek, 378 554, 557, 560, 571 Cake++, 463–465 1996 Southern States, 422, 557, 560 Checker Challenger, 136, 163 1996 U.S. championship, 422–423, 476, Checker Hustler, 46, 50 557, 560 Checker-Mate, 169 2002 computer championship, 462–466 Checkers, 42–43, 52, 82, 111, 112, 139, 151, Chernev, Irving, 549 166, 168, 269, 329, 356, 368, 378, 463 Chess, xiii, 5–6, 10, 12, 15, 26, 29–32, 37–41, Checkers 3.0, 272, 273 45, 51, 59, 61, 64, 68, 70, 73–74, 102, Checkers Experimental, 139, 143, 145–147, 104, 112, 123, 127–129, 132, 136, 137, 150, 151, 156–158, 163–168, 243 140, 144, 161, 167, 172–174, 178, 197, Colossus, 52, 169–171, 177, 220, 242, 198, 202, 203, 211, 234, 239, 243, 262, 265–267, 305, 309, 329–330, 334–343, 265, 289, 325, 339, 341, 345, 351, 392, 355, 356, 373, 378, 385, 399, 512, 429, 430, 441, 442, 479, 489, 550–551 531–533, 557, 560 Chess programs Duke University (PAASLOW), 63, 64, Awit, 518 93–95, 97, 140, 550 Bebe, 375 KingsRow, 463–465, 478 Belle, 38, 49, 70, 78, 179, 401, 487 578 One Jump Ahead

Chess 4.x series, 378 1991 Lafferty-Chinook, 205–214, 557, 560 Coko III, 265 1992 Long-Chinook, 244–245, 557, 560 Colossus, 335 1992 Loy-Chinook, 557, 560 Cray Blitz, 375 1992 Southern States, 259–264, 269, 270, Deep Blue, 9, 59, 68–70, 78, 202, 247, 248, 305, 377, 557, 560 393, 421, 441, 442, 445, 489, 509, 551 1992 Tinsley-Chinook WMMC, 266, Deep Fritz, 489 275–297, 299–321, 327, 330, 332, 369, Deep Thought, 9, 43, 50, 69, 74, 76–77, 82, 420, 550, 554, 555, 557, 560, 564–570 108, 109, 202, 303 1992 U.S. championship, 269–273, 305, Duchess, 93 368, 369, 377, 421, 557, 560 Genie, 265 1993 Colossus-Chinook, 336–340, 557, 560 Hitech, 70, 74, 75, 78, 202, 375 1993 Lafferty-Chinook, 331–334, 557, 560 Hydra, 70, 78, 489 1994 Lafferty-Chinook, 365–366, 399, 557, Mephisto, 43 560 Phoenix, 5, 8–9, 13–14, 16, 38, 43, 45, 50, 1994 Lafferty-Chinook WMMC, 396–403, 66, 74, 75, 82, 102, 108, 161, 171, 172, 470, 550, 557, 560 212, 270, 327, 348, 375, 513, 559 1994 Oldbury-Chinook, 356–358, 557, 560 Planner, 7, 8 1994 Southern States, 367–368, 377, 399, Prodigy, 7–8, 49, 74 557, 560 Ribbit, 6, 7 1994 Tinsley-Chinook WMMC, 376–384, Treefrog, 6 399, 520, 550, 554, 557, 560, 571–572 Childers, Jerry, 144, 463, 557, 560 1994 U.S. championship, 368–375, 377, Chinook, vii, ix, xi–xiii, xv, xvi, 2, 15, 22, 399, 470, 557, 560, 571 23, 29, 37, 40, 42–55, 61–65, 68–71, 1995 Lafferty-Chinook WMMC, 412–416, 73, 75–77, 79–84, 91, 92, 99, 102–104, 550, 557, 560 106–117, 119–121, 129, 131–143, 1996 Childers match, 463, 557, 560 145–172, 174–206, 208–221, 223–225, 1996 Southern States, 422, 424, 557, 560 231, 232, 234–237, 239, 240, 242–245, 1996 U.S. championship, 422–424, 463, 247–249, 251, 253, 254, 256, 258–297, 557, 560 300–321, 323–345, 348–362, 365–379, 381–403, 407–425, 429, 430, 432–434, 1997 Chinook-King, 445–446, 557, 560 439–451, 453–457, 459, 463–467, 2-piece databases, 40 469–471, 473, 474, 477, 480, 481, 487, 3-piece databases, 40 491, 492, 494–498, 500–505, 507–513, 4-piece databases, 40, 51, 75, 355 517–521, 523–529, 531–534, 539, 540, 5-piece databases, 75–77, 99, 110, 121 543, 544, 550, 554, 555, 557, 559, 6-piece databases, 77, 84, 99, 101, 110, 561–572 119–121, 135, 145, 166, 176–177, 201, 1-piece databases, 40 208, 235, 240, 311, 326, 340, 341, 344, 10-piece databases, 355, 433, 452, 453, 457, 355, 356, 465–466 462, 468–470, 473, 478–483, 506, 550 7-piece databases, 84, 176, 201, 202, 11-piece databases, 482–483, 488 235–236, 240, 242, 257–258, 265, 275, 197-year problem, 443–444 306, 330, 455–456, 478, 479 1989 Computer Olympiad, 42–43, 45–46, 8-piece databases, 84, 190, 202, 235–239, 103, 212, 280, 557, 560 242, 248, 254–258, 275, 278, 279, 306, 1990 Computer Olympiad, 121, 169–171, 313, 325–327, 330–332, 334–336, 344, 330, 335, 557, 560 355–356, 361, 365, 377, 421, 433, 443, 1990 Mississippi State, 133–142, 557, 560 452, 454–457, 465–466, 470, 517–519, 1990 Oldbury practice, 110 521 1990 Tinsley-Chinook, 182–196, 203–204, 9-piece databases, 361, 429, 443–445, 332, 557, 560, 562–564 452–454, 457, 462, 468–469 1990 U.S. championship, 112–113, analysis of Tinsley’s games, 104–107, 470 143–168, 187, 368, 369, 441, 557, anti-book, 181 560–561 back rank, 62, 207 1990 checkers conference, 111–112 balance, 207, 208 Index 579

bugs, 40, 80–81, 84, 110, 113–115, trapped king, 61, 207, 213, 214, 225, 263, 117–119, 156, 190, 193, 199–201, 225, 264 245, 247, 264, 304, 306–309, 332–334, turn, 61, 207 348–349, 371–372, 400, 484 two-for-one, 353–354 cooks, 203, 206, 208, 214, 231, 244, 274, web page, 448, 494, 502–504, 521 275, 279, 312, 341, 354–356, 365–367, Chinookitis, 383, 386, 388, 398 369–371, 374, 377, 381, 383, 389, 392, Clark, Mary, xvi, 385, 417–419 396, 400, 411–413, 416 Cocke, John, 77, 181–182 cramps, 116–117 Cohen, Samuel, 124 database notation, 100 Computer Museum, 377–378 dog-hole, 62, 207, 294 Computer Olympiad, 15, 40–46, 50–52, 242, draw score, 258, 330–331, 339 330, 335, 431, 432, 531 endgame databases, 84–85, 117–121, 214, Connect Four, 42, 348, 430–431, 433 236, 307, 324, 332–333, 340, 357, 415, Conspiracy number search, 434–435 452–453, 459, 467–468, 517–518 Cooper, Bob, 422, 520 evaluation function, 17, 19, 61–63, 99, Cox, Jack, 553 107–109, 206–208, 248–251, 259, 264, Cravens, Howard, 243, 269–271, 273, 274, 270–271, 312, 317, 349–350 281, 294, 296, 511 evaluation function tuning, 176, 232, 250, Culberson, Joe, xv, 5, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 251, 451 40, 53, 75, 101–102, 105, 110–112, 174, fudge factor, 152, 154, 164, 175–176, 207, 183, 192, 202, 208, 231, 239, 265, 315, 314 386, 495, 512, 518, 523, 550 Guinness Book of World Records, 442 king centralize, 207 Davis, Paul, 126, 143, 145–146, 217, 554 knowledge, 176, 263–264, 314, 357 Debugging, 114, 118–119, 234, 308–309 man-down positions, 261–263, 270, 296, Devenport, Martin, 285 526 Devlin, Hugh, 243 material balance, 61, 64, 107, 116, 207, 262, Dewdney, A.K., 60 448, 526 Dodgen, Gil, xv, 42–43, 52, 82, 103, 110–112, mobile king, 62, 207 139, 143, 145, 150–151, 156–158, 163, mobility, 207, 208, 249–251 166–167, 169, 241, 269, 272, 329, 356, naming, 22–23 368, 453–457, 464 Oldbury, Derek, 47–49, 51–52 Dominoes, 40 opening book, 37, 117, 178–181, 187, 200–203, 206, 208, 231–232, 244–245, 264, 267–269, 273–275, 279, 312, Elio, Renee,´ 63 340–345, 354–357, 365–366, 369–370, Elo ratings, 243 377, 381, 383, 400, 411–413, 464 Endgame databases, 37–41, 100–101, 429, parallel databases, 236, 254, 255, 361 479–481 parallel search, 231, 234, 258–259, 264, English Draughts Association (EDA), 265, 296, 307, 325, 356, 357, 360, 365, 197–198, 214–216, 218, 266, 324, 391, 366, 377, 379 549 partial-information databases, 550 English Draughts Journal, 343, 549 Pask, Richard, 44–45 Etter, Thomas, 57 playing record, 557 Everitt, Iris, 503–504 PV-extensions, 264 Excel spreadsheet program, 227 random evaluation, 449 runaway checker, 61–62, 207, 349–350 Farley, George, 555 search, 70, 204, 264, 270–271, 351–354, Feigenbaum, Edward, 90, 91 357 Feldman, Julian, 90, 91 technical specifications, 559–560 Ferrie, James, 262 The Beast, 17, 19–22, 104 Fierz, Martin, 463, 465 time usage, 211–212, 264, 301–303, 446 Fischer, Bobby, 173, 197, 429, 517 Tinsley bias, 312, 314, 317, 319 Fogel, David, 448–450, 453, 509 580 One Jump Ahead

Fortman, Richard, ix, 94, 124, 128, 131, History heuristic, 69 132, 144–145, 153–156, 158, 160, 165, Hoane, Joe, 441 179–180, 182, 204, 208, 215, 239, 244, Hooper, Charles Alfred, 87 245, 272–273, 283, 335, 366, 383, 394, Hoover, Thomas, 97 412, 447, 533, 549 Hopper, Grace, 22 Four color theorem, 433 Hsu, Feng-hsiung, 50, 69, 74, 77, 393, 441, Franklin, Brother, 410 551 Fraser, William, 124, 554 Human intelligence, 10–11, 56–57, 203, 528 Frey, Peter, 551 Hunt, Edwin, 447 Freyer, Harold, 128, 243, 511, 554 Hunt, Roy, 553, 555 Fudge factor, 152, 154, 164, 175–176, 207, Hussain, Donna, 90 314 Fuller, Everett, 555 iCORE, ix, 451–452, 467, 483, 512, 523 IJCAI, 475, 478, 481, 483–484, 492, 550 Gaines, Judith, 396, 399 International Checker Hall of Fame, 216, 244, Galebach, Brian, 241 410, 412, 512 Gardner, Martin, 97 International Computer Chess Association Gasser, Ralph, 361, 461 (ICCA), 15, 18, 219, 551 Gentleman, Morven, 7 Iterative deepening, 149–150 Gentlemen’s agreement, 276, 279, 280, 292, 345, 381, 407–410 Jansen, Peter, 82–84, 331 George, Mike, 385, 386 Jassim, Ayad, 272, 307 Gib bridge program, 445 Jensen, Eric, xv, 93–94, 97 Gilbert, Ed, 463, 465, 478–480, 483, 506 Johnson, Howard, 7 Gilberto, Joe, 378, 398 Johnson, Jack, 394 Ginsberg, Matt, 445 Junghanns, Andreas, ix, xv, 416, 445–448, Go, 17, 29, 40, 432–433, 472, 550, 551 452, 467 Goebel, Randy, 8, 474 Goetsch, Gordon, 74 Kasparov, Garry, 59, 68, 76–77, 102, 173, 247, Gomoku, 42, 348, 430, 431, 433, 550, 551 421, 429, 441, 442 Goodwin, Don, 20 Keene, Raymond, 129, 252, 291, 304, 307, Gorda, Brent, xv, 235–236, 238, 334, 412 325, 329, 351, 376, 378–381, 386–392, Grandjean, Burke, 94 394, 395, 398, 407–410 Graph-history interaction (GHI), 471–473, 536 Keetman, Stef, 347, 350, 353 Gray, Perry, 555 King, Ron, 140, 143, 145, 146, 152–153, Greiner, Russ, 481 157, 163, 165, 243, 272–273, 358, 368, Guinness Book of World Records, 243, 244, 372–374, 394, 421–423, 445–447, 463, 442 511, 554, 557, 560 Guo. Yuhong, 481 Kishimoto, Akihiro, 472–473, 481, 495, 550 Knight, Brent, xv, 101–102, 107, 110–111, Hal (2001 movie), 59 117–119, 174, 176–177, 201–202, 208, Hall of Champions, 445–447 231, 235, 239, 265, 550 Hallett, Richard, 136–138, 140–143, 167, 168, Koestler, Arthur, 528 171, 218, 220, 243, 252, 272–273, 368, Korf, Richard, xv, 481 374–375, 422, 511 Kornelson, Randal, xv, 105 Hansen, Ron, 6, 7 Kramer, David, xii, xvi, 22 Hartmann, Dap, xv, 175, 314, 355 Kramnik, Vladimir, 59, 102, 489 Hartston, William, 123, 321 Kulchitsky, Jamie, 501, 502 Hashing, 89–90 Kurzweil, Raymond, 97 Hein, Piet, 431 Hellman, Walter, 33, 93, 95–96, 125–126, 128, Lafferty, Don, xv, 126, 128, 132, 168, 242, 447, 554 172–173, 182, 184, 232, 242, 243, 247, Henderson, Angus, 272, 379 251, 259–264, 270, 274–276, 281, 294, Hex, 430–431 296, 300, 302, 329–332, 334–340, 342, Index 581

358, 359, 361–363, 365–368, 374, 377, Logistello Othello program, 445 383, 384, 391–392, 394, 397, 402, 408, Long, Asa, xv, 123–126, 143, 156, 158, 167, 411–413, 417, 421–424, 441, 443–444, 168, 184, 218, 242–245, 247–249, 259, 447, 511, 519–520, 555 260, 263, 319, 408, 447, 511, 526, 554, 1987 Tinsley-Lafferty WCC, 126, 217, 262, 555, 557, 560 554 Lowder, Elbert, 94, 110, 126, 138–141, 143, 1990 U.S. championship, 143, 145–147, 167, 243, 244, 260–261, 263, 265, 151, 156–158, 163–168, 171, 372 272–273, 368, 374–375, 447, 511, 554 1991 Lafferty-Chinook, 198–199, 204–206, Loy, Jim, 450, 557, 560 208–214, 329, 557, 560 Lu, Paul, vii, ix, xv, 107, 109, 111, 121, 125, 1992 U.S. championship, 273 169–171, 174, 231, 232, 234, 236, 237, 1993 Lafferty-Chinook, 332–334, 557, 560 239, 257–260, 263–265, 268–270, 272, 1994 Lafferty-Chinook, 365–366, 557, 560 273, 277, 288, 289, 291–293, 296–297, 1994 Lafferty-Chinook WMMC, 390–392, 299, 302–308, 312, 315, 321, 322, 325, 395–402, 408–411, 423, 470, 534, 557, 334, 341, 344, 358–360, 365, 366, 560 375, 376, 378–379, 381, 382, 384–386, 1994 U.S. championship, 372–375 388–390, 392, 395, 397, 398, 402, 407, 1995 Lafferty-Chinook WMMC, 412–416, 409, 451, 452, 469, 481, 495, 501, 512, 423, 557, 560 523–524, 531, 533, 544, 550 1996 King-Lafferty WCC, 421 Lyman, Al, xii, xiii death, 447 Lake, Robert, ix, xv, xvi, 202, 214, 231, Marchand, Benoit, 354, 358, 378–380, 533 234–235, 240, 254, 256–257, 265, 273, Markusic, Ed, 143, 145, 150–151, 167, 243, 302–304, 306, 312, 315, 321, 322, 269, 273, 274, 511 325–328, 330, 333–335, 337–339, 341, Mars Rover, 227 348, 351, 360–363, 365–371, 374–376, Marshall, James, 554 380, 381, 384, 386, 388–390, 392, 395, Marsland, Tony, 8, 13, 15, 75, 467, 518 397–400, 402, 407, 409, 411–413, 415, Martin, Bobby, 555 418–419, 421, 422, 452, 466, 469, 481, Marvin Awari program, 432 494, 495, 501, 503, 512, 513, 517–521, Maven Scrabble program, 445, 447 544, 550 McAllester, David, 434 Landry, Tom, 42, 53, 170, 171, 177, 296, 305, McCarrick, Con, 1, 277, 292, 296, 317, 378 323–324 McCarthy, John, 442 Lane, Winthrop, 274 McCarthy, Pat, 53, 294 Lang, Richard, 43 McDermott, Drew, 442 Larsen, Bent, 74 McDowell, R., 553 Laverty, Tim, 135–136, 138, 146, 260, 372 McRitchie, George, 555 Lawson, Dominic, 297 McSherry, Stewart, 360 Lee, Patrick, xv, 40 Miller, George, 356, 357 Leopold, Jules, 381 Millett, Adrian, 50, 52, 169–170, 356 Levitt, Leo, 103, 110–113, 115–117, 128, 135, Minsky, Marvin, 380, 487–488 136, 143, 145, 150, 163, 167, 173, 243, Moiseyev, Alex, 511 447, 511 Morrison, Earl, 141, 145, 152 Levy, David N.L., xv, 15, 22, 40, 169–171, Morrison, James, 152–156, 162, 164–165, 167, 198, 215, 218–220, 239, 251–253, 171, 243, 272, 273, 422, 511 278–280, 292, 297, 299, 303–306, 308, Muller,¨ Martin, 472–473, 481, 495, 550 315, 325, 328–329, 345, 351, 376, 378, Multidata Systems International, 228 380, 381, 383–387, 390–392, 395, 398, Murakami, Takeshi, 445 409, 410, 475, 512, 531, 550 Myrias Research, 16, 18, 235–237 Lewin, Roger, 97 Lincke, Thomas, 432 NASA, 227 Lindsay, Gene, 146 Nash, John, 431 Lines of Action, 467 National Institute of Standards and Technology, Loew, Milton, 447 230 582 One Jump Ahead

Nealey, Robert, 91–93 Rippener, Howard, 271 Newborn, Monroe, 6 Romein, John, 432, 462, 551 Newell, Alan, 59 Rubin, Nathan, 447 Nievergelt, Jurg,¨ 361, 472 Russell, Stuart, 488, 551 Nine Men’s Morris, 42, 361, 430, 431, 433, Ryan, Willie, 32–33, 153, 155, 294, 447, 555 461 Nobel prize, 59, 60, 83, 84, 431 Saavedra, Pedro, 420 North American computer chess champi- Samuel, Arthur, xvi, 5, 16–19, 22, 44, 52, 77, onships, 7, 8, 43, 45, 49, 74, 82, 181, 87–97, 108, 171–172, 182, 193, 381, 265, 303 451, 487, 488, 509, 549, 550 Norvig, Peter, 488, 551 Schaeffer, Jonathan, vii, 9–12, 172, 176–177, Nowatzyk, Andreas, 74 197, 215, 239, 240, 247–248, 256–257, 264–266, 271–272, 322, 328–329, Oldbury, Derek, xv, 46–53, 80, 93, 110, 125, 345–346, 402, 407, 439–441, 447–448, 136, 139, 143, 146, 169–170, 184, 198, 501, 512–513, 518–521, 523–525, 528, 202–203, 215, 216, 218, 220, 241, 531–537, 539–541, 543–545, 550, 551 243, 251–253, 273, 297, 335, 356–358, 1989 Computer Olympiad, 15, 16, 22, 366–368, 377, 383, 390, 397, 399, 411, 42–52, 257, 367, 498 421, 447, 464, 470, 511, 554, 555, 557, 1989 sabbatical, 73–85 560 1990 Mississippi State, 131–142 One Jump Ahead, vii, 439–441, 502, 507 Optimization game, 78–79, 110, 135, 249, 372 1990 Tinsley-Chinook, 182–196 Othello, 40, 359, 445, 550 1990 U.S. championship, 112–113, Ovenden, Michael, 528 143–168, 439 1990 checkers conference, 103–104, Parallel computing, 9, 232–234, 237–239, 110–112 308–309, 326, 359–360, 376 1991 Lafferty-Chinook, 205–214 Parnas, David, 229 1992 Long-Chinook, 243–245 Partial-information databases, 482–483, 488 1992 Southern States, 259–264 Pask, Richard, ix, 13, 44–45, 52–53, 80, 81, 1992 Tinsley-Chinook WMMC, 1–2, 196, 203, 280, 305, 337, 549, 553, 555 275–297, 299–321, 323–324, 440, 489, Patriot missile, 227 527, 544 Payne, William, 27, 31 1992 U.S. championship, 269–273 Pearson, George, 337 1993 Colossus-Chinook, 330, 335–340, 532 Pentium computer chip, 230 1993 Lafferty-Chinook, 331–334 Perot, Ross, 32 1994 Lafferty-Chinook, 365–366 Pike, Robert, 549 1994 Lafferty-Chinook WMMC, 390–392, Pillsbury, Harry Nelson, 87 396–403, 470, 534 Pitney, Earl, 133–135, 138 1994 Oldbury-Chinook, 356–358, 383 Plaat, Aske, xv, 416 1994 Southern States, 367–368 Poker, 15, 40, 394, 452, 484, 505–506, 550, 1994 Tinsley-Chinook WMMC, 377–390, 551 533–534 Proof-number search, 435–437, 551 1994 U.S. championship, 368–375, 470 Propp, Jim, xvi, 126, 129, 172, 377, 396, 401 1995 Lafferty-Chinook WMMC, 412–416 1996 Southern States, 422 Qubic, 42, 430, 433, 550, 551 1996 U.S. championship, 422–423, 476, 519 3130 article, 240–242 Racter, 57 analysis of Tinsley’s games, 104–107, 470 Rec.games.chess, 407, 408, 416, 419 Bryant deal, 340–345 Reed, James, 286 checkers knowledge, 16–17 Regine, Birute, 97 checkers solved, 496–498, 500, 540 Restak, Richard, 97 Chinook naming, 22–23 Retrograde analysis, 38, 432, 462, 551 Cocke, John, 77, 181–182 Richmond, Catrina, 281, 283 Dartmouth conference, 487–488 Index 583

database completion, 40, 119, 350–351, Tinsley forfeit, 387–390, 407–411, 424–425 468–470, 482 Tinsley illness, 385–387, 389–390, 396–397 database errors, 177, 273, 326–327, Tinsley resignation, 215–216 334–335, 454–457, 478–479, 518 turning 50, 501, 503 David Fogel, 449–450 White Doctor solved, 477–478 debugging, 80–81, 114–115, 175–176, Schaeffer, Rebecca, ix, 175, 242, 312, 315, 199–201, 237–239, 306–309, 371–372 316, 321, 333, 346, 350–351, 363, 371, department chair, 474, 481–482, 513 373, 396, 399–401, 407, 423, 474, 478, entry to 1990 U.S. championship, 102–103 482–483, 492, 495–498, 500–502, 506, evaluation function tuning, 107–109, 507, 509, 512–513, 539–541, 544–545 450–451 Schaeffer, Steph, vii, ix, xv, 14–15, 22, 73, 77, finding Norm Treloar, 17–20 82, 99, 162, 175, 183, 211, 215, 242, first position, 27–29 253, 257, 263, 267, 289, 312, 315, 316, game 18 forfeit, 299–307, 323, 400, 440 321, 327, 328, 333, 338, 339, 346–348, gentlemen’s agreement, 276, 279, 280, 292, 350–351, 359, 361–363, 372–373, 396, 345, 381, 407–410 399, 401, 407, 423, 445, 453, 457, 474, Guinness Book of World Records, 442 478, 479, 481–483, 491, 492, 495, 497, iCORE, 451–452, 467 498, 500–501, 504, 506, 507, 509, 513, IJCAI, 475, 478, 481, 483–484, 492 519, 539, 543–545 Kasparov-Deep Blue, 76–77, 441–442 Scheidt, Ed, 178, 239–241, 511 Lafferty death, 447 Schuffett, Robert, 105, 549, 553 Las Vegas tournament, 462–466 Schuurmans, Dale, 481 losing, 45 Schwartz, Joe, 138, 145, 157–158, 272, 372 Maastricht sabbatical, 346–363 Science journal, 495, 497, 500–501, 503, marriage, 73, 99 505–507, 540, 550 media, 283, 289–291, 324, 383, 396, 399, Scrabble, 40–42, 445, 447, 550, 551 402–403, 442, 448, 503–507, 540 Selective deepening, 203–204 meets Tinsley, 131–132 Shannon, Claude, 87, 88 minimum openings, 484–485, 492–493 Sheppard, Brian, 445 Oldbury, Derek, 46–49, 51–52, 251–253, Shogi (Japanese chess), 129, 472 366–367, 411 One Jump Ahead, 439–441 Shore, John, 223 opening book, 179–181, 465 Silicon Graphics (SGI), xv, 2, 183, 252–253, optimization game, 78–81, 110, 231, 372 257–259, 271–272, 275, 277, 283, 288, partial-information databases, 482–483, 488 291, 296, 299, 304, 307, 308, 324, 326, Phoenix, 8–9, 13–14 328, 332, 342, 343, 354, 356, 359–360, poker, 452, 484, 505–506 365, 376–379, 388, 390, 391, 402, 403, pre-Chinook days, 5–9 408–410, 412, 462, 559, 560 Prodigy, 7–8 Simon, Herbert, 59, 83–85, 487 rec.games.chess debate, 392–394, 407 Singular extensions, 69 research significance, 507–509 Slate, David, 378, 551 Science paper, 495, 497, 500–501, 503, Smith, Herschel, xv, 44, 47–48, 51, 53, 95–96, 505–507, 523, 540, 550 102–103, 111, 157, 161, 166, 216, 217, SGI sponsorship, 251–253, 257, 380, 390 244, 260–261, 268, 381, 388–390, 409, Simon, Herbert, 83–84 411–413, 468–469, 476–477, 520–521 Smith, Herschel, 44, 47, 51, 53, 102, 103, Smith, Warren, 400 157, 161, 166, 260–261, 268, 381, 388, Software engineering, 78–79, 81, 89, 110 390, 409, 468–469, 476–477 Softwari Awari program, 432 solving error, 484 Solving checkers, 12–13, 84, 430, 432–434, solving party, 494, 500–501, 506 437–438, 550 start of project, 5, 13–16 Andreas Junghanns, 448 The Beast, 17, 19–21, 104 Black Widow opening, 473–474, 478, Thompson, Ken, 49–50, 487, 496 484–486, 488, 491, 492, 494–496 Tinsley death, 417–421 checkers solved, 496–500 584 One Jump Ahead

Graph-history interaction (GHI), 471–473, 213, 231, 239, 251, 265, 386, 452, 484, 484, 495 505, 512, 518, 523, 550 improved proof numbers, 485–487 initial results, 452 Tal, Mikhail, 128–129 method, 459–461 Talis, Barney, 555 minimum openings, 484–485, 492–493 TD-Gammon backgammon program, 445, 447, proof solver, 459 451 proof statistics, 573 Tesauro, Gerry, 445, 451 proof-tree manager, 459, 460, 506 The Beast, 19–21, 104 proving at least a draw, 488–489 The Legendary MFT, ix, 549, 553, 555 research significance, 507–509 The Turk automaton, 87 seeding, 460 Therac-25, 227–228 solver processes, 506 Thompson, Ed, 20–21, 38, 40, 43, 53 solving error, 484 Thompson, Ken, xv, 38, 49–50, 75–78, 99, threshold, 471 105, 179, 196, 401, 412, 416, 487, 496 White Doctor opening, 470–471, 473–475, Tic-tac-toe, 430, 441 477–479, 482, 484–486 Tinsley, Marion, viii, xi, xv, xvi, 31, 44, 53, Solving games, 430–438, 551 102, 104, 109, 112, 138, 140, 144, Awari, 431–433, 461–462, 551 146–148, 171, 173–179, 181, 197–202, chess, 432 204, 205, 208, 215, 219–221, 231, 235, Connect Four, 431, 433 237, 239, 240, 242–245, 247, 249, 251, conspiracy number search, 434–435 253, 257–268, 271, 273, 274, 323–331, decision complexity, 432–433 333, 335, 339, 341–346, 349, 350, 355, Go, 432–433 356, 358, 360–363, 365–368, 370, 372, Gomoku, 431, 433 374, 375, 381, 391–392, 395, 396, 401, Hex, 430–431 407, 415, 416, 420, 422–424, 429–430, Nine Men’s Morris, 431, 433 434, 439, 441, 447, 454, 470, 480, 486, proof-number search, 435–437 497, 507, 509–511, 519–521, 523, 524, Qubic, 433 526, 527, 529, 543–545, 549 search space complexity, 432–433 1946 U.S. championship, 124, 553, 555 strongly solved, 432 1948 U.S. championship, 124, 553 tic-tac-toe, 430, 432 1950 U.S. championship, 124, 126, 553 ultra-weakly solved, 431 1952 Tinsley-Banks WCC, 124, 554 weakly solved, 431 1952 Tinsley-Fraser, 124, 554 Southey, Finnegan, 488 1954 U.S. championship, 125, 554 Space shuttle, 227 1955 Tinsley-Hellman WCC, 125, 554 Spassky, Boris, 173, 197, 517 1956 U.S. championship, 125, 554 Spielmann, Rudolph, 341 1958 Tinsley-Oldbury WCC, 125, 297, 470, Spraggett, Kevin, 64 554, 555 Staples, David, 289–290 1970 U.S. championship, 126, 554 Steen, Lynn, 97 1974 U.S. championship, 126, 554 Steinitz, Wilhelm, 430 1978 U.S. championship, 554 Stiller, Lewis, 39 1979 Tinsley-Lowder WCC, 126, 138, 244, Strachey, Christopher, 88, 549, 550 272, 554 Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars), 229 1981 Tinsley-Long WCC, 126, 242, 554 Strimpel, Oliver, 399 1982 U.S. championship, 554 Stubblefield, Luther, 368 1985 Tinsley-Long WCC, 126, 243, 554, Sturtevant, Nathan, 483, 550 555 Sutphen, Steve, xv, 118, 210, 211, 265, 481, 1987 Tinsley-Lafferty WCC, 126, 217, 262, 487, 495, 550, 559 554 Sutton, Rich, 451 1989 Tinsley-Davis WCC, 126, 145, 554 Szafron, Duane, xv, 5, 9, 13, 15, 17, 19, 53, 1990 Tinsley-Chinook, 182–196, 203, 204, 101, 120, 174, 202, 204–206, 208–211, 207, 332, 557, 560, 562–564 Index 585

1990 U.S. championship, 143, 145–147, Trice, Ed, 241, 453–457 151, 156–168, 171, 176, 183, 372, 554, Truscott, Tom, xv, 18, 63–64, 93–94, 97, 550 561 Turing Award, 49, 76, 77, 83, 84 1992 Tinsley-Chinook WMMC, 1–2, 266, Turing Test, 57 275–297, 299–321, 327, 332, 337, 423, Turing, Alan, 49, 57 440, 527, 554, 555, 557, 560, 564–570 1994 Tinsley-Chinook WMMC, 376–390, Uiterwijk, Jos, 347, 551 396, 408, 423, 429, 533–534, 554, 557, 560, 571–572 Van den Herik, Jaap, xv, 41, 73, 219, 327, 1994 U.S. championship, 368–375, 377, 346–348, 350, 512, 551 554, 571 Van der Goot, Roel, 432, 461 biography, 123–128 Van der Meulen, Maarten, 348 Boston forfeit, 387–392, 394, 402, 407–413, Van Rijswijck, Jack, 551 424–425 Vancouver stock exchange, 226 death, 417–421 Villa, Luigi, 76 Duke program, 94–95 Von Kempelen, Baron Wolfgang, 87 Fischer comparison, 173 game analysis by Chinook, 106–107, 470 gentlemen’s agreement, 276, 279, 280, 292, Walden, Brother, 385, 396, 418, 419 345, 381, 407–410 Waldteufel, Roberto, 463, 465 illness, 385–387, 389–390, 396–397 Walker, Charles, 103, 111–112, 161, 182–183, loss record, 555 185, 192, 193, 197–199, 216, 218–220, meets Schaeffer, 131–132 242–245, 266, 297, 358, 391, 407–413, Oldbury’s opinion, 252–253 439, 475–477, 483, 486, 511–512, playing record, 553–555 520–521 resigns title, 215–219 Walker, Deloris, 244, 476, 520 why was he so good, 128–129 Watson, Thomas, 90 Toyota Motor Corporation, 226 Webster, John, 372 Treloar, Norman, ix, xv, 18–20, 22, 27–29, 37, Weiss, Eric, 96 53, 63, 75, 78, 99, 102, 103, 108–114, Wexler, Norman, 103, 111–112, 117, 135, 136, 116–117, 121, 131–133, 135–137, 139, 180, 243, 381, 511 142–143, 145, 148, 151–152, 155, 156, Whelton, Clark, 97 159, 162–164, 166, 168–172, 174, 176, Winton, Ronnie, 170–171 179, 203–206, 208, 214, 225, 231–232, Wolcott, J., 554 239, 240, 248–251, 253, 259, 263, Woods, Tiger, 249 264, 267–269, 277–279, 281–286, 289, World computer chess championships, 8, 9, 13, 291–293, 297, 304–305, 308, 310, 312, 14, 45, 73–75, 198, 327, 375, 468 313, 315, 317, 319, 321, 322, 325, 331, Wyllie, James, 31 335, 340–345, 348, 411, 439, 451, 512, 525–529, 550 Zuber, E., 555