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Organization of the American Association for

1994 National Conference on Richard K. Belew, University of California, San Diego William P. Birmingham, University of Michigan Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-94) Mark Boddy, Honeywell Systems & Research Center Conference Chair Peter Bonasso, The MITRE Corporation William Swartout, USC/Information Sciences Institute Craig Boutilier, University of British Columbia Hans Brunner, US West Advanced Technologies Program Cochairs Sandra Carberry, University of Pennsylvania Barbara Hayes-Roth, Stanford University B. Chandrasekaran, Ohio State University Richard E. Korf, University of California, Los Angeles & Stanford University Associate Chair Eugene Charniak, Howard E. Shrobe, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Susan Conry, Clarkson University James Crawford, CIRL Challenge Committee Chair Roger B. Dannenberg, Carnegie Mellon University Thomas L. Dean, Brown University Adnan Darwiche, Rockwell International Science Center Art Exhibition Chair Henry Davis, Wright State University Joseph Bates, Carnegie Mellon University Luc De Raedt, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Thomas L. Dean, Brown University Machine Translation Showcase Committee , University of California, Irvine Jaime Carbonell, Carnegie Mellon University Johan De Kleer, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Bonnie Dorr, University of Maryland Nachum Dershowitz, University of Illinois at Urbana- Eduard Hovy, University of Southern California Champaign Robot Competition and Exhibition Chair Oskar Dressler, Siemens AG Reid Simmons, Carnegie Mellon University Mark Drummond, Recom Technologies & NASA Ames Research Center Robot Laboratory Chair Edmund Durfee, University of Michigan Willie Lim, Lehman Brothers Clark Elliott, DePaul University & Northwestern University Student Abstract Program Chair Susan Epstein, CUNY Hunter College New York Kristian Hammond, University of Chicago Oren Etzioni, University of Washington Matthew Evett, Florida Atlantic University Tutorial Program Chair Brian Falkenhainer, Xerox Design Practice & Technology Devika Subramanian, Cornell University Adam Farquhar, Stanford University Tutorial Program Cochair James R. Firby, University of Chicago Douglas Fisher, Vanderbilt University Philip Klahr, Inference Corporation Kenneth Forbus, Northwestern University/Institute for the Video Program Cochairs Learning Sciences John E. Laird, University of Michigan Peter Friedland, NASA Ames Research Center Elliot Soloway, University of Michigan William A. Gale, AT&T Bell Laboratories Workshop Program Chair Erann Gat, JPL/California Institute of Technology James Geller, New Jersey Institute of Technology Donald Perlis, University of Maryland Matthew Ginsberg, University of Oregon Program Committee Piotr Gmytrasiewicz, University of California, Riverside David W. Aha, Naval Research Laboratory Andrew Golding, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories Bradley P. Allen, Inference Corporation Moises Goldszmidt, Rockwell International Science Center Richard Alterman, Brandeis University Georg Gottlob, Technische Universität Wien Kevin D. Ashley, University of Pittsburgh John J. Grefenstette, Naval Research Laboratory Christer Bäckström, Linköping University Adam J. Grove, NEC Research Institute Joseph Bates, Carnegie Mellon University Joseph Halpern, IBM Almaden Research Center x Steve Hanks, University of Washington Jean Ponce, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Othar Hansson, Heuristicrats Research Inc. & University of David Poole, University of British Columbia California, Berkeley Gregory Provan, Institute for Decisions Systems Research James A. Hendler, University of Maryland Teodor Przymusinski, University of California, Riverside Ian Horswill, Massachusett Institute of Technology & AI Abhiram Ranade, University of California, Berkeley Laboratory Edwina L. Rissland, University of Massachusetts Eric Horvitz, Microsoft Research Enrique Ruspini, SRI International Douglas J. Howe, AT&T Bell Laboratories Stuart Russell, University of California, Berkeley Michael N. Huhns, MCC AI Laboratory Jeffrey Schlimmer, Washington State University Seth Hutchinson, University of Illinois at Urbana- Guus Schreiber, University of Amsterdam Champaign Hinrich Schutze, Stanford University Chung Hee Hwang, University of Rochester Bart Selman, AT&T Bell Laboratories Yumi Iwasaki, Stanford University Jude Shavlik, University of Wisconsin Randolph Jones, University of Michigan Mark Shirley, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Leo Joskowicz, IBM TJ Watson Research Center Yoav Shoham, Stanford University Leslie Pack Kaelbling, Brown University Reid Simmons, Carnegie Mellon University Avi Kak, Purdue University Munindar P. Singh, MCC Peter D. Karp, SRI International David E. Smith, Rockwell International Simon Kasif, Johns Hopkins University Wayne Snyder, Boston University Henry A. Kautz, AT&T Bell Laboratories Lynn Andrea Stein, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Richard M. Keller, NASA Ames Research Center & AI Laboratory Hiroaki Kitano, Sony Laboratory Mark E. Stickel, SRI International Georg Klinker, Digital Equipment Corporation David G. Stork, Ricoh California Research Center Daphne Koller, University of California, Berkeley Rudi Studer, Universität Karlsruhe Janet Kolodner, Georgia Institute of Technology Devika Subramanian, Cornell University Kurt Konolige, SRI International Richard Sutton, GTE Laboratories Inc. John R. Koza, Stanford University William Swartout, USC/Information Sciences Institute Benjamin Kuipers, University of Texas at Austin Katia Sycara, Carnegie Mellon University John Laird, University of Michigan Prasad Tadepalli, Oregon State University Gerhard Lakemeyer, University of Bonn Austin Tate, University of Edinburgh Amy Lansky, NASA Ames Research Center Gerry Tesauro, IBM Watson Research Laboratories David Leake, Indiana University Richmond Thomason, University of Pittsburgh Wendy G. Lehnert, University of Massachusetts Charles Thorpe, Carnegie Mellon University Alon Levy, AT&T Bell Laboratories David Throop, Boeing Missiles & Space Long-Ji Lin, Siemens Corp Research Inc Paul Utgoff, University of Massachusetts Marc Linster, Digital Equipment Corporation Peter van Beek, University of Alberta Diane Litman, AT&T Bell Laboratories Pascal Van Hentenryck, Brown University Sridhar Mahadevan, University of South Florida Manuela Veloso, Carnegie Mellon University V.W. Marek, University of Kentucky David L. Waltz, NEC Research Institute, Inc. Matthew T. Mason, Carnegie Mellon University Bonnie L. Webber, University of Pennsylvania David McAllester, Massachusetts Institute of David E. Wilkins, SRI International Technology/AI Laboratory Randall Wilson, Sandia National Laboratories Kathleen McCoy, University of Delaware Kent Wittenburg, Bell Communications Research John McDermott, Digital Equipment Corporation Gregg Yost, Digital Equipment Corporation Sheila McIlraith, University of Toronto Hantao Zhang, University of Iowa David Miller, The MITRE Corporation Shlomo Zilberstein, University of Massachusetts Steve Minton, NASA Ames Research Center Auxiliary Reviewers Thomas Mitchell, Carnegie Mellon University Jürgen Angele, University of Karlsruhe Andrew Moore, Carnegie Mellon University John Ash, Washington State University Mark A. Musen, Stanford University Andrew Baker, University of Oregon Karen L. Myers, SRI International Anthony Barret, University of Washington Dana S. Nau, University of Maryland Howard Beck, AIAI, University of Edinburgh P. Pandurang Nayak, NASA Ames Research Center Maria-Paola Bonacina, University of Iowa Nils Nilsson, Stanford University Piero Bonatti, University of Technology Vienna Martha Palmer, University of Pennsylvania Claudia Boettcher, Fraunhofer Institute, Karlsruhe Judea Pearl, University of California, Los Angeles Ronen Brafman, Stanford University Fernando Pereira, AT&T Bell Laboratories Gerhard Brewka, GMD (Germany) Dean Pomerleau, Carnegie Mellon University Maurice Bruynooghe, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

xi Joanna Bryson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, AI Robert Schrag, University of Texas Laboratory Grigori Schwarz, Stanford University Steven V. Chenoweth, AT&T Global Information Solutions Richard Segal, University of Washington Lonnie Chrisman, Carnegie Mellon University Naveen Sharma, Xerox Corporation Paul Dagum, Rockwell Science Center B. Srinivas, University of Pennsylvania Keith S. Decker, University of Massachusetts Jussi Stader, AIAI, University of Edinburgh Alvaro Del Val, Stanford University Markus Stumptner, University of Technology Vienna Marie des Jardins, SRI International Milind Tambe, USC/Information Sciences Institute Christy Doran, University of Pennsylvania Gabriel Taubin, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center Georg Dorffner, Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Peter Terpstra, University of Amsterdam Intelligence Samson W. Tu, Stanford University Brian Drabble, University of Edinburgh, AIAI Tomas E. Uribe, Stanford University Tim Duncan, University of Edinburgh, AIAI Gertjan van Heijst, University of Amsterdam Thomas Eiter, University of Technology Vienna Maarten van Someren, University of Amsterdam Werner Emde, GMD (Germany) Henk Vandecasteele, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Reinhard Enders, Siemens AG Patricia Wells, Washington State University Henrik Eriksson, Stanford University Monika Zickwolff, University of Darmstadt David Etherington, AT&T Bell Laboratories Dieter Fensel, University of Karlsruhe Eugene Fink, Carnegie Mellon University Hartmut Freitag, Siemens AG AAAI Officials Nir Friedman, Stanford University Mitch Garnaat, Xerox Corporation President John H. Gennari, Stanford University Barbara Grosz, Harvard University Keith Golden, University of Washington President-Elect Richard Goodwin, Carnegie Mellon University Randall Davis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lloyd Greenwald, Brown University Narendra K. Gupta, Siemens Corporate Research Inc. Past President Leonard Hermens, Washington State University Patrick J. Hayes, University of Illinois William Hill, Bellcore John Josephson, Ohio State University Secretary-Treasurer Herbert Kay, University of Texas Norman R. Nielsen, SRI International Jak Kirman, Brown University Councilors (through 1994) Adrian Klein, Stanford University Jaime Carbonell, Carnegie Mellon University Kevin Knight, USC/Information Sciences Institute Paul Cohen, University of Massachusetts Sven Koenig, Carnegie Mellon University Elaine Kant, Schlumberger Laboratory for Computer Science Philip D. Laird, NASA Ames Research Center Candace L. Sidner, Digital Equipment Corporation Dieter Landes, University of Karlsruhe Neal Lesh, University of Washington Councilors (through 1995) Shieu-Hong Lin, Brown University Johan de Kleer, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Christopher Lynch, Northeastern University Benjamin Kuipers, University of Texas, Austin Daniel P. Miranker, University of Texas Paul Rosenbloom, USC/Information Sciences Institute Michael Montag, Siemens AG Beverly Woolf, University of Massachusetts Dimitri Naidich, University of Iowa Susanne Neubert, University of Karlsruhe Councilors (through 1996) Ann Nicholson, Brown University Thomas L. Dean, Brown University Klaus Noekel, Siemens AG Robert S. Engelmore, Stanford University Ron Parr, UC Berkeley Peter Friedland, NASA Ames Research Laboratory Peter Patel-Schneider, AT&T Bell Laboratories Ramesh Patil, USC/Information Sciences Institute Barak Pearlmutter, Siemens Corporate Research Inc Scott Penberthy, University of Washington Mark Peot, Stanford University Lance Ramshaw, Institute for Research in Cognitive Science Standing Committees Alan Rector, University of Manchester Conference Chair Elisha Sacks, Princeton University William Swartout, USC/Information Sciences Institute Kate Sanders, Brown University Klaus Schild, German Research Center for AI (DFKI) Finance Chair Franz Schmalhofer, German Research Center for AI (DFKI) Norman R. Nielsen, SRI International xii Publications Chair Publishing Director Robert S. Engelmore, Stanford University David Mike Hamilton, The Live Oak Press Scholarship Chair Managing Editor Katia Sycara, Carnegie Mellon University Ellie Engelmore, AAAI Symposium Chair Production Editor Lynn Andrea Stein, MIT AI Laboratory Sunny Ludvik, Ludvik Editorial Services Symposium Cochair Editorial Assistant Bonnie E. Dorr, University of Maryland Daphne Black, AAAI Workshop Grants Chair Candace L. Sidner, Digital Equipment Corporation The AAAI Press Workshop Grants Cochair Beverly Woolf, University of Massachusetts Editor-in-Chief Kenneth Ford, University of Western Florida AI in Business Subgroup Liaison The MIT Press Coliaisons Dan O’Leary, University of Southern California Robert Prior and Teresa Ehling, The MIT Press AI and the Law Subgroup Liaison General Manager Edwina Rissland, University of Massachusetts David Mike Hamilton, The Live Oak Press AI in Manufacturing Subgroup Liaison Management Board Karl Kempf, Intel Corporation Robert S. Engelmore, Stanford University AI in Medicine Subgroup Liaison Kenneth Ford, University of Western Florida Serdar Uckun, Stanford University Carol McKenna Hamilton, AAAI David Mike Hamilton, The Live Oak Press Editorial Board AAAI Staff Ken Forbus, Northwestern University Executive Director Patrick Hayes, University of Illinois Carol McKenna Hamilton Janet Kolodner, Georgia Institute of Technology George Luger, University of New Mexico Accountant John McDermott, Digital Equipment Corporation Julia G. Bowen Robert Morris, Florida Institute of Technology Alain Rappaport, Neuron Data Conference Coordinator Bonnie Webber, University of Pennsylvania Annette Eldredge Membership & Systems Coordinator Richard A. Skalsky AAAI Corporate Sponsors Administrative Apple Computer Hasina Aziz, Daphne Black, Anne Gavin, Sally McLaughlin General Motors Research Laboratory Microsoft Corporation RECOM Technologies AI Magazine Editor Ramesh Patil, USC/Information Sciences Institute AAAI Corporate Affiliate Editor Emeritus The MITRE Corporation Robert S. Engelmore, Stanford University Associate Coeditors, Book Reviews Milind Tambe and Kevin Knight, USC/Information Sci- ences Institute Associate Editor, Dissertation Abstracts Peter Karp, SRI International Associate Editor, Workshop Reports Peter Patel-Schneider, AT&T Bell Laboratories

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