DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 4 the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR): the First Hadron

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 4 the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR): the First Hadron Chapter 4 The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR): The First Hadron Collider Christian Fabjan and Kurt Hübner 4.1 Introduction In 1956, with the CERN Proton Synchrotron (CPS) still under construction, a group was formed at CERN to study new accelerators reaching higher energy and/or intensity. This initiative was to assure CERNs future development and strengthen its international standing [1]. The CPS was brought into operation in 1959. It worked very reliably, delivering protons at an energy of 25 GeV. This provided one more reason for the study group to propose adding two storage rings tangential to each other and to the CPS. Protons would circulate in opposite directions, stored in the rings for many hours, and would collide at one point providing collisions at a centre-of- mass energy inaccessible with conventional synchrotrons [Box 4.1]. It would require a synchrotron of 1300 GeV to reach the same centre-of-mass energy as these Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR). Clearly, this new technique offered a tremendous leap into new territory for particle physics [2]. By 1962 this idea was taken a step further by proposing concentric rings intersecting at eight points (Fig. 4.1), substantially reducing the foot-print of the facility and allowing a number of experimental groups to work independently and Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com simultaneously. Remarkably, the approach was driven not so much by the potential users, the particle physicists, but mainly by accelerator physicists and engineers who by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. enthusiastically advocated the new technology. Having had leading positions in the CPS construction team, they brought their experience and expertise to the study group. The particle physicists were occupied with mastering experimentation at the CPS, and the few who reflected on the future rather thought of an extrapolation of the techniques they had been developing there. © 2017 The Author(s). Open Access chapter published by World Scientific Publishing Company and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 License. 87 88 C. Fabjan & K. Hübner Fig. 4.1. Layout of the Intersecting Storage Rings with the PS injector. The majority of particle physicists therefore lent support to an alternative to the ISR — a large proton synchrotron of much higher energy than the CPS. This project was preferred as it could provide a large variety of intense secondary beams, and would allow continuing the familiar style of experimentation. Eventually, a proton energy of 300 GeV was agreed upon by these scientists. After some hesitation and considerable (at times heated) discussions between European particle physicists and CERN management, the latter decided in 1964 to opt for the ISR and to defer the more expensive 300 GeV accelerator.a The then Director-General, Victor Weisskopf, showed the vision and persuasiveness to convince both the particle physics community and the CERN Council, which approved the ISR project at the end of 1965 with Kjell Johnsen as project leader. Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com It was an audacious bet to maintain CERN’s competitiveness at relatively low cost but at the price of a yet unproven concept. The ISR project is an interesting example how reticent research is driven into a new domain by innovative by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. technology. The Machine Already during the design phase two topics were identified as requiring major technological progress: (i) the average residual gas pressure in the vacuum chamber in which the proton beams circulated would have to be less than 10–7 Pa aThe 300 GeV study was intensively resumed in 1968 and led to the construction of the SPS operating from 1976 onwards (Chapter 5). The Intersecting Storage Ring (ISR) 89 (about 10–12 times atmospheric pressure) to avoid that the beams would lose protons too quickly or increase their transverse dimensions due to interactions with residual gas. Four orders of magnitude had to be gained relative to vacuum achieved at the CPS. The required Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) technology would have to be developed with European industry. (ii) For the necessarily high interaction rate of the colliding beams, very intense beams had to be accumulated. This was to be obtained by stacking injected proton beam pulses from the CPS by a radio-frequency (RF) system imparting a small, step-wise acceleration to each injected pulse. This technique, first tested in the US, was vital for the new facility and would have to be mastered by CERN. To this end, a 2 MeV electron model of the ISR (CESAR) was constructed and successfully operated in 1964, proving the feasibility of technologies and at the same time qualifying the vacuum industry in a fine example of efficient technology transfer. The success of CESAR provided additional momentum to the project as it progressed through the approval phase. In January 1971, barely five years after approval and slightly ahead of schedule, beams were injected and stored in both rings, producing the highest energy proton-proton collisions ever achieved on earth. This was duly celebrated at the inauguration ceremony in October (Fig. 4.2). Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. Fig. 4.2. ISR inauguration: The project leader, K. Johnsen, proudly hands the ISR key to the president of the CERN Council, E. Amaldi. Also on the platform (from left to right): former Director-General W. Weisskopf, the French Secretary of State M. Antonioz, Director-General W. Jentschke and W. Heisenberg, far right. 90 C. Fabjan & K. Hübner Colliders Box 4.1 Until the 1960s, the interaction of high energy particles with matter was studied in the laboratory by directing beams from accelerators onto targets, in which secondary particles are produced. The energy Ecm available in the centre‐of‐mass system of two colliding particles, one of which is at rest, increases with the square root of the energy E of the incident particle. It was recognized in the 1930s that colliding particles head‐ on would allow to fully exploit the kinetic energy of both particles, yielding Ecm = 2E for identical particles, but it was thought to be too difficult, as the intensity of available beams was low. The principle was however successfully demonstrated in 1961 for e+e– collisions in a single storage ring where a bunch of e+ and one of e– circulated in opposite directions to meet twice per revolution, to be the first e+e– circular collider. A storage ring consists of a synchrotron lattice [Box 2.1] and a beam tube under high vacuum to minimize losses and achieve a long beam lifetime. Increasing the number of circulating bunches per ring kb leads to a proportionally higher collision rate, or luminosity [Box 6.1], as well as an increase in the number of experiments (up to 2 kb) that can be accommodated. Sufficiently dense and intense beams can be accumulated by repeated injection. The synchrotron radiation emitted by the e+ and e– in the bends of the lattice reduces the spread in energy and the amplitude of transverse oscillations, which is important when merging the injected beam with that already stored. But the RF power needed to compensate losses due to synchrotron 2 4 + – radiation, proportional to (E/m0∙c ) /ρ, limits the top energy E of e e circular colliders, +/– even with a large bending radius ρ, because e mass m0 is small. For very high energy + – collisions (Ecm ≿ 0.4 TeV) linear e e colliders are favoured. These consist of opposing linacs with the beams tightly focused at the collision point to get a sufficient rate of interaction. Proton‐proton and p̄‐p colliders, operate according to the same principle as e+e– colliders, with counter‐rotating beams. The maximum beam energy is proportional to ρ∙B, where B is the magnetic field, so the design strives for large ρ and B. Two separate rings with opposite vertical magnetic field are required for p‐p colliders, which provide collisions at intersection points. The magnets can be separate (ISR) or in common, each magnet having two bores (LHC). High beam intensity and/or dense beams are Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com necessary to achieve a useful collision rate (luminosity). The accumulation mechanism of e+e– colliders is ineffective as synchrotron radiation is far less for heavy protons than for electrons. Beam intensity is built up quickly, either by injecting pulses side‐by‐side by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. (ISR) or by sequentially stacking high‐density bunches (LHC). This is very demanding for the injector system. If the required energy is higher than the injection energy the beam can be slowly accelerated in the storage ring. The p‐p̄ collider offers the advantage that counter‐rotating beams can circulate in the same vacuum chamber in a single ring, as in e+e– colliders, provided the beam is correctly grouped in bunches. The price to pay is that the production of anti‐protons requires an elaborate injector chain. A low‐density p̄‐beam is generated by firing a powerful primary p‐beam onto a target. This is then accumulated and compressed by many orders of magnitude using stochastic cooling [Box 6.2]. Nevertheless, the number of antiprotons available remains limited, which impacts on p‐p̄ luminosity. The Intersecting Storage Ring (ISR) 91 Unsurprisingly, operation of this totally new machine revealed further technological challenges on the way to reaching, and later exceeding, the design specification, at the pressing request of the experimenters.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Large Hadron Collider Lyndon Evans CERN – European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
    34th SLAC Summer Institute On Particle Physics (SSI 2006), July 17-28, 2006 The Large Hadron Collider Lyndon Evans CERN – European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland 1. INTRODUCTION The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is now in its final installation and commissioning phase. It is a two-ring superconducting proton-proton collider housed in the 27 km tunnel previously constructed for the Large Electron Positron collider (LEP). It is designed to provide proton-proton collisions with unprecedented luminosity (1034cm-2.s-1) and a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV for the study of rare events such as the production of the Higgs particle if it exists. In order to reach the required energy in the existing tunnel, the dipoles must operate at 1.9 K in superfluid helium. In addition to p-p operation, the LHC will be able to collide heavy nuclei (Pb-Pb) with a centre-of-mass energy of 1150 TeV (2.76 TeV/u and 7 TeV per charge). By modifying the existing obsolete antiproton ring (LEAR) into an ion accumulator (LEIR) in which electron cooling is applied, the luminosity can reach 1027cm-2.s-1. The LHC presents many innovative features and a number of challenges which push the art of safely manipulating intense proton beams to extreme limits. The beams are injected into the LHC from the existing Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at an energy of 450 GeV. After the two rings are filled, the machine is ramped to its nominal energy of 7 TeV over about 28 minutes. In order to reach this energy, the dipole field must reach the unprecedented level for accelerator magnets of 8.3 T.
    [Show full text]
  • Top Quark Physics in the Large Hadron Collider Era
    Top Quark Physics in the Large Hadron Collider era Michael Russell Particle Physics Theory Group, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Glasgow September 2017 arXiv:1709.10508v2 [hep-ph] 31 Jan 2018 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Abstract We explore various aspects of top quark phenomenology at the Large Hadron Collider and proposed future machines. After summarising the role of the top quark in the Standard Model (and some of its well-known extensions), we discuss the formulation of the Standard Model as a low energy effective theory. We isolate the sector of this effective theory that pertains to the top quark and that can be probed with top observables at hadron colliders, and present a global fit of this sector to currently available data from the LHC and Tevatron. Various directions for future improvement are sketched, including analysing the potential of boosted observables and future colliders, and we highlight the importance of using complementary information from different colliders. Interpretational issues related to the validity of the effective field theory formulation are elucidated throughout. Finally, we present an application of artificial neural network algorithms to identifying highly- boosted top quark events at the LHC, and comment on further refinements of our analysis that can be made. 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost I must thank my supervisors, Chris White and Christoph Englert, for their endless support, inspiration and encouragement throughout my PhD. They always gave me enough freedom to mature as a researcher, whilst providing the occasional neces- sary nudge to keep me on the right track.
    [Show full text]
  • MIT at the Large Hadron Collider—Illuminating the High-Energy Frontier
    Mit at the large hadron collider—Illuminating the high-energy frontier 40 ) roland | klute mit physics annual 2010 gunther roland and Markus Klute ver the last few decades, teams of physicists and engineers O all over the globe have worked on the components for one of the most complex machines ever built: the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the CERN laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. Collaborations of thousands of scientists have assembled the giant particle detectors used to examine collisions of protons and nuclei at energies never before achieved in a labo- ratory. After initial tests proved successful in late 2009, the LHC physics program was launched in March 2010. Now the race is on to fulfill the LHC’s paradoxical mission: to complete the Stan- dard Model of particle physics by detecting its last missing piece, the Higgs boson, and to discover the building blocks of a more complete theory of nature to finally replace the Standard Model. The MIT team working on the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the LHC stands at the forefront of this new era of particle and nuclear physics. The High Energy Frontier Our current understanding of the fundamental interactions of nature is encap- sulated in the Standard Model of particle physics. In this theory, the multitude of subatomic particles is explained in terms of just two kinds of basic building blocks: quarks, which form protons and neutrons, and leptons, including the electron and its heavier cousins. From the three basic interactions described by the Standard Model—the strong, electroweak and gravitational forces—arise much of our understanding of the world around us, from the formation of matter in the early universe, to the energy production in the Sun, and the stability of atoms and mit physics annual 2010 roland | klute ( 41 figure 1 A photograph of the interior, central molecules.
    [Show full text]
  • The Birth and Development of the First Hadron Collider the Cern Intersecting Storage Rings (Isr)
    Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Scripta Varia 119, Vatican City 2014 www.pas.va/content/dam/accademia/pdf/sv119/sv119-hubner.pdf The BirtTh a nd D eve lopment o f the Fir st Had ron C ollider The CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) K. H ÜBNER , T.M. T AYLOR CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Abstract The CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) was the first facility providing colliding hadron beams. It operated mainly with protons with a beam energy of 15 to 31 GeV. The ISR were approved in 1965 and were commissioned in 1971. This paper summarizes the context in which the ISR emerged, the design and approval phase, the construction and the commissioning. Key parameters of its performance and examples of how the ISR advanced accelerator technology and physics are given. 1. Design and approval The concept of colliding beams was first published in a German patent by Rolf Widerøe in 1952, but had already been registered in 1943 (Widerøe, 1943). Since beam accumulation had not yet been invented, the collision rate was too low to be useful. This changed only in 1956 when radio-frequency (rf) stacking was proposed (Symon and Sessler, 1956) which allowed accumulation of high-intensity beams. Concurrently, two realistic designs were suggested, one based on two 10 GeV Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient Accelerators (FFAG) (Kerst, 1956) and one suggesting two 3 GeV storage rings with synchrotron type magnet structure (O’Neill, 1956); in both cases the beams collided in one common straight section. The idea of intersecting storage rings to increase the number of interaction points appeared later (O’Neill, 1959).
    [Show full text]
  • Physicists Raid Tevatron for Parts Fermilab Icon Plundered Amid Tight Budgets and Shifting Scientific Aims
    IN FOCUS NEWS HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS Physicists raid Tevatron for parts Fermilab icon plundered amid tight budgets and shifting scientific aims. BY EUGENIE SAMUEL REICH CANNIBALIZING THE TEVATRON Parts at the Tevatron and its two main experiments, the CDF and D0, are being t is a 4,000-tonne edifice that stands three considered for recycling in the wake of the collider’s closure in September 2011. stories high, chock full of particle detectors, Antiproton power supplies, electronics and photo­ source Imultiplier tubes, all layered like a giant onion Possibly open around a cylindrical magnet. During 26 years Booster of operation at the Fermi National Accelerator to visitors Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois, this behemoth, Main injector the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF), and recycler helped to find the top quark and chased the • Photomultiplier tubes for Higgs boson. But since the lab’s flagship parti- nuclear-structure experiment CDF cle collider, the Tevatron, was switched off in • Electronics for the Large September 2011, the detector has been surplus Hadron Collider in Europe • Central magnet for a stock — and it is now slowly being cannibal- possible particle-decay ized for parts. Beams repurposed experiment When the Tevatron closed, Fermilab for neutrino and • Possible educational display announced that the CDF would become an other experiments educational display. Along with its companion experiment, D0, the detector was supposed to form the centre­piece of a tour through simu- Tevatron lated control rooms and decommissioned Possible educational display accelerator tunnels. But tight budgets for experimental particle physicists — combined 500 m with their tendency to tinker and recycle — are pushing the outcome in a different direction, D0 at least for the CDF.
    [Show full text]
  • Particle Physics Lecture 4: the Large Hadron Collider and Other Accelerators November 13Th 2009
    Subatomic Physics: Particle Physics Lecture 4: The Large Hadron Collider and other accelerators November 13th 2009 • Previous colliders • Accelerating techniques: linacs, cyclotrons and synchrotrons • Synchrotron Radiation • The LHC • LHC energy and luminosity 1 Particle Acceleration Long-lived charged particles can be accelerated to high momenta using electromagnetic fields. • e+, e!, p, p!, µ±(?) and Au, Pb & Cu nuclei have been accelerated so far... Why accelerate particles? • High beam energies ⇒ high ECM ⇒ more energy to create new particles • Higher energies probe shorter physics at shorter distances λ c 197 MeV fm • De-Broglie wavelength: = 2π pc ≈ p [MeV/c] • e.g. 20 GeV/c probes a distance of 0.01 fm. An accelerator complex uses a variety of particle acceleration techniques to reach the final energy. 2 A brief history of colliders • Colliders have driven particle physics forward over the last 40 years. • This required synergy of - hadron - hadron colliders - lepton - hadron colliders & - lepton - lepton colliders • Experiments at colliders discovered W- boson, Z-boson, gluon, tau-lepton, charm, bottom and top-quarks. • Colliders provided full verification of the Standard Model. DESY Fermilab CERN SLAC BNL KEK 3 SppS̅ at CERNNo b&el HERAPrize for atPhy sDESYics 1984 SppS:̅ Proton anti-Proton collider at CERN. • Given to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer • Ran from 1981 to 1984. Nobel Prize for Physics 1984 • Centre of Mass energy: 400 GeV • “For their decisive • 6.9 km in circumference contributions to large • Two experiments:
    [Show full text]
  • This Space Should Be Left Blank, Except for the Name of the First Author
    Hadron Colliders and Hadron Collider Physics Symposium Dmitri Denisov Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510 USA Abstract. This article summarizes main developments of the hadron colliders and physics results obtained since their inception around forty years ago. The increase in the collision energy of over two orders of magnitude and even larger increases in luminosity provided experiments with unique data samples. Developments of full acceptance detectors, particle identification and analysis methods provided fundamental discoveries and ultra-precise measurements which culminated in the completion and in depth verification of the Standard Model. Hadron Collider Physics symposium provided opportunities for those working at hadron colliders to share results of their research since 1979 and helped greatly to develop the field of particle physics. 1 Hadron Colliders The idea of using colliding beams to increase center of mass energy was developed in 1960’s with e+e- colliders designed and constructed. This idea is based on the kinematics of the collision. In the case of head on collisions for colliding beams of the same mass particles the center of mass system and the laboratory system coincide and the total center of mass energy is twice the energy of the beams. In the case of fixed target experiments, which provided critical experimental information at the early stages of the Standard Model developments, for proton proton collisions the center of mass energy is ~ (2mpEbeam) in the approximation of beam energy Ebeam well above mass of proton mp. This square root dependence√ reduces the center of mass energy of the fixed target experiments substantially. For example, at 1 TeV beam energy fixed target center of mass energy is ~50 GeV, while two 1 TeV beams Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Deliberation Document on the 2020 Update European Strategy
    DELIBERATION DOCUMENT ON THE 2020 UPDATE OF THE EUROPEAN STRATEGY FOR PARTICLE PHYSICS The European Strategy Group _Preface The first European Strategy for Particle Physics (hereinafter referred to as “the Strategy”), consisting of seventeen Strategy statements, was adopted by the CERN Council at its special session in Lisbon in July 2006. A first update of the Strategy was adopted by the CERN Council at its special session in Brussels in May 2013. This second update of the Strategy was formulated by the European Strategy Group (ESG) (Annex 1) during its six-day meeting in Bad Honnef in January 2020. The resolution on the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics was adopted at the 199th Session of the CERN Council on 19 June 2020. The ESG was assisted by the Physics Preparatory Group (Annex 2), which had provided scientific input based on the material presented at a four-day Open Symposium held in Granada in May 2019, and on documents submitted by the community worldwide. In addition, six working groups (Annex 3) were set up within the ESG to address the following points: Social and career aspects for the next generation; Issues related to Global Projects hosted by CERN or funded through CERN outside Europe; Relations with other groups and organisations; Knowledge and Technology Transfer; Public engagement, Education and Communication; Sustainability and Environmental impact. Their conclusions were discussed at the Bad Honnef meeting. This Deliberation Document was prepared by the Strategy Secretariat. It provides background information underpinning the Strategy statements. Recommendations to the CERN Council made by the Working Groups for possible modifications to certain organisational matters are also given.
    [Show full text]
  • Jets + Missing Energy Signatures at the Large Hadron Collider
    Jets + Missing Energy Signatures At The Large Hadron Collider DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Khalida S. Hendricks, M.S. Graduate Program in Physics The Ohio State University 2019 Dissertation Committee: Linda Carpenter, Advisor Amy Connolly Annika Peter Antonio Boveia c Copyright by Khalida S. Hendricks 2019 Abstract In this work we consider new ways to use jets plus missing energy signatures in searches at the Large Hadron Collider. We study the Higgs boson (h) decay to two light jets at the 14 TeV High-Luminosity- LHC (HL-LHC), where a light jet (j) represents any non-flavor tagged jet from the obser- vational point of view. We estimate the achievable bounds on the decay product branching fractions through the associated production V h (V = W ±;Z). As a reasonable estimation, we only focus on the boosted region of high pT (h) and the three leptonic decay channels of the vector boson. We find that with 3000 fb−1 data at the HL-LHC, we should expect approximately 1σ statistical significance on the SM V h(gg) signal in this channel. This cor- responds to a reachable upper bound BR(h jj) 4 BRSM (h gg) at 95% confidence ! ≤ ! level. A consistency fit also leads to an upper bound of BR(h cc) < 15 BRSM (h cc) ! ! at 95% confidence level. The estimated bound may be further strengthened by adopting multiple variable analyses, or adding other production channels. We then consider some simple machine learning techniques applied to the same channels.
    [Show full text]
  • Fermilab Collider Run II: Accelerator Status and Upgrades 1
    FERMILAB-CONF-04-280-AD Fermilab Collider Run II: Accelerator Status and Upgrades 1 Pushpalatha C. Bhat and William J. Spalding Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Batavia, IL 60510, USA. Abstract. Fermilab will continue to maintain its pre-eminent position in the world of High Energy Physics, with a unique opportunity to make unprecedented studies of the top quark and major discoveries, until the Large Hadron collider (LHC) at CERN becomes operational near the end of the decade. Run II is well underway with major accelerator and detector upgrades since Run I. A program of further upgrades to the accelerator complex will result in an integrated luminosity of 4-8 fb-1 per experiment, by the year 2009. INTRODUCTION Fermilab will remain the High Energy Physics Laboratory at the energy frontier late into the decade, when the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN begins to operate and the LHC experiments start producing competitive physics results. Therefore, the collider experiments at Fermilab have the unique opportunity for the next several years to make major advances in the study of the top quark that was discovered here in 1995 [1]. The experiments also have a great potential to make major discoveries including new phenomena beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. A rich harvest of standard model precision physics is guaranteed and new insights and surprises are likely, with the unprecedented amounts of data that Run II offers at the highest collision energy ever studied. The second major proton-antiproton collider run at Fermilab referred to as Run II, started in March 2001.
    [Show full text]
  • THE PROTON-ANTIPROTON COLLIDER Lecture Delivered at CERN on 25 November 1987 Lyndon Evans
    CERN 88-01 11 March 1988 ORGANISATION EUROPÉENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLÉAIRE CERN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH CERN ACCELERATOR SCHOOL Third John Adams Memorial Lecture THE PROTON-ANTIPROTON COLLIDER Lecture delivered at CERN on 25 November 1987 Lyndon Evans GENEVA 1988 ABSTRACT The subject of this lecture is the CERN Proton-Antiproton (pp) Collider, in which John Adams was intimately involved at the design, development, and construction stages. Its history is traced from the original proposal in 1966, to the first pp collisions in the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) in 1981, and to the present time with drastically improved performance. This project led to the discovery of the intermediate vector boson in 1983 and produced one of the most exciting and productive physics periods in CERN's history. RN —Service d'Information Scientifique-RD/757-3000-Mars 1988 iii CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. BEAM COOLING l 3. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE pp COLLIDER CONCEPT 2 4. THE SPS AS A COLLIDER 4 4.1 Operation 4 4.2 Performance 5 5. IMPACT OF EARLIER CERN DEVELOPMENTS 5 6. PROPHETS OF DOOM 7 7. IMPACT ON THE WORLD SCENE 9 8. CONCLUDING REMARKS: THE FUTURE OF THE pp COLLIDER 9 REFERENCES 10 Plates 11 v 1. INTRODUCTION The subject of this lecture is the CERN Proton-Antiproton (pp) Collider and let me say straightaway that some of you might find that this talk is rather polarized towards the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). In fact, the pp project was a CERN-wide collaboration 'par excellence'. However, in addition to John Adams' close involvement with the SPS there is a natural tendency for me to remain within my own domain of competence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
    Last Friday: pp(bar) Physics Intro, the TeVatron Today: TheThe LargeLarge HadronHadron ColliderCollider (LHC)(LHC) The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) 7 TeV + 7 TeV Protons Protons Targets: • The Higgs Boson(s) • Exotics (e.g. supersymmetry) 1011 Protons per bunch • Standard Model (top + many more) Bunch Crossings 4x107 Hz Proton collisions 109 Hz • Quark-Gluon Plasma (ALICE) Good luck finding the signal! • CP violation in B (LHCb) • …………………. General-purpose LHC Overview Higgs SUSY Heavy Ions ?? Quark-gluon plasma General-purpose Higgs SUSY B-physics ?? CP Violation ATLAS in More Detail • Solenoidal magnetic field (2T) in the central region (momentum measurement) High resolution silicon detectors: - 6 Mio. channels (80 μm x 12 cm) -100 Mio. channels (50 μm x 400 μm) space resolution: ~ 15 μm • Energy measurement down to 1o to the beam line • Independent muon spectrometer at outside (toroid system 1-2T) Diameter 25 m Barrel toroid length 26 m End-cap end-wall chamber span 46 m Overall weight 7000 Tons Installing ATLAS Toroids and Calorimeter ATLAS Toroids in Place Total weight 12500 t CMS in More Detail Overall diameter 15 m Overall length 21.6 m …. In a very messy environment, muons may be your best friend! …. Field inside solenoid ~4T. Iron return yoke conducts ~2T ATLAS, CMS Magnetic Fields ATLAS A Toroida l LHC Appa ra tuS CMS Compact Muon Solenoid µ µ Note the difference … Why do we believe in Higgs bosons? Standard answer: Standard model particles are massless … Higgs boson gives them mass Also: Around 1 TeV, Standard Model cross section for WW scattering grows out of control.
    [Show full text]