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RHETORIC and EXPERIENCE ARCHITECTURE Represents the Evolving Ideas of an Emerging Area of Study “Rhetoric is a natural choice for UX work.” Potts —Jakob Nielsen, Nielsen Norman Group, RHETORIC and author of Designing Web Usability: The Practice of Simplicity and Salvo “I really like the definition of experience architecture. As Potts and Salvo write EXPERIENCE ARCHITECTURE in their introduction, ‘experience architecture requires that we understand eco- systems of activity, rather than simply considering single-task scenarios.’” —Donald Norman, Nielsen Norman Group, EXPERIENCE ARCHITECTURE EXPERIENCE RHETORIC author of The Design of Everyday Things ARCHITECTURE EXPERIENCE RHETORIC RHETORIC AND EXPERIENCE ARCHITECTURE represents the evolving ideas of an emerging area of study. Experience architecture focuses on the re- search and practice of creating technologies, products, policies, and services that serve the needs of various participants. Experience architecture addresses issues of usability, interaction design, service design, user experience, information ar- chitecture, and content management for websites, mobile apps, software applica- tions, and technology services. and and Experience architecture also represents an emerging context for the practice of a variety of research and practical skills. These proficiencies are incorporated into commercial design and development work as user experience design, which has become an effective workplace moniker for this assemblage of practices. The study of language, and especially of persuasion, grounds experience architec- ture. Rhetoric sustains the technology-rich discussion of language and design that characterizes the contemporary exploration of the emerging practice of user experience design, and experience architecture enriches discussion of relevant research and methods. Experience architecture is a professional practice merging the newest technologies with ancient knowledge, hence the need for a volume in which rhetoric and experience architecture are in dialogue. RHETORIC AND EXPERIENCE ARCHITECTURE includes chapters from twenty-five authors in three countries and eleven US states, representing eighteen universities, research institutions, and design firms. EDITED BY 3015 Brackenberry Drive Anderson, South Carolina 29621 LIZA POTTS and MICHAEL J. SALVO http://www.parlorpress.com Parlor S A N: 2 5 4 – 8 8 7 9 Press ISBN: 978-1-60235-962-8 RHETORIC AND EXPERIENCE ARCHITECTURE RHETORIC AND EXPERIENCE ARCHITECTURE Edited by Liza Potts and Michael J. Salvo Parlor Press Anderson, South Carolina www.parlorpress.com Parlor Press LLC, Anderson, South Carolina, USA © 2017 by Parlor Press All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper. S A N: 2 5 4 - 8 8 7 9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Potts, Liza, editor. | Salvo, Michael J., editor. Title: Rhetoric and experience architecture / edited by Liza Potts and Michael J. Salvo. Description: Anderson, South Carolina : Parlor Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2017038154 (print) | LCCN 2017047258 (ebook) | ISBN 9781602359628 (pdf) | ISBN 9781602359635 (epub) | ISBN 9781602359826 ( ibook) | ISBN 9781602359833 (mobi) | ISBN 9781602359604 (pbk. : acid-free paper) | ISBN 9781602359611 (hardcover : acid-free paper) Subjects: LCSH: Communication and technology. | Rhetoric--Technological innovations. | Content analysis (Communication) | Information resources management. | Research--Methodology. | Social change in literature. Classification: LCC P96.T42 (ebook) | LCC P96.T42 R53 2017 (print) | DDC 808.00285--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017038154 978-1-60235-960-4 (paperback) 978-1-60235-961-1 (hardcover) 978-1-60235-962-8 (pdf) 978-1-60235-963-5 (epub) 978-1-60235-982-6 (ibook) 978-1-60235-983-3 (mobi) 2 3 4 5 Cover image: 2016. Photo by Michael Lechner on Unsplash. Used by permission. Book Design: David Blakesley Copyediting by Jared Jameson Parlor Press, LLC is an independent publisher of scholarly and trade titles in print and multimedia formats. This book is available in paper, cloth and eBook for- mats from Parlor Press on the World Wide Web at http://www.parlorpress.com or through online and brick-and-mortar bookstores. For submission information or to find out about Parlor Press publications, write to Parlor Press, 3015 Bracken- berry Drive, Anderson, South Carolina, 29621, or email [email protected]. Contents Acknowledgments vii 1 Introduction 3 Liza Potts and Michael J. Salvo 2 Beckon, Encounter, Experience: The Danger of Control and the Promise of Encounters in the Study of User Experience 17 Patricia Sullivan 3 Experience Architecture: Drawing Principles from Life 41 Roger Grice 4 Analyzing Activity for Experience Design 57 Cheryl Geisler 5 Feminist Rhetorics and Interaction Design: Facilitating Socially Responsible Design 84 Jennifer Sano-Franchini 6 Personas as Rhetorically Rich and Complex Mechanisms for Design 111 Erin Friess 7 “Constructivist” Research Methods for Experience Architecture and Design 122 Heather Christiansen and Tharon Howard 8 Experience Architecture in Public Planning: A Material, Activist Practice 143 Kristen Moore v 9 Methodologies: Design Studies and Techne 166 Ehren Pflugfelder 10 Ethnography as Research Aggregator 184 Andrew Mara and Miriam Mara 11 Audience Awareness: Resituating Experience Architecture as Execution 197 Cait Ryan 12 Kairos and Managing Experience Architecture Projects 209 Ben Lauren 13 Toward a Rhetoric of the Place: Creating Locative Experiences 225 Anders Fagerjord 14 Dialogic, Data-Driven Design: UX and League of Legends 241 Cody Reimer 15 Making as Learning: Mozilla and Curriculum Design 258 Rudy McDaniel and Cassie McDaniel 16 Memorial Interactivity: Scaffolding Nostalgic User Experiences 274 William C. Kurlinkus 17 Designing Digital Activism: Rhetorical Tool as Agent of Social Change 291 Douglas M. Walls, Delia M. Garcia, and Amy VanSchaik 18 Badges as Architectures of Experience: From Signaling to Communication 304 Stephanie Vie, Rudy McDaniel, and Joseph R. Fanfarelli 19 Relocations: (Re)visioning Rhetoric in a Modern Amusement Park 323 Jill Morris Contributors 341 Index 347 Acknowledgments We want to thank all the authors who contributed to this volume. Over a long and tumultuous path to publication, our contributors were patient, professional, and productive. Our goal from the outset was to create a fo- rum for academics and practitioners to share their experience and, along the way, convince as many as we could that experience architecture was a term that accurately described their work. Charles Sides was convinced ear- ly on, and offered valuable feedback and advice at an important moment. Ashita Nichanametla, Erin Brock-Carlson and Michelle McMullen offered us great insight and helped us construct another interface for readers to en- counter the book. We would also like to thank Laura Gonzalez whose work on international user experience is helping us plan our next project. Mi- chael is grateful to Liza for pushing the project along when he just could not even, and Liza is thankful for Michael’s persistence. We presented early versions of this work at the Council for Programs in Technical and Scien- tific Communication (CPTSC), Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC), and the Association for Teachers of Technical Writing (ATTW) and are thankful for our colleagues’ patient guidance and direction during early stages of the work, and are especially appreciative for the Association of Computing Machinery’s Special Interest Group on the Design of Communication (ACM-SIGDOC) for helping us refine our ap- proach and for providing excellent feedback in Silver Spring, Maryland and Limerick, Ireland. David Blakesley has a vision for the future of academic publishing; Jared Jameson has been sharp-eyed. Any value here is attribut- able to these collaborators and any missteps are of our own making. Our spouses have been patient as we discussed what we affectionate- ly refer to as “The RXA,” disrupting family time. And to our children, Liza’s Zöe, Katie, and Jayne and Michael’s Aila. Joy. vii RHETORIC AND EXPERIENCE ARCHITECTURE 1 Introduction Liza Potts and Michael J. Salvo xperience architecture (XA) represents an emerging context for the Epractice of a variety of research and practical skills. On one hand, these proficiencies are incorporated into commercial design and development work. User experience (UX for short) has become an effective workplace moniker for this assemblage of practices. The study of language, and espe- cially of persuasion, grounds user experience architecture. Rhetoric sustains the technology-rich discussion of language and design that characterizes the contemporary exploration of emerging practice and enriches UX’s research and methods. Experience architecture is a professional site merging the newest technologies with ancient knowledge, hence the need for a volume in which rhetoric and experience architecture are brought into dialogue. With chapters contributed from twenty-five authors in three coun- tries (and eleven US states), representing eighteen Universities and Re- search Institutions and design firms practicing experience architecture, this edited collection represents the evolving ideas of an emerging area of study. Experience architecture (XA) is focused on the research and prac- tice of creating technologies, products, policies, and services that serve the needs of various participants. XA focuses on issues addressing usability; in- teraction design; service design; user experience; information
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