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Data Localization the Unintended Consequences of Privacy Litigation
American University Law Review Volume 67 | Issue 3 Article 6 2018 Data Localization The ninU tended Consequences Of Privacy Litigation H Jacqueline Brehmer American University Washington College of Law Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/aulr Part of the Computer Law Commons, and the Privacy Law Commons Recommended Citation Brehmer, H Jacqueline (2018) "Data Localization The ninU tended Consequences Of Privacy Litigation," American University Law Review: Vol. 67 : Iss. 3 , Article 6. Available at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/aulr/vol67/iss3/6 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Data Localization The ninU tended Consequences Of Privacy Litigation Keywords cybersecurity threats, data localization, data privacy, Electronic Communications Privacy Act, Microsoft Ireland This comment is available in American University Law Review: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/aulr/vol67/iss3/6 NOTE DATA LOCALIZATION: THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF PRIVACY LITIGATION H JACQUELINE BREHMER* This Note addresses a key unintended consequence of recent data privacy litigation before the European Court of Justice and the U.S. Supreme Court. Two cases—Data Protection Commissioner v. Schrems and United States v. Microsoft Corp.—contravene the principles upon which the internet was founded by removing legal and scalable mechanisms for cross-border data transfers. While these cases do not directly create data localization regimes, they highlight the irreconcilably different approaches to data privacy held by the United States and the European Union and eliminate valid options for transfer such that localization is the only remaining scalable solution. -
Protecting Privacy Under the Fourth Amendment
Protecting Privacy Under the Fourth Amendment The Fourth Amendment' has explicitly been held to protect personal privacy2 since at least the mid-nineteenth century.3 Experts in many fields, including law, psychology, philosophy and sociology, believe that privacy is vitally important to all human beings,' and the Supreme Court has 1. The Fourth Amendment provides that: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. U.S. CONST. amend. IV. Under the Fourteenth Amendment, the states must comply with the provisions of the Fourth Amendment. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 655 (1961). 2. As a constitutional concept, privacy is an elusive yet fundamental value. Although the word "privacy" does not appear in the Constitution, the Supreme Court has recognized a constitutional right to privacy based upon provisions of the First, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Ninth Amendments and their respective "penumbras." Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 484-85 (1965); cf Beaney, The ConstitutionalRight to Privacy in the Supreme Court, 1962 SUP. CT. REV. 212, 215 ("The nearest thing to an explicit recognition of a right to privacy in the Constitution is contained in the Fourth Amendment".) This right to privacy is a "fundamental personal right, emanting 'from the totality of the constitutional scheme.' " Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 494 (1965) (Goldberg, J., con- curring) (quoting Poe v. -
Making the Cut? | SPECIAL REPORT | Sept
DATA PRIVACY & SECURITY SPECIAL REPORT SEPT. 24, 2020 After EU judges struck down the Privacy Shield data-transfer agreement, what’s next for US tech Making giants, thousands of other companies and regulatory the Cut? regimes around the world? INSIGHT | COMMENTARY | ANALYSIS Editor’s Letter Lewis Crofts MLex Editor-in-Chief We have arranged it in three thematic sections to reflect the multiple moving parts of the topic: 1) the EU court’s decision and immediate effects on Facebook and other companies; 2) the scramble by the US and EU to work out what to do about replacing the binned agreement and making SCCs more robust; and headache. A bombshell. A seismic shift. 3) the concerns and responses by other affected However dramatic you might like your countries around the world — including the UK, A metaphors, there is little doubt that EU Japan and Australia. judges delivered an extraordinarily significant We trust you enjoy reading this report and ruling on July 16. In striking down Privacy Shield, find it a useful guide to a complex, evolving issue. the EU-US data-transfer framework, they instantly The reporting here is a brief example of the threw into doubt the operations of more than insight and predictive analysis that MLex brings 5,000 US companies that relied on it. subscribers to our data privacy and security The ruling — essentially based on the failure service every day. of the mechanism to protect EU citizens’ data The stories included were all published from US government snooping — doesn’t as events unfolded, bringing our subscribers prevent companies transferring data between unrivalled insight into the significance of the EU and other foreign countries under developments and the likely next steps in an issue “standard contractual clauses.” But these can’t that will affect the operations of many thousands protect data in countries, including the US, that of businesses around the world. -
Privacy in the Employment Relationship, Practical Law Practice Note 6-517-3422 (2017)
Privacy in the Employment Relationship, Practical Law Practice Note 6-517-3422 (2017) Privacy in the Employment Relationship by Thomas H. Wilson, Vinson & Elkins LLP and Corey Devine with Practical Law Labor & Employment Maintained • USA (National/Federal) This Practice Note provides an overview of privacy issues in employment, which may arise in various contexts, such as background checks, drug testing, email and other electronic surveillance and tracking by GPS. Invasion of privacy claims are highly fact-intensive and largely dependent on state law. This Note contains information that is general and not jurisdiction-specific. Contents Overview of Privacy Laws Background Checks Background Checks Conducted Internally by the Employer Background Checks Conducted Externally by a Third Party Employment Testing of Applicants or Employees Drug Testing Polygraph Tests HIV or AIDS Tests Medical and Physical Examinations Other Types of Testing Employee Personnel Records Employee Medical Records Sensitive Personally Identifiable Information Employee Electronic Communications Monitoring of Emails and Internet Usage Requiring Disclosure of Electronic Account Access Information Monitoring of Telephone Calls Video Surveillance of Employee Behavior on the Job Searching Employee Surroundings on the Job No Expectation of Privacy in Common Areas Employer Limits © 2017 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 1 Privacy in the Employment Relationship, Practical Law Practice Note 6-517-3422 (2017) Employees' Lawful, Off-Duty Activities Tracking Employee Movements by GPS Privacy Concerns Consent and Notice Other Considerations Monitoring and Employee Rights Under the National Labor Relations Act Information about Employees Relevant to Health and Safety This Note provides a general overview of the key legal principles involved in employee privacy in the private employment context. -
Canadian Cross-Border Data: Your Data May Be Heading South Even When You Are Not
Canada Institute | May 2019 Canadian Cross-Border Data: Your Data May Be Heading South Even When You Are Not By Jacqueline Orr Canadian data: what goes where? Canada is fast becoming a technology powerhouse with cities across the country such as Waterloo, Calgary, Toronto, Montreal, and Edmonton transforming into tech hubs. They promise that their research centers and internet companies are going to light the way for Canada’s innovation economy. But the state of Canada’s internet is increasingly becoming an oxymoron. While Canada’s internet economy might be self-sustaining, the Canadian internet itself is not. Issues of territoriality are fluid and unbound. This is because Canada’s network infrastructure relies on American networks to transfer and store data. But, when Canadian data enters the United States, it becomes foreign data and is not protected by the same privacy rights as those accorded to U.S. domestic data and its owners. CIRA, the Canadian Internet Registration Authority, states that three-quarters of the Canadian population spends three to four hours a day online.1 CIRA also reports 64 percent of Canadians are concerned about the security of their personal information when it is routed through the United States. Are these concerns justified? This Canada Institute briefing explores key questions about cross-border data travel to better understand the risks and opportunities facing Canadians in an increasingly inter-connected world. There is a glossary at the end of the document. Is it legal for the U.S. government to collect data from Canadians? Yes. U.S. government agencies may collect any foreign data that crosses into U.S. -
A/74/130 General Assembly
United Nations A/74/130 General Assembly Distr.: General 30 July 2019 Original: English Seventy-fourth session Item 109 of the provisional agenda* Countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes Countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes Report of the Secretary-General Summary The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 73/187, entitled “Countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes”. In that resolution, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to seek the views of Member States on the challenges that they faced in countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes and to present a report based on those views for consideration by the General Assembly at its seventy-fourth session. The report contains information on the views of Member States submitted pursuant to the aforementioned resolution. __________________ * A/74/150. V.19-08182 (E) 190819 200819 *1908182* A/74/130 Contents Page I. Introduction ................................................................... 4 II. Replies received from Governments ............................................... 4 Argentina ..................................................................... 4 Armenia ...................................................................... 6 Australia ..................................................................... 8 Austria ...................................................................... -
INTRUSIVE MONITORING: EMPLOYEE PRIVACY EXPECTATIONS ARE REASONABLE in EUROPE, DESTROYED in the UNITED STATES Lothar Determannt & Robert Spragueu
INTRUSIVE MONITORING: EMPLOYEE PRIVACY EXPECTATIONS ARE REASONABLE IN EUROPE, DESTROYED IN THE UNITED STATES Lothar Determannt & Robert SpragueU TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ................. ...................... 980 II. EMPLOYER MONITORING AND EMPLOYEE PRIVACY-U.S. PERSPECTIVE ............................ 981 A. WORK-RELATED EMPLOYER MONITORING........................................981 B. WORK-RELATED EMPLOYEE PRIVACY ................ ....... 986 1. Work-Related Rights to Privag Under the Constitution.....................986 2. Work-Related Rights to Privag Under the Common Law..................990 3. Statutog Rjghts to Privag................................. 993 a) The Electronic Communications Privacy Act ............... 995 C. INTRUSIVE WORKPLACE MONITORING AND EMPLOYEE PRIVACY................................................ 1001 1. Employer Access to PersonalWeb-Based Applications..................... 1007 2. Webcams ...................................... 1009 3. GPS ..................................... 1012 D. WORKPLACE PRIVACY TRENDS IN THE UNITED STATES............... 1016 III. EMPLOYER MONITORING AND EMPLOYEE PRIVACY-EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE .. ................... 1018 A. LAWS IN EUROPE-OVERVIEW ................ ............. 1019 B. CIVIL RIGHTS PROTECTIONS FOR PRIVACY AT THE EUROPEAN LEVEL............................. .......... 1019 ( 2011 Lothar Determann & Robert Sprague. t Dr. iur habil, Privatdozent, Freie Universitat Berlin; Adjunct Professor, University of California, Berkeley School of Law and Hastings College -
Mr. Bruno Gencarelli Head of Unit for International Data Flows and Protection European Commission [email protected]
Mr. Bruno Gencarelli Head of Unit for International Data Flows and Protection European Commission [email protected] 26 July 2019 Re: Access Now Responds to Privacy Shield Review Questionnaire - Third review Dear Mr. Gencarelli, Thank you for your invitation to provide information and observations on the European Commission’s third annual review of the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield arrangement, the mechanism to facilitate the transfer and processing of the personal data of individuals from the European Union to and within the United States. Access Now is an international organisation that defends and extends the digital rights of users at risk around the world.1 By combining innovative policy, user engagement, and direct technical support, we fight for open and secure communications for all. Access Now maintains a presence in 13 locations around the world, including in the policy centers of Washington, DC and Brussels.2 Access Now regularly analyzes data transfer arrangements under EU law, including the Safe Harbor arrangement that was invalidated by the Court of Justice of the European Union in 2015, and the Privacy Shield which replaced it.3 Users benefit from a free, open, and secure internet that is enabled by legal certainty for stakeholders to operate. Robust data transfer frameworks which ensure a high level of data protection in the free flow of data are key to deliver these benefits for all actors. The Privacy Shield continues to be inadequate to protect fundamental rights. Since negotiations began in 2016, Access Now has provided detailed analysis and recommendations to the EU Commission on how to improve the Privacy Shield. -
Data Transfers to the US Since the Schrems II
Data transfers to the U.S. since the Schrems II judgement: An analysis seeking to integrate GAFAM and major providers in the E.U. enforcement strategy Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology and Society, Tilburg University LL.M. Law and Technology Janvier Parewyck SNR 2065486 June 2021 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Eleni Kosta Second Reader: Dr. Irene Kamara Table of Content Chapter 1 – Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................................ 8 1.3 Methodology and limitations ......................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Narrative structure ......................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2 – Lawfulness of data transfers in EU law up to the Schrems II judgement and the invalidation of the Privacy Shield ...................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 10 2.2 The GDPR regime and the ‘accountability’ principle ................................................................ -
EU Digital Policy and International Trade
EU Digital Policy and International Trade March 25, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46732 SUMMARY R46732 EU Digital Policy and International Trade March 25, 2021 A “Europe fit for the digital age” is a top European Union (EU) priority and a key part of EU economic recovery efforts from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Under the Rachel F. Fefer European Commission’s digital policy roadmap, “Shaping Europe’s Digital Future,” the EU aims Analyst in International to strengthen the EU economy and improve the region’s digital competitiveness, especially with Trade and Finance the United States and China. The EU initiative may raise several issues for Congress, such as the impact on U.S. firms doing business in the EU and U.S. leadership in setting global digital rules and standards. The initiative may also offer the potential for partnership between the United States and the EU to address areas of common concern. The EU has several digital efforts underway, including The draft “Digital Markets Act (DMA)” that aims to establish competition rules for large online platforms designated as “gatekeepers” and specify a list of “do’s and don’ts” among other requirements. The draft “Digital Services Act (DSA)” that seeks to modernize the 2000 E-Commerce Directive, which set the legal framework for online services in the EU, and set liability rules related to illegal online content and products, transparency, and other requirements for all online intermediary services. The enacted General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which took effect in 2018 and creates obligations on firms and rights for individuals regarding processing of personal data, including cross-border data flows. -
Reasonable Expectations of Privacy and Novel Search Technologies: an Economic Approach Steven Penney
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 97 Article 3 Issue 2 Winter Winter 2007 Reasonable Expectations of Privacy and Novel Search Technologies: An Economic Approach Steven Penney Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Steven Penney, Reasonable Expectations of Privacy and Novel Search Technologies: An Economic Approach, 97 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 477 (2006-2007) This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 0091-4169/07/9702-0477 THEJOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW & CRIMINOLOGY Vol. 97, No. 2 Copyright © 2007 by NorthwesternUniversity, Schoolof Law Printed in U.S.A. REASONABLE EXPECTATIONS OF PRIVACY AND NOVEL SEARCH TECHNOLOGIES: AN ECONOMIC APPROACH STEVEN PENNEY* The "reasonable expectation of privacy" test, which defines the scope of constitutionalprotection from governmental privacy intrusions in both the United States and Canada, is notoriously indeterminate. This indeterminacy stems in large measure from the tendency ofjudges to think ofprivacy in non-instrumentalistterms. This "moral" approach to privacy is normatively questionable, and it does a poor job of identifying the circumstances in which privacy should prevail over countervailing interests, such as the deterrence of crime. In this Article, I develop an alternative,economically-informed approach to the reasonable expectation of privacy test. In contrast to the moral approach, which treatsprivacy as a fundamental right, the economic approach views it as an (normatively neutral) aspect of self-interest: the desire to conceal and control potentially damagingpersonal information. -
The Value of Privacy Federalism by Paul M
09/24/14 (consolidated 3) The Value of Privacy Federalism By Paul M. Schwartz I. Introduction The United States features a dual system of federal and state sectoral law. In the absence of an omnibus privacy statute, the key question is how these laws interact with each other. When Congress enacts privacy law, it generally allows the states space for further action. The federal lawmaker typically does so through laws that set only a floor, that is, a minimum of safeguards, but that allow the states to exceed their privacy protections. This model has involved a wide range of institutional actors in the regulation of privacy. State legislatures and courts interpret state laws. Congress acts to preempt state law in enacting sectoral legislation, as needed, and federal judges interpret state legislation, including subsequent amendments to existing state law or new laws, to decide if they conflict with federal law. This existing U.S model is under pressure, however, because the federal government is largely inactive. The risk is that a new generation of state privacy legislation, such as breach notification laws, will not be consolidated and improved through the federal legislative process. Gridlock in Washington, D.C. has suspended the normal process of privacy federalism. In the European Union, the situation is different. At present, the Data Protection Directive requires Member States to enact legislation that is “harmonized” around its rules for information privacy. In the resulting legal system, the focus remains on the Member States, which are left with a “margin for maneuver” that permits national differences in the resulting statutes.