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Principles of Plant Science INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL Principles of Plant Science Environmental Factors and Technology in Growing Plants Dennis R. Decoteau i Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson® is a registered trademark of Pearson plc Prentice Hall® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education LTD. Pearson Education Australia PTY, Limited Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd Pearson Education North Asia Ltd Pearson Education, Canada, Ltd Pearson Educaçion de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education–Japan Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 0-13-112397-1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Chapter Title Page Introduction v Overview of the Plant Sciences Chapter 1. Introduction to the Plant Sciences 1 Chapter 2. Plants and Society 3 Chapter 3. Plants as Industries 5 Chapter 4. The Sciences of Plants 8 Basics of Plant Growth and Development Chapter 5. Introduction to Plant Growth and Development 10 Chapter 6. An Overview of Photosynthesis and Respiration 12 Chapter 7. Plant Hormones 15 Chapter 8. Some Ecological Principles in Plant Growth and Production 18 Environmental Factors that Influence Plant Growth and Crop Production Technologies Chapter 9. Introduction to the Role of the Environment in Plant Growth and Development 20 Aerial Factors Chapter 10. Overview of the Aerial Environment 22 Chapter 11. Irradiance 24 Chapter 12. Temperature 28 Chapter 13. Atmospheric Gases 32 Chapter 14. Air Pollutants 35 Chapter 15. Mechanical Disturbances 38 Rhizopshere Factors Chapter 16. Overview of the Rhizosphere 42 Chapter 17. Water 44 Chapter 18. Nutrients 48 Chapter 19. Soil Organisms 52 Chapter 20. Allelochemicals 55 iii Introduction The textbook Principles of Plant Science: Environmental Factors and Technology in Growing Plants provides a unique plant science text that emphasizes understanding the role of the environment in plant growth and development instead of the more traditional focus topics of analyzing the industries and surveying important crops. By emphasizing the scientific principles associated with the biological effects that the various environmental factors have on plant development, it is envisioned that the reader would be better equipped to understand current and emerging technologies that modify the environment to improve plant production. The instructor’s manual to Principles of Plant Science: Environmental Factors and Technology in Growing Plants is designed to facilitate the use of the text in plant science (or horticulture) courses that would be taken before a student enrolls in the various advanced plant production courses such as agronomy, crop science, vegetable crops, small fruits, pomology, and floriculture. The material may also be utilized for plant growth and development or applied introductory plant physiology courses taught at universities, junior colleges, or community colleges. To assist the instructor, the manual is divided according to the chapters in the textbook. Each chapter in the manual is then divided into five sections: chapter outline, important concepts, important terminology to define and understand, answers to end of chapter questions, and additional questions. The “chapter outline” section provides a brief overview of the chapter. The “important concepts” section presents major points or issues within the chapter, and the “important terminology” section is a listing of terms used in the chapter that may need further defining or explaining (the definition to many of these terms may be found in the v glossary section at the end of the textbook). The “answers to the end of the chapter” section provides responses to the odd numbered questions at the end of the textbook chapter, and the “additional questions” section is a listing of supplementary questions that could be used for further discussion or testing. vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PLANT SCIENCES Chapter outline I. Plants in Society II. Plants in Industries III. Plants in Science Important Concepts Early humans undoubtedly observed that plants were greatly affected by the environment. It envisioned that seasonal cropping cycles, serendipitous successful plantings, beneficial uses of certain plants were noted by these early ancestors and passed on to future generations. Agriculturalists have long known the importance of the environment on plant growth and early farmers were some of the first to manipulate or modify the growing environment to provide a more conducive environment for plant growth. As growing plants (and animals) became more specialized and agriculture continued to evolved, the understanding of the role of the environment in successful food and fiber production became more of a science. Botany, or the study of plants, developed as science and investigations on the taxonomy, anatomy, morphology, physiology, and ecology of plants were institutionalized as fields of advanced study at institutions of higher learning. The areas of plant study that placed major emphasis on the use of plants by humans or as agricultural products (or crops) became known as the plant sciences. The plant sciences evolved to specialized crop commodity fields such as agronomy, horticulture, and forestry, and specialized cross commodity fields such as plant pathology, entomology, integrated pest management. Important terminology to define and understand plant science botany agronomy horticulture integrative pest management forestry cropping cycles growing environment taxonomy morphology physiology ecology Answers to end of chapter questions 1. Beneficial uses plants were noted by the early ancestors and passed on to future generations as paintings, drawings, and written and oral stories. 3. Plant science is a specialized area of study of botany that emphasizes the use of plants in agricultural applications. 1 Additional questions 1. What are some of the different ways that the plant sciences can be divided? 2. What does the success of most agricultural businesses depend upon? 3. What role did the land grant universities have on the developing field of the plant sciences? 2 CHAPTER 2. PLANTS AND SOCIETY Chapter outline I. History of Agriculture II. The First Cultivated Plants III. Development of Agricultural Crops IV. Timeline for Domestication of Important Crops V. Contemporary Crop Improvement Programs Important Concepts About 10,000 years ago, man changed from primarily gathering food to producing food. Eventually, through cultivation of plants and domestication of animals, humans were able to produce sufficient food to free them from the constant search for their next meal and humans began to live together in towns and villages. Since many of the earliest uses of agricultural plants were medicinal, herbals are some of the earliest and most important plant science manuals. A plant’s center of origin is the geographical area where a species is believed to have evolved through natural selection from its ancestors. This is also the plant’s center of diversity where a pool of genes exists for use by plant breeders in crop improvement programs. During the development of agriculture and plant domestication some plants were domesticated earlier or easier than others were. Early plant gatherers applied self-serving criteria to decide which plants to gather. Of utmost importance was size. As a result of continually choosing the largest fruit of the wild plants through the years, many of the crops that under went domestication have bigger fruits than their wild ancestors had. An another criterion used by plant gatherers was taste. Many wild seeds are bitter tasting, yet their fruits are sweet and tasty. Today’s plant breeding and genetic programs continue to utilize the basic concepts of genetics and controlled plant crosses. Many of today’s crop improvement programs also utilize the modern concepts of molecular genetics, tissue culture and genetic engineering. Important terminology to define and understand domestication monasteries herbals centers of origin artificial selection natural selection seed dispersal self-pollinated germination plant breeding genetics plant crosses mass selection phenotype cross pollination hybrid genetic engineering tissue culture Answers to end of chapter questions 1. Through cultivation of plants and domestication of animals, humans were able to produce sufficient food to free them from the constant search for their next meal. 3 With the development of a dependable food source, humans began to live together and villages and towns came into existence. 3. Dispersal may occur by the plants or their seeds being blown about in the wind or floating in the water. Some plants are carried by animals by enclosing the seeds within tasty fruit and advertising the fruit ripeness by color or smell. Other plants produced fruit that are adapted to being eaten by a particular animal. Many wild plants have specialized mechanisms that scatter seeds and generally make them unavailable to humans. 5. These crops may have been domesticated earlier because they came from wild ancestors
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