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Bioacoustic Analysis of Advertisement Calls of Two Ground-Frogs of the Genus Platymantis in Mount Magdiwata, San Francisco, Agusan Del Sur, Philippines

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Bioacoustic Analysis of Advertisement Calls of Two Ground-Frogs of the Genus Platymantis in Mount Magdiwata, San Francisco, Agusan Del Sur, Philippines International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation Vol. 4(7), pp. 277-286, 15 May, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/IJBC DOI: 10.5897/IJBC11.261 ISSN 2141-243X ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Bioacoustic analysis of advertisement calls of two ground-frogs of the genus Platymantis in Mount Magdiwata, San Francisco, Agusan del Sur, Philippines Gregie P. Tampon1*, Olga M. Nuñeza2, and Arvin C. Diesmos3 1Natural Sciences and Mathematics Division, Arts and Sciences Program, Father Saturnino Urios University, 8600 Butuan City, Philippines. 2Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200 Iligan City, Philippines. 3Herpetology Section, Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Padre Burgos Ave., 1000 Ermita, Manila, Philippines. Accepted 30 January, 2012 This study described the advertisement calls of two ground-dwelling species of frogs of the genus Platymantis from Mount Magdiwata, San Francisco, Agusan del Sur, Philippines. The two species shared a common micro-habitat preference being found on rocks or edges of slope ground, leaf litter, and on steep slopes of stream banks. The researchers analyzed the calls for their temporal and spectral characteristics. Audiospectrograms, oscillograms and power spectra presented the numerical parameters and graphical representations of the advertisement calls. The vocalization of both species revealed significant differences in terms of the dominant frequency, call duration, number of notes, note duration, and intercall at p < 0.01. Statistical analysis of Platymantis magdiwata species A showed a positive correlation between the body size length and note duration (R2 = 0.377, p<0.01). On the other hand, the body size length of Platymantis magdiwata species B showed a negative correlation with the dominant frequency (R2 = -0.248; p<0.01), and a positive correlation with the call duration and the number of notes (R2 = 0.698 and R2 = 0.699; p<0.01). Both species possess unique advertisement calls that distinguish them from each other. Key words: Bioacoustics, advertisement call, Platymantis, Philippines. INTRODUCTION Frogs of the genus Platymantis are noted for their number of species of this genus increases to 27 species unusual geographic distribution (Brown, 1997a), micro- of Platymantis (Brown and Gonzales, 2007) from 26 habitat diversity, and their advertisement calls (Brown et species and dozens of newly discovered species that are al., 1997a, 1999) that represent a wide range of still awaiting for description (Diesmos et al., 2002). The ecological, morphological and behavioral variations recognition of these species groups of Platymantis is (Brown et al., 2002). based on conspicuous characteristics of external mor- In the Philippine archipelago, current status in the phology and ecology (Brown et al., 1997a, 1997b, 1999). To some extent, advertisement call is also used in the identification of the Platymantis species (Alcala et al., 1998; Alcala and Brown, 1999; Brown et al., 1997a). *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: Because bioacoustic study is not well established in the 00-63-85-342-1830 ext. 1940. Fax: 00-63-85-342-1830 ext. country, a group of herpetologists began to work on the 1946. study with the use of bioacoustic characters to solve the 278 Int. J. Biodvers. Conserv. problem of species boundaries of this genus. The frequency, call duration, number of notes, and note description of new individuals of Platymantis frogs will duration. This body size of anurans constrains the soon increase the number of Philippine amphibians that dominant frequency and intensity of their vocalizations. will eventually increase its species richness. One interesting behavior of anuran species is the acoustic signals or calls they emit which exhibit MATERIALS AND METHODS acoustical differences based on its temporal and spectral characteristics between and among species (Gerhardt, Study area and site description 1982; Kelly, 2004; Marquez et al., 2005). These The province of Agusan del Sur is located in the Caraga region in differences are useful for call recognition of the species in Mindanao, Philippines and its capital is the municipality of a population (Hall, 1994; Wells, 1977). An emerging tool Prosperidad. Mt. Magdiwata is located in the municipality of San currently used by many herpetologists to describe Francisco, province of Agusan del Sur (Figure 1). This mountain amphibian species is bioacoustic analysis of stands 633 m high and has an area of 1, 658 ha which contains forest covered areas rich in rare and unique species of flora and advertisement calls (Roy and Elepfandt, 1993; Parris, fauna (Department of Tourism, 2011). The sampling area was 1999; Hsu et al., 2005). This type of analysis could moderately diverse with emergent and canopy trees, canopy provide substantial information, more robust than epiphytes and vines, understory and ground cover plants, and traditional morphological analysis (Schneider and Sinsch, grasses and sedges (Figure 2). Tree taxa observed in the area 1992; Schneider et al., 1993) bringing forth an important were yemane (Gmelina arborea), binunga (Macaranza tanarius), character; a specific call for each species (males and hagimit (Ficus minahassae), balete (Ficus balete), coconut (Cocos nucifera) and other fruit density. Ground cover plants were females) that could act as an isolating mechanism that composed of ferns, and mosses were moderately abundant on could distinguish one species from the other (Roy, 1994; rocks and logs. Fallen logs, exposed rocks, leaf litter depth, and Asquith et al., 1988; Marquez and Eekhout, 2006; Taylor body of water such as stream were also observed. et al., 2007). Aside from this, a collection of anuran Weather pattern particularly the amount of precipitation was vocalizations is helpful in studying population ecology noted during the sampling period. During October 28, 2008, and distribution of many frog species (Bosch and De la precipitation was 0.19 inches which indicated a light rain shower between 5 to 9 pm. Sky during that day was 25% clear, cold and Riva, 2004), and of great contribution on conservation wet atmosphere in the morning. During October 29, 2008, preci- (Laiolo, 2010). pitation was 0.63 inches which indicated light rain shower between The description of the two Platymantis magdiwata 1 to 5 pm, and a moderate rain shower the rest of the night. On species is underway and is currently being finalized October 30, 2008, the precipitation was 0.20 inches. The sky was through a monograph of Philippine Platymantis by Dr. 25% clear throughout the day with small scattered rain shower between 2 to 3 pm. Moderate to light rain showers was observed at Rafe Brown and Dr. Arvin C. Diesmos (Diesmos and 10 pm to 5 am. On October 31, 2008, the precipitation was only Brown, pers. comm.). Only the advertisement calls of the 0.02 inches. The sky was 50% clear throughout the day. On two species investigating their spectral and temporal November 1, 2008, the precipitation was 0.38 inches. The sky was structures are described in this study. The advertisement 50% clear throughout the day, and has a moderate rain shower calls of Platymantis magdiwata species A and between 12 to 2 am. The relative humidity was 98%. Platymantis magdiwata species B are markedly different. Comparison of these two acoustically described Data gathering and analysis Platymantis magdiwata species will be made to all presumably related species of Platymantis in the Call recordings were done every 1800 to 2300 h every night during Philippines. Current understanding of Platymantis the sampling period. Recording periods were conducted for B species diversity throughout this topographically and duration of 20 to 25 min per sample for a total of eight individuals geographically complex archipelago (Brown and per species. Calls were recorded at a distance of 1.0 to 1.5 m and Gonzales, 2007) is underestimated and in need of ambient, body, and substrate temperatures were taken immediately after acoustic recordings. Frog calls were recorded and the frog comprehensive review. samples were captured by hand, measured (Snout-to-vent length This study provides description and analysis of the (SVL to the nearest 0.1 mm), weighed (to the nearest tenth of a advertisement calls of Platymantis magdiwata species A gram (0.1 g), photographed, and processed to serve as voucher and Platymantis magdiwata species B in Mount (Mt.) specimen. Magdiwata, San Francisco, Agusan del Sur, Philippines. Advertisement calls were recorded under field conditions with a Temporal and spectral characters of the advertisement solid state recorder PMD670 Marantz, with a unidirectional microphone. All calls were recorded within a temperature range of calls are described with the following parameters: call 0.5ºC, so no temperature corrections of the data were undertaken duration, intercall, and note per call, note duration, during call analysis due to the narrow range of ambient internote, call period, and the dominant frequency. Com- temperatures recorded. parisons of these characters are made between the two Audiospectrograms, oscillograms, and power spectra were species. Both are occupying the same microhabitat as generated to quantify the temporal and spectral features of each ground-dweller individuals, which influences the specific species (Marquez et al., 1993). The audiospectrogram was used to measure the frequency of the call over time.
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