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Cutaneous Mycoses in Chameleons Caused by the Chrysosporium Anamorph of Nannizziopsis Vriesii (Apinis) Currah Author(S): Jean A

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Cutaneous Mycoses in Chameleons Caused by the Chrysosporium Anamorph of Nannizziopsis Vriesii (Apinis) Currah Author(S): Jean A Cutaneous Mycoses in Chameleons Caused by the Chrysosporium Anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii (Apinis) Currah Author(s): Jean A. Paré, Lynne Sigler, D. Bruce Hunter, Richard C. Summerbell, Dale A. Smith and Karen L. Machin Source: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Dec., 1997), pp. 443-453 Published by: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20095688 . Accessed: 02/02/2015 19:24 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.128.216.34 on Mon, 2 Feb 2015 19:24:07 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 28(4): 443-453, 1997 Copyright 1997 by American Association of Zoo Veterinarians CUTANEOUS MYCOSES IN CHAMELEONS CAUSED BY THE CHRYSOSPORIUM ANAMORPH OF NANNIZZIOPSIS VRIESII (APINIS) CURRAH Jean A. Par?, D.M.V., D.V.Sc, Lynne Sigler, M.Sc, D. Bruce Hunter, D.V.M., M.Sc, Richard. C. Summerbell, Ph.D., Dale A. Smith, D.V.M., D.V.Sc, and Karen L. Machin, B.Sc, D.V.M. Abstract: A dermatophyte-like fungus was isolated from skin biopsies of three different species of captive chameleon in which fungal elements had been observed by histologie examination. An adult Parson's chameleon {Chamaeleo parsonii) presented with vesicles that became crusty brown lesions on the limbs and body. Skin biopsies revealed fungal hyphae in the affected epidermis and underlying dermis. The lesions regressed fully after oral administration of itraconazole. An adult jewel chameleon {Chamaeleo lateralis) from the same private collection presented with localized black skin lesions and died while being treated with itraconazole. A pulmonary granuloma was also present in this chameleon at autopsy. Cultures obtained from skin and lung lesions yielded the same fungus. A third isolate was obtained from a skin biopsy of a Jackson's chameleon {Chamaeleo jacksoni) with deep ulcerative cutaneous lesions located at the base of the tail. The fungus, in all three cases, has been identified as the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii, a poorly known ascomycetous species recorded previously from the skin of a lizard and from soil, on the basis of its keratinolytic activity, resistance to cycloheximide, strongly restricted growth at 37?C, formation of cl?vate or pyriform single-celled or two-celled aleurioconidia, and alternate and fission arthroconidia. Key words: Chameleon, Chamaeleo, dermatomycosis, Chrysosporium, Nannizziopsis vriesii, itraconazole. INTRODUCTION lesions in the Chamaeleonidae are Mucor circinel loides in a two-lined chameleon {Chamaeleo bi Reviews of diseases in reptiles belonging to the taeniatus) and a common chameleon (C. chamae order Squamata (Lacertilia and Serpentes) indicate leon)43 Candida guillermondii in a Fischer's cha that mycoses of the skin may be underreported, that meleon (C fischeri) and a Jackson's chameleon (C. causative agents are often inadequately identified, an unidentified yeast in a Meller's cha and that it is often difficult to evaluate whether the jacksoni)43 meleon (C. melleri)4 Fusarium oxysporum in two isolated fungus is present as a contaminant or is flap-necked chameleons (C dilepis)443 and Asper involved in a pathologic process.4520283? Cutaneous g/Z/ws sp. in a Jackson's chameleon.15 mycoses in humans and other mammals are usually Dermatophytoses are fungal infections of the ke caused by dermatophytes, but most reports of skin ratinized tissues caused by a group of closely re infection concerning lacertilians and ophidians lated keratinophilic fungi known as dermato have been attributed to a wide variety of soil fungi, phytes.39 Dermatophyte species belonging to the including members of the genera Aspergillus,%X53243 genera Trichophyton and Microsporum commonly Candida,*243 Ciadosporium,n Fusarium,41943 Geotri cause skin disease in both humans and animals, but chum,2>4>'9>25<27>4]Monilia,'4 Mucor,20>32>40A3 Paecilomy ' ' true dermatophytosis has rarely been recorded in ces, P?nicillium32 Rhizopus43 Trichoderma,19-32 Tri lacertilians41732 and, to our knowledge, never in chosporon3243 Ulocladium43 and unidentified chameleons. The paucity of reports linking derma taxa.420 Fungi that have been associated with skin tophytes with cutaneous disease prompted Aus twick and Key mer to state that "The susceptibility of skins to infection does not From the Department of Pathology, Ontario Veterinary reptile fungal clearly College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG lie in the direct invasion of the keratinized layers . "4 2W1, Canada (Par?, Hunter, Smith); the University of Al by dermatophytes Reports of dermatophy berta Collection and Devonian Microfungus Herbarium, toses in ophidians are also rare. Trichophyton Botanic Garden, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada mentagrophytes was recovered from a ball python (Sigler); the Ontario Ministry of Health, Laboratory Ser {Python regius) with dermal lesions,15 but most oth vices Branch, 81 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario er reports involve species of keratinophilic fungi of M9P 3T1, Canada (Summerbell); and the Department of soil origin that may be isolated as contaminants and Veterinary Internal Medicine, Western College of Veteri for which demonstration of a role is dif nary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, pathogenic ficult. a Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada (Machin). Present ad Trichophyton terrestre, geophilic fungus dress (Par?): Calgary Zoo, Box 3036, Station B, Calgary, that is usually considered nonpathogenic, has been Alberta T2M 4R8, Canada. isolated from the scales of an apparently healthy 443 This content downloaded from 129.128.216.34 on Mon, 2 Feb 2015 19:24:07 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 444 JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE boa constrictor {Boa constrictor)4 and was associ to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Ontario ated with progressive digital necrosis in eastern Veterinary College for evaluation of a skin lesion blue-tongued skinks {Tiliqua scincoides), in which of the left stifle. The lizard had been purchased numerous hyphae were seen histologically,17 but a from a pet store 2 mo earlier, quarantined for 6 wk, causal relationship could not be ascertained. Al and treated twice, at 10-day intervals, with fenben though fungal elements could be seen histological dazole (Safe Guard, Hoechst Canada Inc., Regina, or ly, whether they were primary etiologic agents Saskatchewan, Canada), 50 mg/kg orally, as ascarid secondary invaders of devitalized tissue could not eggs had been seen on a fecal flotation. The lizard be determined. An unknown Trichophyton species was fed crickets dusted with a multivitamin powder. was isolated from the cutis and muscles of a day It ate well, although it refused any other kind of gecko {Phelsuma sp.) with multiple nodular skin food, and drank well. Housing and husbandry met lesions.32 This was one of a group of recently im the minimal standards recommended for mainte ported geckos showing similar cutaneous lesions. nance of chameleons in captivity,13 except for in A survey of keratinophilic fungi from Australia adequate ultraviolet radiation exposure. The lizard demonstrated the presence of Microsporum cookei was presented in late September, 45 days after and Chrysosporium species from epidermal scales weather made it impossible for the owner to take it of a clinically normal monitor lizard {Varanus sp.) outside on a daily basis. and from the skink Egernia bungana.3X Chrysospor The chameleon weighed 368 g and was alert, re ium sp. was isolated from nodular subcutaneous le sponsive, and in good body condition. Abnormali sions in a corn snake {Elaphe guttata guttata)4523 ties were restricted to a 1 X 0.5 cm ovoid, de and C keratinophilum, C. tropicum, and Chrysos pressed area of gray devitalized skin on the crani porium sp. have been cited as agents of dermato olateral aspect of the left stifle. A thin crevice vis mycoses in lizards {Varanus salvator, Lacerta vir ible along the rim of the lesion exposed the dermis, idis, and Crotaphytus sp.).943 One report identified suggesting that a large vesicle had ruptured and col C. keratinophilum as an agent of deep infection in lapsed. Within a week, two small gray vesicles, 3? volving the lung and stomach in two iguanas.42 4 mm in diameter, appeared on the lateral aspect of This report describes three cases of skin infection the right elbow. The chameleon was anesthetized in captive chameleons. The same fungus was iso with isoflurane (AErrane, Anaquest, Mississauga, lated in pure culture, and fungal elements were Ontario, Canada) delivered through an induction demonstrated by histopathology of biopsied lesions chamber and then through a face mask. Biopsies in two of the cases. The causative agent was iden were taken from the edge of the stifle lesion and tified as the Chrysosporium anamorph (mitotic from one of the elbow lesions using a 3-mm dis stage) of Nannizziopsis vriesii (Apinis) Curran, a posable skin biopsy punch (Acu-Punch 3mm, Acu poorly known ascomycetous fungus first described derm Inc., Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33307, USA). under the name Rollandina vriesii Apinis3 for an The resulting skin defects were closed with a single isolate obtained from the skin and lungs of a lizard simple suture using polydioxanone monofilament {Ameiva sp.). The fungus was disposed subsequent (PDS 3-0, Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, New Jersey ly as Arachnotheca vriesii (Apinis) Samson38 and 08876, USA).
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