Issn: 1412-033X E-Issn: 2085-4722

ISSN: 1412-033X E-ISSN: 2085-4722

Front cover: Tarsius spectrumgurskyae Shekelle, Groves, Maryanto & Mittermeier, 2017 (PHOTO: ALFRETS MASALA)

Published monthly PRINTED IN INDONESIA

ISSN: 1412-033X E-ISSN: 2085-4722

Journal of Biological Diversity V o l u m e 20 – N u m b e r 1 2 – D e c e m b e r 2019

ISSN/E-ISSN: 1412-033X (printed edition), 2085-4722 (electronic)

EDITORIAL BOARD (COMMUNICATING EDITORS): Abdel Fattah N.A. Rabou (Palestine), Agnieszka B. Najda (Poland), Alan J. Lymbery (Australia), Alireza Ghanadi (Iran), Ankur Patwardhan (India), Bambang H. Saharjo (Indonesia), Daiane H. Nunes (Brazil), Darlina Md. Naim (Malaysia), Ghulam Hassan Dar (India), Faiza Abbasi (India), Hassan Pourbabaei (Iran), I Made Sudiana (Indonesia), Ivan Zambrana-Flores (United Kingdom), Joko R. Witono (Indonesia), Katsuhiko Kondo (Japan), Krishna Raj (India), Livia Wanntorp (Sweden), M. Jayakara Bhandary (India), Mahdi Reyahi-Khoram (Iran), Mahendra K. Rai (India), Mahesh K. Adhikari (Nepal), Maria Panitsa (Greece), Muhammad Akram (Pakistan), Mochamad A. Soendjoto (Indonesia), Mohib Shah (Pakistan), Mohamed M.M. Najim (Srilanka), Morteza Eighani (Iran), Pawan K. Bharti (India), Paul K. Mbugua (Kenya), Rasool B. Tareen (Pakistan), Seweta Srivastava (India), Seyed Aliakbar Hedayati (Iran), Shahabuddin (Indonesia), Shahir Shamsir (Malaysia), Shri Kant Tripathi (India), Stavros Lalas (Greece), Subhash Santra (India), Sugiyarto (Indonesia), T.N. Prakash Kammardi (India)

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EXPERTISE AND CORRESPONDING EMAIL OF THE COMMUNICATING EDITORS: GENETIC DIVERSITY: Agnieszka B. Najda ([email protected]), Alan J. Lymbery ([email protected]), Darlina Md. Naim ([email protected]), Mahendra K. Rai ([email protected]). SPECIES DIVERSITY: Joko R. Witono ([email protected]), Katsuhiko Kondo ([email protected]), Livia Wanntorp ([email protected]), Mahesh K. Adhikari ([email protected]), Maria Panitsa ([email protected]), Mohib Shah ([email protected]), Paul K. Mbugua ([email protected]), Rasool B. Tareen ([email protected]). ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY: Abdel Fattah N.A. Rabou ([email protected]), Alireza Ghanadi ([email protected]), Ankur Patwardhan ([email protected]), Bambang H. Saharjo ([email protected]), Daiane H. Nunes ([email protected]), Faiza Abbasi ([email protected]), Ghulam Hassan Dar ([email protected]), Hassan Pourbabaei ([email protected]), I Made Sudiana ([email protected]), Ivan Zambrana-Flores ([email protected]), Krishna Raj ([email protected]), Mahdi Reyahi-Khoram ([email protected]), Mochamad A. Soendjoto ([email protected]), Mohamed M.M. Najim ([email protected]), Morteza Eighani ([email protected]), Pawan K. Bharti ([email protected]), Seweta Srivastava ([email protected]), Seyed Aliakbar Hedayati ([email protected]), Shahabuddin ([email protected]), Shahir Shamsir ([email protected]), Shri Kant Tripathi ([email protected]), Stavros Lalas ([email protected]), Subhash Santra ([email protected]), Sugiyarto ([email protected]), T.N.Prakash Kammardi ([email protected]). ETHNOBIOLOGY: M. Jayakara Bhandary ([email protected]), Muhammad Akram ([email protected]).

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Soil Macro-invertebrates Diversity and Inter-Cropping Plants used, for example, completely written butilic hydroxyl toluene (BHT) to be Productivity in Agroforestry System based on Sengon. [Dissertation]. BHT hereinafter. Metric measurement use IS denomination, usage other Universitas Brawijaya, Malang. [Indonesian] system should follow the value of equivalent with the denomination of IS first Information from internet: mentioning. Abbreviations set of, like g, mg, mL, etc. do not follow by dot. Balagadde FK, Song H, Ozaki J, Collins CH, Barnet M, Arnold FH, Quake Minus index (m-2, L-1, h-1) suggested to be used, except in things like "per- SR, You L. 2008. A synthetic Escherichia coli predator-prey ecosystem. plant" or "per-plot". Equation of mathematics does not always can be written Mol Syst Biol 4: 187. www.molecularsystemsbiology.com

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Previously Reviewers 1. Review: Current status of ethnobiological studies in Merauke, Papua, Indonesia: A perspective of biological-cultural diversity conservation Conference Events MAIKEL SIMBIAK, JATNA SUPRIATNA, NISYAWATI, EKO BAROTO WALUJO [PDF] 2. Effects of terrains’ soil and altitude on performance of Abyssinian pea (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum A. Braun) landraces of Ethiopias BERHANU ABRAHA TSEGAY, BERHANE GEBRESLASSIE GEBREEGZIABHER [PDF] 3. The In vivo evaluation of anticryptosporidiosis activity of the methanolic extract of the plant Umbilicus rupestris AFAF BENHOUDA, DJAHIDA BENHOUDA, MASSINISSA YAHIA [PDF] 4. High genetic connectivity in a scleractinian coral (Lobophyllia corymbosa) around Sulawesi, Indonesia WIDYASTUTI UMAR, ASMI CITRA MALINA A.R. TASSAKKA, JAMALUDDIN JOMPA [PDF] 5. Isolation and molecular identification of carbohydrase and protease producing Bacillus subtilis JCM 1465 isolated from Penen Hot Springs in North Sumatra, Indonesia EDY FACHRIAL, SARI ANGGRAINI, HARMILENI, TITANIA T. NUGROHO, SARYONO [PDF] 6. The The effects of a parasitoid wasp of a gall-making insect on host plant characteristics and the abundance of sharing host- plant herbivore ANANTO TRIYOGO, HIRONORI YASUDA [PDF] 7. Development of allometric relationships for estimate above ground biomass of trees in the tropical abandoned land KARYATI, KUSNO YULI WIDIATI, KARMINI, RACHMAD MULYADI [PDF] 8. Characteristics of sago pith and sago bark waste from Seram Island, Maluku, Indonesia HERMAN SIRURU, WASRIN SYAFII, I NYOMAN J. WISTARA, GUSTAN PARI [PDF] 9. Short communication: First record of Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) (Teleostei: Osteoglossomorpha), in the Brantas River, Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia MOHAMAD FADJAR, R. ADHARYAN ISLAMY, ENDANG YULI HERAWATI [PDF] 10. Antimicrobial potential of Pediococcus acidilactici from Bekasam, fermentation of sepat rawa fish (Tricopodus trichopterus) from Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia SRI MELIA, ENDANG PURWATI, YULIANTI FITRI KURNIA, DHIVA REZZY PRATAMA [PDF] 11. Production of cellulase from Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei mixed culture in carboxymethylcellulose medium as sole carbon DIA SEPTIANI, HERMAN SURYADI, ABDUL MUN’IM, WIBOWO MANGUNWARDOYO [PDF] 12. Population parameter Population parameters and bio-exploitation status of Indian Mackerel ( Rastrelliger kanagurta Cuvier, 1816) in Mayalibit Bay, Raja Ampat, Indonesia DIAN OKTAVIANI, SETIYA TRIHARYUNI, DUTO NUGROHO [PDF] 13. Biodiversity and distribution of groundwater fauna in the Oum-El-Bouaghi region (Northeast of Algeria) KHAMMAR HICHEM, HADJAB RAMZI, MERZOUG DJEMOI [PDF] 14. Variations in seed micromorphology and morphometry of native Indonesian Phalaenopsis and Paphiopedilum orchids SUCIPTO HARIYANTO [PDF] 15. The potential of Cosmos sulphureus flower extract as a bioherbicide for Cyperus rotundus DYAH WENY RESPATIE, PRAPTO YUDONO, AZIZ PURWANTORO, Y. ANDI TRISYONO [PDF] 16. Short Communication: rbcL and matK chloroplast DNA composition of green chireta ( Andrographis paniculata) from Indonesia MUHAMMAD FAUZI ARIF, GANIES RIZA ARISTYA, DYAH SUBOSITI, ANISKA NOVITA SARI, RINA SRI KASIAMDARI [PDF] 17. Determining the landscape priority and their threats for the Critically Endangered Pongo tapanuliensis population in Indonesia DEDE AULIA RAHMAN, DONES RINALDI, WANDA KUSWANDA, RONDANG SIREGAR, FITRI NOOR CH, FAHMI HAKIM, HARNIOS ARIEF, HARYANTO R. PUTRO [PDF] 18. Growth rate of Acropora formosa coral fragments transplanted on different composition of faba kerbstone artificial reef RULY ISFATUL KHASANAH, ENDANG YULI HERAWATI, ANIK MARTINAH HARIATI, MOHAMMAD MAHMUDI, AIDA SARTIMBUL, DEWA GEDE RAKA WIADNYA, EVRON ASRIAL, YUDATOMO, ERRY NABIL [PDF] 19. The diversity of useful plants and botanical knowledge of the Rejang Tribe in Kepahiang District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia WIRYONO , SRIWAHYUNI, GUSTI AYU WINANDA, SAPRINURDIN, STEFFANIE NURLIANA [PDF] 20. Modeling climatic suitable areas for kedondong ( Spondias dulcis) cultivation in central part of Sumatra, Indonesia IBNA HAYATI, ALEX HARTANA, NINA RATNA DJUITA [PDF]

21. Anatomical structure, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves and fruits on different age and maturity level EVI MINTOWATI KUNTORINI, LAURENTIUS HARTANTO NUGROHO, MARYANI, TRI RINI NURINGTYAS [PDF]

22. Characteristics of catechin extracted from cocoa husks using microwave assisted extraction (MAE) PREMY PUSPITAWATI RAHAYU, DJALAL ROSYIDI, PURWADI, IMAM THOHARI [PDF] 23. Community study of dragon’s blood palm ( Daemonorops spp.) in Harapan Rainforest, Sumatra REVIS ASRA, JOKO RIDHO WITONO, IZUANDRY FIJRIDIYANTO, ELVA, STEFAN SCHEU [PDF] 24. Short Communication: Species diversity of mangrove in Kutai National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia ERNY POEDJIRAHAJOE, IIN SUMBADA SULITYORINI, LIRIS LIS KOMARA [PDF] 25. Macronutrient and mineral contents of five local black rice ( Oryza sativa) cultivars in Indonesia MUH. NASHRURROKHMAN, PUSPA RESTU SAYEKTI, AYU SAFITRI, YEKTI ASIH PURWESTRI, RARASTOETI PRATIWI [PDF] 26. Characterization and potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on rice seedling growth and the effect on Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Characterization and potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on rice seedling growth and the effect on Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae [PDF] 27. Short Communication: Diversity of Chlorpyrifos-degrading bacteria isolated from shallow aquifer of East Java Coastal Settlements, Indonesia BASKORO ROCHADDI, MUHAMMAD ZAINURI, AGUS SABDONO [PDF] 28. Archaeal and methanogenic communities in the rice field under different fertilizer applications YULI SITI FATMA, IMAN RUSMANA, ARIS TRI WAHYUDI, HAMIM [PDF] 29. Bird communities and vegetation composition in Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia FRANCISCUS XAVERIUS SUDARYANTO, JUNITA HARDINI, LALU ACHMAD TAN TILAR WANGSAJATI SUKMARING KALIH, MUHAMMAD MIRZAN ASRORI, I WAYAN SUANA [PDF] 30. Developmental, morphological and molecular variation of commercial Ganoderma spp. accessions from southern Vietnam VIET THE HO, THI NGOC HA VO, NGOC GIAU LE [PDF] 31. Lead (Pb) toxicity effect on physio-anatomy of bead-tree, jatropha, castor bean and Philippine-tung grown in water culture HAMIM, HANIFATUNISA, HADISUNARSO, LULUK SETYANINGSIH, DEDEN SAPRUDIN [PDF] 32. Molecular characterization of Mosaic Virus from the cocoa trees showing mosaic symptoms in Yogyakarta, Indonesia WIWIT PROBOWATI, SUSAMTO SOMOWIYARJO, SEDYO HARTONO [PDF] 33. Genetic x environment interaction on agronomic characters and yield components of sweet sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor) mutant strain ENDANG GATI LESTARI, ISWARI SARASWATI DEWI, AMIN NUR, ROSSA YUNITA, MASTUR [PDF] 34. Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of three Selaginella species from Java Island, Indonesia MIFTAHUDIN, RINI SYAHRAYNI HASIBUAN, TATIK CHIKMAWATI [PDF] 35. Resistance of Capsicum annuum genotypes against various isolates of Phytophthora capsici from Java, Indonesia WARTONO, SURYO WIYONO, MUHAMAD SYUKUR, GIYANTO, PUJI LESTARI [PDF] 36. Diversity and host preferences of ferns and lycopods epiphytes on palm trees TITIEN NGATINEM PRAPTOSUWIRYO, SUMANTO, RIA CAHYANINGSIH [PDF] 37. Biochar enriched with organic fertilizer improves the survival and growth rate of Anthocepalus cadamba seedlings planted on degraded spodosols SYAHRINUDIN, WAHJUNI HARTATI, TRIOYONO SUDARMADJI, NURMAN KRISDIANTO, IBRAHIM [PDF] 38. Geographic distribution of the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti and its introduced parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi in parts of Indonesia MUHAMMAD ZAINAL FANANI, AUNU RAUF, NINA MARYANA, ALI NURMANSYAH, DADAN HINDAYANA [PDF] 39. Genetic diversity and productivity of Gracilaria coronopifolia as alternative for food resource based on RAPD marker GUT WINDARSIH, DWINITA WIKAN UTAMI, SITI YURIYAH [PDF] 40. The The morphological and phytochemical studies on the effect of acute and recurrent irradiation in Celosia cristata seeds SYARIFAH IIS AISYAH, IZZATUL MUHALLILIN, DEWI SUKMA, WARAS NURCHOLIS [PDF] 41. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding: Diversity study around the Pondok Dadap fish landing station, Malang, Indonesia SAPTO ANDRIYONO, MD. JOBAIDUL ALAM, HYUN-WOO KIM [PDF] 42. Short Communication: Digenea parasites in giant mudskipper ( Periopthalmodon schlosseri) in Kuala Lupak Village, South Kalimantan, Indonesia HIDAYATURRAHMAH, HERI BUDI SANTOSO, DESY NURAPRIANA, BADRUZSAUFARI, MUHAMAT [PDF] 43. Analysis of stomach content of piscivorous fishes caught in Danau Panggang Peatland, South Kalimantan, Indonesia DINI SOFARINI, ENDANG YULI HERAWATI, MOHAMMAD MAHMUDI, ASUS MAIZAR SURYANTO HERTIKA, DIANA ARFIATI, MUHAMMAD MUSA, MOHAMAD AMIN, SUPRIHARYONO [PDF] 44. Phenotypic diversity for quantitative and qualitative characters of barley ( Hordeum vulgare) accession from Algeria WARDA TAIBI, AMINA BELLETRECHE, MOHAMMED KHARSI, SEMIR BECHIR SUHEIL GAOUAR [PDF] 45. Antibacterial activity of Cordyline fruticosa leaf extracts and its endophytic fungi extracts ELFITA, MARDIYANTO, FITRYA, JUWITA EKA LARASATI, JULINAR, HARY WIDJAJANTI, MUHARNI [PDF]

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Bird communities and vegetation composition in Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia

FRANCISCUS XAVERIUS SUDARYANTO1, JUNITA HARDINI1, LALU ACHMAD TAN TILAR WANGSAJATI SUKMARING KALIH2, MUHAMMAD MIRZAN ASRORI3, I WAYAN SUANA3,♥ 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Udayana. Jl. Raya Kampus Unud No. 9, Jimbaran, Badung 80361, Bali, Bali, Indonesia 2Department of Fisheries Resources Utilization, Faculty of Fisheries, Universitas 45 Mataram. Jl. Imam Bonjol, Mataram 83239, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia 3Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Mataram. Jl. Majapahit No. 62, Mataram 83126, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-370-646506, ♥email: [email protected]

Manuscript received: 31 August 2019. Revision accepted: 23 November 2019.

Abstract. Sudaryanto FX, Hardini J, Kalih LATTWS, Asrori MM, Suana IW. 2019. Bird communities and vegetation composition in Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3676-3683. A study on bird community and vegetation composition in Nusa Penida was carried out to determine its diversity, conservation status, and habitat as an effort to conserve and develop birdwatching ecotourism in Nusa Penida. The study was conducted in Tembeling forest and Ped agroforestry. By using the point count method, we found 80 species of birds: 70 species in Tembeling forest and 79 species in Ped agroforestry. Fourteen species of birds are protected by Indonesian law. According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, four species are Critically Endangered and one species is classified as Near Threatened. We also found eight species of migratory birds. Diversity of birds in Nusa Penida was high. Individuals of each bird species was spread evenly, except Hirundo rustica, Hirundo tahitica and Streptopelia chinensis were dominant. Twenty-five species of trees were found in Tembeling, while in Ped were found 22 species. These vegetations were provided birds with good resources for foraging, resting, and nesting.

Keywords: Awig-awig, bird conservation, birdwatching ecotourism, migratory birds

INTRODUCTION of Bali. It was chosen as the center for rescue and release of Bali Starling because it has forest areas, agroforestry, Bali has a diverse landscape with its highest peak is and grasslands that can support the life of Bali Starling Gunung Agung, 3,142 meters above sea level. Between the (Wirayudha 2008). In addition, community participation tallest mountain and the sea-sand areas, there are forests, with its awig-awig (Balinese Common Law) has succeeded flowing rivers, alluvial slopes and green rugs of crop fields. in protecting the existence of Bali Starling in Nusa Penida The forests of Bali stretch on the north western part of the (Sudaryanto 2019). This is interesting for tourists to come island. The Bali Barat National Park is established to to Nusa Penida (Agustina 2013). In 2018 the number of preserve the forests and their wildlife. Bali Starling tourists who came to Nusa Penida was 350,000 people, and Leucopsar rothschildi is an endemic bird of Bali found in 80% are foreign tourists (Sudiarkajaya et al. 2018). this park. Besides Bali Starling which is the mascot of the Habitat conditions generally have an effect on bird Province of Bali, there are also 344 species of birds on this abundance and diversity (Partasasmita et al. 2017; Krisanti island, of which 190 are considered residents, 83 as regular et al. 2017). To support the life of birds, it is necessary to visitors and 71 as vagrants (Mason 2011). One additional have a single unit of habitat that can guarantee all the species, Greater Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis, is necessities of birdlife, such as food, resting and nesting a new record for Bali that has not been recorded in places. We report here the bird diversity, conservation Mason’s checklist (Hermawan et al. 2013). status, and bird habitat in Tembeling forest and Ped Nusa Penida is a small island located 20 km to the agroforestry as an effort to conserve and develop southeast of Bali. It has a limestone mountain with wooded birdwatching ecotourism in Nusa Penida. grassland soil types whose water availability is very poor (Riany and Aunurohim 2013). Based on the Schmidt and Ferguson climate classification, Nusa Penida has an E MATERIALS AND METHODS climate type, with an average rainfall of 972 mm/year, and an average of 5.58 rainy days. The area of Nusa Penida is Study area 20,284 ha, consisting of 1,000 ha of forest, most of which The study lasted for three months (January to March is agroforestry. The length of the coastline is 83.50 km 2019) in Tembeling forest and Ped agroforestry, Nusa (Pemkab Klungkung 2013). Nusa Penida is an ex-situ Penida, Bali, Indonesia (Figure 1). Tembeling forest is conservation area for Bali Starling recommended by located at an altitude of 200 to 250 meters above sea level Friends of National Parks Foundation (FNPF), a local NGO (masl), and Ped agroforestry at an altitude of 0 to 130 m SUDARYANTO et al. – Bird of Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia 3677 asl. Agroforestry is a plantation that integrates timber tree 1987). On each quadrat plot, we were record and measure: management with commodity crops (van Noordwijk et al. number of individuals of each species, the total of tree 2004; Wulandari 2009). Large trees, such as Syzygium height, the first branch height, canopy width, canopy cumini, Ficus benjamina, and Azadirachta indica can be length, canopy thick, tree diameter at breast height of found in Ped agroforestry. In addition to these trees, there researcher, the position of the tree (the distance to the x and are coconut palms, cassava, corn, nuts, bushes, grasslands, y axis), then the vegetation profile is made. The and settlements (Ginantra et al. 2009). Tembeling forest is conservation status of birds was based on Regulation of a natural forest that stores a lot of water on its soil favoring Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Permen LHK) the growth of ferns or the like. Several species of large Republic of Indonesia Number trees, including Ficus glabella, Ficus benjamina, Acacia P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 of 2018, and auriculiformis, and Lannea grandis grow in this forest International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List (Riany and Aunurohim 2013; Sudaryanto et al. 2015). of Threatened Species.

Sampling procedure Data analysis Bird sampling was carried out using point count method Diversity of bird and plant was performed using (Bibby et al. 2000). Observations were made from 06:00hr Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H'): H' =- ln pi, to 11:00hr, and from 15:00hr to 18:00hr, from January to where ‘pi’ is proportional abundance. If H'<1.5 the March 2019. The number of points at each study site was diversity is categorized as low, values of1.5 to 3.5 are 10, with 100 m distance between two points in Tembeling categorized as moderate, and values> 3.5 indicate high forest, and 200 m in Ped agroforestry. We made a diversity (Magurran 1988). difference in the distance between points at the two study Distribution of birds in their habitat was determined sites because there were differences in the conditions of the using Index of Evenness (E): E = H'/ln S, where 'S' is the study area, where in the Tembeling forest it had a slope of total number of species in the samples. When 'E' between 40% to 60%, while in Ped agroforestry was flat. approaches 0 (zero), the species of bird is not too diverse, Radius of observation in each point was 30 m, with an and there is dominance of certain species. On the contrary, observation time of 15 minutes. During the study, it was 10 when 'E' approaches 1 (one), the number of individuals times visit for each point. Data recorded includes the bird among species is not too different, and there is no dominance species, the number of individuals of each bird species, and of certain species (Ludwig and Reynolds 1988). the activity of birds in the strata of canopy. Only birds that Dominance of bird species in each study site, was perch on the tree are recorded. Activity of birds on the tree calculated using the formula: Di = (ni/N) x 100%, where was observed by scan sampling method with interval of 5 'ni' is the number of individual species-i, and 'N' is the total minutes (Martin and Bateson 2006). Identification of bird number of individuals. Criteria for determining the level of species was based on Mason and Jarvis (1994), MacKinnon dominance are as follows: Di = 0 to 2% indicated non- et al. (2010) and Mason 2011. dominant species, 2 to 5% showed sub-dominant species, To determine the habitat condition, vegetation analysis and > 5% was categorized as dominant species (Dewi et al. and habitat profile were made. We used a 20 m x 20 m 2007). quadrat plot to do vegetation sampling (Barbour et al.

Figure 1. Map showing locations of two study sites, Tembeling forest and Ped agroforestry, Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia

3678 BIODIVERSITAS 20 (12): 3676-3683, December 2019

Similarities of bird and plant communities in the two Bird diversity (H') in Tembeling forest was 3.75, with study sites were calculated using the Similarity Index (SI): an Evenness Index (E) of 0.89. This means that the SI = 2J/(a + b), where 'J' is the number of species that exist diversity of bird species was high. The number of in both study sites, 'a' is the number of species at study site individuals of each bird species was not too different, ‘a’, and 'b' is the number of species at study site ‘b’. SI less although there were some dominant bird species (Table 1), than 50% indicated low similarity between two habitats, such as Hirundo rustica (Di = 6.20), Streptopelia chinensis 50% to 75% showed moderate, and more than 75% was (Di = 5.60), and Hirundo tahitica (Di = 5.20). The diversity categorized high (Setiadi 2004). of birds in Ped agroforestry was higher than in Tembeling The use of habitat (Ft) by birds to perform various forest, with H' = 3.82, and an Evenness Index of 0.88. activities, such as foraging, perching/resting, and nesting Similar to Tembeling forest, in Ped agroforestry, was calculated with the formula: Ft = (St/Sp) x 100%, individuals of each bird species were almost evenly where 'St' is the number of bird species that use habitat or distributed, except Hirundo tahitica (Di = 5.99) and vegetation, 'Sp' is the total number of bird species present Streptopelia chinensis (Di = 5.63) which were classified as at the study site (Dewi et al. 2007; Paskal et al. 2015). dominant (Table 1). The Similarity Index (SI) between Analysis of the importance of trees in Tembeling forest Tembeling forest and Ped agroforestry based on bird and Ped agroforestry using an Index of Importance Value species was 0.93. This means that the composition of bird (IIV): IIV = RDi + RFi + RCi. RDi (Relative Density) is a species in the two habitats was almost the same. comparison between the number of individuals of species-i (Ni) and the number of all individuals (ΣN). RFi (Relative Profile and diversity of tree vegetation Frequency) is a comparison between frequency of species-i Observation of vegetation profile was carried out to (Fi) and total frequency of all species (ΣF). RCi (Relative determine the function and utilization of habitat for birds. Cover) is a comparison between the area of species-i cover The profile of tree vegetation in Tembeling forest and Ped area (Ci) and the total coverage area for all species (ΣC) agroforestry presented in Figure 2. Tree vegetation was (English et al. 1994). slightly denser in Tembeling forest than Ped agroforestry, but canopy cover was denser in Ped agroforestry, it was due to more tree branches. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We found 25 species of trees in Tembeling forest, with a Diversity Index (H') of 2.62. The dominant species were Diversity of birds Swietenia macrophylla with Index of Important Value During the study, we found 1,185 individuals of birds (IIV) of 389.08%, Azadirachta indica (IIV = 167.61%), from 39 families, 61 genera and 80 species (Table 1). In Albizia saman (IIV = 145.26%), Tectona grandis (IIV = Tembeling forest there were 36 families, 56 genera and 70 150.37%), and Ficus glabella (IIV = 124.06%). In Ped species, while in Ped agroforestry we found 38 families, 60 agroforestry, there were 22 species of trees with a Diversity genera and 79 species. Among these species of birds, 14 Index of 2.69. Ficus glabella was a dominant tree species species are protected by Permen LHK Republic of with IIV of 80.33%, followed by Mangifera indica (IIV= Indonesia No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 60.62%), Muntingia calabura (IIV = 34.42%), Albizia of 2018, and 66 species not protected. Based on IUCN Red saman (IIV = 26.88%), and Tectona grandis (IIV = List of Threatened Species, 1 species (Numenius arquata) 24.74%). The level of similarity between Tembeling forest is catagorized as Near Threatened, 4 species (Cacatua and Ped agroforestry based on tree species was 0.81, and sulphurea, Fregata andrewsi, Acridotheres tertius, and indicates that the composition of tree species in the two Leucopsar rothschildi) as Critically Endangered, and 75 habitats was almost the same. Table 2 presents the use of species of Least Concern. trees by birds in these two study sites.

Table 1. Species diversity, dominant species of birds and their conservation status in Tembeling and Ped, Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia from January to March 2019

Dominance (Di) Conservation status Common name Scientific name Tembeling (%) Ped (%) Permen IUCN Javan Myna Acridotheres javanicus 1.00 0.88 NP LC Common Myna Acridotheres tertius 1.40 1.23 P CR Common lora Aegithina tiphia 2.60 2.99 NP LC White Breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus 3.80 2.64 NP LC Brown Throated Sunbird Anthreptes malacensis 0.20 0.18 NP LC Little Swift Apus affinis 3.40 2.11 NP LC Litle Spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostra 0.20 0.18 NP LC White Breasted Woodswallow Artamus leucorynchus 0.60 0.53 NP LC Yellow Crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea 0.60 0.00 P CR Plaintive Cucko Cacomantis merulinus 1.00 2.99 NP LC Lesser Coucal Centropus bengalensis 0.60 0.53 NP LC Common Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica 0.60 0.53 NP LC Olive Backed Sunbird Cinnyris jugularis 4.80 3.35 NP LC Edible Nest Swiftlet Collocalia fucifaga 2.60 2.64 NP LC

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Glossy Swiftlet Collocalia esculenta 3.80 2.29 NP LC Black Nest Swiftlet Collocalia maxima 3.20 1.94 NP LC Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis 0.20 0.88 NP LC Large Billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos 0.60 1.23 NP LC Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis 1.40 1.23 NP LC Asian House Martin Delichon dasypus 0.20 0.18 NP LC Fulvous Breasted Woodpecker Dendrocopus macei 0.80 0.70 NP LC Red Chested Flowerpecker Dicaeum maugei 1.80 1.58 NP LC Scarlet headed Flowerpecker Dicaeum trochileum 1.20 1.06 NP LC Hair Crested Drongo Dicrurus hottentottus 0.40 0.35 NP LC Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 1.40 1.23 NP LC Green Imperial Pigeon Ducula aenea 2.20 2.82 NP LC Pied Imperial Pigeon Ducula bicolor 1.20 0.53 NP LC Pacific Reef Heron Egretta sacra 0.00 0.18 NP LC Spotted Kestrel Falco moluccensis 0.20 0.18 P LC Christmas Frigatebird Fregata andrewsi* 0.00 0.18 P CR Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel* 0.00 0.18 NP LC Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus 0.60 0.35 NP LC Green Junglefowl Gallus varius 0.80 0.70 NP LC Zebra Dove Geopelia striata 0.80 2.82 NP LC Golden Bellied Gerygone Gerygone sulphurea 0.20 0.18 NP LC Common Hill Myna Gracula religiosa 0.00 0.18 P LC White Bellied Sea Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster 0.40 0.35 P LC Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus 0.60 0.35 P LC Black Winged Flycatcher Shrike Hemipus hirundinaceus 1.80 1.06 NP LC Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica* 6.20 4.05 NP LC Pacific Swallow Hirundo tahitica 5.20 5.99 NP LC Black Naped Monarch Hypothymis azurea 0.40 0.35 NP LC Black Eagle Ictinaetus malaiensis 0.20 0.18 P LC White Shouldered Triller Lalage sueurii 1.20 1.58 NP LC Bali Starling Leucopsar rothschildi 0.00 4.23 P CR Indonesian Honeyeater Lichmera limbata 0.60 0.53 NP LC Long billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus* 0.20 0.18 P LC Javan Munia Lonchura leucogastroides 0.20 1.06 NP LC Black Faced Munia Lonchura molucca 0.20 0.18 NP LC Scaly Breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata 2.60 3.17 NP LC Mees’s White Eye Lophozosterops javanicus 0.20 0.18 NP LC Chestnut Headed Bee Eater Merops leschenaultii 3.00 2.99 NP LC Blue Tailed Bee Eater Merops philippinus 4.20 4.05 NP LC Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata* 0.00 0.18 P NT Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus* 0.00 0.18 P LC Black Naped Oriole Oriolus chinensis 1.80 0.88 NP LC Olive Backed Tailorbird Orthotomus sepium 0.20 0.18 NP LC Mangrove Whistler Pachycephala grisola 0.20 0.18 NP LC Cinereous Tit Parus major 3.40 2.46 NP LC Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus 1.00 0.18 NP LC White Tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus 0.20 0.18 P LC Mountain Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus trivirgatus 0.20 0.18 NP LC Bar Winged Prinia Prinia familiaris 0.20 0.18 NP LC Black Naped Fruit Dove Ptilinopus melanospila 1.20 1.06 NP LC Sooty Headed Bulbul Pycnonotus aurigaster 3.40 3.35 NP LC Yellow Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus goiavier 4.20 4.05 NP LC Malaysian Pied Fantail Rhipidura javanica 1.80 1.58 NP LC Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela 0.40 0.35 P LC Little Tern Sterna albifrons* 0.00 0.18 NP LC Bridled Tern Sterna anaethetus* 0.00 0.18 NP LC Island Collared Dove Streptopelia bitorquata 0.60 2.46 NP LC Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis 5.60 5.63 NP LC Collared Kingfisher Todiramphus chloris 1.80 2.11 NP LC Sacred Kingfisher Todirhampus sanctus 0.40 0.35 NP LC Pink Naped Green Pigeon Treron vernans 1.00 0.88 NP LC Common Sandpiper Tringa hypoleucos 0.00 0.18 NP LC Barred Buttonquail Turnix suscitator 0.20 0.18 NP LC Lemon Bellied White Eye Zosterops chloris 0.20 0.18 NP LC Mountain White Eye Zosterops montanus 0.20 0.18 NP LC Oriental White Eye Zosterops palpebrosus 0.20 0.18 NP LC Note: P = protected; NP = not protected; LC = Least Concern; NT = Near Threatened; CR = Critically Endangered; * = migratory birds; Permen = Conservation status based on Regulation of Minister of Environment and Forestry Republic of Indonesia Number P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 of 2018; IUCN = Conservation status according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species.

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A B

Figure 2. Tree vegetation profile in: A) Tembeling forest: Ficus glabella (1, 15, 11, 12, 21), Mutingia calabura (8-10, 14-16); Cocos nucifera (6, 31); Tectona grandis (7, 28); Gliricidia sepium (13, 22); Mangifera indica (23, 24); B) Ped agroforestry: Albizia saman (1- 3); Dendrocalamus asper (2); Ficus glabella (4, 8, 9); Cocos nucifera (5); Sysygium aqueum (6); Swietenia macrophylla (7); Ficus rumphii (10); Ziziphus mauritinia (11).

Discussion Nugroho 2013; Partasasmita et al. 2017). Ficus glabella The diversity of bird species in Ped agroforestry and produces fruit that is a source of food for birds, and has Tembeling forest was high. In general, the abundance and many branches that make it a good place for resting and diversity of birds were directly related to the condition of nesting. Leucopsar rothschildi, Acridotheres tertius, and their habitat (Partasasmita et al. 2017; Krisanti et al. 2017). Acridotheres javanicus often used Ficus glabella for food, This means that Tembeling forest and Ped agroforestry can resting, and nesting. Other trees also widely used by birds support the lives of birds for foraging, resting, and nesting. were Ficus benjamina, Albizia saman, and Muntingia Almost all (93%) the tree species found in both habitats calabura. In addition to these trees, shrubs and herbs that provide a source of food for the birds. produce nectar, fruits and seeds, such as Datura metel, Ficus glabella was most widely used by birds, among Lantana camara, Temeda arguens, Hoplismenus sp., other trees. Trees that can provide the resources needed by Axonopus sp., Eragrostis sp., Kylinga monocepala, and various bird species, enable each stratum of the canopy to Chloris barbata were also sources of food for Bali Starling be used by certain bird species (Rahayuningsih and in Ped agroforestry (Ginantra et al. 2009).

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Table 2. Tree vegetation utilization and function for birds in Tembeling forest and Ped agroforestry, Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia from January to March 2019

Utilization Common name Scientific name Function Tembeling (%) Ped (%) Earleaf acacia Acacia auriculiformis 5.71 0 R,F Rain tree Albizia saman 18.57 13.92 R,F Soursop Annona muricata 0 11.39 R,F Queensland-cherry Antides mabunius 12.86 20.25 F Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus 8.57 16.46 R,F,N Neem Azadirachtaindica 10.00 11.39 R,F Cananga tree Cananga odorata 7.14 13.92 R,F Coconut tree Cocos nucifera 5.71 8.86 R Giant bamboo Dendrocalamus asper 2.86 2.53 R Ficus tree Ficus benjamina 24.29 30.38 R,F,N White fig Ficus glabella 38.57 45.57 R,F,N Jackson fig Ficus rumphii 2.86 7.59 R,F,N Indian plum Flacourtia rukam 2.86 0 R,F Quickstick Gliricidia sepium 10.00 17.72 R,F Beechwood Gmelina arborea 2.86 2.53 R,F Giant crepe-myrtle Lagerstroemia speciosa 8.57 0 R,F Indian ash tree Lannea grandis 10.00 0 R,F Mango Mangifera indica 5.71 11.39 R,F,N Indian mulberry Morinda citrifolia 4.29 10.13 R,F Kerson fruit Muntingia calabura 5.71 20.25 R,F Indian sandalwood Santalum album 0 2.53 R,F Walik ukun Schoutenia ovata 5.71 0 R,F African tulip tree Spathodea campanulata 0 5.06 R,F Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla 8.57 16.46 R,F Watery rose apple Syzygium aqueum 0 2.53 R,F Tamarind Tamarindus indica 5.71 0 R,F Teak Tectona grandis 5.71 8.86 R,F Chinese mahogany Toona sinensis 4.29 0 R,F,N Jujube Ziziphus mauritiana 2.86 3.79 R,F Abbreviations: R = resting, F = foraging, N = nesting

Similarity of bird communities in Ped agroforestry with which are used for nesting. The big trees, among others, those in Tembeling forest was high (93%). The only were: Swietenia macrophyllus, Ficus glabella and Toona difference lies in the presence of shorebirds, given that sinensis. During the survey in Nusa Penida, Setiawan Ped's agroforestry is located near flat beaches with large (1996) noted 27 species of trees for foraging and nesting of tidal areas. On the other hand, Tembeling forest is located this bird, including Sterculia foetida, Ceiba petandra, on a higher place with steep beaches and big waves, so that Tamarindus indica, and Cocos nucifera. In Komodo no shorebirds were found in this area. The shorebirds such National Park, Imansyah et al. (2005) reported that this bird as Limnodromus scolopaceus, Numenius arquata, used large and tall trees between 7 to 20 m for nesting, Numenius phaeopus, Sterna albifrons, Sterna anaethetus, such as Sterculia oblongata, Corypha utan, and Borassus Fregata ariel, Fregata andrewsi, and Hirundo rustica are flabellifer. generally seasonal migratory birds. These birds usually use Twenty four Bali Starling Leucopsar rothschildii were tidal areas for foraging. The presence of migratory birds on found in Ped agroforestry. The bird is protected by Permen Nusa Penida adds to the importance of the island as a bird LHK Republic of Indonesia Number conservation area. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 of 2018, and During the study, Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua listed in the Critically Endangered category by IUCN Red sulphurea was found only in Tembeling forest, which is List of Threatened Species. Bali Starling was present in protected by Permen LHK Republic of Indonesia Number Ped agroforestry after it was released by the Friends of P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 of 2018 and National Park Foundation in 2005 (Sudaryanto et al. 2018). categorized as Critically Endangered by IUCN Red List of Gracula religiosa was also found in Ped agroforestry. This Threatened Species. Cacatua sulphurea is endemic to bird is protected by Permen LHK Republic of Indonesia Indonesia, the sub-species C. s. parvula is distributed from Number P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 of Nusa Penida eastwards through the Lesser Sunda chain of 2018 and categorized as Least Concern by IUCN Red List islands from Lombok to Alor, and Timor (Setiawan 1996). of Threatened Species. It is suspected that the bird escaped The existence of this bird in Tembeling forest is due to the from its owner's cage, because its natural distribution only presence of large trees with height between 10 to 25 m, reached Bali Island (MacKinnon et al. 2010; Mason 2011).

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All villages in Nusa Penida own and implement awig- Ginantra IK, Dalem AAGR, Sudirga SK, Wirayudha IGNB. 2009. Species awig that protect birds. For example, awig-awig of Ped of plants as a source of Bali Starling feed (Leucopsar rothschildi S) in Ped Village, Nusa Penida, Klungkung, Bali. J Bumi Lestari 9 (1): 91- Village (Suklaa 1987), regulates the prohibition of bird 102. [Indonesian] hunting, especially Bali Starling. One of the sanctions in Hermawan B, Prasetyo RB, Yanwar Y, Negara HK, Iqbal M. 2013. First awig-awig is paying financial fines and social sanctions for record and breeding of Greater painted Snipe in Bali, Indonesia. Stilt people who catch, sell, and shoot birds. This also applies to 63-64: 27-28. Imansyah MJ, Anggoro DG, Hidayat A, Yangpatra N, Benu YJ. 2005. migrants who are not Hindus. Although in Nusa Penida Distribution and characteristics of the yellow-crested small cockatoo there is an Islamic Village, namely Toyapakeh, which does nest tree (Cacatua sulphurea parvula) on Komodo Island, Komodo not have awig-awig, their residents also obey the awig- National Park. Report No. 4. CRES Komodo Project-Komodo awig of surrounding villages. Until now, there have never National Park. Denpasar. [Indonesian] International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources been residents who violated this awig-awig (Wirayudha Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN). https://www.iucnredlist.org/ 2007; Sudaryanto et al. 2019). The existence of awig-awig Klungkung Regency Government (Pemkab Klungkung). 2013. Klungkung that protects all animals, especially birds, ensures the in Figures 2012. Geographical Conditions. conservation of birds in Nusa Penida to be successful http://www.klungkungkab.go.id [Indonesian] Krisanti AA, Choirunnafi A, Septiana NO, Pratama FW, Amelia F, (Sudaryanto et al. 2019). Since formal law often fails to Manjaswari A, Septiningtyas PA, Wati, AS, Satria JY, Ani IL, prevent bird hunting, awig-awig has a strategic position to Wibowo T, Sugiyarto. 2017. The diversity of diurnal bird species on conserve birds in Nusa Penida. The high diversity of birds, western slope of Mount Lawu, Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18(3): as well as the unique local communities in protecting birds 1077-1083. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d180327 Ludwig JA, Reynolds JF. 1988. Statistical Ecology: A Primer in Methods enable Nusa Penida to be developed as a birdwatching and Computing. John Wiley & Sons, New York. ecotourism area. MacKinnon J, Phillipps K, van Balen B. 2010. Birds of Sumatra, Java, To conclude, in Nusa Penida, there were 80 species of Bali and Kalimantan (including Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei birds, consisting of 70 species in Tembeling forest and 79 Darussalam). Puslitbang Biologi LIPI & Burung Indonesia, Bogor. [Indonesian] species in Ped agroforestry. Some of these birds are Magurran AE. 1988. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. Princeton protected under Permen LHK Republic of Indonesia University Press, New Jersey. Number P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 of Martin P, Bateson P. 2006. Measuring Behavior: An Introductory Guide. 2018, and have Near Threatened and Critically Endangered Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Mason V, Jarvis F. 1994. Birds of Bali. Periplus Editions, Singapore. status according to IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Mason V. 2011. A revised checklist for the birds of Bali, with notes on The habitat in Nusa Penida is very supportive of birdlife recent additions to the avifauna. Kukila 15: 1-30. because it can provide resources for birds for foraging, Partasasmita R, Atsaury ZIA, Husodo T. 2017. The use of forest canopy resting, and nesting. The presence of migratory birds, the by various bird species in tropical forest montana zone, the Nature Reserve of Mount Tilu, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18(2): conservation status, and the unique local custom to protect 453-457. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d180202 birds are strong reasons to propose Nusa Penida as a bird Paskal S, Winarsih A, Wijayanti F. 2015. Bird community in Tidung conservation area and for birdwatching ecotourism in the Kecil Islands, Seribu Islands. Al-Kauniyah J Biol 8(2): 66-76. DOI: future. 10.15408/kauniyah.v8i2.2692 [Indonesian] Permen LHK. Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 of 2018 Concerning ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Species of Plants and Animals Protected. [Indonesian]. Rahayuningsih M, Nugroho EK. 2013. 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