Aquatic Invasions (2010) Volume 5, Issue 4: 413–422 doi: 10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.11 Open Access

© 2010 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2010 REABIC

Research article

Preliminary assessment of feral goldfish impacts on ponds, with particular reference to native crucian carp

Gordon H. Copp, A. Serhan Tarkan, Michael J. Godard, Nathan J. Edmonds and Keith J. Wesley

Supplementary material

Appendix 1. List of aquatic invertebrates (summarized in Table III) observed in ponds of Epping Forest (Essex, England) during the week of 23 April 2007, with their status, rarity score, description. (FM = Fairmeads; EP = Earl's Path; HC = Hawcock; CP = Carroll's; PP = Pizzole Pit; JP = Johnson's). Non-native species are indicated with an asterisks, and nationally notable species are indicated as ‘Nat. Notable B’.

Species Status Rarity Description FM EP HC CP PP JP

Polycelis tenuis Common 1 A flatworm 4 1 3 Erpobdella octoculata Common 1 A leech 1 5 2 Erpobdella testacea Common 1 A leech 1 8 Glossiphonia complanata Common 1 A leech 1 4 10 1 Helobdella stagnalis Common 1 A leech 2 2 12 7 2 Theromyzon tessulatum Common 1 A leech 1 2 Trocheta bykowski Local 2 A leech 8 Acroloxus lacustris Common 1 Lake limpet 2 4 1 Gyraulus albus Common 1 White ram's-horn 3 5 3 Gyraulus crista Common 1 Nautilus ram's-horn 2 1 Hippeutis complanatus Common 1 Flat ram's-horn 1 96 1 1 1 Radix balthica Common 1 Wandering snail 1 1 Lymnaea stagnalis Common 1 Great pond snail 3 Physella (acuta)* Common 1 Tadpole snail 178 3 2 Planorbarius corneus Common 1 Great ram's-horn 3 2 34 Planorbis carinatus Common 1 Keeled ram's-horn 3 7 Lake (or capped) orb Musculium lacustre Common 1 1 4 mussel A water slater or hog Asellus aquaticus Common 1 302 27 60 38 103 77 louse Crangonyx pseudogracilis* Common 1 A freshwater shrimp 250 73 190 92 225 81 White midge or Caenis robusta Common 1 120 'anglers' curse' Cloeon dipterum Common 1 Pond olive (a mayfly) 1 11 8 2 Aeshna cyanea Common 1 Southern hawker 3 3 Azure/variable Coenagrion puella/pulchellum Common 1 6 20 12 29 2 damselfly Common blue Enallagma cyathigerum Common 1 22 damselfly Ischnura elegans Common 1 Blue-tailed damselfly 5 80 5 Libellula quadrimaculata Common 1 Four-spotted chaser 1 Pyrrhosoma nymphula Common 1 Large red damselfly 5 2 1 Cymatia coleoptrata Local 2 A lesser water boatman 3 3 1 Gerris lacustris Common 1 Pond skater 1 1 1 4 2 Gerris odontogaster Common 1 Pond skater 1 2 Hydrometra stagnorum Common 1 Water measurer 1 Ilyocoris cimicoides Common 1 Saucer bug 1 1 2 Microvelia reticulata Common 1 A water cricket 3 Nepa cinerea Common 1 Water scorpion 1 Notonecta glauca Common 1 A backswimmer 3 1 Notonecta viridis Common 1 A backswimmer 1 1 Plea minutissima Common 1 A water bug 72 5 8 31 20 11 Ranatra linearis Local 2 Water stick insect 3 Sigara dorsalis Common 1 A lesser waterboatman 3 1 1 1 Agabus bipustulatus Common 1 A diving beetle 1 A water scavenger Anacaena globulus Common 1 1 beetle A water scavenger Anacaena limbata Common 1 2 1 1 beetle A water scavenger Coelostoma orbiculare Common 1 2 beetle

G.H. Copp et al.

Appendix 1 (continued)

Species Status Rarity Description FM EP HC CP PP JP

Copelatus haemorrhoidalis Common 1 A diving beetle 5 Cymbiodyta marginalis Common 1 A diving beetle 1 1 Dryops luridus Common 1 A water beetle 1 A water scavenger Enochrus coarctatus Common 1 1 beetle A water scavenger Enochrus testaceus Common 1 1 beetle Haliplus ruficollis Common 1 A crawling water beetle 1 3 1 3 1 Haliplus sibericus Common 1 A crawling water beetle 1 A water scavenger Helochares lividus Common 1 1 beetle A water scavenger Helophorus brevipalpis Common 1 1 1 beetle A water scavenger Helophorus grandis Common 1 6 beetle A water scavenger Helophorus minutus Common 1 1 1 beetle A water scavenger Helophorus obscurus Common 1 1 1 2 beetle Hydraena testacea Nat. Notable B 4 A water beetle 3 A water scavenger Hydrobius fuscipes Common 1 1 1 1 1 beetle Hydroglyphus geminus Nat. Notable B 4 A diving beetle 2 Hydroporus angustatus Common 1 A diving beetle 9 Hydroporus palustris Common 1 A diving beetle 2 1 Hydroporus planus Common 1 A diving beetle 2 1 Hygrotus inaequalis Common 1 A diving beetle 14 1 3 4 Noterus clavicornis Common 1 A water beetle 3 8 1 Peltodytes caesus Nat. Notable B 4 A crawling water beetle 1 Athripsodes aterrimus Common 1 A cased caddis fly 1 Glyphotaelius pellucidus Common 1 A cased caddis fly 3 2 1 Leptocerus tineiformis Common 1 A cased caddis fly 92 Limnephilus flavicornis Common 1 A cased caddis fly 2 1 5 2 Limnephilus lunatus Common 1 A cased caddis fly 1 1 Triaenodes bicolor Common 1 A cased caddis fly 1 Cataclysta lemnata Common 1 A china-mark moth 3 Elophila nymphaeata Common 1 A china-mark moth 1 2 Helodidae √ √ Ceratopogonidae Biting midges √ √ √ √ Plumed gnats or Chironomidae √ √ √ √ √ √ bloodworms Culicidae Mosquitoes √ Dixidae Meniscus midges √ √ Syrphidae Hover flies √ Tabanidae Horse flies √ Crane-flies or daddy- Tipulidae √ √ √ √ √ long-legs Oligochaeta Segmented worms √ √ √ √ √ Pisidium sp. Pea mussels √ √ √ √

Triturus helveticus Palmate newt √

Impact of goldfish on pond ecosystems

Appendix 2. List of aquatic plants (summarized in Table III) observed in ponds of Epping Forest (Essex, England) during the week of 23 April 2007, with their status (1 = common, 2 = local) and % cover (FM = Fairmeads; EP = Earl's Path; HC = Hawcock; CP = Carroll's; PP = Pizzole Pit; JP = Johnson's). The estimates of cover submerged, floating-leaved, emergent and total are estimated in the field and are not the sum of all the values of individual species. Non-native species are indicated with an asterisks.

Species Status FM EP HC CP PP JP

Callitriche sp. 1 0.1 Ceratophyllum demersum 2 0.1 0.5 0.1 15 Myriophyllum spicatum 2 0.5 Utricularia sp. 2 5 Ranunculus sp. 2 0.1 Riccia fluitans 2 0.1 Sphagnum sp. 1 10 Fimaentous algae - [0.1] [15] [30] Lemna minor 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 20 Lemna minuta* 1 0.1 0.1 Lemna trisulca 1 0.1 0.1 Nuphar lutea 1 6 Nymphaea sp. 1 0.1 0.1 Potamogeton natans 1 8 Acorus calamus* 1 0.1 Agrostis stolonifera 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 Alisma plantago-aquatica 1 0.1 0.1 Alisma sp. 1 0.1 Butomus umbellatus 2 0.1 Cardamine pratensis 1 0.1 Carex acutiformis 1 0.1 Carex pendula 1 0.1 Carex pseudocyperus 2 4 0.5 Carex sp. 1 0.1 Cirsium palustre 1 0.1 Crassula helmsii* 1 8 Deschampsia caespitosa 1 0.1 Eloecharis palustris 1 0.1 Epilobium hirsutum 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Epilobium sp. 1 0.1 Galium palustre 1 0.1 0.1 Glyceria fluitans 1 0.1 0.1 Glyceria maxima 1 0.1 0.1 Glyceria sp. 1 0.1 Hydrocotyle vulgaris 1 0.1 1 Iris pseudacorus 1 3 2 1 0.1 2 Juncus articulatus 1 0.1 Juncus effusus 1 0.1 0.1 3 0.1 0.1 Juncus inflexus 1 0.1 2 2 Lycopus europaeus 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Lysimachia nummularia 1 0.1 0.1 Lythrum salicaria 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Menyanthes trifoliata 1 0.1 0.1 Mentha aquatica 1 0.1 0.1 1 0.1 1 Myosotis sp. 1 0.1 0.1 Ranunculus flammula 1 0.1 Ranunculus lingua 1 3 Solanum dulcamara 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Sparganium erectum 1 2 Stachys palustris 1 0.1 Stellaria uliginosa 1 0.1 Typha latifolia 1 10 3 35 0.1 1 Salix spp. - 0.1 0.1 0.1