Functional Genomics Provide New Insights Into Regulation of Morphogenesis and Secondary Metabolism in the Industrial Penicillin Producer Penicillium Chrysogenum

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Functional Genomics Provide New Insights Into Regulation of Morphogenesis and Secondary Metabolism in the Industrial Penicillin Producer Penicillium Chrysogenum Functional genomics provide new insights into regulation of morphogenesis and secondary metabolism in the industrial penicillin producer Penicillium chrysogenum Dissertation to obtain the degree Doctor Rerum Naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) Submitted to the International Graduate School of Biosciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany this thesis was performed at the Department of General and Molecular Botany submitted by Kordula Becker from Essen, Germany Bochum April, 2015 1st supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kück 2nd supervisor: Prof. Dr. Franz Narberhaus Funktionelle Genomanalysen zur Regulation von Morphogenese und Sekundärmetabolismus in dem industriellen Penicillin-Produzenten Penicillium chrysogenum Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften der Fakultät für Biologie und Biotechnologie an der Internationalen Graduiertenschule Biowissenschaften der Ruhr-Universität Bochum angefertigt am Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik vorgelegt von Kordula Becker aus Essen Bochum April, 2015 Referent: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kück Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Franz Narberhaus DANKSAGUNG VIELEN DANK: Meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kück möchte ich für das mir entgegengebrachte Vertrauen, die hervorragende Betreuung, sowie für unzählige Gespräche danken, die mich nicht nur fachlich sondern auch persönlich voran gebracht haben. Ich habe in den vergangenen Jahren nicht nur die Privilegien sondern auch die Verpflichtungen, die mit der Arbeit an Ihrem Lehrstuhl einhergehen, zu schätzen gelernt und bin froh, mich für die Promotion in der Allgemeinen und Molekularen Botanik entschieden zu haben. Herrn Prof. Dr. Franz Narberhaus gilt mein besonderer Dank für die Übernahme des Korreferates. Allen aktuellen und ehemaligen Mitarbeitern des Lehrstuhls für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik danke ich für die freundschaftliche Zusammenarbeit während der vergangenen Jahre. Es waren viele kleine und große Dinge, die dazu beigetragen haben, dass ich meine Zeit als Doktorandin in guter Erinnerung behalten werde. Mein Dank gilt insbesondere Ingeborg Godehardt, die mich tatkräftig bei der Durchführung sämtlicher DNA-Bindungsstudien unterstützt hat. Besser als mit den Worten eines Gutachters kann auch ich deine Arbeit nicht beschreiben: “The binding site analysis is compelling”. Mein Dank für hervorragende technische Unterstützung gilt außerdem Kerstin Kalkreuter und Stefanie Mertens. Ihr danke ich außerdem für viele ermutigende Worte, gute Ratschläge und ihr immer offenes Ohr. PD Dr. Minou Nowrousian danke ich für die professionelle Unterstützung bei zahlreichen bioinformatischen Analysen. Darüber hinaus möchte ich ihr und Dr. Julia Böhm ganz herzlich für die gewissenhafte und kritische Korrektur dieser Arbeit danken. Meinen Doktorschwestern und Doktorbrüdern danke ich für die schöne gemeinsame Zeit. Ohne euch wäre alles nur halb so schön gewesen! Insbesondere möchte ich mich bei Tim Dahlmann bedanken – dank dir bin ich nicht nur zu einer realistischen Selbsteinschätzung meiner mathematischen Fähigkeiten gelangt, sondern hatte einen Büro- und Laborpartner, auf den ich mich stets verlassen konnte. – „Keks? Heißes Wasser?!“ Prof. Dr. Michael Freitag und seinen Mitarbeitern danke ich für den schönen Forschungsaufenthalt an der Oregon State University im Herbst 2012, der die Etablierung der ChIP-seq Technologie für die Anwendung in P. chrysogenum überhaupt erst ermöglicht hat. Der Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes, der Sandoz GmbH, der Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft und der RUB Research School danke ich für die großzügige finanzielle Unterstützung. Darüber hinaus gilt mein Dank unseren Kooperationspartnern bei der Sandoz GmbH, insbesondere Dr. Ivo Zadra und Dr. Hubert Kürnsteiner, für ihr fortwährendes Interesse am Fortgang dieser Arbeit. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 2 I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 3 1. From Sanger sequencing to next-generation sequencing .............................................................................. 3 2. New directions in functional genomics........................................................................................................... 5 3. Location-based NGS approaches .................................................................................................................... 7 4. Bioinformatics analysis of ChIP-seq data ...................................................................................................... 11 5. Functional downstream analysis: from physical context to biological function ........................................... 13 6. ChIP-seq analyses in fungi ............................................................................................................................ 15 7. Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 15 II. SCOPE OF THE THESIS ............................................................................................................. 18 1. Regulation of fungal secondary metabolism ................................................................................................ 18 2. Aim of this thesis .......................................................................................................................................... 20 III. BECKER et al. 2015a ............................................................................................................... 23 IV. BECKER et al. 2015b ............................................................................................................... 24 V. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 25 1. ChIP-seq analyses with MAT1-1-1 .......................................................................................................... 25 1.1 MAT1-1-1 regulates target genes beyond sexual development ............................................................ 26 1.2 Rewiring of MAT-regulated transcriptional networks ............................................................................ 30 1.3 A new MAT1-1-1 working model ............................................................................................................ 33 2. ChIP-seq analyses with PcVelA ............................................................................................................... 36 2.1 PcVelA acts as a transcriptional regulator on DNA level ........................................................................ 37 2.2 The putative SAM-dependent methyltransferase PcLlmA is a direct interaction partner of PcVelA ..... 40 2.3 An expanded model of PcVelA regulatory functions .............................................................................. 42 3. Overall analysis of ChIP-seq data ........................................................................................................... 43 3.1 Genome-wide TF binding beyond direct target-gene control ................................................................ 43 3.2 MAT1-1-1 and PcVelA bind DNA via specific DNA-consensus sequences .............................................. 45 3.3 Concluding remarks ................................................................................................................................ 47 VI. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 49 VII. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ........................................................................................................... 50 VIII. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 51 IX. EIGENANTEIL AN PUBLIKATIONEN .......................................................................................... 76 X. CURRICULUM VITAE ............................................................................................................... 77 XI. ERKLÄRUNG .......................................................................................................................... 79 ABBREVIATIONS 2 ABBREVIATIONS bp base pairs BiFC bimolecular fluorescence complementation ChIP chromatin immunoprecipitation ChIP-chip ChIP combined with microarray hybridization ChIP-DNA DNA obtained from ChIP ChIP-PCR ChIP combined with PCR ChIP-seq ChIP combined with NGS DNA deoxyribonucleic acid ENCODE Encyclopedia of DNA Elements GRN gene regulatory network HMG high-mobility group input-DNA DNA sample removed prior to ChIP MAT mating type NGS next-generation sequencing NHGRI National Human Genome Research Institute nt nucleotide PCR polymerase chain reaction qRT-PCR quantitative real time PCR RNA ribonucleic acid RNA-seq RNA sequencing SAM S-adenosyl-L-methionine SM secondary metabolite TF transcription factor TFBS transcription factor binding site TSS transcription start site WGS whole-genome sequencing Y2H yeast two-hybrid analysis αsg mating-type α-specific gene Δ deletion I. INTRODUCTION 3 I. INTRODUCTION 1. From Sanger sequencing to next-generation sequencing When Frederick Sanger first introduced his method to sequence DNA by “dideoxy chain-termination”
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