Digitalization and Society Bünyamin Ayhan (Ed.) Digitalization and Society
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Bünyamin Ayhan (ed.) Digitalization and Society Bünyamin Ayhan (ed.) Digitalization and Society This book presents a collection of papers by researchers from several different institu- tions on a wide range of digital issues. Digitalization describes the phenomenon of how knowledge is processed and the processed knowledge provides social transformations beyond digitization, interaction, annihilation of time and space, the phenomenon of usage in multimedia. Transformed is not only the society but also its mentality. Digitalization reveals a sui generis digimodern process by processing modern structures with the help of compulsory tools. This process is a reconstruction of social structures and institutions on the basis of the digitalization perspective. Each social institution adapts this process and provides a contribution to the digitalization of society. The Editor Bünyamin Ayhan is a professor at the Faculty of Communication at Selçuk University, before which he was a guest associated professor at the Faculty of Communication at the Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University. www.peterlang.com Digitalization and Society Bünyamin Ayhan (ed.) Digitalization and Society Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress Printed by CPI books GmbH, Leck ISBN 978-3-631-67884-8 (Print) E-ISBN 978-3-653-07022-4 (E-Book) E-ISBN 978-3-631-70051-8 (EPUB) E-ISBN 978-3-631-70052-5 (MOBI) DOI 10.3726/978-3-653-07022-4 © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Frankfurt am Main 2017 All rights reserved. PL Academic Research is an Imprint of Peter Lang GmbH. Peter Lang – Frankfurt am Main ∙ Bern ∙ Bruxelles ∙ New York ∙ Oxford ∙ Warszawa ∙ Wien All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems. This publication has been peer reviewed. www.peterlang.com Preface This book was contemplated as the first volume of a two book project on digitaliza- tion and globalization phenomena with a focus on changes in social institutions and their meanings. The study is a joint work of academicians from different uni- versities operating in Turkey and started at the beginning with a very wide range of associations and nearly all of the social institutions were included in the study area. For example, from the perspective of digitalization, some of the titles are media, television, identity, surveillance and control, security, social movements, leisure, and education. Unfortunately, these titles did not take place in the study. Problems of the academic realm convinced us to narrow the scope of the first volume. The military coup attempt of July 15, 2016 will also have long lasting effects on society in terms of politics, the economy, and more importantly, on education. Although traditional and “postmodern” military coups were seen as historical cycles in our political system, society demonstrated a serious democratic resist- ance against the current coup as it was understood as a means for redesigning society by military tutelage. Naturally, the supporters of the organization that was implicated in the coup attempt which had demonstrated discourses of religion and dialogue were represented in all levels of governmental institutions close to political power and were now purged from these and other institutions. The clean- ing up began in the fields of security, administration, and justice and expanded in waves to other areas. The field of education, being among the most affected fields, was faced with new conditions beyond suspension and the arrests of teach- ers and academics which temporarily slowed down or halted the planned work. Personal priorities and perspectives changed while the security aspect reformed everyday life and risks gained permanence. The social impact of the attempted military coup resulted in new academic effects for the study. I acknowledge the devotion of the authors and the publisher which made this volume possible, which includes eleven studies. Digitalization allows interaction and multiple structures which make time and place relative. These are the instances when new social structures begin to func- tion. Particularly the indispensability of technological gadgets for individuals and society shapes everyday life. Meanwhile, previous structures either disappear or change to integrate with the new ways. The peculiarities of Turkish society present different social organizational forms and structures of different features. While the rapid changes ranging from agriculture to industrialization and information 6 Preface technologies in the last century in Turkey may be deemed problematic, they nev- ertheless prove a rich ground for scientific study and observation. That is the point where we expect original contributions of this work. Bünyamin Ayhan Table of Contents Mehmet Akgül Digitalization and Religion .........................................................................................9 Bünyamin Ayhan Digital Literacy ...........................................................................................................29 Haldun Soydal Digital Economy and Bitcoin ....................................................................................49 Hasret Aktaş Digital Politics .............................................................................................................75 M. Nejat Özüpek Digitalization and Civil Society ................................................................................91 Ayhan Uludağ & Yusuf Yalçin İleri Digital Health ........................................................................................................... 113 Selahattin Çavuş Historical Development of Games and Digital Games as a Product of the Culture Industry........................................................ 135 Abdurrahman Savaş Digitalization and Law ............................................................................................ 153 Fatma Nur Yorgancilar Changing Face of Economic System: Digital Economy and its Effects on Employment ...................................................................................... 175 Salih Tiryaki Digital Photography from Different Aspects ....................................................... 189 Tuba Livberber Göçmen Digitalized Culture of New Generation ................................................................ 201 Prof. Mehmet Akgül*1 Digitalization and Religion Introduction The development of communication technology and its interaction with religion has a controversial and conflicting history. Considering the speed and present level of communication technology’s historical development, we can say that there is a media problem that is far more important than our estimation. One can say that, for the last two centuries, there has been a worldwide revolution in the means of information production and transmittance. The impact of the media, displaying a slow progress, in the beginning, has nowadays gained tremendous momentum through its own particular dynamics. Printing technology, which the Western world surprisingly came to know about as early as the beginning of the sixteenth century, has reached different dimensions with the invention of the telegraph, radio, television, video recording devices, and finally with the rise of new electronic media or communication technology such as the Internet. Thus there has been a transformation into full-fledged mass media that has the effect and power of almost instantly reshaping social life (Akgül, 2008: 40). The invention of printing technology has been considered as a turning point in reference to the speed of technological development and transformation process, to the extent that history is divided into the ‘pre-print’ and the ‘post-print’ eras. When the radio was invented in the following centuries, the division of ‘the pre- Marconi’ and ‘the post-Marconi’ periods arose (Matelski & Liynch, 1997: xi). To distinguish present time from earlier periods, we can now use the division of ‘the pre-Internet’ and ‘the post-Internet’ time periods. This chapter is intended to investigate the forms that religious culture has taken on in the digital age which humanity has been experiencing and which dif- fers from the earlier ages within the framework of information, technology, and religion. It shall discuss the controversial religious differentiations taking place in the transformation processes as well as the process of religions reproducing themselves in the modern period through the media in a way that is quite different from the earlier periods. In this context, religion shall be considered in connec- tion with its interaction with communication, technology, and the cultural world. * Necmettin Erbakan University, Divinity Faculty, [email protected] 10 Mehmet Akgül The new way of living, interrelating and understanding the values that have been rationally built on modern science and technology, in spite of the great resist- ance by traditional religions, has mostly taken a negative