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INAUGURAL – DISSERTATION Nicole Kemper

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INAUGURAL – DISSERTATION Nicole Kemper Aus dem Institut für Tierhygiene, Tierschutz und Nutztierethologie der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover und dem Institut für Umweltmedizin, Umwelttoxikologie und Hygiene der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen ausgewählter Zooanthroponose-Erreger bei Ren- tieren unter dem Aspekt der aktuellen Situation der finnischen Rentierwirtschaft INAUGURAL – DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Grades einer Doktorin der Veterinärmedizin (Dr. med. vet.) durch die Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover Vorgelegt von Nicole Kemper aus Essen Hannover, 2004 Wissenschaftliche Betreuung: Univ.-Prof. Dr. J. Hartung Apl.-Prof. Dr. C. Höller 1. Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. J. Hartung 2. Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. K. Pohlmeyer Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 24.05.2004 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde durch das EU-Projekt RENMAN (5. EU-Rahmen- programm) finanziert. Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite 1. Einleitung ......................................................................................................... 11 2. Literaturübersicht .............................................................................................. 13 2.1. Das Rentier ................................................................................................ 13 2.2. Das EU-Projekt RENMAN.......................................................................... 14 2.3. Rentierhaltung in Finnland ......................................................................... 15 2.3.1. Habitat der finnischen Rentiere........................................................... 15 2.3.2. Geschichtliche Entwicklung der Rentierhaltung und Auswirkungen auf die Tierhygiene.............................................................................. 16 2.3.3. Organisation der heutigen Rentierwirtschaft in Finnland..................... 18 2.3.4. Haltungs-Management im Lauf der Jahreszeiten................................ 22 2.3.5. Gatterhaltung und Zufütterung – Mögliche Auswirkungen auf die Tiergesundheit ................................................................................... 24 2.3.6. Übliche veterinärmedizinische Betreuung des Rentieres ................... 27 2.4. Besonderheiten der Rentierhaltung im Vergleich mit der Haltung landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere in Mitteleuropa............................................. 29 2.5. Durch Erreger bedingte Erkrankungen des Rentieres............................... 31 2.5.1. Virale Infektionen................................................................................ 31 2.5.2. Bakterielle Infektionen......................................................................... 33 2.5.2.1. Actinomycetes.................................................................................. 33 2.5.2.2. Bacillaceae....................................................................................... 34 2.5.2.3. Bacteriodaceae ................................................................................ 36 2.5.2.4. Chlamydiaceae ................................................................................ 37 2.5.2.5. Lactobacillaceae .............................................................................. 37 2.5.2.6. Leptospiraceae ................................................................................ 37 2.5.2.7. Micrococcaceae ............................................................................... 38 2.5.2.8. Mycobacteriaceae............................................................................ 38 2.5.2.9. Neisseriaceae ................................................................................. 39 2.5.2.10. Pasteurellaceae ............................................................................ 39 2.5.2.11. Pseudomonaceae ......................................................................... 40 2.5.2.12. Rickettsiaceae................................................................................ 41 2.5.3. Pilz-Infektionen.................................................................................... 41 2.5.4. Parasitäre Infektionen ......................................................................... 42 2.6. Ausgesuchte wichtige Zooanthroponose-Erreger ..................................... 42 2.6.1. Campylobacter spp. ............................................................................ 43 2.6.2. Enterococcus spp................................................................................ 44 2.6.3. Escherichia coli ................................................................................... 45 2.6.4. Salmonella spp.................................................................................... 47 2.6.5. Yersinia spp. ....................................................................................... 49 2.6.6. Cryptosporidium spp. .......................................................................... 50 3. Eigene Untersuchungen.................................................................................... 52 3.1. Material ...................................................................................................... 52 3.1.1. Kotproben ........................................................................................... 52 3.1.2. Bodenproben ...................................................................................... 56 3.2. Methoden................................................................................................... 57 3.2.1. Bakterielle Diagnostik der Kotproben.................................................. 57 3.2.1.1. Campylobacter spp. ......................................................................... 57 3.2.1.2. Enterococcus spp............................................................................. 57 3.2.1.3. E. coli ............................................................................................... 58 3.2.1.4. Salmonella spp................................................................................. 60 3.2.1.5. Yersinia spp. .................................................................................... 61 3.2.2. Nachweis von Cryptosporidium-Oozysten in den Kotproben .............. 63 3.3. Untersuchung von Bodenproben ............................................................... 64 3.4. Statistische Auswertung............................................................................. 64 4. Befunde............................................................................................................. 66 4.1. Nachweis ausgewählter Zooanthroponose-Erreger in Rentier- Kotproben: Prävalenzen hinsichtlich verschiedener Parameter ................. 66 4.1.1. Nachweis in der Gesamtanzahl der Proben (nGesamt=2.243) .............. 66 4.1.2. Prävalenzen bezüglich der Haltungsform............................................ 70 4.1.3. Prävalenzen bezüglich der geographischen Herkunft......................... 74 4.1.4. Prävalenzen bezüglich der Jahreszeit................................................. 79 4.1.5. Prävalenzen hinsichtlich der Art der Probennahme ............................ 82 4.2. Nachweis ausgewählter Zooanthroponose-Erreger in Bodenproben ....... 84 5. Diskussion......................................................................................................... 86 5.1. Problematik der Probennahme und der Nachweismethoden..................... 86 5.2. Nachweis wichtiger Zooanthroponose-Erreger bei Rentieren.................... 89 5.3. Prävalenzen hinsichtlich verschiedener Parameter ................................... 94 5.4. Einfluss der Probennahmeart auf den Bakteriennachweis......................... 99 5.4. Vorkommen der untersuchten Erreger in Bodenproben........................... 100 6. Schlussfolgerungen ........................................................................................ 102 7. Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................... 104 8. Summary......................................................................................................... 106 9. Literatur........................................................................................................... 108 10. Anhang.......................................................................................................... 127 Abbildungsverzeichnis Seite Abb. 1: Geographische Verbreitung von wilden R. tarandus und Gebiete der Rentierhaltung (nach Goldmann et al. 2000) ....................................... 14 Abb. 2: Das Rentierwirtschaftsgebiet in Finnland mit den 56 Distrikten (nach Paliskuntain Yhdistys 2002) ........................................................ 19 Abb. 3: Organisation der Rentierhaltung in Finnland (nach Filppa 1999)........... 20 Abb. 4: Herkunft der Proben. Herden aus fünf verschiedenen Paliskunnat und norwegische Schlachttiere wurden beprobt. .......................................... 55 Abb. 5: Vorkommen der untersuchten Erreger in Kotproben vom Rentier (nGesamt=2.243) ...................................................................................... 70 Abb. 6: Prävalenzen untersuchter Erreger in Kotproben freilebender Rentiere (n=1.579) und Rentieren in Gatterhaltung (n=664) ................................ 71 Abb. 7: Prävalenzen untersuchter Erreger in Kotproben freilebender Rentiere (n=147) und Rentieren in Gatterhaltung (n=100) im Paliskunta Näkkälä ................................................................................................. 72 Abb. 8: Prävalenzen untersuchter Erreger in finnischen (n=1.833) und norwegischen (n=410) Kotproben
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