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Sir Manilal B. Nanavati Vice-Presidents: 1

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Sir Manilal B. Nanavati Vice-Presidents: 1 OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 1947 President: Sir Manilal B. Nanavati Vice-Presidents: 1. Prof. D. R. Gadgit 2. Sardar Bahadur S. Kartar Singh 3. Dr. T G. Shirname. Hon. Secretary & Treasurer: Prof. M. L. Dantwala. Memb,Is of the Executive Comniittee 1. Prof. K. C. Ramakrishnan 2. Dr. A. I. Qureshi 3. Dr. D. K. Malhotra 4. Mr. B. R. Shenoy 5. Mr. J. P. Bhattacharjee 6. *Dr. B. N. Ganguli 7. Prof. S. Kesava Iyengar 8. Principal N. K. Bhojwani 9. Rao Sahib P. D. Nair 10. Hon. 'Secretary & Treasurer. Members of the Advisory Committee: 1. Sir Manila! B. Nanavati (Chairman) 2. Prof. D. R. Gadgil 3. Mr. Dinkar Desai 4. Prof. C. N. Vakil 5. Mr. R. G. Saraiya 6. Dr. N. S. R. Sastry 7. Mr. V. L. Mehta 8. Mr. Sher Jang Khan 9. Mr. N. C. Mehta 10. Prof. M. L. Dantwala (Hon. Secretary). PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY . THE INDIAN RURAL PROBLEM ( 3rd edition) by Sir Manilal B. Nanavati & J. J. Anjaria .. Rs. 12 . LAND TENURES IN INDIA (Reprint from the Report of the Famine Enquiry Commission 1945, including information supplied by Provincial Governments) • • . Rs. 2 . AGRARIAN REFORMS IN WESTERN COUNTRIES ILl (An appraisal of European Land Refotms and their suitability to Indian conditions) .. • • .. Rs. 3 . A- STUDY OF PANCHAYA-TS IN MADRAS, by K. Jayaraman, M.A., M.Litt.. Rs. 5 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCES OF THE SOCIETY: First (Out of StOck), Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth available • • • • • • • • . Rs. 5 each . THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Vol. I, Nos. 1 & 2 (2 being Sixth Conference Number). Rs. 3 each Vol. II, Nos. 1 & 2 (2 being Seventh Conference Number) Rs. 3 „ . RURAL LIFE SERIES:— (1) MONOGRAPH ON RURAL PROBLEMS IN MADRAS (Prepared and published by the Government of Madras, pp. 545) .. .. Rs. 5 Nos. 1, 2 and 3 can be had from: Messrs. VORA & CO., Publishers, Ltd., 3, Round Building, Kalbadevi. Road, BOMBAY: Nos. 4 to 7 (1) can be had from: THE HON. SECRETARY, Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, 46-48, Esplanade Mansions, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Fort, BOMBAY. No: 7 (1) can also be had from: THE SUPERINTENDENT, Government Printing Press, MADRAS _ elANJ VAITAIiANN 32 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS community men and women to undertake these kinds of labour at distant places. There is finally the casual labourer whose distress is great in periods of unemployment and is in no way fully relieved by the high wages he de- mands for days of work. The wage of an independent labourer has gone high, where the price of food grains is high and is hardly available, parti- cularly in absolutely deficit areas as Travancore, Cochin, and Malabar. The daily wage during seasons of pressure work goes up to even Rs. 3. Normally in South India it is Rs. 1-4-0 per day. The system of giving good food has gone into disuse. The landholder wants to pay only cash wage. But the agricultural labourer in certain areas is vocal and strong enough to insist on a grain wage. Landholders too cannot refuse in his case as they want his labour for all agricultural operations. A reform of the system of wage payment in agriculture mainly depends on its re-organisatioñ as a profitable industry. The parasitic elements that burden the agricultural economy should be eliminated by State action, by providing cheap .credit, by supply of agricultural requisites at a fair price and by fixing fair rents and fair land revenue. Immediate legislation is neces- sary defining a tenant and a labourer so that rent legislation may not be evaded by calling a crop-share tenant as a labourer, and labour legislation too may not be equally evaded by paying a labourer on a share of produce which will vary from year to year. The law of tenancy legislation should declare that any person who is paid his wages as a share of produce is a tenant. The labourer should be paid--his wage irrespective of the yield from lands. Labour is getting conscious. Agrarian disputes have increased in. all the wet land areas. Though minimum wage legislation may not be pos- sible at present, it should be preceded by legislation providing for divisional wage boards to decide labour disputes. The data collected by these boards regarding wages for different kinds of work and the awards given by them ,will form useful material for introducing minimum wage legislation later on. ,x"IAGRICULTURAL LABOUR AND WAGES IN BIRBHUM BY J. P. BHATTACHARJEE Visva-Bharati Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Sriniketan PROBLEMS OF AGRICULTURAL LABOUR The greatest single fact about agricultural labour in India is its size and growth. The 1931 Census of India enumerated the number of this 'floating' labour on the land at 33 million, as compared to 18.7 million in 1891. The 'number of labourers per 1000 cultivators increased from 254 in 1911 to 411 ,in 1931. , Because of changes in classification, however, the Census figures for the different years are not strictly comparable. That is why we find that though the number of agricultural labourers in Bengal increased by .about 50 per tent between 1921 and 1931, it decreased by about 27 per -cent .between 1931 -and 1941, the figures for 1921, 1931 and 1941 being 1.8, 2.7 .ancl 2.0 -millions respectively. It may be mentioned here that the figures AGRICULTURAL WAGES AgID SYSTEMS OF PAYMENT 33 at for 1941 have been estimated from those of the random samples, given in the Census Report of 19411. If these estimated figures for 1941 are left out of consideration, it will be seen that the is percentage of agricultural lab- ourers in Bengal to the total persons engaged in "ordinary cultivation" e- increased from about 16 in 1921 to 29.2 in le 1931. It appears therefore that the number and proportion of agricultural labourers have been on the in- ti- crease for the last few ae decades in Bengal. Among recent estimates, men- tion must be made of the enquiry conducted by the Bengal Land Revenue ly Commission (Floud Commission) in 1938-39. as The Commission found that 22.5 per cent of the agricultural families in Bengal live mainly or entirely ie on agricultural wages2. ist nt The sample survey conducted by the Indian Statistical Institute to study the after effects of the Bengal famine of 1945 reveals, however, that 17.48 Per cent of all families in rural Bengal belonged to the category of "Agri- ds cultural May at Labour" in 1S44, against 15.72 :Jer cent under the category "Agriculture and Labour".3 Numerically, therefore, agricultural labour by forms single group ce one of the largest of occupation in the country and in- cludes something between one-fourth and one-fifth of the agricultural po- Pulation. The very strength of this class and it growth constitute (me of be the on gravest problems facing the Government as well ns this industry. ce But this problem does not effect the labourers directly. While it is for tld the Government to tackle and solve it successfully, the agricultural work-. a ing class is very well oblivious of it. More urgent to them are the pro- blems of wages, cost of living and standard of living. A comparison with in industrial labour in these respects presents an interesting picture. While 3S- both these classes of labourers are faced with similar problems and stand lal almost on the same footing so far as improvement of their material condi- ids tions is concerned, the good of the country requires an urgent reduction in ?In the number of agricultural labourers simultaneously with a rapid increase )n. in the strength of the industrial labour population. The supply of labour is elastic and almost unlimited; but their demand in industries is inelastic and highly restricted. This gives rise to peculiar problems. While there is always an impact of agricultural labour on industrial working class—a force of considerable dimensions—the reciprOcal effect of the latter on the form- er is almost negligible. The level of agricultural wages, in other -Words, serves to lower the scale of industrial wages; but the latter, in its turn, does not operate to raise the former. The inter-actions arél not reciprocal. Agricultural labour lives in an almost water-tight compartment of the Country's economy. AGRICULTURAL LABOUR IN BIRBHUM . Birbhum is one of those districts of West Bengal in which the 'agricul-' tural labourers form the largest section of the population. According to the Ind Bengal Land Revenue Commission, families living mainly Or" entirely on ng' agricultural Wages 'constituted 39.6 per cent of families in Birbhum in 1938- 39. This percentage is lowest, 4.1, in Jalpaiguri and highest, 40.8, in Mur-, 117 shidabad. The district of Khulna could however claim a higher figure, viz. res 419, but it is now included in East Bengal. According to the census of ind by 1. Census of India, 1941, Vol. IV, P. 121. ent 2. Report of the Bengal Land Revenue Commission Vol, II, P. 117. • -. 2.7 3. Famine & Rehabilitation in Bengal,-P.C. Mahalanobis, R. K:Mukherjee,Ambiea Gho-se, and K. P. Chatopadhyaya, P. 31. .res a - L 34 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS 1931, there were 1.10 lakh agricultural labourers in Birbhum out of 2.21 lakh persons engaged in "ordinary cultivation" and 3.62 lakhs engaged in all occupations, the total population of the district being 9.48 lakhs. Thus agricultural labourers formed 39.4 per cent of the total persons in all occu- pations and 49.9 per cent of people engaged in "ordinary cultivation".
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