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Source Abbreviations Source Abbreviations Unless otherwise indicated, all federal record groups (RG) are located at the National Archives, College Park, Md. RG 40 General Records of the Department of Commerce RG 51, Lawton Files Records of the Office of Management and Budget, Office Files of Director Frederick J. Lawton, 1950–54 RG 56, Central Files General Records of the Department of the Treasury, Central Files of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1933–56 RG 59 General Records of the Department of State, Records Relating to the Vital Records Program for Emergency Planning RG 64 Records of the National Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Archivist, Planning and Control Case Files RG 87 Records of the U.S. Secret Service, General Correspondence and Subject File RG 111 Records of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer RG 121, REM Records of the Public Buildings Service, Records Relating to the Renovation and Modernization of the Executive Mansion, 1948–53 RG 167 Records of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Records Concerning the Move of the National Bureau of Standards to Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1952–66 RG 218, CDF Records of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Central Decimal File RG 263 Records of the Central Intelligence Agency, History Source Collection RG 269 General Records of the General Services Administration RG 304 Records of the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization, National Security Resources Board Files RG 326 Records of the Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Secretary General Correspondence 1951–58, Plants, Labs, Buildings & Land 5 RG 328 Records of the National Capital Planning Commission, National Archives, Washington, D.C. RG 330 Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Civil Defense Division RG 341 Records of the Headquarters United States Air Force (Air Staff), Control and Warning Branch Files, 1951–61 192 Source Abbreviations RG 351, BOC Records of the Government of the District of Columbia, Board of Commissioners General Files, National Archives, Washington, D.C. RG 396 Records of the Office of Emergency Preparedness Alexandria Records Alexandria City Council Records, City of Alexandria Archives and Records Center, Alexandria, Va. AOC Record Group 40.3, Microfilm Reel 77, Art and Reference Subject Files, Architect of the Capitol, Washington, D.C. BAS Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists CDNS House, Committee on Government Operations, Civil Defense for National Survival, Hearings before the House Military Operations Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, 84th Cong., 2nd sess. January–June 1956 CF Dwight D. Eisenhower Records as President, White House Central Files, Confidential File, Subject Series, DDEL CR Congressional Record DCCA Records of the Dupont Circle Citizens Association, Historical Society of Washington, D.C. DDEL Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Abilene, Kans. Disaster File White House Office, NSC Staff Papers, Disaster File Series, DDEL EAS White House Office, Office of the Staff Secretary, Emergency Action Series, DDEL FCA Federation of Citizens Associations of the District of Columbia Collection, Georgetown University Special Collections, Washington, D.C. FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian) HST Papers, PSF Papers of Harry S. Truman, President’s Secretary’s Files, HSTL HST Papers, WHCF Papers of Harry S. Truman, White House Central Files, HSTL HSTL Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, Independence, Mo. HSW Historical Society of Washington, D.C. LOC Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. MCA Montgomery County Archives, Rockville, Md. MCHS Montgomery County Historical Society, Vertical File, Civil Defense, Rockville, Md. NSC Briefing Notes White House Office, Office of the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs, NSC Series, Briefing Notes Subseries, DDEL NSC Policy Paper White House Office, Office of the Special Subseries Assistant for National Security Affairs, NSC Series, Policy Paper Subseries, DDEL Source Abbreviations 193 NYT New York Times PPP Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States (Washington, D.C.: USGPO) SSAS White House Office, Office of the Staff Secretary, Subject Series, Alphabetical Subseries, DDEL WBOT Records of the Greater Washington Board of Trade, George Washington University Special Collections, Washington, D.C. WP Washington Post WS Washington Star Washingtoniana Washingtoniana Division, Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C. Whitman File Dwight D. Eisenhower Papers as President (Ann Whitman File), DDEL Notes Introduction 1. “D.C. Schools Will Graduate 6000 in 2 Days,” WP, June 7, 1948, sec. B, p. 1; “The Problem of Civil Defense Today,” June 28, 1948, box 13, folder “Civil Defense 2 of 2,” U.S. Grant III Papers, HSW; David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 648. 2. Joint Chiefs of Staff, “Strategic Vulnerability of Washington, D.C.,” September 3, 1948, box 40, folder “Vulnerability of Washington, D.C.,” RG 330. 3. As T.S. Eliot ends his poem “The Hollow Men” (1925), “This is the way the world ends / Not with a bang but a whimper.” 4. The Joint Chiefs of Staff weren’t the first to imagine an atomic attack on Washington, D.C. In November 1945, Life envisioned an atomic bombardment of Washington. See “The 36-Hour War,” Life 19, no. 21 (November 19, 1945). Nor was Washington the only target in these imaginary attacks. Atomic attack scenarios for other U.S. cities began regularly appearing in newspapers and mag- azines. See Kenneth D. Rose, One Nation Underground: The Fallout Shelter in American Culture (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 52–66. 5. In the late 1940s, the metropolitan area was defined as the District of Columbia; the city of Alexandria, Va.; Arlington and Fairfax Counties (Va.); and Montgomery and Prince Georges Counties (Md.). 6. Constance McLaughlin Green, The Secret City: A History of Race Relations in the Nation’s Capital (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967), 280–2. 7. Carl Abbott, Political Terrain: Washington, D.C., from Tidewater Town to Global Metropolis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 7–8. 8. Lucy G. Barber, Marching on Washington: The Forging of an American Political Tradition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 44–107, 179–218. 9. Stanley Harrold, Subversives: Antislavery Community in Washington, D.C., 1828–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 256. 10. Constance McLaughlin Green, Washington: Village and Capital, 1800–1878, vol. 1, Washington: A History of the Capital, 1800–1950 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1962), 296. 11. For the international ramifications of the District’s segregation during the Cold War, see Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 96–9. 12. Alan Lessoff, The Nation and Its City: Politics, “Corruption,” and Progress in Washington, D.C., 1861–1902 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 1–14. 13. Frederick Gutheim (consultant) and the National Capital Planning Commission, Worthy of the Nation: The History of Planning for the National Capital (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), 113–36 (the quote is on 135), 345–56. 196 Notes 14. Howard Gillette, Jr., Between Justice and Beauty: Race, Planning, and the Failure of Urban Policy in Washington, D.C. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 135–69. 15. “Statement of Commissioner Robert E. McLaughlin before the Senate Committee on Government Operations,” April 27, 1959, box 228, folder 4–100, RG 351, BOC. 16. Executive departments, bureaus, and agencies designated as “wartime essential” included obvious choices such as the Departments of State and Defense, the military services, the CIA, and the FBI. Given the enormous challenges of mobilizing and fighting modern war, however, the list of qualifying agencies was quite extensive. For example, the Coast and Geodetic Survey (within the Department of Commerce) was essential because it provided charts used by the Navy and the Air Force. Likewise, during wartime the military expected to use the mapping capability of the Geological Survey (within the Department of the Interior). The Civil Service Commission’s investigative unit, which had compiled a file of 5.5 million security index cards and 2.5 million “subversive activity information cards” by 1955, was also considered wartime essential. Even the Housing and Home Finance Agency was essential because of its $2.5 billion mortgage portfolio (circa 1955). Rather than list all known wartime essential executive agencies, I refer to them individually as needed. Sources: NSC, “Plan for Continuity of Essential Wartime Functions of the Executive Branch,” January 25, 1954, box 6, folder “NSC 159/4 . (1),” NSC Policy Paper Subseries, Annexes I and II; H.F. Hurley to L.J. Greeley, March 1, 1955, box 2, folder “Office of Defense Mobilization (2),” John S. Bragdon Records, Miscellaneous File, Civil Defense Subseries, DDEL. 17. FCDA, The National Plan for Civil Defense against Enemy Attack (Washington, D.C.: 1956), 2. For more on civil defense in the 1950s, see Rose, One Nation, 22–35; Laura McEnaney, Civil Defense Begins at Home: Militarization Meets Everyday Life in the Fifties (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000); Harry B. Yoshpe, Our Missing Shield: The U.S. Civil Defense Program in Historical Perspective (Washington, D.C.: FEMA,
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