DOCSLIB.ORG

Internet of Things Technology Review Reference Material for Designers, Engineers & Specifiers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Internet of Things Technology Review Reference Material for Designers, Engineers & Specifiers Internet of Things Technology Review Reference Material for Designers, Engineers & Specifiers. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 3 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES ................................................................................................ 4 IOT COMPARISON TABLE ................................................................................................... 9 CASE STUDIES .................................................................................................................... 10 WIRELESS TOPOLOGIES ................................................................................................... 12 Network ..................................................................................................................... 12 Frequencies ............................................................................................................... 14 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 11 2 908.233.0101 ciqada.net Introduction: Wireless communication and embedded micro-electromechanical sensing technologies have evolved at a rapid pace. Many of the devices we use every day can now connect to the Internet, and this has made wireless sensor networks possible. The desire to maximize energy efficiency and improve environmental conditions has led to the emergence of new products used to monitor, control, and share information in networked homes and buildings. Enter the Internet of Things. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a description for embedded and network cloud technologies that enable remote monitoring and control of sensors and systems. IoT can be used in commercial, industrial, utility and residential applications. You’ll find the IoT’s remote monitoring and control applications in hospitals, parking lots, shipping departments, and even bathrooms. 3 908.233.0101 ciqada.net Wireless Technologies One important task for IoT developers and system architects is determining which wireless technology best suits their applications’ needs. This can be a daunting project. Many competing wireless technologies appear to have overlapping features or be interchangeable. This paper maps out the pros and cons of several wireless protocols and identifies key items to consider when selecting a wireless technology for a given application. ZIGBEE: ZigBee is a short-range, low-power consumption communication link that allows for connections of up to 100 meters. ZigBee end nodes communicate on a local personal area network (PAN) and require an additional device, called a border router, to communicate to cloud services or smart phones. ZigBee operates over the IEEE 802.15.4 media access control network layer typically, in the 2.4GHz spectrum. IEEE 802.15.4 specifies the physical layer and data link layer protocols for LR-WPAN (low-rate wireless personal area networks), making it an ideal option for simple, inexpensive applications. Some ZigBee channels overlap with 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi channels. Both Wi-Fi and ZigBee use frequency hopping and spread-spectrum techniques to avoid interference. ZigBee transmissions speeds typically top out at 250kbits / second. ZigBee is a low-power wireless technology and may be suitable for battery-powered applications. ZigBee end nodes can act as network repeaters in a network mesh topology to extend their range if needed. For the 2.4 Ghz implementation with 18dBm transmit power, -6dBm antenna insertion loss and the transmitter placed at a height of 6m from ground, the range for ZigBee increases to 300 meters. This may vary depending on multiple factors such as the environmental, but assuming there are no environmental issues and current radios are being used, the range can be pushed up to 300m. The Digi Xbee Pro 1W radio is a 802.15.4 radio using the same family of controllers as Mars’ current ZigBee radio, but implementing a power amplifier to give a line of sight of 1200m. It is worth mentioning that with the right front end, a custom ZigBee radio can go beyond the range of 300m. 4 908.233.0101 ciqada.net Wireless Technologies Continued For 2.4 Ghz implementation with 18dBm transmit power, -6dBm antenna insertion loss and the transmitter placed at a height of 6m from ground, the range for ZigBee increases to 300 meters. This may vary depending on multiple factors such as the environment, but assuming there are no environmental issues and current radios are being used, the range can be pushed up to 300m. The Digi Xbee Pro 1W radio is a 802.15.4 radio that uses the same family of controllers as Mars’ current ZigBee radio, but implements a power amplifier to give a line of sight of 1200m. It is worth mentioning that with the right front end, a custom ZigBee radio can go beyond the range of 300m. ZIGBEE PROS AND CONS LIST PROS CONS Low power, suitable for battery devices. Requires a separate border router device. Incompatibility between some device Utilizes an open specification IEEE 802.15.4 vendors who implement non-standard MAC layer. network stacks. Meshing: there is no single point of failure. Network physical coverage is relatively higher Suitable for many end nodes at one physi- cal location. 5 908.233.0101 ciqada.net Wireless Technologies Continued Z-Wave Z-Wave is a proprietary low-power wireless communication protocol that is comparable to ZigBee. Z-Wave operates over the 900MHz spectrum, so interference issues may arise with some 900MHz cordless phones or wireless video devices. This wireless communication protocol requires an additional device, called a primary controller, to communicate to cloud services or smart phones. Z-Wave has transmission speeds typically in the 10kbits – 40kbits / second range. End nodes can be set up to act as network repeaters in a network mesh topology to extend their range. Z-WAVE PROS AND CONS LIST PROS CONS Suitable for many end nodes at one Proprietary communications limit physical location. customization and flexibility. Ensures compatibility of all Z-Wave Requires a separate primary controller certified devices device. A single Z-Wave network has a limit of 232 900MHz band may have better nodes. Several Z-Wave networks can be performance pass through walls. bridged to increase overall size. Meshing: there is no single point of failure. Low power 6 908.233.0101 ciqada.net Wireless Technologies Continued Wi-Fi: Arguably the most popular form of wireless networking, Wi-Fi is a medium-to-high power technology that uses radio waves in order to provide wireless high-speed Internet and network connections. Wi-Fi IoT devices typically operate over the 2.4GHz spectrum. 5.8GHz Wi-Fi, while common on computers, is uncommon on IoT devices at the time of this writing. Wi-Fi end nodes most often communicate in infrastructure mode where they communicate to cloud services or smart phones through a Wi-Fi router that is likely already present in most homes. Wi-Fi offers the fastest connection speeds, for IoT devices, typically into the 10Mb / second range. WI-FI PROS AND CONS LIST PROS CONS Suitable for tens of end nodes at one Relatively higher power consumption physical location. needed Relatively faster connection speeds 2.4 GHz band may be congested End-user familiarity Separate router not required It is worth noting that things could change later this year if 802.11ah arrives on the market with the promised features. 7 908.233.0101 ciqada.net Wireless Technologies Continued Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE): Bluetooth low energy is a low-power lightweight subcategory of Bluetooth. As the name suggests, the primary difference between Bluetooth and Bluetooth low energy is power consumption. BTLE operates over the 2.4GHz spectrum. Some BTLE channels overlap with ZigBee and Wi-Fi channels. BTLE end nodes most often communicate in a point-to- point link, for example from a device to a smart phone. Recent advances in Bluetooth allow BTLE end nodes to work as network repeaters in a small mesh network to extend their range. BTLE devices operate in a network star topology, with BTLE networks requiring an additional router to communicate with cloud services, though they can communicate directly with smart devices such as phones or tablets. If you need to design something that can easily communicate with any modern mobile platform, particularly Apple devices, BTLE will most likely be your best option. In addition, this type of wireless protocol is ideal for devices that run on batteries for extended periods. BTLE has transmission speeds between 250kbits – 1Mbits / second. BTLE PROS AND CONS LIST PROS CONS Low power consumption Network supports few end nodes Easiest hardware design option 2.4 GHz band may be congested 8 908.233.0101 ciqada.net IoT Comparison Table MAXIMUM USE CASE MAXIMUM IOT FREQUENCY TRANSMIT MAXIMUM NETWORK POSSIBILITIES DATA PROTOCOL SPECTRUM POWER RANGE TYPE IN IOT RATE APPLICATIONS Remote monitoring and 2.405 – Mesh or control of battery 2.480MHz Typically 100 ZigBee 250 kbps 10 - 100 m point to powered wireless Up to 16 mW point sensors / controls. Channels Smart remote for TVs. Home automation 908.42 MHz 9.6 / 40 / remote monitoring Typically Up to 3 100 and control. Z-Wave 1 mW 10 - 30 m Mesh Channels kbps Wireless control for power outlets, light switches. 2.4 – 2.485GHz Wi-Fi High data rate Up to 14 or real-time Channels Typically 802.11g 1 Mbps to monitoring 1 W 100 m Star 300 Mbps and control 5.15 – 5.85GHz applications. Voice 12 to 25 802.11n activated products.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Voice Controlled Home Automation Akshay Mewada, Ayush Mishra, Manoj Gupta, Rahul Dash, Prof
    Volume 6, Issue 3, March 2016 ISSN: 2277 128X International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Paper Available online at: www.ijarcsse.com Special Issue on 3rd International Conference on Electronics & Computing Technologies-2016 Conference Held at K.C. College of Engineering & Management Studies & Research, Maharashtra, India Voice Controlled Home Automation Akshay Mewada, Ayush Mishra, Manoj Gupta, Rahul Dash, Prof. Nilofer Mulla BE EXTC, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, K.C. College of Engineering & Management Studies & Research, Kopri, Thane (E), Maharashtra, India Abstract— Voice Controlled Home Automation is a very useful project for the adults and physically disabled persons, who are not able to do various activities efficiently when they are at home and need one’s assistant to perform those tasks. With the Voice Recognition the complication of wiring in case of wired automation is prevented. With the use of Bluetooth Home Automation considerable amount of power saving is possible and it is flexible and compatible with future technologies so it can be easily customized for individual requirements. Voice recognition system provides secure access to home. In the recent years, the Home Automation systems have seen rapid changes due to introduction of various wireless technologies. Home Automation industry is growing rapidly, this is fuelled by the need to provide supporting systems that are made to ease our life. Automation systems is supposed to be implemented in existing home environments, without any changes in the infrastructure. The automation is based on recognition of voice commands and uses Bluetooth modules along with microcontroller. This paper presents the overall design of ‘Voice Controlled Home Automation’, which we are currently developing.
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Implementation of Internet of Things for Home Environment
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Design and Implementation of Internet of Things for Home Environment A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Electronics and Computer Systems Engineering at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand. Sean Kelly 2013 Abstract An integrated framework for smart home monitoring towards internet of things based on ZigBee and 6LoWPAN wireless sensor networks is presented. The system was developed to retrofit existing sub systems of wireless technologies in order to reduce cost, and complexity. The practical internetworking architecture and the connection procedures for reliable measurement of smart sensors parameters and transmission of sensing data via internet are presented. A ZigBee based sensing system was designed and developed to see the feasibility of the system in home automation for contextual environmental monitoring. The ubiquitous sensing system is based on combination of pervasive distributed sensing units and an information system for data aggregation and analysis. Results related to the home automation parameters and execution of the system running continuously for long durations is encouraging. The prototype system (ZigBee based) was tested to generate real-time graphical information rather than using a simulator or a test bed scenario. A trail has also been performed with 6LoWPAN technology to provide functionality as the ZigBee based system. The overall internetworking architecture describes the integration of a low power consumption wireless sensor network with the internet.
    [Show full text]
  • Wireless Temperature Monitoring System Using Wireless Sensor Networks
    ISSN: 2278 – 909X International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) Volume 1, Issue 4, October 2012 WIRELESS TEMPERATURE MONITORING SYSTEM USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS Author -Prof.S.S.Sarade Prof.A.C.Joshi Prof. SACHIN S. PATIL Prof.A.N.Shinde R.I.T Rajaramnagar ADCET, ASHTA A.D.C.E.T ASHTA ADCET, ASHTA [email protected] Abstract - In today’s world we are facing with and networking possibilities with a variety of many different types of emergencies in networks such as CISCO messaging client or a the indoor environment. Response to such desktop program in order to make messaging emergencies is critical in order to protect easily integrated with existing systems. Using resources including human life and also we can wireless sensor networks it is possible to inform save property from damage. In this Paper, we appropriate user in timely manner. It emergency present wireless sensor network for Temperature detection and it is possible to save life of people, monitoring. Which can report the emergency to it will avoid damage of property. [1] the users in various forms, such as pop-ups on a The advancement of science and Computer screen, SMS on their cell phones and technology are dependent on parallel progress in so on. Due to this flexibility of reporting low sensing and measurement techniques. The cost wireless sensor network prepared for reason for this is obvious. As science and emergency response system of future. In this technology move ahead new phenomena and paper we are going to develop three wireless relationships are discovered and these advances sensor nodes and we have to place in different make new types of imperative.
    [Show full text]
  • Wolfbot: a Distributed Mobile Sensing Platform for Research and Education
    Proceedings of 2014 Zone 1 Conference of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE Zone 1) WolfBot: A Distributed Mobile Sensing Platform for Research and Education Joseph Betthauser, Daniel Benavides, Jeff Schornick, Neal O’Hara, Jimit Patel, Jeremy Cole, Edgar Lobaton Abstract— Mobile sensor networks are often composed of agents with weak processing capabilities and some means of mobility. However, recent developments in embedded systems have enabled more powerful and portable processing units capable of analyzing complex data streams in real time. Systems with such capabilities are able to perform tasks such as 3D visual localization and tracking of targets. They are also well-suited for environmental monitoring using a combination of cameras, microphones, and sensors for temperature, air-quality, and pressure. Still there are few compact platforms that combine state of the art hardware with accessible software, an open source design, and an affordable price. In this paper, we present an in- depth comparison of several mobile distributed sensor network platforms, and we introduce the WolfBot platform which offers a balance between capabilities, accessibility, cost and an open- design. Experiments analyzing its computer-vision capabilities, power consumption, and system integration are provided. Index Terms— Distributed sensing platform, Swarm robotics, Open design platform. I. INTRODUCTION ireless sensor networks have been used in a variety of Wapplications including surveillance for security purposes [30], monitoring of wildlife [36], [25], [23], Fig 1.WolfBot mobile sensing platform and some of its features. and measuring pollutant concentrations in an environment [37] [24]. Initially, compact platforms were deployed in order to As the number of mobile devices increases, tools for perform low-bandwidth sensing (e.g., detecting motion or distributed control and motion planning for swarm robotic recording temperature) and simple computations.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Range Wireless Radio Technologies: a Survey
    future internet Review Long-Range Wireless Radio Technologies: A Survey Brandon Foubert * and Nathalie Mitton Inria Lille - Nord Europe, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 December 2019; Accepted: 11 January 2020; Published: 14 January 2020 Abstract: Wireless networks are now a part of the everyday life of many people and are used for many applications. Recently, new technologies that enable low-power and long-range communications have emerged. These technologies, in opposition to more traditional communication technologies rather defined as "short range", allow kilometer-wide wireless communications. Long-range technologies are used to form Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN). Many LPWAN technologies are available, and they offer different performances, business models etc., answering different applications’ needs. This makes it hard to find the right tool for a specific use case. In this article, we present a survey about the long-range technologies available presently as well as the technical characteristics they offer. Then we propose a discussion about the energy consumption of each alternative and which one may be most adapted depending on the use case requirements and expectations, as well as guidelines to choose the best suited technology. Keywords: long-range; wireless; IoT; LPWAN; mobile; cellular; LoRa; Sigfox; LTE-M; NB-IoT 1. Introduction Wireless radio technologies, such as Wi-Fi, are used daily to enable inter-device communications. In the last few years, new kinds of wireless technologies have emerged. In opposition to standard wireless technologies referred to as “short-range”, long-range radio technologies allow devices to communicate over kilometers-wide distances at a low energy cost, but at the expense of a low data rate.
    [Show full text]
  • The International Journal of Science & Technoledge
    The International Journal Of Science & Technoledge (ISSN 2321 – 919X) www.theijst.com THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLEDGE Wireless Microcontroller Based Mutlidrop System L. J. Kore P.G. Student, Electronics & Telecommunication Enginerring Department, SVERI’s College of Engineering, Pandharpur, Maharashtra, India Dr. Bodhe S. K. Professor, Electronics & Telecommunication Enginerring Department, SVERI’s College of Engineering, Pandharpur, Maharashtra, India Abstract: In our daily life, Wireless based industrial automation is a prim e concern. The field of approach to Zigbee Based Wireless Network for Industrial Applications has been standardized now a days. A wireless control and monitoring system for a industrial machines realized using the Zigbee communication protocol for safe and economic data communication in industrial fields where the wired communication is either more expensive or impossible due to physical conditions. The machines can be controlled wireless due to the microcontroller interface developed with Zigbee. It is also possible to protect the machines against some critical conditions such as change in temperature, humidity, light, pressure etc. so controlling, monitoring, and protection of the system are realized in real time. So the wireless communication technology is used in this paper, controlling abilities of the system are increased and also hardware and the necessities of other similar equipment for data communication are minimized. We concerns with designing and implementing the system which can be utilized effectively to reduce human efforts and accuracy of measurement of data. The main work behind this is to make instrumentation system more power full by enabling it modern communication technologies. Here we are using different sensors like temperature and humidity to measure surrounding temperature and humidity.
    [Show full text]
  • Home Automation System
    Home Automation System Clayton Brutus, Computer Engineering Project Advisor and Sponsor: Mr. Mark Randall April 26, 2018 Evansville, Indiana Table of Contents I. Introduction II. Background III. Client Requirements IV. Project Design A. Initial Design Choices B. Constraints and Considerations i. Safety Considerations ii. Mechanical Constraints iii. Manufacturability C. Hardware i. Relay Control ii. Light Dimming iii. Power Monitoring iv. Thermostat D. Software i. Server ii. Touchscreen Interface iii. Amazon Skill Lambda Function V. Results VI. Conclusion VII. References VIII. Appendices A. Schematic Print ​ B. Light Switch Bill of Materials C. Server Code D. Touchscreen GUI Code E. Amazon Skill Lambda Script List of Figures Figure 1: Digi XBee Pro S2C Development Module Figure 2: Raspberry Pi Model 3 B Figure 3: Amazon Echo Dot 2nd Edition Figure 4: Lightswitch PCB Assembly Figure 5: Hub Assembly Figure 6: Relay Toggling Circuit Figure 7: Light Dimming Circuit Figure 8: Digital Potentiometer and PWM Generator Circuit Figure 9: Diode AND Gate with Schmitt Trigger Inverter Figure 10: Current Transformer Figure 11: Power Usage Measuring Circuit Figure 12: 3D PCB Renderings (Front, Back) Figure 13: Server Request Processing Flowchart Figure 14: Touchscreen Interface List of Tables Table 1: Existing Home Automation System Table 2: Available Voice Commands I. Introduction Home automation systems are a relatively new concept which aim to make houses more intelligent and automated in order to make life easier and safer for a house’s occupants. Existing systems usually are capable of controlling the lighting, appliances, temperature, and security systems of an home by replacing the devices in the traditional ‘dumb’ devices with advanced ‘smart’ devices.
    [Show full text]
  • Mugla Journal of Science and Technology a WIRELESS SENSOR
    Mugla Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 3, No 2, 2017, Pages 150-154 Mugla Journal of Science and Technology A WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK APPLICATION FOR VEHICLE TRACKING IN CAMPUS AREAS Gürcan ÇETİN1* , Feyyaz OKUL 1 , Süheyl KARADAŞ 1 1Department of Information Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48000, Muğla, Turkey [email protected], [email protected] , [email protected] Received: 22.10.2017, Accepted: 07.12.2017 *Corresponding author doi: 10.22531/muglajsci.357087 Abstract In this study, a Wireless Sensor Network structure was designed in order to track the vehicles entering a certain safe zone in real time, and it was tested in the campus area of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University. To track the locations of the vehicles in the designed WSN infrastructure, a GTPA010 GPS module was used at the end devices components placed on vehicles. Moreover, the XBee S1 modules based on the ZigBee protocol were used to wirelessly transmit the obtained location data to a center node. An ASP.Net-based web application has been developed to graphically present the vehicle location information in a security center and record them in the MSSQL database at intervals of 5 minutes. It also notifies system administrators in case of long waiting times of the vehicles in the areas outside the pre-specified areas. At the end of the study, it has been proved that WSNs can be used as alternatives to wireless network infrastructures such as GSM or WIFI when vehicles are tracked in small scale campus areas. Keywords: Vehicle tracking, GPS, XBee, ZigBee YERLEŞKE ALANLARINDA ARAÇ TAKİBİ İÇİN BİR KABLOSUZ ALGILAYICI AĞ UYGULAMASI Öz Bu çalışmada belirli bir güvenli bölgeye giren araçları gerçek zamanlı olarak takip etmek amacıyla bir Kablosuz Algılayıcı Ağ tasarlanmış ve Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi yerleşke alanında test edilmiştir.
    [Show full text]
  • Vigilia: Securing Smart Home Edge Computing
    2018 Third ACM/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing Vigilia: Securing Smart Home Edge Computing Rahmadi Trimananda Ali Younis Bojun Wang University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Bin Xu Brian Demsky Guoqing Xu University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine University of California, Los Angeles [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—Smart home IoT devices are becoming increas- parate devices, but existing hubs including SmartThings have ingly popular. Modern programmable smart home hubs such serious security weaknesses. as SmartThings enable homeowners to manage devices in SmartThings: SmartThings is a smart home environ- sophisticated ways to save energy, improve security, and pro- vide conveniences. Unfortunately, many smart home systems ment created by Samsung [61]. This environment allows contain vulnerabilities, potentially impacting home security and smart home devices (e.g., SmartThings and third-party de- privacy. This paper presents Vigilia, a system that shrinks the vices) to be connected to a home network, monitored, and attack surface of smart home IoT systems by restricting the controlled through the SmartThings phone app. Among these network access of devices. As existing smart home systems are devices, Zigbee or Z-Wave devices are connected to the closed, we have created an open implementation of a similar programming and configuration model in Vigilia and extended LAN via the SmartThings smart hub, while WiFi devices the execution environment to maximally restrict communica- are directly connected to the LAN. tions by instantiating device-based network permissions. We The SmartThings environment also allows the user to have implemented and compared Vigilia with forefront IoT- create smart home apps (SmartApps) to manage connected defense systems; our results demonstrate that Vigilia outper- devices to perform specific functionality.
    [Show full text]
  • A Changing Landscape: the Internet of Things (Iot)
    A Changing Landscape: the Internet of Things (IoT) Prof Sanjay Jha Deputy Director, Australian Center for Cyber Security, UNSW Director of Cyber Security and Privacy Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Engineering University Of New South Wales [email protected] http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~sanjay SecureCanberra@MilCIS 2014, Australia 13th Nov 2014 Internet of Things • Connected devices • Smoke alarms, light bulbs, power switches, motion sensors, door locks etc. 2 Outline • Introduction to IoT • History of IoT (and M2M) and Wireless Sensor Networks • Security Challenges in IoT • Sample Research Projects at UNSW History (IoT) • Early 90s or prior: SCADA systems, Telemetry applications • Late 90s- Products/services from mobile operators (Siemens) to connect devices via cellular network – Primarily automotive telematics • Mid- 2000s – Many tailored products for logistics, fleet management, car safety, healthcare, and smart metering of electricity consumption • Since 2010 – A large number of consortiums mushrooming up to bid for a large market share – ABI Projects US$198M by 2018 – Berg Insight US$187M by 2014…… History of Wireless Sensor Net • 1999: Kahn, Katz,Pister: Vision for Smart Dust • 2002 Sensys CFP: Wireless Sensor Network research as being composed of ”distributed systems of numerous smart sensors and actuators connecting computational capabilities to the physical world have the potential to revolutionise a wide array of application areas by providing an unprecedented density and fidelity of instrumentation”. Typical Application Roadmap to IoT • Supply Chain Applications – Routing, inventory, loss prevention. • Vertical Market Helpers – Healthcare, Transport, Energy, Agriculture, Security, Home Network. • Ubiquitous Position – Location of people and objects and possible tailored services • Teleoperations/Telepresence - Ability to interact/control with remote objects.
    [Show full text]
  • Xbee/Xbee-PRO Zigbee RF Modules User Guide 2 Contents
    Zigbee RF Modules XBEE2, XBEEPRO2, PRO S2B User Guide Revision history—90000976 Revision Date Description Y July 2016 Removed “Key Features” section and made minor content updates. Updated the bootloader section. Update the certifications section. Z June 2017 Modified regulatory and certification information as required by RED (Radio Equipment Directive). AA May 2018 Added explanation of range estimates. Trademarks and copyright Digi, Digi International, and the Digi logo are trademarks or registered trademarks in the United States and other countries worldwide. All other trademarks mentioned in this document are the property of their respective owners. © 2018 Digi International. All rights reserved. Disclaimers Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Digi International. Digi provides this document “as is,” without warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of fitness or merchantability for a particular purpose. Digi may make improvements and/or changes in this manual or in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this manual at any time. Warranty To view product warranties online, visit www.digi.com/howtobuy/terms. Send comments Documentation feedback: To provide feedback on this document, send your comments to [email protected]. Customer support Digi Technical Support: Digi offers multiple technical support plans and service packages to help our customers get the most out of their Digi product. For information on Technical Support plans and pricing, contact us at +1 952.912.3456 or visit www.digi.com/support. XBee/XBee-PRO Zigbee RF Modules User Guide 2 Contents Overview The difference between XBee and Zigbee .
    [Show full text]
  • Digimesh-Based Social Internet of Vehicles (Siov) for Driver Safety Imran A
    DigiMesh-based Social Internet of Vehicles (SIoV) for Driver Safety Imran A. Zualkernan Fadi Aloul Saud Al Qasimi Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering American University of Sharjah American University of Sharjah American University of Sharjah Sharjah, UAE Sharjah, UAE Sharjah, UAE [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abdalla AlShamsi Mohammad Al Marashda Abdulla Ahli Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering American University of Sharjah American University of Sharjah American University of Sharjah Sharjah, UAE Sharjah, UAE Sharjah, UAE [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract — Social Internet of Vehicles (SIoV) represents enter and leave the network at any time, rapidly changing the next stage in the evolution of Internet of Vehicles (IoV). network topology, anonymous identity and interaction Vehicles can form potentially short-term and anonymous between vehicles, and message exchange tied to some specific relationships in an SIoV to address mobility issues. SIoV context of use. enables a driver and a vehicle to be aware of their Due to the increasingly large number of vehicles, bad driver surrounding context and to act accordingly. This paper behavior causes many fatalities. According to a report by presents the design and implementation of an SIoV that is National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 37,461 local in nature and does not rely on 5G or a similar global people were killed in crashes on U.S. roadways during 2016 network connection. The SIoV is based on the DigiMesh [7]. Therefore, prevention and detection of anomalous driver ad-hoc wireless network that dynamically forms an SoIV behavior that may lead to fatalities is an important problem to among vehicles traveling together within a prescribed be addressed by smart cities.
    [Show full text]