Farm-Based Sustainable Livelihood Practices Under Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP): a Study in Two Selected States
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Farm-based Sustainable Livelihood Practices under Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP): A study in two selected States Research Team: Dr. U. Hemantha Kumar Dr. Raj Kumar Pammi Prof. P. SivaRam Dr. B. Sujatha Centre for Livelihoods School of Rural Livelihoods NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND PANCHAYATI RAJ (Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India) Rajendranagar, Hyderabad –500030 nirdpr.org.in 2016-2017 Farm-based Sustainable Livelihood Practices under Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP): A study in two selected States Authors: Dr. U. Hemantha Kumar, Dr. Raj Kumar Pammi, Prof. P. SivaRam & Dr. B. Sujatha National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj ISBN: 978-81-951169-7-3 First Edition: March 2021 Published by: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND PANCHAYATI RAJ (Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India) Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030, India nirdpr.org.in Page Chapter Content No. Acknowledgements I Abbreviations & Acronyms II List of Tables III List of Figures IV-VI Executive Summary VII-XVII Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction 1-5 1.2 Literature Review and Conceptual Framework of the Study 5-17 1.2.1 Components of the Livelihoods Framework 6 1.2.2 Determinants of Livelihoods 7 1.2.3 Livelihoods and Vulnerability 7-12 1.2.4 Coping Mechanisms/Diversification 12-17 1.3 Sustainability 17-19 1.3.1 Environmental Sustainability 17 1.3.2 Social Sustainability 18 1.3.3 Intergenerational Sustainability 19 1.4 Sustainable Livelihood Strategies 20-34 1.4.1 Agricultural and Livelihoods 22-25 1.4.2 Socio-Economic Status and Livelihoods 25-30 1.4.3 Migration and Sustainable Livelihoods 31-33 1.5 Conceptual Framework of the Study 33-34 Chapter 2 Methodology 35-62 2.1 Objectives of the Study 35 2.2 Hypothesis of the Study 35 2.3 Sampling Framework of the Study 35 2.3.1 Sampling Method 36 2.3.2 Sampling Framework For the Study 37 2.3.3 Sampling Size 37 2.3.4 Sampling Technique 37 2.4 Data Collection 38 2.4.1 Secondary Data Collection 38 2.4.2 Primary Data Collection 38 2.5 Analytical Framework of the Study 39 2.5.1 Variables of the Study 39 2.5.2 Measurement of the Variable 40 2.5.3 Analytical Models of the Study 40 2.6 Profile of the Sample Villages 47-62 Chapter 3 Results and Discussion 63-130 3.1 Sustainable Livelihood Practices 63-68 3.2 Observations 68-123 3.3 Inferential Analysis 123-130 Chapter 4 Conclusions and Policy Implications 131-142 References 143-147 Case Studies 148-180 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We gratefully acknowledge the help received from the officials at Rural Livelihood departments in the respective States of Jharkhand (JSLPS) and Karnataka (Sanjeevani), Zilla Parishads of selected districts and from the selected Panchayat Samitis (Block Development Officers) and Gram Panchayats in completing this study. Most important is the time and cooperation (at times during odd hours) of the officials and respondents at various levels in the field. We are extremely thankful to Dr. W. R. Reddy, IAS, Director General for supporting the completion of the project. We thank Dr. Gyanmudra for her time to time dissemination of research inputs. We also thank Dr. K. L. Prasanna Kumar for his academic contribution to the completion of the study. We express our gratitude to the PIAs of SUPPORT, Tagore Society for Rural Development and Rural Development Association in Jharkhand State and Initiatives for Development Foundation, MYRADA in Karnataka for extensively their help in the collection of data and information. U. Hemantha Kumar and Team I ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS APC Agriculture Producer Companies CADC Cluster level Agricultural Development Committee CBOs Community-Based Organisations CRPs Community Resource Persons DFID Department for International Development FYM Farmyard Manure GDP Gross Domestic Product GECAFS Global Environmental Change and Food System HLS Household Livelihood Security ICT Information and Communication Technologies IDS Institute for Development Studies IFAD The International Fund for Agricultural Development KVKs Krishi Vigyan Kendras LEDs Light-emitting Diodes MKSP Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana MGNREGS Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development PADC Panchayat Agricultural Development Committee PAPSL Participatory Assessment and Planning for Sustainable Livelihood SLA Sustainable Livelihood Approach SHG Self-Help Groups SHD Sustainable Human Development SASHGs Sustainable Agriculture Self-Help Groups UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund UNDP United Nations Development Programme II LIST OF TABLES S. No. Table Name Page No. 2.3.1 Sample Villages 37 2.5.1 Analytical Framework 39 2.6.1 Land-use Details of Horakere (in Ha.) 48 2.6.2 Caste-wise Male-Female Population (2011) - Horakere 48 2.6.3 Percentage of Working Population – Horakere 49 2.6.4 Land-use Details of Muginahunase (in Ha.) 49 2.6.5 Caste-wise Male-Female Population (2011) - Muginahunase 50 2.6.6 Percentage of Working Population – Muginahunase 51 2.6.7 Land-use Details of Kontanpalli(in Ha.) 51 2.6.8 Caste-wise Male-Female Population (2011) - Kontanpalli 52 2.6.9 Percentage of Working Population – Kontanpalli 53 2.6.10 Land-use Details of Savasuddi (in Ha.) 53 2.6.11 Caste-wise Male-Female Population (2011) - Savasuddi 54 2.6.12 Percentage of Working Population – Savasuddi 54 2.6.13 Land-use Details of Bongabar (in Ha.) 55 2.6.14 Caste-wise Male-Female Population (2011) - Bongabar 56 2.6.15 Percentage of Working Population – Bongabar 56 2.6.16 Land-use Details of Gargali (in Ha.) 57 2.6.17 Caste-wise Male-Female Population (2011) - Gargali 57 2.6.18 Percentage of Working Population – Gargali 58 2.6.19 Land-use Details of Dainmari (in Ha.) 59 2.6.20 Caste-wise Male-Female Population (2011) - Dainmari 59 2.6.21 Percentage of Working Population – Dainmari 60 2.6.22 Land-use Details of Geruara (in Ha.) 60 2.6.23 Caste-wise Male-Female Population (2011) - Geruara 61 2.6.24 Percentage of Working Population – Geruara 62 3.3.1 Variable Coding 123 3.3.2 Livelihood Competency Index 124 3.3.3 Social Capital Index 125 3.3.4 Adoption Index 125 3.3.5 Access to Developmental Facilities Index 126 3.3.6 Correlation Matrix of Karnataka Study Villages 126 3.3.7 Correlation Matrix of Jharkhand Study Villages 128 Combined Correlation Matrix of Karnataka and Jharkhand 3.3.8 130 Study Villages III LIST OF FIGURES Page S. No. Figure Name No. 1.5.1 Livelihood Strategies 34 3.1.1 Integrated Multiple Livelihood Approach 66 3.1.2 Institutional Arrangements in Sample Villages 67 3.2.1 Past Livelihood Profile of the Sample 68 3.2.2 Present Livelihood Profile of the Sample 69 3.2.3 Triennium Average Gross Revenue in the Past 70 Triennium Average Gross Revenue in Comparison with Average 3.2.4 70 Revenues of the Household (in Rs.) 3.2.5 Triennium Average Net Income in the Past 71 Triennium Average Net Income in Comparison with Average Net 3.2.6 71 Income 3.2.7 Trend of Net Income Flow Prior to the Capacity Building 71 Reasons for the Trend of Net Income Flow Prior to the Capacity 3.2.8 72 Building 3.2.9 Household Pursuance of Current Livelihood 73 3.2.10 Societal Recognition for Household Livelihood 73 3.2.11 Household Perceived Social Value Livelihood 74 3.2.12 Trend of Social Recognition towards Household Livelihoods 74 3.2.13 Rating of Household Perception on Social Value Trend of Livelihood 75 3.2.14 Reasons for Changing Trend Household Livelihood Social Value 75 3.2.15 Major Climatic Challenges of Livelihoods 76 3.2.16 Frequency of Climatic Challenges on Livelihoods 76 3.2.17 Trend of Frequency of Climatic Extremes in Livelihood 77 3.2.18 Rating on Household Livelihood Climatic Vulnerability 77 Reasons for the Trend of the Climatic Vulnerability of Livelihood in 3.2.19 78 the Past 3.2.20 Replacement of Means of Operations with New Methods in the Past 78 3.2.21 No. of Operations Replaced in Livelihood in Previous Times 79 3.2.22 Nature of Transformation of Livelihood Operations in the Past 79 Obsolescence of Household Livelihood due to Transformation of 3.2.23 80 Livelihood Means in the Past 3.2.24 Rating obsoleteness Household Livelihood in the Past 80 3.2.25 Trend of Livelihood Obsolescence in the Past 81 IV LIST OF FIGURES Page S. No. Figure Name No. 3.2.26 Reasons for the Livelihood Obsolescence trend in the Past 81 3.2.27 Household perception on Livelihood Inclusion in Policy Framing 82 3.2.28 Access to Livelihood Supporting Schemes in the Past 82 3.2.29 Trend of Household Livelihood Schemes in the Past 83 3.2.30 Reasons for trend of Livelihood Schemes 83 3.2.31 Rating on Relative Importance of Livelihood in Policymaking 84 3.2.32 Experience of Exposure Visits 84 3.2.33 Visit period 85 3.2.34 Aspects of Exposure Visits 85 3.2.35 Number of Exposure Visits 86 3.2.36 Overall duration of Exposure Visits (in days) 86 3.2.37 Facilitators of Exposure Visits 87 3.2.38 Perception on Utility of Exposure Visits 87 3.2.39 Increase of Institutional Awareness 88 3.2.40 Reasons for Increase in Institutional Awareness 88 3.2.41 Providers of External Assistance on Institutional Awareness 89 3.2.42 Process of Awareness increase on Institutions 89 3.2.43 Type of networking Institutions 90 3.2.44 Networking Ability 90 3.2.45 Nature of Work 91 3.2.46 Perception on Utility of Institutional Awareness 91 3.2.47 Improvement of Livelihood Skills 92 3.2.48 Reasons for Livelihood Skill Enhancement 92 3.2.49 Providers of Skill Enhancement Assistance 93 3.2.50 Process of Skill Enhancement 93 3.2.51 Training Period 94 3.2.52 Training Aspects 94 3.2.53 Overall Training Duration in Days 95 3.2.54 Perception on Utility of Training 95 3.2.55 ICT Demonstration Period 96 3.2.56 ICT Demonstration Method 96 3.2.57 No.