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INDIAN LIBRARY SCENE As Seen at the DAWN of INDEPENDENCE

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INDIAN LIBRARY SCENE As Seen at the DAWN of INDEPENDENCE INDIAN LIBRARY SCENE As Seen AT THE DAWN OF INDEPENDENCE by MURARI LAL NAGAR International Library Center Columbia, Missouri 1987 THE FIVE LAWS OF LIBRARY SCIENCE: Books are for use Books are for all Every book its reader Save the time of the reader Library is a growing organism Ranganathan PREFACE "Indian Library Scene as seen at the Dawn of Independence" is a study of libraries and librarianship in India, a major portion of which was written Úby the authorþ while living in the United States of America--more than ten thousand miles away from the field. The author had hoped that three of the great American libraries--the Library of Congress, the New York Public library and the Library of Columbia University--would enable him to find sufficient source material relating to his field of interest, but the results did not meet the expectations. The author also entertained the hope, while in the United States, of getting some original source material directly from India. More than thirty letters were air-mailed to the education ministers of the various governments in India--both at the center and in various states--as well as to the heads of many educational institutions and libraries, requesting them to help the author in getting some source material. The result was not fully satisfactory. The author had, therefore, no other option but to return to India in order to visit the archives of government departments, educational institutions, libraries, and library associations, and complete the study. It is difficult for the author to acknowledge in full the tremendous help received from many generous sources, without which the work could not have been completed. It is only through the constant and benevolent grace of Almighty God that the author was able to live in the United States for full five years and get extensive experience in American libraries and librarianship. It was God's Grace again that enabled him to initiate the study in the United States and complete it at home. We human beings are His children and whatever we are able to achieve is through His blessings. Can a child thank his parents adequately? Can he repay his debt to them in full? The author wishes to acknowledge his deep gratitude to Gurudeva S. R. Ranganathan, who introduced the author to the study of library science and who has been a constant source of guidance and inspiration to him during the last twelve years; to the authorities of the Library of Congress, especially to Dr. Luther H. Evans and Mr. Verner W. Clapp, who invited the author to the United States to serve as Consultant to the South Asia Section, and who provided every opportunity for him to learn about American libraries and librarianship; and to Mr. Walter H. Maurer of the same great institution, who became like a real brother to the author from the day he arrived in the United States; to the authorities of the New York Public Library, especially to Mr. Robert E. Kingery, who enabled the author to live in New York and study at the School of Library Service; to Professor Ray L. Trautman, who was very kind and helpful to the author all along not only as his major adviser, but as a friend and guide throughout his period of study. It is certain that without the constant help and inspiration received from him the author could not have brought the study to a satisfactory form presentable to the faculty of the School of Library Service; to Professor Allen T. Hazen, who gave tremendous help to the author while Professor Trautman was away on sabbatical leave and whose constant advice and guidance enabled the author to initiate and plan the study successfully; to the Dean of the School of Library Service, Dr. Robert D. Leigh, and to the faculty of the School of Library Service, especially Professor Carl M. White, Maurice F. Tauber, Bertha M. Frick, and Alice I. Bryan, who helped the author during his entire period of study and research; to the following persons who kindly helped the author in various ways: Dr. Elizabeth P. Lam, Conference Board of Associated Research Councils; Dr. Stanley S. Ghosh, Indian Service, Voice of America, Washington, D.C.; Mrs. Jessie Chess, Washington, D.C.; and Mrs. Jean Meeker, Glen Rock, New Jersey; Last but not the least to Sarla Devi Nagar, the author's better half, who has been a constant source of inspiration and whose encouragement has enabled the author to overcome the greatest obstacles in his arduous journey toward his goal. Murari Lal Nagar Delhi May 15, 1957 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE .................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............................. viii INTRODUCTION ............................... ix CHAPTER I. LIBRARY BACKGROUND 1 II. LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT 27 III. LIBRARY EDUCATION 104 IV. LIBRARY LEGISLATION 151 V. LIBRARY DEMONSTRATION 189 VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 223 TABLES APPENDIXES 234 BIBLIOGRAPHY 241 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Books in the Imperial Library/National Library, 1944-51......................... 36 2. Progress of Service, Nationl Library, 1947-52.................................. 37 3. Special Collections, National Library.................................. 38 4. Types of Libraries in India (Distribution by Management)............. 41 5. Progress of Library Service in Bombay, 1950/51 - 1954/55 (a) Books and Readers.................... 55 6. Progress of Library Service in Bombay, 1946/47 - 1955/56 (b) Finance.............................. 56 7. Library Associations in India.............. 74 8. Library Schools in India................... 119 9. Library Students in India.................. 147 10. Progress of Public Library Service in Madras, 1952/53 - 1954/55................ 176 11. State of Public Library Service in Andhra, March 31, 1954.......................... 183 INTRODUCTION The Objectives The present study has attempted 1. to make an historical study of the origin, growth and development of libraries and librarianship in India, especially during the past three decades; 2. to investigate and evaluate the nature, scope and function of libraries and librarianship in India today; 3. to identify some of the factors responsible for the present condition of libraries and librarianship in India; 4. to show India's contribution to world librarianship and to the field of library service; and finally 5. to indicate the contribution made by the West toward the promotion of libraries and librarianship in India. The following basic assumptions have been accepted: 1. The library is an educational agency potentially capable of offering perpetual, universal, self- education to each and every member of the society; 2. The library can make its greatest contribution where the interests of the rulers and the ruled are identical; and 3. The library is the product of its social environment and reflects both the nature and degree of development of the society (or institution) which creates and maintains it. The study has been motivated by a desire to produce a faithful record of some of the developments in the field of Indian libraries and librarianship that have taken place in the past thirty years or so. It is the first of its kind as far as its nature, content and scope are concerned. However, two studies on a very small scale in the field have been 1 (a) John Makin, "The Background to the Problem of Library Provision in India," (an Essay Presented to the British Library Association,1953, Typewritten). 90 p. (b) A. Krishnan, "India's Libraries: Past, Present and Future," reported1. One wonders why no one has so far attempted a detailed study of the subject. There is certainly no dearth of material as shown by the bibliography appended to this volume, and in no sense does this bibliography exhaust the existing literature on the subject. There are many more sources which no one is able to locate easily due to lack of adequate bibliographical tools2. The Origin of the Study 1 (a Paper Submitted to the School of Library Service, Columbia University, 1955-56, Typewritten). 37 p. 2 N. Kaula, Librarian, Ministry of Labour, Government of India, has recently published a bibliography of Indian library literature, which is not at all exhaustive. Upon his arrival in the United States in 1951, the author was asked by many librarians as well as non-librarians a question: "Do you have libraries in India?" The reply invariably used to be: "Oh yes, we do have libraries in India and very good ones too!" Another question would come up: "Then, why is it that we don't know much about them?" The reply would be: "Because we don't have as many good librarians as we do have libraries." Libraries without good librarians are not worth the name. An incident, which gave the author a rude shock, provided the impetus to think this matter over seriously. A senior Indian librarian, on a study tour in the United States, was invited by the Library of Congress to speak before its entire staff. The impression which he left with his audience was: "There are no libraries in India." The author made up his mind that if ever he got a chance to do research in Library Science, the first area he would like to explore would be "The history of libraries and librarianship in India." While working at the New York Public Library, the author came across a newly-published book, Library Science in India, (1953), a memorial volume presented to the Madras Library Association on the occasion of its Silver Jubilee. Through contributions from all over the world, the work shows how much India has progressed in the library field during the past twenty-five years and what a unique position she holds today. An opportunity to deliver a talk before the teachers and fellow-students at the School of Library Service of Columbia University presented to the author the first occasion to speak before a large gathering on a topic relating to India's libraries and librarianship.
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