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Superorganisms of Theworld! HIMENDER BHARTI In this human dominated biosphere, ants share a Article place unparalled by any form of life, which our human species have now started to reckon with. Feature earth, out of which more than 12,000 have been discovered, of these about 660 from our country. Ants Friends of Humans Ants play an important role in our survival. Superorganisms They are the major soil turners, channelers of energy, pollinators, scavengers, biological control agents, indicator of the World! organisms monitoring ecosystem health and are important components of our food chain. Ants constitute one-tenth of and were witness to the extinction of UMANS recklessly crush these tiny, the total biomass on earth, roughly equal dinosaurs! elegant creatures under their feet. to the total biomass of all the people on The fascinating world of ants has HChildren often take pride in earth. If ants perish human species may received much attention during the last squashing these defenceless creatures. not be able to generate resources and decade or so and they have been given And, of course, none of us gives even a clear debris from earth. Unfortunately, with the status of ‘Superorganism’, much fleeting thought to their existence at all growing penetration of anthropogenic superior to human species in terms of and think of them as irritating pests that activities in natural ecosystems, about a development, intricacies and evolution. should be got rid of. dozen ant species have turned pests. Due to their great adaptability, ants have Most of us are unaware of the fact Monomorium pharaonis (Pharao’s ant) is a occupied every possible niche or habitat that ants are an important and common example of this. indispensable part of our ecosystem. found on land, forest canopies, rotten logs, These tiny creatures have existed on earth crevices, and braved the freezing World of Ants much before the arrival of the human temperatures of high altitudes. Almost An ant colony is built up by the queen ant. race, originated 145 million years ago 30,000 species of ants are estimated on After its nuptial flight, a fertile queen finds a suitable nesting site for laying eggs. The eggs hatch into tiny larvae. The first batch of larvae is tended by the queen itself. The The Queen Ant larvae change into pupal stage and finally Food shared by ants 19 SCIENCE REPORTER, MARCH 2012 Feature Article Ant with brood Leafcutter Ant Army Ant Redfire Ant Harvester Ant Ant frightens death High Altitude Ant Jumping Ant Weaver Ant Weaver Ant Nest Trapjaw Ant Ant with Larva “The neglect of ants in science and natural history is a shortcoming that should be remedied...” Bert Holldobbler The workers exhibit a variety of behaviour – cooperation with nest mates, defending the nest from robbers, organizing food raids, looking for the best food, tending to the immature ants in the nest etc. All their efforts are targeted at ensuring the survival of the colony. SCIENCE REPORTER, MARCH 2012 20 FFFeaeaeaturetureture Article In this era of technological revolution, the nest where fungus is cultivated to digest leaf cellulose. The most interesting part of ants are far more superior to advancing technology. the story is that if even the most advanced human species is forced to live with fungus Many of the ants have been grouped culture, it may not be able to bear the Scientists have even studied the on the basis of specific tasks performed brunt of pathogens, but these behaviour of ants to develop a by them. These include: a) Harvester ants, superorganisms are least susceptible to b) Weaver ants, c) Leaf-cutter ants, d) Army new generation of antivirus such infections. The resistance developed ants and e) Fire ants. software for computers. is unparalleled in any form of life. a. Harvester ants: The harvester ants have been named so as they harvest seeds of d. Army ants: This group contains more than different types of grasses and mainly 200 ant species. In our part of the world the first batch of workers emerges. These belong to Messor, Pognomyrmex and these belong to Aenictus and Dorylus workers then take up the responsibility of Pheidole genera. These can be easily genera. These carry raids in groups feeding the young ones – the larvae as spotted in a garden, park or lawn where attacking prey en masse. Army ants can well as the queen. The worker caste they create corridors or passages on land consume up to 100,000 prey animals each differentiates into soldier caste, foragers, which look like passages created by day and thus have a significant influence feeders etc. and works on the principle of repeated movements of humans. The ants on the population, diversity, and behaviour division of labour. collect grass seeds, remove their plumule, of their prey. Army ants on the march are Thus, a single ant colony with a set so that they don’t germinate and store known to kill tethered horses, human of workers performing different tasks can them in well-kept nest godowns. After babies, lizards, snakes, chickens, and small be compared to the human body where consumption, the hard seed coats are mammals. They also climb trees and attack organ systems perform different thrown out of the nests and can be noticed birds in nests and have even been used to functions. In this way, an ant colony is in abundance outside their nests. execute criminals. These don’t make established with one colony containing permanent nests like other ants, instead up to 20 million workers. During the b. Weaver ants: As the name suggests they build a living nest with their bodies, known reproductive phase of the colony, the weave nest with leaves. One of the as a bivouac and keep moving like queen produces future queens and prominent groups in this category is nomads. It is a treat to watch a moving males. The queen ant may live up to 20- Oecophylla. These can be spotted on column of these ants in tandem and 30 years, worker ants up to 60 days and mango, citrus and guava trees and are rhythm without exchanging a single word. males for few days, their main task is to quite ferocious in nature. These ants exhibit It can make the most efficient army of the inseminate the female. marvelous architecture and intelligence world envious. The workers exhibit a variety of to build their nest with leaves. The workers behaviour – cooperation with nest mates, capture their larvae quite delicately in their e. Fire ants: Fire ants include a variety defending the nest from robbers, jaws and move them to and fro on the of stinging ants with more than 285 organizing food raids, looking for the best edges of young tender leaves, in response species worldwide. They have several food, tending to the immature ants in the to this movement or tingling feeling, the common names, including ginger nest etc. All their efforts are targeted at larvae release sticky material from their ants, tropical fire ants and red ants. The ensuring the survival of the colony. They glands. Then the other workers fold these most commonly heard fire ant is Solenopsis are a unique example of unbinding co- leaves and join them with the secreted invicta, known in the United States as operation and high degree of glue. To join the two leaves (which are quite the red imported fire ant (RIFA). It is an unselfishness. apart), ants form chains by holding each invasive pest in many areas of the world, While performing all these tasks other’s waists and thus pull the leaves notably the United States, Australia, thousands of workers communicate for together. the Philippines, China and Taiwan. The smooth functioning of the colony. The ants Weaver ants are used in biological RIFA was accidentally introduced into the do not communicate verbally, or visually, control to increase fruit yield and their United States aboard a South American but use the language of chemical cues to brood is used in Chinese soups, drugs, as cargo ship that docked at the port communicate. Ants release specific food and as aphrodisiac in many parts of of Mobile, Alabama, in the 1930s, and chemicals called pheromones along with the world. came to infest the majority of the tactile cues (tapping each other’s Southern and Southwestern United States. antennae) to elicit a specific response c. Leaf-cutter ants: This group contains In our country a similar species Solenopsis from fellow workers. They use a blend of about 47 species belonging to the genera geminata exists. chemicals for recruitment of nest mates Atta and Acromyrmex. These are endemic Unlike many other ants, which bite and for collecting food; or to alert the entire to Central, South America, Mexico and then spray acid on the wound, fire ants colony when attacked by intruders. United States. Leaf-cutter ants initiated only bite to get a grip and then sting (from Moreover, a unique colony odour is agriculture much earlier as compared to the abdomen) and inject a toxic alkaloid present in each ant’s nest, which is released the human species. These ants bring fresh venom called Solenopsin, a compound by the queen ant. Thus, each colony has a leaves and plant cuttings into their nests; from the class of piperidines. For humans, specific odour by which its members which are further cut into smaller pieces this is a painful sting, it hurts, a sensation recognize nest mates from non-nest and are treated with ants’ faecal liquid. similar to what one feels when burned by mates. Then these are dumped into that part of fire—hence the name fire ant.
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