Valeur, Fascinatie En Verheffing: Exotische Dieren in Zeventiende-Eeuwse Stillevens Uit De Zuidelijke Nederlanden

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Valeur, Fascinatie En Verheffing: Exotische Dieren in Zeventiende-Eeuwse Stillevens Uit De Zuidelijke Nederlanden Valeur, fascinatie en verheffing: Exotische dieren in zeventiende-eeuwse stillevens uit de Zuidelijke Nederlanden Bachelorscriptie Kunstgeschiedenis Daphne Martens 1 Valeur, fascinatie en verheffing: Exotische dieren in zeventiende-eeuwse stillevens uit de Zuidelijke Nederlanden Daphne Martens (6189474) Bachelorscriptie Kunstgeschiedenis, Universiteit Utrecht Begeleider: Dr. Annemieke Hoogenboom Tweede lezer: Dr. Martine Meuwese 15.045 woorden 30 april 2021 Voorblad: Detail van Peeter Boel, Stilleven met kaketoe en hondje, 1650-1670, olieverf op doek, 130 x 168 cm., Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien, Wenen, inv.nr. 757 (Foto: Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien, http://www.akademiegalerie.at/media/documents/Pieter_Boel_Stillleben_mit_Globus_ Prunkgarnitur_und_Kakadu_(c)_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_der_Akademie_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnst e_Wien.jpg, geraadpleegd 12-04-2021). 2 Samenvatting Exotische vogels en zoogdieren zijn in de zeventiende eeuw vaak afgebeeld in Zuid-Nederlandse stillevens. Dit fenomeen is tot op heden niet diepgaand onderzocht. Deze scriptie biedt een verkenning van dit onderwerp naar aanleiding van de onderzoeksvraag: Wat was de functie van exotische dieren in stillevens binnen de sociaal-culturele context van de Zuidelijke Nederlanden in de zeventiende eeuw? Middels een kwantitatieve analyse op basis van de RKDimages-database wordt een beeld geschetst van de ontwikkeling van dergelijke stillevens tussen 1550 en 1700. Deze bevindingen worden aan de hand van secundaire literatuur gerelateerd aan zowel de omgang met exotische dieren als het gebruik van stillevens in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden. Aan de basis van dit onderzoek ligt namelijk de notie, dat de context waarin kunst werd gemaakt en gebruikt bepalend was voor de betekenis ervan. De niet-Europese dieren kregen door hun gebruik en representatie in kunst een nieuwe betekenis binnen de Europese sociale, culturele en politieke context. Uit het onderzoek blijkt dat het afbeelden van exotische dieren in stillevens plaatsvond in de vroegmoderne verzamelcultuur waarin zowel exotische dieren als stillevens verzamelobjecten waren. Deze werden in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden aangeschaft door zowel de aristocratie alsook de rijke burgerij. De burgerij poogde toentertijd aan te sluiten bij de gebruiken van de aristocratie, met als doel een hogere sociale status uit te dragen en mogelijk te verkrijgen. Zodoende breidde het bezit van exotische dieren zich uit van een vorstelijke praktijk in de zestiende eeuw, naar ook een burgerlijke bezigheid in de zeventiende eeuw. Exotische dieren waren zeldzame en kostbare verzamelobjecten, en dus een teken van rijkdom en status gedurende deze periode. Stillevens met exotische dieren lijken deze verzamelcultuur te weerspiegelen. De productie ontwikkelde zich van grootschalige werken voor een rijke, elitaire afzetmarkt, naar ook kleinschalige werken voor een breed burgerlijk publiek. In de stillevens zijn vooral de kleine en betaalbare diersoorten afgebeeld die de burgerij in imitatie van de aristocratie kon aanschaffen. Daarbij zijn de dieren veelal weergegeven op de manier waarop ze werden gehouden, bijvoorbeeld levend of dood, aan een gordelketting of met hun voedsel. In de verzamelcultuur werden exotische dieren in stillevens vermoedelijk gebruikt ter vervanging van een daadwerkelijk dier. Met een stilleven kon de eigenaar het bezit ervan suggereren en zo betrokkenheid in de aristocratische verzamelcultuur tonen. Zodoende kon deze zich de hieraan verbonden prestige toe-eigenen. Verder zullen dergelijke werken als conversatiestuk hebben gediend. Hiermee kon de eigenaar zijn kennis tonen, voorname gasten vermaken en contacten aanleggen op basis van overeenkomstige interesses. Gesteld kan dus worden, dat in de zeventiende-eeuwse Zuid- Nederlandse samenleving exotische dieren in stillevens functioneerden als middel ter imitatie van de praktijken van de aristocratie, met als doel een hogere status uit te dragen en mogelijk te verkrijgen. 3 Inhoudsopgave Inleiding ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 Historiografie: Vroegmoderne stillevens ...................................................................................... 6 Historiografie: Exotische dieren in de vroegmoderne tijd.......................................................... 8 Theoretisch kader en methode .................................................................................................. 10 Social Art History ............................................................................................................ 10 World Art History ........................................................................................................... 10 Digital Art History .......................................................................................................... 11 Structuur ..................................................................................................................................... 13 1. Het verzamelen van exotische dieren ................................................................................................. 14 Verzamelingen exotische dieren aan Europese vorstenhoven .................................................. 14 De verwerving van exotische dieren.............................................................................. 15 Het onderhoud van exotische dieren ............................................................................ 16 Het gebruik van exotische dieren .................................................................................. 17 De Habsburgers en de menagerie in Brussel .............................................................................. 19 Exotische dieren van de Zuid-Nederlandse burgerij ................................................................... 21 De uitbreiding van het bezit van exotische dieren ........................................................ 21 Kunst- en curiositeitenkabinetten ................................................................................. 22 Levende exotische dieren .............................................................................................. 23 Conclusie ..................................................................................................................................... 24 2. Exotische dieren in stillevens .............................................................................................................. 26 De ontwikkeling van exotische dierafbeeldingen en van het stillevengenre in de zestiende en zeventiende eeuw ...................................................................................................................... 26 Exotische dieren in de Europese kunst .......................................................................... 26 Het stilleven ................................................................................................................... 28 De ontwikkeling van stillevens met exotische dieren tussen 1550 en 1700 .............................. 29 De productie van stillevens met exotische dieren door de tijd en per locatie .............. 29 De productie van stillevens met exotische dieren: motiefherhaling en -ontlening ...... 30 De soort stillevens met exotische dieren ...................................................................... 32 De diersoorten ............................................................................................................... 32 Het oorsprongsgebied ................................................................................................... 33 De weergave van exotische dieren ................................................................................ 34 Conclusie ..................................................................................................................................... 35 3. Het gebruik van stillevens met exotische dieren ................................................................................. 37 4 De Zuid-Nederlandse verzamelcultuur ....................................................................................... 38 De samenstelling van kunst- en curiositeitenverzamelingen ........................................ 38 Het gebruik van kunst- en curiositeitenverzamelingen ................................................. 39 Stillevens met exotische dieren in Zuid-Nederlandse verzamelingen ........................................ 41 Stillevens met exotische dieren als vertoon van eigendom .......................................... 42 Stillevens met exotische dieren als gespreksonderwerp ............................................... 43 Conclusie ..................................................................................................................................... 46 Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................. 48 Afbeeldingen ........................................................................................................................................... 51 Bijlagen .................................................................................................................................................... 71 Bijlage 1 - Specificering methode, classificering en toegepaste richtlijnen ............................... 71 Bijlage 3 - Het aantal stillevens met exotische dieren in verhouding tot de totale stillevensproductie,
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