Mineral Oil – Origin, Production and Composition
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(WHO) Report on Microplastics in Drinking Water
Microplastics in drinking-water Microplastics in drinking-water ISBN 978-92-4-151619-8 © World Health Organization 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Microplastics in drinking-water. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. -
Olive Oil Jars Left Behind By
live oil jars left behind by the ancient Greeks are testament to our centuries- old use of cooking oil. Along with salt and pepper, oil Oremains one of the most important and versatile tools in your kitchen. It keeps food from sticking to pans, adds flavor and moisture, and conducts the heat that turns a humble stick of potato into a glorious french fry. Like butter and other fats, cooking oil also acts as a powerful solvent, unleashing fat-soluble nutrients and flavor compounds in everything from tomatoes and onions to spices and herbs. It’s why so many strike recipes begin with heating garlic in oil rather than, say, simmering it in water. The ancient Greeks didn’t tap many cooking oils. (Let’s see: olive oil, olive oil, or—ooh, this is exciting!—how about olive oil?) But you certainly can. From canola to safflower to grapeseed to walnut, each oil has its own unique flavor (or lack thereof), aroma, and optimal cooking temperature. Choosing the right kind for the task at hand can save you money, boost your health, and improve your cooking. OK, so you probably don’t stop to consider your cooking oil very often. But there’s a surprising amount to learn about What’s this? this liquid gold. BY VIRGINIAWILLIS Pumpkin seed oil suspended in corn oil—it looks like a homemade Lava Lamp! 84 allrecipes.com PHOTOS BY KATE SEARS WHERE TO store CANOLA OIL GRAPESEED OIL are more likely to exhibit the characteristic YOUR OIL flavor and aroma of their base nut or seed. -
Minerals in Your Home Activity Book Minerals in Your Home Activity Book
Minerals In Your Home Activity Book Minerals in Your Home Activity Book Written by Ann-Thérèse Brace, Sheila Stenzel, and Andreea Suceveanu Illustrated by Heather Brown Minerals in Your Home is produced by MineralsEd. © 2017 MineralsEd (Mineral Resources Education Program of BC) 900-808 West Hastings St., Vancouver, BC V6C 2X4 Canada Tel. (604) 682-5477 | Fax (604) 681-5305 | Website: www.MineralsEd.ca Introduction As you look around your home, it is important to think of the many things that you have and what are they made from. It’s simple - everything is made from Earth’s natural resources: rocks, soil, plants, animals, and water. They can be used in their natural state, or processed, refined and manufactured by people into other useable things. The resources that grow and can be replaced when they die or are harvested, like plants and animals, are called renewable resources. Those that cannot be regrown and replaced, like rocks, soil and water, are called non-renewable resources. All natural resources are valuable and we must use them conservatively. Mineral resources are natural Earth materials that must be mined from the ground. We use them every day, and they are non- renewable. Some are changed very little before they are used, like the rock granite for example, that is commonly used to make kitchen countertops or tombstones. Other mineral resources, like those that contain useful metals, must be processed to extract the metal ingredient. The metal is then manufactured into different parts of a product, like a toaster or a smartphone. Whether you are practicing violin in your room, eating a meal in the kitchen, watching TV in the living room or brushing your teeth in the bathroom, your daily activities use things that come from mineral resources. -
HISTORY of WESTERN OIL SHALE HISTORY of WESTERN OIL SHALE
/ _... i';C4 - SHELF , Historyof Western Oil Shale Paul L. Russell . " The Center for Professional Advancement Paul Russell received his degree from the University of Arizona. After working for Industry for five years, he began his involvement with oil shale in 1948 when he joined the U.S. Bureau of Mines and was assigned to Rifle, Colorado, to work at Anvil Points. During the middle fifties, he was assigned to the Atomic Energy Com mission to study the extraction of ura nium from the Chattanooga Shales in Tennessee. He became Research Director of the U.S. Bureau ofMines in 1967 and served in this capacity until he retired in 1979. During these years his involvement with oil shale intensified. Currently, he is an engineering consultant. ISBN: 0-86563-000-3 ,._-------_._.. V.D.ALLRED 6016 SOUTH BANNOCK LI7TLETON. COLO. 80120 ....~ ...........~..... This compelling history spans 65 years of western oil shale development from its begin ning to the present day. These were the years in which most of the present-day retorting pro cesses were invented and devel oped,leading to present studies of in-situ retorting, and to the resumption of leasing of fed eral oil shale lands. The many excellent illustra tions and contemporary photo graphs in themselves provide a pictorial record of an era when the United States was "wild over oil"-an era when Gov ernment estimates of billions of barrels of oil in western oil shales were used to advan tage for questionable-if not fraudulent-stock promotions designed to raise capital for development, or to fatten the promoters' pockets. -
40 Common Minerals and Their Uses
40 Common Minerals and Their Uses Aluminum Beryllium The most abundant metal element in Earth’s Used in the nuclear industry and to crust. Aluminum originates as an oxide called make light, very strong alloys used in the alumina. Bauxite ore is the main source aircraft industry. Beryllium salts are used of aluminum and must be imported from in fluorescent lamps, in X-ray tubes and as Jamaica, Guinea, Brazil, Guyana, etc. Used a deoxidizer in bronze metallurgy. Beryl is in transportation (automobiles), packaging, the gem stones emerald and aquamarine. It building/construction, electrical, machinery is used in computers, telecommunication and other uses. The U.S. was 100 percent products, aerospace and defense import reliant for its aluminum in 2012. applications, appliances and automotive and consumer electronics. Also used in medical Antimony equipment. The U.S. was 10 percent import A native element; antimony metal is reliant in 2012. extracted from stibnite ore and other minerals. Used as a hardening alloy for Chromite lead, especially storage batteries and cable The U.S. consumes about 6 percent of world sheaths; also used in bearing metal, type chromite ore production in various forms metal, solder, collapsible tubes and foil, sheet of imported materials, such as chromite ore, and pipes and semiconductor technology. chromite chemicals, chromium ferroalloys, Antimony is used as a flame retardant, in chromium metal and stainless steel. Used fireworks, and in antimony salts are used in as an alloy and in stainless and heat resisting the rubber, chemical and textile industries, steel products. Used in chemical and as well as medicine and glassmaking. -
Saturated, Unsaturated, and Trans Fat
Lifestyle Coach Facilitation Guide: Post-Core Fats - Saturated, Unsaturated, and Trans Fat Content Overview This session answers the question “what is fat?” It explores the different types of fat, and shows which fats are healthy (monounsaturated and polyunsaturated) and which fats are unhealthy (saturated and trans fat). Participants learn tips for choosing foods with healthy fats and avoiding foods with unhealthy fats. More information on cholesterol appears in Post-Core Session: Heart Health. Lifestyle Coach Preparation Checklist Materials Post-core handouts: What is Fat? Healthy Fats: Omega-3, Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated Fats to Avoid: Saturated and Trans Fat Identifying Healthier Alternatives Tips for Choosing the Best Types of Fat “Food and Activity Trackers” “Lifestyle Coach’s Log” Balance scale Post-Core: Fats – Saturated, Unsaturated, and Trans Fat Key messages to reinforce A completely fat-free diet would not be healthy, yet it is important that fat be consumed in moderation. The main types of “healthy” fats are monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. The main types of “unhealthy” fats are saturated and trans fat. Saturated fats are primarily found in foods that come from animals, such as meat and dairy. Try to switch to lower-fat versions of these foods. In order to avoid trans fat, look on nutrition labels for ingredients such as “partially hydrogenated” oils or shortening. In addition, look for trans fat in the nutritional information in products like commercially baked cookies, crackers, and pies, and fried foods. After the session At the completion of this session, do the following: Use the “Notes and Homework Page” for notes and follow-up tasks. -
Mineral Oil (Medium Viscosity)
MINERAL OIL (MEDIUM VISCOSITY) Prepared at the 76th JECFA, published in FAO JECFA Monographs 13 (2012), superseding specifications for Mineral oil (Medium and low viscosity), class I prepared at the 59th JECFA (2002), published in FNP 52 Add 10 (2002) and republished in FAO JECFA Monographs 1 (2005). An ADI of 0-10 mg/kg bw was established at the 59th JECFA for mineral oil (medium and low), class I. At the 76th JECFA the temporary ADI and the specifications for mineral oils (Medium and low viscosity), class II and class III were withdrawn. SYNONYMS Liquid paraffin, liquid petrolatum, food grade mineral oil, white mineral oil, INS No. 905e DEFINITION A mixture of highly refined paraffinic and naphthenic liquid hydrocarbons with boiling point above 200°; obtained from mineral crude oils through various refining steps (eg. distillation, extraction and crystallisation) and subsequent purification by acid and/or catalytic hydrotreatment; may contain antioxidants approved for food use. C.A.S. number 8012-95-1 DESCRIPTION Colourless, transparent, oily liquid, free from fluorescence in daylight; odourless FUNCTIONAL USES Release agent, glazing agent CHARACTERISTICS IDENTIFICATION Solubility (Vol. 4) Insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in ethanol, soluble in ether Burning Burns with bright flame and with paraffin-like characteristic smell PURITY Viscosity, 100° 8.5-11 mm2/s See description under TESTS Carbon number at 5% Not less than 25 distillation point The boiling point at the 5% distillation point is higher than: 391°. See description under TESTS Average molecular 480-500 weight See description under TESTS Acidity or alkalinity To 10 ml of the sample add 20 ml of boiling water and shake vigorously for 1 min. -
Water-Based Lubricants: Development, Properties, and Performances
lubricants Review Water-Based Lubricants: Development, Properties, and Performances Md Hafizur Rahman 1, Haley Warneke 1, Haley Webbert 1, Joaquin Rodriguez 1, Ethan Austin 1, Keli Tokunaga 1, Dipen Kumar Rajak 2 and Pradeep L. Menezes 1,* 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; mdhafi[email protected] (M.H.R.); [email protected] (H.W.); [email protected] (H.W.); [email protected] (J.R.); [email protected] (E.A.); [email protected] (K.T.) 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sandip Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Nashik 422213, India; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Water-based lubricants (WBLs) have been at the forefront of recent research, due to the abundant availability of water at a low cost. However, in metallic tribo-systems, WBLs often exhibit poor performance compared to petroleum-based lubricants. Research and development indicate that nano-additives improve the lubrication performance of water. Some of these additives could be categorized as solid nanoparticles, ionic liquids, and bio-based oils. These additives improve the tribological properties and help to reduce friction, wear, and corrosion. This review explored different water-based lubricant additives and summarized their properties and performances. Viscosity, density, wettability, and solubility are discussed to determine the viability of using water-based nano-lubricants compared to petroleum-based lubricants for reducing friction and wear in machining. Water-based liquid lubricants also have environmental benefits over petroleum-based lubricants. Further research is needed to understand and optimize water-based lubrication for tribological systems completely. -
Salicylic Acid
Treatment Guide to Common Skin Conditions Prepared by Loren Regier, BSP, BA, Sharon Downey -www.RxFiles.ca Revised: Jan 2004 Dermatitis, Atopic Dry Skin Psoriasis Step 1 - General Treatment Measures Step 1 - General Treatment Measures Step 1 • Avoid contact with irritants or trigger factors • Use cool air humidifiers • Non-pharmacologic measures (general health issues) • Avoid wool or nylon clothing. • Lower house temperature (minimize perspiration) • Moisturizers (will not clear skin, but will ↓ itching) • Wash clothing in soap vs detergent; double rinse/vinegar • Limit use of soap to axillae, feet, and groin • Avoid frequent or prolonged bathing; twice weekly • Topical Steroids Step 2 recommended but daily bathing permitted with • Coal Tar • Colloidal oatmeal bath products adequate skin hydration therapy (apply moisturizer • Anthralin • Lanolin-free water miscible bath oil immediately afterwards) • Vitamin D3 • Intensive skin hydration therapy • Limit use of soap to axillae, feet, and groin • Topical Retinoid Therapy • “Soapless” cleansers for sensitive skin • Apply lubricating emollients such as petrolatum to • Sunshine Step 3 damp skin (e.g. after bathing) • Oral antihistamines (1st generation)for sedation & relief of • Salicylic acid itching give at bedtime +/- a daytime regimen as required Step 2 • Bath additives (tar solns, oils, oatmeal, Epsom salts) • Topical hydrocortisone (0.5%) for inflammation • Colloidal oatmeal bath products Step 2 apply od-tid; ointments more effective than creams • Water miscible bath oil • Phototherapy (UVB) may use cream during day & ointment at night • Humectants: urea, lactic acid, phospholipid • Photochemotherapy (Psoralen + UVA) Step 4 Step 3 • Combination Therapies (from Step 1 & 2 treatments) • Prescription topical corticosteroids: use lowest potency • Oral antihistamines for sedation & relief of itching steroid that is effective and wean to twice weekly. -
Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in the Oil & Petrochem Industry
Engineering Conferences International ECI Digital Archives Wastewater and Biosolids Treatment and Reuse: Proceedings Bridging Modeling and Experimental Studies Spring 6-13-2014 Wastewater treatment and reuse in the oil & petrochem industry – a case study Alberto Girardi Dregemont Follow this and additional works at: http://dc.engconfintl.org/wbtr_i Part of the Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Alberto Girardi, "Wastewater treatment and reuse in the oil & petrochem industry – a case study" in "Wastewater and Biosolids Treatment and Reuse: Bridging Modeling and Experimental Studies", Dr. Domenico Santoro, Trojan Technologies and Western University Eds, ECI Symposium Series, (2014). http://dc.engconfintl.org/wbtr_i/46 This Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access by the Proceedings at ECI Digital Archives. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wastewater and Biosolids Treatment and Reuse: Bridging Modeling and Experimental Studies by an authorized administrator of ECI Digital Archives. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Wastewater Treatment and Reuse In Oil & Petrochemical Industry Otranto, June 2014 COMPANY PROFILE DEGREMONT, THE WATER TREATMENT SPECIALISTS 4 areas of 5 areas of expertise: activities: . Drinking water production . Design & Build plants . Operation & . Reverse osmosis desalination Services plants . Urban wastewater treatment . Equipment and reuse plants . BOT / PPP . Biosolid treatment systems . Industrial water production and wastewater treatment units plants 2 Wastewater Treatment and Reuse COMPANY PROFILE DEGREMONT, THE WATER TREATMENT SPECIALISTS In over For industrials: For local authorities: 70 . Energy . Drinking water countries, . Upstream oil and gas Degrémont offers . Desalination . Refining and solutions to local . Urban wastewater authorities and petrochemicals . Sludge and biosolids industries . Chemicals . Pharmaceutical, cosmetics, fine chemicals . -
Chapter 2 the Solid Materials of the Earth's Surface
CHAPTER 2 THE SOLID MATERIALS OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 To a great extent in this course, we will be dealing with processes that act on the solid materials at and near the Earth’s surface. This chapter might better be called “the ground beneath your feet”. This is the place to deal with the nature of the Earth’s surface materials, which in later sections of the chapter I will be calling regolith, sediment, and soil. 1.2 I purposely did not specify any previous knowledge of geology as a prerequisite for this course, so it is important, here in the first part of this chapter, for me to provide you with some background on Earth materials. 1.3 We will be dealing almost exclusively with the Earth’s continental surfaces. There are profound geological differences between the continents and the ocean basins, in terms of origin, age, history, and composition. Here I’ll present, very briefly, some basic things about geology. (For more depth on such matters you would need to take a course like “The Earth: What It Is, How It Works”, given in the Harvard Extension program in the fall semester of 2005– 2006 and likely to be offered again in the not-too-distant future.) 1.4 In a gross sense, the Earth is a layered body (Figure 2-1). To a first approximation, it consists of concentric shells: the core, the mantle, and the crust. Figure 2-1: Schematic cross section through the Earth. 73 The core: The core consists mostly of iron, alloyed with a small percentage of certain other chemical elements. -
Weekly Petroleum Status Report
Summary of Weekly Petroleum Data for the week ending September 17, 2021 U.S. crude oil refinery inputs averaged 15.3 million barrels per day during the week ending September 17, 2021 which was 1.0 million barrels per day more than the previous week’s average. Refineries operated at 87.5% of their operable capacity last week. Gasoline production increased last week, averaging 9.6 million barrels per day. Distillate fuel production increased last week, averaging 4.5 million barrels per day. U.S. crude oil imports averaged 6.5 million barrels per day last week, increased by 0.7 million barrels per day from the previous week. Over the past four weeks, crude oil imports averaged about 6.1 million barrels per day, 18.9% more than the same four-week period last year. Total motor gasoline imports (including both finished gasoline and gasoline blending components) last week averaged 1.1 million barrels per day, and distillate fuel imports averaged 184,000 barrels per day. U.S. commercial crude oil inventories (excluding those in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve) decreased by 3.5 million barrels from the previous week. At 414.0 million barrels, U.S. crude oil inventories are about 8% below the five year average for this time of year. Total motor gasoline inventories increased by 3.5 million barrels last week and are about 3% below the five year average for this time of year. Finished gasoline and blending components inventories both increased last week. Distillate fuel inventories decreased by 2.6 million barrels last week and are about 14% below the five year average for this time of year.