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Exploring Health Disparities in Indigenous Akit Tribal Community in Riau Province

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Exploring Health Disparities in Indigenous Akit Tribal Community in Riau Province MIMBARMIMBAR, , Vol. Vol. 37, 37, No. No. 1 1stst (June, (June, 2021), 2021) pp.pp 47-5647-56 Exploring Health Disparities in Indigenous Akit Tribal Community in Riau Province 1RD. SITI SOFRO SIDIQ, 2R. YOGIE PRAWIRA W, 3HINDINA MAULIDA, 4R WILLYA ACHMAD W 1Departement Sociology, Faculty of Social Science and Political Science, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia 2,3 Communication Science, Faculty of Social Science and Political Science, Universitas Tidar, Indonesia 4Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Nusantara, Bandung, Indonesia email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract. Ten years have passed and there has been no result of an empowerment program for remote indigenous Akit tribal communities in Riau. The Akit tribe is an ancient native Malay tribe (Proto Melayu) in Riau Province. These indigenous people are still less fortunate in terms of health and social. This study investigates the root causes of health inequalities in the Akit community to get a complete picture of the problem. By using a qualitative approach and case study methods, this research is conducted by means of in-depth interviews, observation, and literature study. The results of the study show that the root cause of failed empowerment is a lack of synergy between government agencies, in which each agency had its own program, thus it poses disadvantages to the society where there are still illiterate sufferers, people who are heavily dependent on the underdeveloped environment that make them ill, and cultural institutions that are not feasible and binding to the social system that prevents people from developing. Keywords: health disparities, indigenous community, Akit Tribe. Introduction rights to health, articles 4 and 17 of Law no. 36 of 2009 describes equal rights to Ten years was over and no result in the empowerment program for the Akit and is legally recognized in the Indonesian community in Riau. This indigenous tribe is government and even internationally, this still in socially disadvantaged conditions. This is part of optimizing the empowerment of study investigated the root causes of health the lagging people (Sidiq & Achmad, 2020). disparities in the Akit community to get full Efforts to improve conditions for indigenous pictures of its problem. Akit community is peoples are targeted at remote areas, one of the indigenous tribes in Riau province starting in 1972. Some areas have been with poor health quality as seen from their successfully empowered, but some have house condition, sanitation, water quality, failed, as happened to the Akit community and health facilities. As a remote community, in Kepau Baru village. The government has they have a similar right to health quality as started empowerment efforts since 2005, expressed by (Gracey & King, 2009) that but the community is still living in socially the government needs to collect information disadvantaged and poor health conditions. on health needs and conditions and must United Nations Declaration on the health of the original community thereby Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) minimizing differences between indigenous Article 21, section 1 also recognizes the right and non-indigenous communities. to health for indigenous peoples as stated: In view of the recognition of equal “Indigenous peoples have the Received: July 06, 2020, Revision: October 20, 2020, Accepted: June 08, 2021 Print ISSN: 0215-8175; Online ISSN: 2303-2499. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v37i1.6366 Accredited Sinta 2 based on the decree No.10/E/KPT/2019 until 2024. Indexed by DOAJ, Sinta, Garuda, Crossreff, Dimensions Accredited by Sinta Rank 2 based on Ristekdikti No.10/E/KPT/20 47 SIDIQ. et.al. Exploring Health Disparities in Indigenous Akit Tribal Community in Riau Province right, without discrimination, to the part of indigenous health systems because improvement of their economic and people see that human health is so closely social conditions, including, inter alia, related to the earth as a source of life rather in the areas of education, employment, than a resource (Horse in Robbins & Dewar, vocational training and retraining, 2011). Traditional medicine is an attempt to housing, sanitation, health, and social cure diseases based on hereditary beliefs, security.” either by using available natural ingredients that believed to have healing properties, United Nations Declaration on the or through an intermediary (shaman) who Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) Article 24 describes the rights of communities himself to eliminate the disease (Setyowati over their traditional medicine as well as the & Wardah, 2007). preservation of the treatment practices that have become their culture without prejudice Perceptions about the concept of to access to health services, as follows: sickness, health, and its relation to the use of medicinal plants have traditionally “Indigenous peoples have the right formed through socialization from one to their traditional medicines and generation to the next, and people believe to maintain their health practices, it as the truth (Rahayu, 2006). For example, including the conservation of their the knowledge of medicinal properties of a vital medicinal plants, animals, and plant by the Dayak Benuaq is the result of minerals. Indigenous individuals also long experiences and observations of the have the right to access, without any surrounding plants, such as the bitter plant discrimination, to all social and health to treat malaria. There is also a certain services.” Indonesian Law Regulations through accelerate the recovery of maternal health Ministerial Regulation no. 65 year 2013 conditions postpartum (Falah et al., 2013). suggested that empowerment in the health This system is complex and comes from sector must meet the following principles: the experience of history and worldview. Indigenous peoples also have the value Respect the local, which includes local that health is a holistic concept consists of knowledge, local skills, local culture, local physical, mental, and spiritual aspects. processes, and local resources. Based on this explanation, this study Ecological principles, which include investigates the root causes of health interconnection, diversity, balance, and disparities of the Akit community in order to sustainability. explore their health behaviour, local wisdom- The principles of social justice and related health, and empowerment program human rights, which do not harm and always that has been given by the government. The results of research shall be recommended Sustainability is a crucial concept in either to the local government or the central empowerment because it is a long-term government through Ministry or Social activity that requires consistency and a Department of remote indigenous community journey that requires high spirits (Blanchard empowerment that can be as a reference et al., 2001). for designing policy or new empowerment strategy. UNDRIP and Ministerial Regulation no. 65 the year 2013 stipulate that indigenous Furthermore, this study elaborates the peoples have traditional treatments, and their treatment practices must be recognized for of the Akit community, and the root causes their rights. Traditional medicine is a practice of human infringements. The conclusion designed to promote mental, physical, and is given in the last part of this article, spiritual health based on beliefs that existed followed by some recommendations for the stakeholders related. treatment (Schiff & Moore, 2006). Traditional medicine is also associated with the use of Research Methodology herbal medicine, along with ceremonies and rituals to achieve excellent mental health. A qualitative method with a case study approach is used in this research to focus Traditional medicine is an integral intensively on one particular object to obtain 48 ISSN 0215-8175 | EISSN 2303-2499 MIMBAR, Vol. 37, No. 1st (June, 2021), pp. 47-56 an overview of the case. A good case study Siak Regency, and Meranti Islands Regency, according to (Anggito & Setiawan, 2018) is where the area is closed to the border of to be carried out directly in the actual life of Malaysia State. As a village adjacent to the the case being investigated. border of another country, the Kepau Baru village is far away from Riau province, which The data collection technique was is about 346 km that needs more than a day carried out by in-depth interviews with the trip, with limited transportation modes and Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of alternated. Indonesia, the Head of the Riau Province Social Service, the Manager of the Riau Province Customary Agency, traditional leaders of the Akit tribe, and the Akit Community. Observations were made in the research area in Kepau Baru Village and community activities related to health aspects. In addition, related documents such as meeting notes, statistical data, previous research and other research on similar topics were used to supplement the data. The data collected in this study were analyzed in stages, namely organizing the data, reading Figure 1: Akit Tribe House complete information and coding, making detailed descriptions of the cases and their Source: Akit Tribe, 2018 contexts, and drawing a conclusion. Figure 1 is the original house of the Akit tribe; the scattered pattern of their settlement shows the deteriorating health quality of the Result and Discussion Akit community. The distance of each house Result is quite far, about one kilometer
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