USING LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY TO INFORM THE RECREATIONAL DESIGN

OF THE MILTON LIMESTONE QUARRY

A Thesis

Presented to

The Faculty of Graduate Studies

of

The University of Guelph

by

MARK A. TAYLOR

In partial fulfilment of requirements

For the degree of

Master of Landscape Architecture

December, 2007

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While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada ABSTRACT

USING LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY TO INFORM THE RECREATIONAL DESIGN

OF THE MILTON LIMESTONE QUARRY

Mark Taylor Advisor: Dr. Robert Corry University of Guelph, 2007 Committee: Sean Kelly

Located on the Niagara Escarpment at the edge of Milton Ontario, the decommissioned Milton Limestone Quarry provides an opportunity to test landscape ecology principles for rehabilitation of the land and inclusion of diverse objectives like recreation. A conceptual rehabilitation masterplan for the site is developed using a structured site analysis and designing utilizing landscape ecology principles. The themes discussed reflect the municipal owners' needs, focusing on recreation, and incorporating elements such as trails and landscape patches that are contiguous with neighbouring

sections of the Niagara Escarpment. Feedback on the design used assessment of experts from Conservation Halton. A questionnaire and general discussion was administered utilizing spatial response scales and written responses to collect data. The results, reinforced by experts, suggest how landscape ecological principles such as 'aggregate- with-outliers' may be used to inform rehabilitation design at multiple scales and with a diverse range objectives.

KEYWORDS: landscape ecology, quarry rehabilitation, landscape design, expert assessment ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

There are a number of people that I would like to recognize who have assisted me along the way and supported me while being employed full-time and working on my thesis part-time.

Thanks to Rob Corry for being my advisor and all your guidance and assistance. I am fortunate that you were flexible and able to meet outside of regular hours and have different pick-up and drop off options for revisions. It has been a great learning experience for me and you have pushed me all the way. Thanks also to Sean Kelly for being on my committee and meeting after hours for discussion.

Thanks to the University of Guelph, who has raised me on an educational, leadership and professional level through my undergraduate and graduate careers.

Thanks to my parents for their ongoing support, even if they didn't know or understand what I have been working on, this final product will hopefully explain a lot.

Most of all thanks to my wife Melanie, who lent an ear when I was frustrated and stressing out or pushed me when I was procrastinating. Thanks for your offers to edit and general support when I just needed to focus and get things done.

I'll have to find some new hobbies to keep me busy now that for the first time in 23 years I am no longer a student.

i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements i Table of Contents ii List of Figures iv List of Tables vii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.0 BACKGROUND 1 1.1 GOAL & OBJECTIVES 2 1.2 STRUCTURE OF THESIS 3

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.0 AGGREGATE RESOURCES ACT 4 2.1 NIAGARA ESCARPMENT 4 2.1.1 Ecology 6 2.1.2 Recreation 10 2.1.3 Regulations 11 2.2 SCALE 12 2.2.1 Scale Hierarchy 13 2.2.2 Scale Considerations 14 2.3 LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY 15 2.3.1 Landscape Elements 16 2.3.2 Aggregate-with-outliers Principle 19 2.4 RECREATION DESIGN 21 2.4.1 Experience 21 2.4.2 Activity 22 2.5 REHABILITATION DESIGN 24 2.6 EXPERT ASSESSMENT 25 2.7 SUMMARY 26

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 28 3.0 INVENTORY & ANALYSIS 29 3.0.1 Site context 31 3.0.2 Photographic overview of existing conditions 35 3.0.3 Physical 40 3.0.4 Biological 42 3.0.5 Cultural 45 3.1 DESIGN PROCESS 48 3.2 APPLICATION OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY 49 3.3 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 50 3.4 DESIGN EVALUATION 50

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 52 4.0 DESIGN 52 4.0.1 Forest 54 4.0.2 Meadow 56

n 4.0.3 Wetland 57 4.0.4 Beach 58 4.0.5 Water 59 4.0.6 Lawn 60 4.0.7 Roads and Parking 61 4.0.8 Camping 62 4.0.9 Climbing 63 4.0.10 Trails 64 4.0.11 Lookouts 65 4.0.12 Facility 66 4.1 CRITIQUE BY CONSERVATION HALTON 67 4.2 FURTHER DISCUSSION WITH 70 CONSERVATION HALTON

CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION 71 5.0 ANALYSIS OF FEEDBACK 71 5.0.1 Landscape Ecology 71 5.0.2 Conservation Halton 72 5.0.3 Niagara Escarpment 73 5.0.4 Recreation 73 5.0.5 Access 75 5.0.6 Education 75 5.0.7 Questionnaire summary 76 5.1 DIRECT DISCUSSION WITH 76 CONSERVATION HALTON 5.2 METHODOLOGY 78 5.2.1 Regulations 78 5.2.2 Landscape Ecology 79 5.2.3 Recreation 80 5.3 APPLICATION OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY 80 5.4 LIMITATIONS 82

CHAPTER 6 IMPLICATIONS 84 6.0 IMPLICATIONS FOR LANDSCAPE 84 ARCHITECTURE 6.1 FURTHER RESEARCH 85

CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY 87

References 90

Appendix A Presentation to Conservation Halton 93 B Questionnaire 99

iii LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Description / Source Page

2.1 Niagara Escarpment Map 6 NEC, 2007

2.2 Niagara Escarpment land classification for Milton area 8 NEC, 2007

2.3 Core Conservation areas 9 Switzer et al, 1998

2.4 Illustration of changing grain size and extent 15 Turner et al, 1989b. pg. 154

2.5 Ecologically "optimum" patch shape 16 Dramstadet al, 1996

2.6 Five corridor functions 17 Forman, 1995. pg. 86

2.7 Boundaries and edges 18 Forman, 1995. pg. 86

2.8 Aggregate-with-outliers principle 20 Forman, 1995. pg. 437

2.9 Trail design configurations 23 Brown, 1996. pg. 4.7-4

3.1 Land Planning and Design Process 28 LaGro, 2001 Adapted by: Mark Taylor

3.2 Aerial image of analysis extent 31 Source of image: Google, 2007 Adapted by: Mark Taylor

3.3 Site context 32 Created by: Mark Taylor

3.4 Existing Site Conditions 36 Created by: Mark Taylor

3.5 Existing topography 41 Created by: Mark Taylor

iv Figure Description / Source

3.6 Vegetation communities 44 Switzer et al, 1998

3.7 Kelso Trail Map 46 Conservation Halton, 2007

4.1 Conceptual Masterplan 53 Created by: Mark Taylor

4.2 Site Design - Forest 54 Created by: Mark Taylor

4.3 Site Design - Meadow 56 Created by: Mark Taylor

4.4 Site Design - Wetlands 57 Created by: Mark Taylor

4.5 Site Design - Beach 58 Created by: Mark Taylor

4.6 Site Design - Water 59 Created by: Mark Taylor

A.l Site Design - Lawn 60 Created by: Mark Taylor

4.8 Site Design - Roads and Parking 61 Created by: Mark Taylor

4.9 Site Design - Camping 62 Created by: Mark Taylor

4.10 Site Design - Climbing 63 Created by: Mark Taylor

4.11 Site Design - Trails 64 Created by: Mark Taylor

4.12 Site Design - Lookouts 65 Created by: Mark Taylor

4.13 Site Design - Facility 66 Created by: Mark Taylor Figure Description / Source Page

4.14 Summary of scaled response component of questionnaire 68 Compiled by: Mark Taylor

VI LIST OF TABLES

Table Description / Source Page

2.1 Definitions of scale-related terminology. 13 Adapted from: Turner et ah, 1989a, pg. 246

3.1 Population growth predictions for Milton from 1996-2021 34 Regional Municipality ofHalton, 2007. Adapted by: Mark Taylor

4.1 Summary of written responses to questionnaire 69 Compiled by: Mark Taylor

vii CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND

This research serves to test the application of landscape ecological principles in an

approach with multiple objectives towards the rehabilitation of a specific site. Themes relating to legislation, the Niagara Escarpment, scale, landscape ecology, recreation, rehabilitation and expert assessment will be reviewed and discussed. A detailed

inventory and analysis will be conducted and synthesized with the literature in order to

create a design for a specific site. Landscape ecological principles such as 'aggregate- with-outliers' are explored as a basis for design decisions incorporating recreation components. The study site is the Milton Limestone Quarry which has been vacant since

2001. Quarrying activities have exhausted the aggregate resources and minimal rehabilitation has taken place. Located within the Niagara Escarpment, close to Milton

Ontario and neighbouring the Bruce Trail, this site is virtually a clean slate with

incredible potential for ecological enhancement. This potential will be examined and a

solution proposed in the form of a conceptual masterplan. The masterplan will be

evaluated based on the relevant themes by experts from Conservation Halton.

Conclusions from the assessment and process taken to achieve the goal and objectives will be discussed, providing insight into the utilization of landscape ecology principles to

develop a rehabilitation design with diverse objectives.

1 1.1 GOAL & OBJECTIVES

GOAL

To apply and assess landscape ecology principles applied through landscape design of a conceptual rehabilitation masterplan for the Milton Limestone Quarry. To consider the conservation and recreation needs of the area in design and assessment, and to use an objective measure of design quality.

OBJECTIVES

1. To protect unique ecological areas from negative human impacts

2. To provide connectivity to surrounding recreational activities

3. To propose development compatible with the Niagara Escarpment Plan and

surrounding areas along the Niagara Escarpment

4. To provide adequate public access to the site

5. To utilize landscape ecology to inform the design and reconcile conflicts

6. To utilize expert assessment to evaluate the ecological and recreational aspects of

the conceptual masterplan

2 1.2 STRUCTURE OF THESIS

This thesis is comprised of seven chapters following this outline:

• Literature Review - introducing the main concepts

• Inventory and Analysis - overview of the site and surrounding characteristics

• Design - present the conceptual masterplan

• Evaluation of Design - expert assessment

• Findings - implications of study

Chapter One provides a broad introduction to the research and explains the goal and objectives. Chapter Two introduces pertinent literature relating to the study. Chapter

Three builds upon the body of knowledge, developing methods to carry out the study and conduct an inventory and analysis of existing conditions. Chapter Four is the heart of the document where the conceptual masterplan is presented, explained and assessed. Chapter

Five analyzes the conceptual masterplan and expert responses by Conservation Halton, drawing out major themes and concepts for further discussion leading to Chapter Six, implications of the study. Finally, the goal and objectives are revisited in Chapter Seven and ideas are summarized.

3 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

The body of literature is used to suggest linkages in the investigation of applying

landscape ecology principles to the design of the Milton Limestone Quarry and the

assessment of the design. The literature spanned the topics of regulatory structure, physical environment, scale of inquiry, ecological principles, outdoor recreation,

rehabilitation and assessment by experts.

2.0 AGGREGATE RESOURCES ACT

Pits and quarries in Ontario are regulated by the Aggregate Resources Act, a provincial document whose purpose is to provide for the management of the aggregate resources in Ontario, to control and regulate aggregate operations, to require the

rehabilitation of land from which aggregate has been excavated and to minimize the

adverse impact on the environment in respect of aggregate operations (Aggregate

Resources Act, 2006). Rehabilitation is defined as the treatment of land from which

aggregate has been excavated, transforming it back to its original condition or to a use that is compatible with its surrounding land uses. The Act states that "every licensee and permittee shall perform progressive rehabilitation and final rehabilitation on the site"

(Aggregate Resources Act, 2006).

2.1 NIAGARA ESCARPMENT

The Niagara Escarpment is a 725 km long natural feature extending from

Tobermory to Queenston, Ontario (Figure 2.1) with a cliff face that rises to 30 metres in

4 height in some locations (NEC, 2007). The escarpment contains geological and

ecological features which are unequalled anywhere else in Canada (NEC, 2007). The

Niagara Escarpment is classified as a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization (UNESCO) Biosphere Reserve which means that it is recognized worldwide as a natural area or feature which demonstrates innovative approaches to conservation and sustainable development (UNESCO, 2007).

The Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve includes 190,270 hectares of land with an estimated population of only 120,000 people, although an estimated 7 million people live within 100 km of the Escarpment (NEC, 2007). Originating 450-430 million years ago and containing rocks and fossils from the Silurian and Ordovician Periods

(NEC, 2007), the Escarpment's geology provides the ideal resource for aggregate extraction and is adjacent to the highest concentration of limestone quarries in North

America (Gorrie 1993).

5 NIAGARA ESCARPMENT i i Map of Niagara EscarpmentTIan Area :y®$g MM •• • K*.

CfeorgfaM Bay ^~ lake \ ^f.<2v3. vutAttma UTwkuf cmvomoco

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40 80 10 § 0 m m » r r*tis ,- K*.<**Tfc{s

Figure 2.1: Niagara Escarpment Map (NEC, 2007).

2.1.1 Ecology

The Niagara Escarpment contains some of the largest contiguous upland forest habitats remaining in Ontario south of the Canadian Shield (Switzer et al., 1998). These

6 relatively-intact forest patches provide habitat for a wide range of species. Within the

Kelso area there are 562 identified plant species, 113 of which are regionally uncommon,

47 regionally rare, 4 provincially rare and 3 nationally rare species (Switzer et al, 1998).

There are also a number of rare and significant birds, reptiles, amphibians and butterflies.

Further ecological studies of the Niagara Escarpment have shown that its cliff faces support the most ancient undisturbed old-growth forests in all of eastern North America, containing eastern white cedars that are 1650 years old (Ursic et al., 1997). Many of these locations have been designated as Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) or Areas of Natural and Scientific Interest (ANSI) (Figure 2.3). These areas generally correlate with escarpment natural areas (Figure 2.2) and are noted around the Kelso Conservation

Area.

7 1 i Ha it fill *

lilii If 1*1 ro Illl ^g a s % s -c ° lit! a u a. "ft a> £ < I01 If 13 •H: 2 z £ £ g IE s-OOcg. LU c l£^l&sill5 Hi* • a. O a.: 1 S ij 1 11 I « is

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Figure 2.2: Niagara Escarpment land classification for Milton area (NEC, 2007) CO u< < o i Ul < < o o 1

1 2 oc tu o CO o n o CO UJ 11 oc o !• 2.1.2 Recreation

Outdoor recreation and active living are being promoted across Ontario in order to promote healthier balanced lifestyles and personal wellness (ACTIVE 2010,2006). As the demographic profile of Ontario changes there are many "baby boomers" retiring from work and looking for alternatives close to home in order to keep active and enjoy the outdoors. The use of trails and scenic recreational areas such as the Niagara Escarpment provide a very enjoyable experience to these individuals. The Niagara Escarpment supports passive and active recreation opportunities through its parks and open space system making the Niagara Escarpment one of Ontario's principal outdoor recreation areas (NEP, 2005). These outdoor recreation activities include fishing, canoeing, sea kayaking, cycling, rock climbing, camping, sight-seeing, hiking and downhill and cross country skiing (NEC, 2007). The majority of the water related activities are associated with the Georgian Bay area, although small lakes and rivers in the southern portion of the escarpment, such as Kelso Conservation Area, also support these uses.

A number of public and private trail networks weave their way along the Niagara

Escarpment, the best known of which is the Bruce Trail. Visited by an estimated 500,000 people each year (NEC, 2007), the Bruce Trail is the oldest and longest continuous footpath in Canada. It runs along the length of the Niagara Escarpment from Niagara to

Tobermory, spanning more than 850km of main trail and 250km of side trail (Bruce Trail

Assoc, 2007). The Bruce Trail is an essential recreational and educational component of the Niagara Escarpment, linking parks, open space and natural areas through a continuous corridor and promoting environmentally responsible public access (Bruce Trail Assoc,

2007).

10 2.1.3 Regulations

The location of the Milton Limestone Quarry causes it to fall under a number of levels of location specific legislation including the Places to Grow Act, the Greenbelt

Plan and the Niagara Escarpment Plan.

The Places to Grow Act, introduced by the Ministry of Public Infrastructure

Renewal, provides guidelines for growth in the Greater Golden Horseshoe area. It states that by 2031 the population of the Greater Golden Horseshoe is going to increase by 3.7 million people to a total of 11.5 million people, identifying Milton, Ontario, as an urban growth centre where a large portion of this growth will occur (Places to Grow Act, 2006).

Identified in the Growth Plan are provisions to promote conservation and encourage the development of trails and open space.

The Greenbelt Plan works in conjunction with the Places to Grow Act, addressing the areas where urban development will not take place and further development or alteration of designated land use is prohibited. One of the goals of the Greenbelt Plan is to promote culture recreation and tourism, while maintaining or enhancing the existing character of the escarpment area.

The Niagara Escarpment Planning and Development Act was created out of public concern and environmental awareness and was passed in 1973 by the government of Ontario. This was further resolved into the Niagara Escarpment Plan (NEP), approved by the government in 1985 in order to further promote proper management and the

11 protection of the Niagara Escarpment (Tovell, 1992). The purpose of the plan is to strike a balance between development and preservation, making land available for people to enjoy but to also accommodate necessary human structures and resource extraction. The

NEP categorizes land into seven different land use designations including: Mineral

Resource Extraction Area, Escarpment Recreation Area, Escarpment Natural Area and

Urban Area. A major objective of the NEP is to "ensure that future recreational development is compatible with cultural and natural heritage values in the area" (NEP,

2005). The NEP outlines specific development criteria and permitted uses which must be adhered to in order for development to take place within the Niagara Escarpment

Biosphere Reserve. There are also strict rules for aggregate extraction within the NEP and such activities cannot take place without an Official Plan amendment (NEP, 2005).

A mineral extraction area must ensure that the after uses and rehabilitation are compatible with the applicable plan designation, the surrounding environment and existing uses. It also encourages, where possible, the rehabilitation to be integrated into the Niagara

Escarpment parks and open space system.

2.2 SCALE

In order to discuss scale in detail and how it can be applied to the analysis and design of areas it is important to clarify the range of terminology used. The terms scale, cartographic scale, resolution, grain, extent, absolute scale and relative scale, all of which relate to the concept of scale are defined in Table 2.1. Note that many of the terms are interconnected but should not be used interchangeably. In order to be able to apply principles from landscape ecology to a specific design a strong understanding of scale is

12 needed. The terminology of scale, cartographic scale, absolute scale, relative scale, resolution, grain and extent are utilized in order to clearly explain and define the context and as a tool in analysis. These terms are also prevalent in the landscape ecology literature and it is important that they not be confused or used improperly.

Table 2.1: Definitions of scale-related terminology (Adapted from: Turner et al., 1989a, pg. 246). Term Definition Scale The spatial or temporal dimension of an object or process, characterized by both grain and extent. Cartographic Scale The degree of spatial reduction indicating the length used to represent a larger unit of measure; ratio of distance on the earth surface represented by the map, usually in terms such as 1:10000. Resolution Precision of measurement; grain size, if spatial. Grain The finest level of spatial resolution possible with a given data set. (e.g., pixel size for raster data) Extent The size of the study area or the duration of time under consideration. Absolute Scale The actual distance, direction, shape, and geometry. Relative Scale A transformation of absolute scale to a scale that describes relative distance, direction, or geometry based on some functional relationship, (e.g., the relative distance between two locations based on the effort required by an organism to move between them)

2.2.1 Scale Hierarchy

Scaling allows us to link landscape dynamics, biodiversity and ecosystem processes and is crucial for studying the complexity of patterns and processes throughout the landscape (Farina, 1998). The study of landscape ecology deals with principles on a number of different scale levels. The levels pertinent to this paper are those of the regional scale, landscape scale and site scale. These scales can then be roughly correlated to a land area.

Regional scale is the largest scale being loosely defined as an area containing 103 to 10 landscape units, with the landscape unit depending on the question being asked.

For forest biodiversity the logical landscape unit might be a forest patch (O'Neill et al.,

1996). The landscape scale makes up a portion of the area within a region. Site scale is

13 the scale at which the whole area in question can be viewed. This varies significantly depending on the size of the site.

2.2.2 Scale Considerations

There are a number of different factors to consider when looking at the landscape from a various scales. In general the scale is determined by observer-dependent criteria, and the scales must be appropriate for the phenomenon of interest (Turner et al., 1989a).

The criteria might be range, location or habit and the phenomenon might be a specific species, area or land mass. Regardless of the feature it is advised that "the grain should be 2 to 5 times smaller than the smallest feature of interest and the calculation unit should be 2 to 5 times larger than the largest feature of interest" (O'Neill et al., 1996. pg. 178).

Using this 2 to 5 times scale factor tries to ensure that all relevant neighbouring phenomena are captured in the analysis. When determining a scale to work at it is also important to note that a relatively coarse spatial scale may suffice for developing the principles of landscape ecology (O'Neill et al., 1996) although when moving between scales some level of bias must be accepted. For example, habitats can appear fragmented at one scale and connected at another illustrating that the scale of observation may introduce bias. This can be seen when looking at connectivity in an agricultural landscape, at a coarse scale hedgerows may not be visible so there is no connectivity through fields, but if the grain is made finer, hedgerows may appear and connectivity is visibly restored or becomes a barrier between two fields (Figure 2.4).

14 Figure 2.4: Illustration of changing grain size and extent (Turner et al., 1989b. pg. 154).

2.3 LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY

The field of landscape ecology presents many principles and ideas that can be utilized in design and land use planning. Selected principles will be applied in order to understand the key flows and movements through landscapes and propose an optimal spatial arrangement for a site. It is also important to understand that the arrangement of a landscape in a region affects not only the region but also the neighbouring regions

(Forman, 1995). Patch, corridor and edge concepts will be discussed as well as a spatial arrangement principle aggregate-with-outliers with respect to design and function.

15 2.3.1 Landscape Elements

The landscape is composed of multiple spatial elements which may be human created or natural in origin. Three of these elements are patches, corridors and edges.

Patch

A patch is "a relatively homogeneous nonlinear area that differs from its surroundings" (Forman, 1995. pg.39). In this study, a patch is characterized by its vegetation type and shape. An ecologically optimum patch shape has a rounded core for protection of resources, curvilinear boundaries and a few fingers for species dispersal

(Dramstad et al., 1996) (Figure 2.5.). Patch size also contributes to ecological value with large patches being able to protect water quality, sustain interior species populations, act as a source and buffer against extinction during habitat change, while small patches act as stepping stones for species dispersal, provide habitat for edge species and re-colonization areas (Forman, 1995).

Figure 2.5: Ecologically "optimum" patch shape (Dramstad et al., 1996).

16 Corridor

A corridor is "a strip of a particular type that differs from the adjacent land on both sides. Corridors have several important functions, including conduit, barrier, and habitat" (Forman, 1995. pg. 38). Natural corridors such as stream valleys, woodlands and hedgerows function as connecting linkages between natural core areas and are important for maintaining species diversity and richness. Corridors allow for greater range of species travel and can function as a conduit, habitat, filter, source and sink (Figure 2.6).

Nearby fragments can also perform this same linkage depending on the species range.

The escarpment forest is seen as a significant corridor habitat of a variety of species

(Switzer et al., 1998).

FIVE CORRIDOR FUNCTIONS

(a) Habitat Species types 0 %- - > Edge spp. Interior spp. I -ea-::\ > or or 0 Internal entity spp. IE

> Multihabitat corridor spp.--'^ -> Multihabitat matrix spp. — > -€K? = edge conditions = interior conditions = interna! entity (e.g., road or stream) = nest or den = home-range movements

(b) Conduit (c) Filter (d) Source (e) Sink » —~^> --> A---> > The five corridor functions, (a) Narrow corridor on left, and wide corridor on right; multihabitat species use two or more habitats, (b) Increased probability of movement inside or alongside a corridor, (c) to (e) Movements and flows between matrix and corridor.

Figure 2.6: Five corridor functions (Forman, 1995. pg. 86).

17 Edge

An edge is "the portion of an ecosystem near its perimeter, where influences of the surroundings prevent development of interior environmental conditions" (Forman,

1995. pg. 38). Edges can vary in width and complexity and when designed, should replicate optimal natural edge characteristics by being curvilinear, complex and soft

(Figure 2.6). Human created edges should be modified when possible because they generally tend to be linear, simple and hard (abrupt) like the edge of a road. The more curvilinear the edge the more area there is for interactions to take place (Forman, 1995).

The edge also functions as a filter which buffers the core of the patch, dampening influences of the surroundings.

Figure 2.7: Boundaries and edges (Forman, 1995. pg. 86).

The optimal arrangement for patches, corridors and edges, produces a coarse­ grained landscape containing fine-grained elements (Dramstad et al., 1996). A possible spatial representation of this arrangement is illustrated by the aggregate-with-outliers principle, which is further discussed in Section 2.3.2. The benefits of this arrangement are large-patch ecological benefits, such as predation protection, core habitat and multi- species habitat along with a breadth of environmental resources and conditions

(Dramstad et al., 1996). Creative design of these spatial configurations will become increasingly important in sustaining the integrity of ecological systems (Collinge, 1996).

An example of an "optimal" spatial arrangement is the aggregate-with-outliers pattern, described in the following Section (2.3.2).

2.3.2 Aggregates-with-outliers principle

The aggregate-with-outliers principle (Figure 2.7) is a spatial land planning solution that consolidates land uses, yet maintains corridors and small patches of nature throughout developed areas, as well as small patches of human activity spatially arranged along major boundaries. This principle "hypothesizes that the optimum landscape has large patches (aggregate) supplemented with small patches (outliers) scattered throughout the matrix" (Forman, 1995. pg. 48).

19 Figure 2.8: Aggregate-with-outliers principle (Forman, 1995. pg. 437).

There are seven attributes incorporated into this principle: large patches of natural vegetation, variable grain size, risk spreading, genetic variation, boundary zone, small patches of natural vegetation and corridors (Forman, 1995). Large patches of natural vegetation act as source populations and habitat for a wide variety of species, variable grain size provides for large and small patches of different configuration, the risk spreading attribute in a diverse landscape disperses impact lessening it so one area is not detrimentally affected. Additional attributes in this principle are genetic variation, which allows for more diverse populations that can survive through change; boundary zone,

(Figure 2.7) which provides a buffer between land uses and core areas; and habitat for edge species. Small patches of natural vegetation are used as stepping stones for species

20 dispersal and habitat for small patch species. The final attribute, corridors, provides connectivity between patches and function in a number of other different ways (Figure

2.6). Because of these attributes, the aggregate-with-outliers principle has numerous ecological benefits including: providing an exceptionally wide range of settings, efficiency of species movement, large natural vegetation patches, variety among grain sizes providing visual diversity and diverse habitat opportunities (Forman, 1995).

Because it is a spatial solution, the principle can reportedly be applied to any landscape providing a solution to land planning and conservation problems (Forman & Collinge,

1997).

2.4 RECREATIONAL DESIGN

A number of factors affect recreational design including experiential aspects, and factors relating directly to the activity. Walking, hiking and cycling trails are currently a very prominent recreational component of the Niagara Escarpment.

2.4.1 Experience

There are a number of things that can be designed which can improve the experience of a recreation area. The images that visitors of a park take home are primarily visual and experiential. Everything manmade installed within the park should be a result of a planning decision (Brown, 1996). The design should strive for continuity between parks in areas such as signage, facilities and amenities in order to give the user the understanding that it is operated by the same owner and that they have been planned out by one collective mind (Brown, 1996).

21 The distance between parking, staging area and the recreation activity is also very important to ensure that the experience is enjoyable and people are willing to walk a certain distance before this experience is negatively impacted. Designing with a maximum distance of 450 m between parking and the event staging area allows for maximum user involvement and is viewed as a comfortable walking distance that people are willing to travel to an event. In order to ensure that features and program elements are successful this standard should be adhered to whenever possible.

2.4.2 Activity

Permitting passive recreation within an ecological area is frequently valuable or even fundamental to obtain public appreciation and cooperation in habitat protection, restoration and research (Zedler & Leach, 1998). Trails are a popular and easy way to enjoy the surrounding environment and guide visitors through areas of interest or direct them away from areas to be protected. Some considerations for the design and siting of a trail include determining the type of trail users, identifying control points, configuring loops and adapting it to the topography. It is important to understand the different user groups and possible conflict between hiking and bicycling use of trails. In order to minimize conflict, events or intended users should be well demarcated by signage

(Brown, 1996). This creates a safe environment for the event to take place. By designing the trails in a stacked-loop system (Figure 2.9) optimal use of available land can be obtained and it allows visitors to enjoy trails of varying distances, difficulty or settings in the same outing. Ensuring the trails function within the existing topography will ensure that they are viable and will not be overly susceptible to erosion or too steep for the

22 intended use (IMBA, 2007). The ability to link trails with neighbouring existing trails and create a larger network is also important in order to bring more people into the site and allow for more decision as to which route to take.

'") LINEAR c • for long distance (rails • for goai oriented tra>is. eg. access to areas, linking facilities ; • Side trails can ai low access to secondary recreation features, special features, ^ xl interpretive HarmaSon and views • can be an adaptation of an exist'ng route, eg. old road S- ...../"N, LOOP • alwa/s guides the user to the traslheaa • no need to retrace steps so cars be more interesting to use c. 5 • less physical wear Y'-\ •••••" \ STACKED LOOP • offers a variety oftravei distances • can be used to offer variety of difficulties to suit user ability • can work at different layers according to the v ./ seasons v--, ...' SATELLITE LOOP • can provide wider range of alternatives in • experiences and difficulty • centra! loop connects ail users to trailhead allows for 'rail development where varied terrain v,,\-...\ y • can work at different layers according to the seasons

SPOKED WHEEL • offers a range of travel csstaixe alternatives • users may turn back to the traShead from a \ number of different points

^ MAZE • can make maximum use of an area by lettmg users explore their own routes : • provides a variety of terrain conditions, travel distances and interpretative themes • must be well marked «ntti directions and r distances

Figure 2.9: Trail Design Configurations (Brown, 1996. pg. 4.7-4). 2.5 REHABILITATION DESIGN

Aggregate extraction sites provide good opportunities for establishing native ecosystems, recreational areas or productive agricultural lands. These restored uses can be accomplished by creating the necessary physical and hydrological environments on- site, by ensuring connections to natural features in the surrounding landscape, and by working with successional processes (Browning & Tan, 2001).

Succession is generally used because it is a cost effective means of obtaining a vegetated area, but it takes many years for growth and establishment and may not entirely have the desired outcomes. In most situations the process of natural succession is slow and it is common for 50 to 100 years to lapse before a satisfactory vegetation cover develops, particularly on mine wastes (Bradshaw, 1997). Successional processes, for the desired outcome of a forest, can be accelerated by providing a viable substrate for seeds to grow in, or by planting primary vegetation to get the process started and accumulating more organic material for the establishment of secondary vegetation. Greater initial rehabilitation effort, in order to accelerate the succession process, has proven to be effective in cliff communities. This is achieved by planting at the base of a cliff which provides a seed bank and better micro-climate conditions for establishment (Ursic et al.,

1997).

Soil bioengineering can be used to stabilize slopes and at the same time provide a vegetation base for further successional growth (Morgan & Rickson, 1995). This can allow for increasing the steepness of slopes past the materials' natural angle of repose to develop bench areas in existing steep slopes. This allows for further diversity within land use patches because of varied shelter, sun or moisture conditions compared to the

24 surrounding area. By utilizing these techniques, the varied landscapes of the Niagara

Escarpment edge can be replicated and given a stable substrate to develop from. The natural shape of the escarpment face and surrounding features are not uniform 3:1 backfilled slopes.

2.6 EXPERT ASSESSMENT

Expert assessment is a tool for gaining feedback on a topic by utilizing individuals with prior knowledge on the topic who are widely recognized as a reliable source by their peers or the public (Dictionary.com, 2007). By using this method of feedback, educated responses can be attained from multiple individuals of different disciplines.

The Delphi Method of expert assessment is a systematic method of structuring a group communication process allowing a group of experts as a whole to give feedback on a variety of topics (Sackman, 1974). By using experts, a greater level of detailed feedback can be acquired without having to consult a large number of people. This efficient method is conducted by soliciting feedback directly from people who already have specific knowledge or skills in the area of study. The expert feedback was gained through discussion and answering established questions.

Various techniques can be carried out to acquire expert feedback including: direct interviews, questionnaires, open discussion or by conversation over the phone or internet.

By conducting group communication through a formal conference or meeting, group size can vary, the length of interaction can be longer, only a single interaction is needed and the message is conveyed by doing a directed presentation (Linstone & Turoff, 1975).

25 When scripted this presentation can be reproduced for additional groups of people if needed and that ensures that the information presented is the same. The questionnaire will likely represent many aspects of the work performed by these experts, providing focused knowledgeable responses (Sackman, 1974).

The level of measurement of data received for feedback is important, whether it is nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio data. Different levels of statistical analysis can be performed depending on the level of measurement. The level of measurement should be appropriate for the desired further analysis and presentation of the collected data

(McGrew & Monroe, 2000).

By collecting data in multiple forms, for example, scaled and written responses, answers can be analyzed independently or correlated in order to gain further insight.

2.7 SUMMARY

Key findings from the Aggregate Resources Act, features and regulations of the

Niagara Escarpment, concept of scale, landscape ecology principles, recreation and rehabilitation design and expert assessment will be utilized to develop and evaluate the conceptual masterplan presented in the following chapters.

Scale, the Niagara Escarpment and regulations will provide the base for analysis and initial decisions regarding the site. Landscape ecology, recreation and rehabilitation will provide the approaches for designing the site and producing the conceptual masterplan. Finally, literature on expert assessment will serve to guide the creation of a

26 questionnaire and administration of evaluating the principles used to design and the success of the design.

27 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

LaGro (2001) has developed a model which clearly illustrates a method for land planning, designing, evaluation and implementation (Figure 3.1). For the purposes of this study the model will be followed from the inventory stages, through analysis and into concept development, the creation of a masterplan and the evaluation of that masterplan.

Site Design Inventory Evaluation (Physical)

Programming t Site Site Concept Master Construction Project inventory Analysis Development Planning —• Documentation *| Implementation (Biological)

Site Selection

Site Inventory (Cultural)

Figure 3.1: Land Planning and Design Process (Source: LaGro, 2001. Adapted by: Mark Taylor).

The site inventory and analysis will combine information from a variety of spatial scales with literature review material and applying those concepts and data into a design for a specific site. A conceptual masterplan will be developed which identifies main land uses and recreation features and is at the site scale. The focus of the masterplan is to create connections, replicating neighbouring environments and landuses to integrate the site into the overall landscape mosaic. At that point the conceptual masterplan will be presented

28 and assessed by experts. In the scope of this study the design will not proceed to construction documentation or project implementation stages.

3.0 INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS

The design site is the 71 hectare (176 acre) Milton Limestone Quarry, previously owned and operated by the Barrick Gold Corporation from 1958 to 2001 and was donated to Conservation Halton and dedicated as public parkland (Conservation Halton

Viewpoint, 2004). Upon being handed over to Conservation Halton the site had been rehabilitated to a minimum standard of acceptance. It is considered 'rehabilitated' according to the Aggregate Resources Act, although there is a great deal of additional restoration which can be done in order to promote the ecological and recreational potential of the site. Dramatic improvement of the site conditions and overall connectivity with the neighbouring environment had not been part of the initial rehabilitation.

A detailed inventory and analysis was conducted by reviewing literature from

Conservation Halton which documented site conditions as a result of the Kelso

Conservation Area Masterplan (Switzer et al., 1998), examining aerial imagery and conducting site visits. By using these methods to collect data, a large spatial area can be efficiently covered through aerial image interpretation, providing the context at a broad scale. Site visits provide a ground truth allowing for the further exploration of specific areas at a finer scale.

29 Two site visits were conducted on December 8, 2006 and June 9, 2007. The first was brief, obtaining a general overview of the site, taking photos and understanding how access for the site currently works. The second site visit was a lengthy comprehensive

'walk through' of the site; taking photos, noting conditions and experiencing the space.

Access permission was granted by Conservation Halton as the site is currently fenced and closed to public use.

A visual inventory and analysis of existing conditions is utilized, highlighting specific areas and features using aerial images and site photos to illustrate existing features of interest. The significant features were analyzed based on a 3 times factor which is within O'Neill et al.'s suggested 2 to 5 times range. A 3x3 grid method used to determine the extent of consideration, with each grid square being the size of the entire site (Figure 3.2).

By utilizing aerial imagery the general surrounding conditions could be interpolated even though access was not permitted in neighbouring private areas. Access through Kelso Conservation area was readily available and onto the site by permission from Conservation Halton. The Milton Limestone Quarry site is currently fenced off and signage posted, restricting use by the public.

30 Figure 3.2: Aerial image of analysis extent (Source of image: Google, 2007. Adapted by: Mark Taylor).

3.0.1 Site Context

The context of the site can be seen on the aerial imagery of Figure 3.3. This was analyzed by determining landscape units in classes of built, agriculture, forest and quarry.

These landscape units were then outlined on overlaid trace paper based on the aerial image. A grid was then overlayed to estimate percentage of a specific land cover. The grid size was determined by taking the smallest reasonable landscape unit size which was an agricultural patch. This was also based on the lotting fabric size of the aerial image.

31 < Z £2 SSo < & ^O H B Y TOW N BYCONSE ! STON E Q U ITL Y PAR T ( RVATIO N A ONSERVA T i OWNE R STON E Q U O ^ «j U o y "> ;i ELAN C WNE D N ) u E5 z fe z; N LIM E z NLIM E )WNE D ii MILT O MILT O SIT E ( C HALT O SIT E ( 0 PRIVA T MILTO I HALT O

H LAND C KELS O < (OWN E .i>5 LEGEN D l-l l-l l-l I.I 1-1 l-l

p43uy.11 ia

illili anal

. ^"-"V The landscape unit size is approximately 220 metres square which is the absolute scale of the overlay grid size, or 5 centimetres square at the relative scale.

The larger area of the Niagara Escarpment is considered in order to capture the importance of the linear landscape feature which has the greatest impact on the site. Any site changes should emphasize the maintenance and enhancement of the area, ensuring that there is no net loss of species biodiversity and sustainability (Switzer et al., 1998).

Within the extent of analysis the edge of the Town of Milton was captured. The boundary of Milton is fixed neighbouring the site because of the Greenbelt Act and

Niagara Escarpment Commission legislation. The pressure of a more contained or bound system will continue in the future and also the proximity of users is close enough to result in frequent direct use. The Town of Milton will grow and intensify, because of its mandate from Places to Grow legislation. Projections indicate that growth in the future will take place at a staggering rate (Table 3.1).

33 Table 3.1: Population growth predictions for Milton from 1996-2021 (Source: Regional Municipality of Halton, 2007. Adapted by: Mark Taylor).

POPULATION CHANGE IN MILTON ONTARIO FROM 1996 - 2021

% Size % Change Quantity Year Population compared to from previous change from 2006 year previous year

1996 32,300 60.0% 1997 32,000 59.4% -0.6% -300 1998 31,800 58.9% -0.5% -200 1999 31,600 58.6% -0.3% -200 2000 31,400 58.3% -0.3% -200 2001 31,300 58.1% -0.2% -100 2002 34,600 64.2% 6.1% 3,300 2003 38,600 71.6% 7.4% 4,000 2004 43,200 80.1% 8.5% 4,600 2005 48,400 89.8% 9.7% 5,200 2006 53,900 100.0% 10.2% 5,500 2007 59,800 110.9% 10.9% 5,900 2008 65,800 122.1% 11.2% 6,000 2009 71,700 133.0% 10.9% 5,900 2010 77,400 143.6% 10.6% 5,700 2011 82,700 153.4% 9.8% 5,300 2012 88,900 164.9% 11.5% 6,200 2013 95,300 176.8% 11.9% 6,400 2014 101,600 188.5% 11.7% 6,300 2015 107,900 200.2% 11.7% 6,300 2016 114,000 211.5% 11.3% 6,100 2017 120,500 223.5% 12.0% 6,500 2018 127,200 236.0% 12.5% 6,700 2019 133,900 248.4% 12.4% 6,700 2020 140,600 260.9% 12.5% 6,700 2021 147,400 273.5% 12.6% 6,800

From 1996 to 2001 the Town of Milton was in a slow decline but jumped in 2004 and has been growing rapidly since and is projected to grow even faster in the future. In the last six years the Town of Milton has almost doubled growing to a current size of approximately 59,800 people and by the year 2021 its population, based on a best planning estimate, will reach 147,400 (Regional Municipality of Halton, 2007). This growth will put direct pressure on many services including the parks and open space system which includes the nearby Niagara Escarpment recreation and exploration landscapes.

3.0.2 Photographic overview of existing conditions

An aerial image with key photos from the second site visit has been created in order to provide a good visual representation of the existing essential site conditions, referencing their specific locations on the site (Figure 3.4). Each of the photos in this

Figure have been numbered and are explained in detail as part of the inventory and analysis.

Photo 1 - Overview of the Site

This photo serves to give a broad overview of existing conditions and shows the size of the site. The main road around perimeter of lake can be clearly seen which was left from the rehabilitation construction. It creates an abrupt boundary between the water and vegetated areas. The steepness of slopes is noticeable as is the prominence of small grassy vegetation. The lake is a vibrant blue because of the limestone base. This creates the illusion that the water has been painted or treated with a chemical because it is not a characteristic colour for water in the area. The back property boundary of the quarry is delineated by a line of mature trees.

35 £ z f- Z 1 i 5= u o o o 'M ed Q oo E- —1 ar k Q * sti n MJ •H 2 BEAC H WAREHOUS E

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M Photo 2 - Detailed look at lake

The edge of the lake contains many small areas which are beginning to sustain emergent vegetation. These areas have a high potential for biodiversity and frogs and small fish were seen during the site visit. The shallow rocky ledges dot the edge of the lake providing habitat for a variety of species. The estimated size of this ledge is 10 metres long by 4 metres wide.

Photo 3 - Quarry Park Monument

A large boulder was erected to signify the history of the prior land use and quarry activity that took place. Because of its size this feature it is relatively immobile and should be considered to be incorporated into the design. A similar dedication stone also exists at the current gated off entry point into the park. Throughout the site there are arranged boulders and large stones which were placed in circles and can also be utilized in the final design. The feature could be used as a destination or point of interest although it would assume that the site has to be named Quarry Park.

Photo 4 - Cliff face

The western edge of the site has the only exposed rock face on the entire site. All the other faces were backfilled and graded during the rehabilitation process. This feature provides a unique potential habitat and opportunity for replicating characteristics of the escarpment face or for recreational climbing. The face in some places is around eighteen metres in height and faces to the northeast, benefiting from morning sun and being a comfortable area for activity into the afternoon. There is a talus

37 slope at the base which could be excavated in order to create a level base and a larger exposed face for climbing.

Photo 5 - Rip Rap swale

A large linear rip rap swale exists on the site in an unusual location and the purpose of this feature is unknown and why it remains on the site. There is no evidence of a spring at the top or why this location would be treated in such a manner. It could relate back to when the site was an active quarry and does not add any value to the recreation or ecology of the site. As long as this feature does not serve an engineered drainage purpose, it could be removed, using the material elsewhere on the site to assist in preventing erosion around ponds or in swales at culvert / crossing locations.

Photo 6 - The Beach

A beach area on the site was created. The surface of the beach is limestone screenings which have a coarse, abrasive texture. This quality makes the beach unsuitable for typical uses of walking in bare feet and lying on it to sunbathe. Vegetation has begun to colonize along it and it was littered with crayfish shells a sign that birds or small mammals use that area as a hunting and eating location. The area is rather large and wide with a slow gradual slope out into the water. It is also situated in an optimal location for sunning and centralized activities, facing the south west and being in the center of the site.

38 Photo 7 - The Warehouse

The large warehouse building which served as a service garage for the enourmous quarry equipment still remains on the site. It is 15 m wide x 50 m long x

8 m high in size and can be seen from every location on the site. It has been boarded up and looks to be in very poor condition, although currently provides bird habitat.

Photo 8 - Vegetated Swale / Ravine

A lengthy deep wetland swale system is the only outlet for the lake. It is controlled by an adjustable weir. A very lush vegetated area with good habitat opportunities and bird and animal activity, it is one of the more active and interesting areas on the site. Some woody vegetation has started to grow on the banks and edge of slope to the swale.

Photo 9 - Slope overview

The extent of the vegetated swale (right side of photo) can be seen as well as the expanse of green space. This photo was taken looking to the west.

Photo 10 - Road/ Top of Bank

A road follows the perimeter of the quarried area. It is an abrupt edge which marks the edge of quarrying activity and the forest along the brow of the escarpment. The age and make-up of the forest is nearing old-growth status but is not buffered and has a very linear edge. The roadway is also rather wide so that it could support the enourmous quarrying machinery.

39 Photo 11 - Vegetation Patch

There is a single large vegetation patch located on a slope and it is in the north corner of the site. The vegetation is sumac and is well established, providing a glimpse at what is possible for further slope rehabilitation. Many of the slopes can only

sustain grasses which like dry arid environments. This is because the slopes are made up of porous aggregate backfill which drains too quickly with a very thin soil layer. The majority of the slopes also get long direct sun exposure. The conditions which have allowed the sumac to flourish could be mimicked in the design and drainage could be slowed by adding a clay base and organic material to the soil layer.

3.0.3 Physical

The physical qualities of the landscape are in contrast with respect to slope because the topography is either relatively flat or very steep. The perimeter of the site contains very steep slopes and cliffs while interior of site is very flat (Figure 3.5). The difference in the overall relief of the site is 23 m. The slopes that were created through rehabilitation have a grade of 21% to the east, 38% on the north end, 18 m cliffs with a steep 50% slope at the base to the west and 50% along the south edge, although it is also altered because of the entry road access. These slope values were obtained by measurements from a topographic survey commissioned by Conservation Halton in 2000

(Northway-Photomap Inc., 2000). Because these slopes are so steep access is limited and care needs to be taken when proposing development on or adjacent to these edges. In places along the north and west slopes failure has occurred and scars from slumping and

40 o. §>•t^ ayl o 1OD H - .3 "K .*13: "3 w s t/-j ->o . rn -o« a "o3 as(„} 'n-

Tt ema landslides are evident. This was also noted in the Conservation Halton report (Switzer et

al., 1998).

All the topsoil was removed in order for quarry operations to take place. This

significantly alters the original topography and results in soil being brought back in for rehabilitation. Some of the native soil may have been stockpiled and spread back out on the site for rehabilitation. The thickness of this soil will vary but because the underlying material on the slopes is coarse angular material, the soil on top will drain very quickly.

This makes it difficult for the establishment of moisture loving vegetation and vegetation

which may be on a similar type slope but in an undisturbed environment. There is also a very high risk for erosion because of the topsoil either washing into the large pore spaced aggregate beneath it, or having a loose material on a packed surface which water can

carry off (Clemente et al., 2004). Out of all of the topographic features on the site, the undisturbed natural escarpment edge (north edge of site) is the most important feature of interest and will not be altered because of regulatory legislation.

3.0.4 Biological

Waterbodies in extraction sites can be quite productive for aquatic invertebrates

and warm water fish species (Fisheries and Oceans Canada 2001). The water on the site is believed to be spring fed and also from rainfall collection. It is a vibrant blue colour because of the limestone basin in which it is contained.

There is bird habitat within the main building and meadow areas on the site as well as a great deal of activity within the vegetated swale / ravine (Figure 3.4: Photo 8)

42 Studies commissioned by Conservation Halton to analyze the ecology in the area described ecological units within the quarry such as Quarry Swale/Wet Meadow, Slope

Rehabilitation, Slope Rehabilitation/Successional Meadow/Thicket, Old Field

Trees&Shrubs&Willow/Poplar Lowland (Figure 3.6). It was evident from the site visit in

June 2007 that much of the successional vegetation that had been planted through volunteer efforts was suffering from drought or animal foraging. These effects may be periodic and not a visible factor in other years.

43 1 < 1 II LLl I DC < I! CO 2§i I 28 ii •Se, o c I • £ i g z jy < > •a => 'ifI z cc ce 8 _ * 1" I • :» >i. i, i! © S 9 I DC DC jZh I -i "g ii 0 LU UJ < O 3 ii I .2 X O < < sg: tillsI U. 0( jZW isssss __ CM LU O < I ETHESESESE!] II 0

The established roads on the site are very wide, nine to fifteen metres in width, because of their prior use by large aggregate hauling vehicles. The width can almost be cut in half and still be suitable for two way automobile use. Overall, the roads within and surrounding the site take up a very small footprint but have large implications and may act as significant barriers to wildlife passage and detract from aesthetics and the experience of the space. The roads form a ring around the lake and quarry floor while they travel up the slope to the top of the escarpment in two locations but only run along three sides of the perimeter of the upper area.

Trails act as a direct link for travelers to this area and, because of the type of trail and close proximity to population centres there is a high volume of use (Bruce Trail

Assoc, 2007). The fact that Kelso Conservation area also lies beside the site gives users potential access to the site by making connections to the existing Conservation Halton and Bruce Trail network (Figure 3.7).

45 To Kelso Lake, Picnic Shelter, ' Rentals and Camping

Figure 3.7: Kelso Trail Map (Conservation Halton, 2007).

The trails carry various designations: hiking only, biking only, mixed use and the

Bruce Trail. At Kelso the ski lifts take mountain bikers up to the top of the hill for downhill racing events. This allows riders to enjoy the downhill portion without the grueling uphill sections. Facilities like this do not exist within the quarry nor does it

46 make financial sense to establish that type of service. This will make it necessary to strategically locate the trails in order to minimize the riders overall exertion to get up to the top of the hill. Expansion and further lengthening the current trails that are provided within Kelso will make for a meaningful linkage and provide a wider variety and length of experience. Signage will also need to be improved and made consistent throughout this trail system.

The Bruce Trail main trail runs through Kelso Conservation Area and the Bell

School line (blue) side trail runs the entire length of the western edge of the site. There is also a network of nodal parks along the Bruce Trail which are large destination parks having natural features of interest and facilities to accommodate extensive use as destination parks (Bruce Trail Assoc, 2007). Kelso is not currently considered a nodal park.

Aesthetically, the highly degraded landscape of the site does not look pleasing, and the slow successional process of rehabilitation contributes to this image. The landscape is likely perceived by the general public as abandoned and unkempt, rather than a site that has been planted by pioneer species and is being monitored. Without interpretive aids the general public will not understand the processes or planning implemented and be able to have an informed perception of the site.

Re-design of the existing site facilities should be carefully considered. The main building on the site appears to be abandoned and in poor repair. The overall design, size and style of the warehouse building does not fit within the style of other conservation

47 Halton buildings nor does it seem financially worthwhile to keep. The retention of the overhead hydro utility hook-ups may be important.

The summit gatehouse which neighbours the site could be incorporated into the overall design. This entry location from the top of the escarpment to Kelso conservation area contains a small parking lot. The integration of this existing facility into the overall plan and linking of conservation lands may be of benefit. If transportation links were created to the site from this location it would remove the need for an additional gatehouse and also may even remove the need for the large entrance into the site which is currently fenced off.

3.1 DESIGN PROCESS

The design process was carried out by examining the spatial organization of landscape units and site features, which were then refined to create an ideal arrangement for this specific site. The landscape units that were utilized were those determined by the analysis. Landscape ecology principles were utilized to direct the spatial organization and create features on the open site. By creating a buffer, the edge width is increased leading to the creation of more interior habitat and filtering the influences that act on this area. Edge interactions are encouraged by providing a more curvilinear edge. The location of key corridors and patches are determined. Existing meaningful landforms and systems are incorporate and connected to the surrounding landscape. Applying the aggregate-with-outliers principle first requires a survey of the area for landscape-wide patterns and processes (Forman & Collinge, 1997). Because this is a spatial pattern it is best to design in plan view. The arrangement of trees and shrubs mimic natural patterns

48 and should be planted in appropriate quantities, shapes and diversity, increasing the visual and structural complexity of the site (Farina, 1998).

3.2 APPLICATION OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY

During the design process the principles and theories need to be translated from theory into practice. In order to do this, the smallest general patch size, or grain size, for the surrounding landscape was assessed. In order for a feature to be defined as an outlier it had to be a minimum of this size. The grain size was estimated by examining the overall patchiness of the landscape. Landscape unit patches of agriculture and forest of similar small size were noted. The size in this area is largely determined by the lotting fabric and resulting development, which has created fragmented patches.

Landscape character units were determined by looking at common land uses and grouping them in order to come up with six to eight meaningful categories. The ecological and recreational goals for the site determined which of these character units would be emphasized to develop aggregates and outliers. The shape, size and number of designed aggregate and outlier areas are informed by the landscape ecology principles for boundaries, corridors and patches (Forman, 1995).

49 3.3 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

The design process is an iterative one, where multiple spatial organizations were tried in order to produce an optimal solution. The significant variants between the designs were entry locations, arrangement of roads and parking, and the shape of the body of water and emphasized vegetation type. While developing ecologically vibrant areas functional recreation areas also had to be accommodated.

It is assumed, by replicating the neighbouring habitat and providing connectivity, that existing species will expand their range and move into these created areas once they have established to a suitable level.

It is noted that in order for all of this to happen the designation of the land must be changed under the Niagara Escarpment Plan (NEP) from a Mineral Resource Extraction area to an Escarpment Recreation Area. It is also important to ensure that the design fits within the NEP permitted uses.

3.4 DESIGN EVALUATION

The design is evaluated by utilizing a modified Delphi technique. A presentation to experts from Conservation Halton was given and questionnaire and open response feedback attained which is utilized to assess outcomes.

The four experts were Conservation Halton employees and were a landscape architect, two natural heritage ecologists and one political scientist who was involved in acquiring the land. The expert assessment was conducted at the Conservation Halton head office in Lowville, Ontario, on September 10, 2007, from 10 am until 11:30 am.

50 An audio-visual presentation, approximately 30 minutes in length, was given

(Appendix A) to four experts from Conservation Halton who then responded to a questionnaire, taking approximately 20 minutes. There was then general discussion of the ideas and further feedback gained over approximately 30 minutes. The four experts were each given printed copies of the presentation to refer to, as well as 11" x 17" colour printouts of the site context (Figure 3.3), existing conditions (Figure 3.4) and the conceptual masterplan (Figure 4.1).

The questionnaire (Appendix B) containing ten questions was intended to solicit feedback from the experts based on the original goals and objectives and how they were conveyed through the final design and presentation. The themes that the questionnaire focuses on are based on the goal and objectives of the study and serve to validate the outcomes of the design. The questionnaire themes include: landscape ecology,

Conservation Halton, design, the Niagara Escarpment, recreation, conflict, connectivity, feature location and education potential. It utilizes written answers and scaled responses along a five point scale.

51 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS

4.0 DESIGN

The conceptual masterplan identifies a number of different landscape units and recreation program elements (Figure 4.1). This further rehabilitation of the site focuses on connectivity of ecological and recreational factors to the surrounding conservation lands and has created an entirely new park for visitors to experience and enjoy.

Explanation of the design has been broken into landscape units and recreational program with reference to a key map that highlights the location of the feature. The landscape units used are: forest, meadow, wetland, beach, water, lawn, roads and parking. The program elements are: camping, climbing, trails, lookouts and the facility.

52 H H O S a- «< £ 1/1 S 3 * B 7 o O D I Q 2 U MH 2 > * ^ J <^ ft* w Q ? nil O I •. L i • 11 g «i5(

Figure 4.2: Site Design - Forest (Created by: Mark Taylor).

The majority of the land use on the site is to be converted to forest. The intent is to replicate the surrounding maple beech forest which will serve to provide connectivity and widen the corridor along the escarpment edge. The design emphasizes the importance of the escarpment corridor and virtually doubles the width of the corridor at this location (Figure 4.2: #1) neighbouring the extraction site. A buffer zone width was then added to further secure the ecological importance and beauty of this feature along the brow of the escarpment. This is seen as the primary corridor through the site. It will assist in protecting the environmentally sensitive area and area of natural and scientific interest, noted in Figure 2.3. The secondary corridor (Figure 4.2: #2) through the site runs along the south end and is narrower and has the road, some diverse topography and the privately-owned parcel of land to contend with.

While the primary and secondary corridors are mainly continuous in composition, the tertiary link (Figure 4.2: #3) is broken up into nearby patches. It also passes through the core of the recreation area for the site, passing around the lake, and provides further slope stabilization and variation. This is achieved through vegetating the slopes and also varying the 3:1 slope with some ledge features and creating pockets where water can collect and vegetation can flourish (Morgan & Rickson, 1995). The western edge of the site along the cliff face has been planted in sections at the base and top of the cliff in order to provide shelter and a seed bank for vegetation regeneration to take place on the cliff face. This will also provide habitat for nesting birds. The forest has been strategically planted in order to maintain quality views across the site and to allow for recreation access to the cliff face, trails and camping area.

55 4.0.2 Meadow

Figure 4.3: Site Design - Meadow (Created by: Mark Taylor).

Interspersed with forest is meadow. This land cover replicates the abandoned agricultural fields on the top of the escarpment, within the Kelso Conservation area boundary and contains relatively undisturbed herbaceous habitat. These neighbouring areas which were once agricultural lands are now successional meadows. The size of these meadows replicated on the site relate to the smaller fragments in the surrounding landscape, only providing one area on the site that could be considered an aggregate land use (Figure 4.3: north west corner of site), with the rest all being outliers. It has an interwoven edge with the forest, creating diversity and a low-maintenance groundcover that stabilizes slopes and provides visual interest. The edge between meadow and forest is not a static one, and through time this boundary zone will vary in width with the processes of succession and competition. 4.0.3 Wetlands

Figure 4.4: Site Design - Wetlands (Created by: Mark Taylor).

The wetland areas serve to enhance marsh areas currently on the site. They are found in lowland pockets in the surrounding landscape or even as irrigation ponds on agricultural properties. The designed wetlands provide a sediment buffer and filter along the entry road where it travels down into the quarry floor. Wetlands also buffer the lake area from the climbing area (Figure 4.0.9) on the south west edge of the site. The outlet of the lake and weir were maintained in order to not radically alter the area's current drainage pattern and maintain the wetland area. Additional swales and an additional stream outlet were created to further enhance diversity and offer an enlarged marsh and meadow mosaic. The lake outlet area has turned into a bit of a sensitive pinch point but is also a scenic area. As a result, any trails going through the area will be on a raised boardwalk to restrict access and allow for low impact viewing of the wetland areas. Wetlands also serve to vary the edge of the lake and provide habitat for birds and aquatic life. This varied edge also relates back to the landscape ecology principle of curved varied edges having more habitat opportunities. In the north portion of the site (Figure

4.4) the wetlands create a large network of corridors for wildlife to travel. In most areas these marshes share an edge with meadow landcover but in other areas the wetland borders with forest, creating pockets of wet areas in the understorey and leading to further habitat diversity.

4.0.4 Beach

SiTE DESIGN

LEGEND

LANDCOVER

•• FOREST MEADOW tr~ WETLAND UBS BEACH mm WATER tmn LAWN BSS ROADS

FEATURES

» LOOKOUT M*. FACILITY saw PARKING THAILS

Figure 4.5: Site Design - Beach (Created by: Mark Taylor).

The beach area is a key land use and recreation area that separates the day use lawn area from the water. The only other location in the landscape where this land use occurs is adjacent to the lake at the Kelso Conservation Area. While there may be secondary ecological benefits by creating this area, the primary intent is for recreation.

The existing beach area is composed of coarse limestone screenings; so sand must be imported in order to create a more comfortable experience. The smooth transition into the water is ideal for swimming and playing. The beach is large enough that a canoe rental station could be located on it and multiple day-use activities could take place along it, such as sunbathing, walking and beach volleyball. Kelso Conservation Area currently has a similar style of beach and this new beach could also serve to reduce the peak summer use pressures on that facility.

4.0.5 Water

Figure 4.6: Site Design - Water (Created by: Mark Taylor).

The enhancement of the aquatic ecosystem was also focused on creating a varied edge along the lake, pockets of marshland, an island and cove area, bringing vegetation closer to the shoreline. These factors increase the habitat complexity and provide further interest for visitors. Deadwood structure for fish habitat creation and organic matter for the strengthening and diversifying of bank edges have been added to the entire perimeter except for around the beach area. Fishing and the creation of fish habitat could be explored further. The lake area is of considerable size, making up 20% of the overall landcover, and can be utilized by non-motorized watercraft.

4.0.6 Lawn

Figure 4.7: Site Design - Lawn (Created by: Mark Taylor).

The lawn area is the primary day use area. It is a level area intended for picnicking, special events and general play. The shape of the area also tries to maximize useable area with defined treed boundaries to separate multiple user groups. It is located in a central location between parking, the facility, water and trails. This area will need to

60 be maintained and cut, resulting in the need for additional maintenance equipment. The lawn also serves to concentrate the potential negative impacts of intensive use. It is located as close to the core of the site as possible, neither interfering with the intact forest corridor along the escarpment edge or impacting the size of the water body.

4.0.7 Roads and Parking

SITE DESIGN

LEGEND

LANDCOVER

an FOREST MEADOW e™ WETLAND *MI BEACH •m WATER 1KB- LAWN am ROADS

FEATURES

• LOOKOUT *•» FACILITY UM PARKING TRAILS

Figure 4.8: Site Design - Roads and Parking (Created by: Mark Taylor).

Parking has been dispersed into 6 lots and located at the top and base of the quarry park. The total capacity for parking is 230 spaces. Entry to the site is gained via the existing Summit Gatehouse and the other access point off Steeles Avenue has been removed. The same system of entry as other conservation Halton parks will be maintained, which involves a gatehouse attendant and automatic gate. A small linear section of road was retained from the existing conditions along Bell School line and

61 through the quarry. The road width was reduced significantly, previously ranging from nine to fifteen metres, now a standard five and a half metres which is a low-speed double lane width (Dines & Brown, 2001). This is ample for the low intensity level of traffic and use anticipated and will also allow the forest canopy to reach over the road and provide further coverage. The road and parking surface is composed of compacted limestone screenings, which allows for some water infiltration and a cost-effective road base. Maintenance will be required to ensure that larger potholes do not develop.

4.0.8 Camping

Figure 4.9: Site Design - Camping (Created by: Mark Taylor).

A campground has been tucked into a forested area where sites are located in small coves of edge area. The capacity is 25 overnight camping sites. This type of camping is walk-in with parking situated nearby. It will provide a lower impact than drive-in camping and a slightly different experience as a result. A small washroom facility is also needed at the edge of the parking lot because the main facility is too far away. This distance was determined based on a standard maximum walking range of 450 metres (Dines & Brown, 2001).

4.0.9 Climbing

Figure 4.10: Site Design - Climbing (Created by: Mark Taylor).

The open cliff face provides the perfect setting for establishing climbing. The 15-

18m exposed face will provide a challenge for those interested in learning how to rock climb or repel and also serves as a practice facility. By providing this activity on an already-disturbed cliff face, it should assist in relieving the climbing pressure from the natural escarpment face and help in preserving any ancient cedars that may be at that location. The base of the exposed face has been cleared to create a level pad and staging

63 area. Parking is also located nearby at the top of the cliff. Further excavation of the base will also create a larger climbing surface. The aspect of the cliff provides well-lit conditions throughout the day. The afternoon conditions are also more comfortable for climbing than if the slope were facing south. Interpretive signage can also be set-up in this staging area educating users about cliff vegetation and climbing impacts.

4.0.10 Trails

SITE DESIGN

LEGEND

UNDCOVER

•HOI FOREST MEADOW e"* WETLAND MM BEACH mm WATER SSSt LAWN mm ROADS.

FEATURES

» LOOKOUT urn- FACILITY w PARKING —~- TRAILS

Figure 4.11: Site Design - Trails (Created by: Mark Taylor).

Trails have been created throughout the site in a stacked loop system (Figure 2.9) in order to provide varied opportunities based on desired distance or difficulty of travel.

These have also been connected to the surrounding Kelso trail system and Bruce Trail system at a number of locations. The trails in the quarry floor will be surfaced with limestone screenings to provide a more durable surface and withstand the expected heavy

64 traffic. The sections that pass through wetland areas will be a raised boardwalk with railings. Packed dirt surfacing for the trails in the upper areas is the same as the surfacing of the existing Kelso Conservation area trails. All of the trails are intended for multi-use

(pedestrian, bicycling and cross country skiing). The trails provide connectivity from recreation events to the facility and are concentrated in the intensive use area. From there, the trails branch out into the rest of the site and surrounding areas. The intent was to keep the trail out of the existing old growth area and travel along the edge via modifications of the existing roadway.

4.0.11 Lookouts

Figure 4.12: Site Design - Lookouts (Created by: Mark Taylor).

Two lookout structures are situated within the site on the top of the quarry wall, linked by trails. They provide good views throughout the site because of their elevation

65 and location of surrounding vegetation. Interpretive signage will be located at these two points addressing themes of cliff ecology, successional processes and the site's history.

This allows visitors to appreciate the ecologically-sensitive areas without disturbing them.

4.0.12 Facility

Figure 4.13: Site Design - Facility (Created by: Mark Taylor).

While the existing warehouse garage is not suitable, a visitor centre containing day use space (lunchroom, teaching area), washrooms, change rooms, an administration office, maintenance equipment storage and a refreshment stand should be constructed in its place. The exact specifications of the structure or amenities are not given in detail but for a site of this size and potential public activity there should be something to make the experience more accommodating and further facilitate the recreational uses of the site. The feasibility of modifying the existing structure could be looked at but as more time elapses it is likely that the existing structure should just be removed. The existing structure is unsuitable because of a lack of windows; it does not look structurally sound and was not initially intended for that type of human use. The scale of the existing structure is also inappropriate for use as a visitor centre. Electricity is currently on the site although features like potable water and waste removal are not. The setting provides a great opportunity to look into alternatives such as composting toilets and biological purification systems which would provide a further educational component to the facility.

4.1 CRITIQUE BY CONSERVATION HALTON

The following table is a summary of the answers from the questionnaire and written responses from the experts that were collected after the presentation. The questionnaire consisted often questions, nine of which had scaled response components.

The summary is presented in the same chronological order as the questionnaire with scaled responses (Figure 4.14) separated out from written responses (Table 4.1) for clarity.

The scaled responses in Figure 4.14 have been reproduced and care was taken to accurately represent the experts tick mark location as possible. That ensures that they can all be presented and analyzed together to determine any patterns or trends but that the original data is not skewed by being reproduced. X 1. How well arc the surrounding ecological areas protected? , , t X i X i

I X £ 2. How well does this desi gn meet Conservation Halton's goals? • I x f f I

3. Are landscape ecology principles utilized in park design by ^ ^ -f X 1 Conservation Halton? |™-i»4-»',||-"|»"ii«i|-|lri"'",''"I

^ l response mining E^' 4. To what degreedoes the design reinforce the positive image ™ X •"*' of the Niagara Escarpment? |m»iii.iinn..i|rinnnif \, ••.. A|r A , [

$ X g' 5. How well do live types of recreation proposed fit with the ^ x '* surrounding recreation types? | -T:::—-^---.-.-.-....-..[...-..|....-I \& {

^ 1 re*p°s,>ie missing ^ 6. Has conflict between recreational use and ecological <£ * > preservation been mitigated? f | f |X |

£' 1. How well are recreation activities connected to surrounding ™ x areas? |1M,ii!M|»-..»wl:i|um:iiMtruP..-iL«JL j

8. Is automobile entry using the Summit Gatehouse realistic? £ JL v > I—*S—I §JL-|

™ I response missing -Q i x '"*", 9. Does the Site provide adequate educational Opportunities? tiiouiMliiiiJ[iii;:::::i...:;.:t[i::i.::a]iL.]lmi.i:i]::if

Figure 4.14: Summary of scaled response component of questionnaire (Compiled by: Mark Taylor). Table 4.1: Summary of written responses to questionnaire (Compiled by: Mark Taylor). Summary of written responses 1. How well are the surrounding ecological areas protected? -some protection is in place but not on all sides -the recreation use is quite intense and can be detrimental to wildlife -plan could relate how additional forest plantings would increase interior forest habitat of surrounding forests for birds -buffering the natural cliff face is good. Would be good to remove trail approaching it, but it is already very well established. -more info on the ancient cedars -an provincial ANSI would be good to note. 2. How well does this design meet Conservation Halton's goals? -1 like the emphasis on expanding corridors but the parks guys want more recreational access -I think it fits the ecological goals fairly well -many need more intensive recreational facility to meet needs -close to ours but far less visitor loading in this design versus Conservation Halton 3. Are landscape ecology principles utilized in park design by Conservation Halton? -Depends on who is doing the design, it's not used as much as we'd like. -Yes- see Kelso M.P. based on Natural Heritage System planning -some of the extended wetlands and pocket meadows put into the eastern forest section will likely take away large areas of interior forest habitat (>100m from edge) that many species require. 4. To what degree does the design reinforce the positive image of the Niagara Escarpment? -provides major tree cover restoration -very well, the design certainly takes NEC into account 5. How well do the types of recreation proposed fit with the surrounding recreation types? -I like the trails concept but not sure about the camping -similar to existing Kelso park -if the cliff was safe climbing would be great to take the pressure off natural cliffs -the walk in camping is a nice idea, haven't heard of many areas like this in S. Ontario -good but more background research is needed on rock climbing, beach capacity. 6. Has conflict between recreational use and ecological preservation been mitigated? - Are there areas where you see conflict arising? Please explain. -it can never be totally mitigated -I'm not sure the multiple small parking lots lessen the impacts -I could see issues arising from having fields on the very steep western slope as they may allow people to think that they can hike this slope which could be dangerous and lead to erosion. -doesn't speak of any areas totally protected from human intrusion -doesn't address what level of use lake can sustain by swimmers before potentially affected -preservation not an issue; rather its restoration and compatibility with recreation uses; what is restoration vision i.e. wildlife, birds, fish, vegetation etc. -Side trails will emerge from the proposed trail system. Think on how this may be addressed, (signs, fences, restricted bike areas)? -some beach area that does not allow swimming access would do well for shore birds. -keeping the existing entry point may be less damaging than building a new one (and the area of proposed forest does not look too large - only losing area west of driveway and other property) -unfortunately the reducing of trail width for enhancing enviro concerns is not possible due to the need for emergency access, maintenance, forestry. -rock climbing conflicts with nesting birds. 7. How well are recreation activities connected to surrounding areas? - Are there any isolated areas that should be connected? Please explain. -The connections are limited by the topography -I think it is as well connected as possible and may even remove the one connection on the North East corner to lessen negative human impacts on this pinched wildlife corridor 69 -everything looks well connected. Isolation can be good. -lands to the east not owned by Conservation Halton yet. This should be noted in plan. -trail network is good to the north but the idea of bringing new trail down quarry slope at north east end not wise do to stability 8. Is automobile entry using the summit Gatehouse realistic? -I have not looked at that section so am not sure it is feasible for a road entrance there -I am not sure it is any benefit to the corridor to move the entrance lane the wildlife will have to cross that road no matter what -good to have one common access to park but more circuitous and dangerous road access, benefits may not out weigh disadvantages -yes but expensive to create. Why not maintain both? 9. Does the site provide adequate educational opportunities? -it has great potential for that if school programs are developed + signage etc. -not addressed -yes, but could provide more utilizing old large building. Add sailing, nature interpretation, scuba diving, fishing, canoeing, swimming lessons, skating, x country skiing 10. Do you have any other feedback you would like to share? -realistically may have to increase recreational intensity to meet demands and more rigorous analysis of impacts or comfortable carrying capacities should be reviewed. -unstable rock face could be designated and enhanced for cliff nesting birds (with adjacent species planted for bird feeding) -base rock rubble could be set aside as snake hibernacula -add more info on nature of lake, stream flow over escarpment -natural and man made improvements to lake ecology -Other issues - visitor capacity limits; type of trees to be planted; deer a problem re: establishing vegetation

4.2 FURTHER DISCUSSION WITH CONSERVATION HALTON

An additional discussion was conducted after the experts were finished filling out the questionnaire. In order to not affect their initial thoughts, further information and factors were discussed only after the original presentation and questionnaire completion.

A number of different concerns were identified that were not captured in the questionnaire. Conservation Halton has substantial concerns about rock climbing within the quarry because of safety and liability. There are also concerns with the location and style of trails. It was noted by the experts that mountain biking on the trails at Kelso and off the trails has been creating a large negative impact and they see this extending into any further trail network. The designed trail width was also questioned because the experts would like them to be wider and able to support emergency and maintenance vehicle access.

70 CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION

5.0 ANALYSIS OF FEEDBACK

Analysis of the feedback received from the questionnaire is discussed and broken down into subheading themes. These themes are landscape ecology, Conservation

Halton, Niagara Escarpment, recreation, connectivity, feature location and education.

Some basic statistical analysis was done on the data although appropriate measures based on the level of data and small sample size must be taken into consideration. The level of data is ordinal which restricts the level of statistical analysis that can be conducted along with the small sample site of four experts. Mode and median values were assessed.

5.0.1 Landscape Ecology

Of the ten questions asked, questions #1 and #6 dealt directly with landscape ecological ideas. Question one, 'How well are the surrounding ecological areas protected?'' and question six, 'Has conflict between recreational use and ecological preservation been mitigated?'' relate to each other, both dealing with the protection of ecological areas from impacts of surrounding uses such as recreation. The same general spatial arrangement of responses were given (Figure 4.14: #1). The responses were neutral and above neutral. Both of the ecologist responses were right around neutral for both questions while the landscape architects responses were positive. This could mean that the ecologists may be more concerned solely with the ecological preservation while the landscape architect can strike a compromise based on additional factors. The written responses reinforce this hypothesis. Question six received the largest number of written

71 responses and on a wide range of topics. There were eleven written responses making up

22% of the total written responses. The responses addressed concerns with parking, slopes, trails, swimming, compatibility, entry location and climbing. Through the written responses the experts showed understanding that there has to be compromise between the recreation and ecological preservation. As the level of recreation increases, ecological preservation decreases or it becomes more difficult to protect and less integrated into the whole site. It can be inferred from the feedback that protection of surrounding ecological areas and mitigation of conflict between recreation and ecological preservation is adequate or slightly better than adequate.

5.0.2 Conservation Halton

The dilemma of creating recreation while preserving ecology is carried over to the second question 'How well does this design meet Conservation Halton's goals?' because

Conservation Halton's goals encourage both aspects. The responses reflect this compromise with a modal response of neutral. This question had the most balanced grading responses out of all nine questions, with one ecologist and the political scientist giving neutral responses and the other ecologist and landscape architect giving responses below and above neutral respectively.

Question number three, 'Are landscape ecology principles utilized in park design by Conservation Halton?' had some contradictory answers between the grading and written responses. This question was designed to show the fit between the methods used in this study versus the way that Conservation Halton actually designs. The written portion stated that landscape ecology principles were not used as much as one ecologist

72 would like but the scaled responses reflected strongly that landscape ecology is frequently utilized in design. The mode and median are both equidistant between

'sometimes' and 'always'. This could reflect that only portions of landscape ecology elements or principles are implemented rather than an overall scheme, or the aggregate- with-outliers principle was not communicated as clearly.

5.0.3 Niagara Escarpment

Question number four, To what degree does the design reinforce the positive image of the Niagara Escarpment?' received definite positive response. It assumed that the image of the Niagara Escarpment is currently a positive one and built off that with respect to the features of the site. It can clearly be stated that the design fits well within its surroundings and does not take away from the overall public image of the escarpment.

Expert written responses also stated that the design reinforces the positive image of the escarpment very well.

5.0.4 Recreation

Questions five, six and seven all fall within the recreation theme. The responses to question five, 'How well do the types of recreation fit with the surrounding recreation types?' were very positive and consistent among respondents, with a mode of 4 on a 5 point scale. The proposed uses are all current activities or slight modifications of current activities offered at existing conservation areas within Halton. To have a poor answer on question five would infer that either there is a lack of knowledge between conservation employees and their own facilities or that the activities are poor at the conservation areas.

73 Question six, 'Has conflict between recreational use and ecological preservation been mitigated?', addressed the balance of recreation and ecology. As noted, the balance is not strongly perceived, with a mode of neutral (one response missing). Written responses such as "side trails will emerge from the proposed trail system" and "rock climbing conflicts with nesting birds" (Table 4.1 #6) demonstrate that there is concern about how recreation fits with ecological function. It also indicates that the imbalance favours recreation.

Question seven, 'How well are recreation activities connected to surrounding areas?' addressed the connectivity of the site to surrounding areas, and neutral and above neutral responses were given. Comments were generally focused around trail connectivity and there are concerns with the existing trail configuration along the escarpment edge and how it is going to be brought back into the Milton Limestone

Quarry site and not impact the remaining escarpment edge.

Overall the recreation directed questions had positive, neutral and neutral to positive responses for questions five, six and seven respectively. The written responses aided in the interpretation and defmitiveness of response direction, determining that recreation did fit with surrounding uses. There was substantial concern of the impact of the recreation on ecological outcomes but this could be mitigated if designed accordingly.

The proposed design is considered to fit the surroundings reasonably, given the limitations.

74 5.0.5 Access

Question eight, 'Is automobile entry using the Summit Gatehouse realistic?' dealt

with automobile entry to the site from the existing Summit Gatehouse. Answers reflected that this was an interesting idea but not a good solution for access and has not been

considered in depth by Conservation Halton staff. There are a number of overriding

factors such as little overall benefit, excessive cost and limiting of options which all

worked to make this an unrealistic option. The experts firmly responded that locating the

entry at the Summit Gatehouse was not the preferred choice.

5.0.6 Education

Question nine, 'Does the site provide adequate educational opportunities?',

addressed educational opportunities on the site and answers ranged from neutral to yes; there were adequate opportunities. One ecologist thought that this area was not addressed

in the presentation or design and did not respond on the five point scale. Providing

classroom opportunities in the facility and interpretive signage along the trails were the

only programmed educational opportunities that were addressed in the presentation.

Expert responses ranged from suggesting traditional education (school programs) to recreational uses, including swimming lessons and nature interpretation. Less emphasis was placed on education because of the other more dominant goals and objectives.

75 5.0.7 Questionnaire summary

Additional feedback in question ten 'Do you have any other feedback you would like to share?', touched on more detailed activity specific ideas or concerns for the site.

These are addressed further in Section 5.1.

The response rate was high, although the political scientist did not put tick marks on two questions and one ecologist stated that an aspect was not addressed in the presentation or design so an answer was not given. It might have been useful to include a

'not applicable' option when responding to the questions. Even though this answer was not required, it could have been a useful choice to catch someone that was not listening or missed a section rather than having a question without any response. It was very useful to have a printed handout of the slide presentation for each viewer because they were able to refer to it when answering the questionnaire, rather than missing items that had been discussed.

5.1 DIRECT DISCUSSION WITH CONSERVATION HALTON

At the end of the modified Delphi response, the experts had further feedback they wished to give and themes of interest to discuss further. The themes that emerged from this discussion were vegetation establishment, carrying capacities, access, safety and feasibility of implementation.

The experts believed that vegetation establishment for this masterplan would occur via succession rather than large mass-planting of nursery stock. This is due to the overall cost of the undertaking. This could affect the design by breaking it out into

76 phases or the need for a longer time for establishment before the ideal conditions of mature forest are reached on the site.

It was also noted that Conservation Halton intended for the beach area to have a comfortable carrying capacity of 3000 visitors, which is much higher and intensively used than the proposed design. The comfortable carrying capacity has not been calculated for this design although it is estimated for the beach to be around 1000 people.

With regard to access to the site, Conservation Halton had looked at putting a gatehouse within the site in order to keep cars from lining up. The current design is perceived by the experts to create too much traffic congestion on Steeles Avenue while people are waiting to enter the park. This factor was also not taken into consideration.

The existing Summit Gatehouse does not experience an issue with excessive traffic, likely because of its low level of use and infrequent hours of operation. The development and intended use of the site will put more pressure on the entry and surrounding network of roads and this item could be examined further.

The feedback from Conservation Halton was very valuable and addressed a few factors that were not considered and picked up upon areas where known assumptions were made. The overall message of the feedback was that of feasibility and concerns with being able to implement a design of this nature.

77 5.2 METHODOLOGY

A number of different themes emerged based on the methodology used, including regulations, landscape ecology and recreation.

5.2.1 Regulations

The conceptual masterplan considers the Greenbelt Plan and Places to Grow Act

by promoting recreation, tourism and conservation. It also considers the Niagara

Escarpment Plan by integrating the quarry into the Niagara escarpment parks and open

space system. The land designation will have to be changed as the site is currently

designated as a Mineral Extraction Area and that will have to be changed to an

Escarpment Recreation Area in order to be an operational park. Kelso Conservation Area

is currently designated as an Escarpment Recreation Area. Biodiversity was increased

and Natural Heritage Features such as the Escarpment brow were protected.

There was difficulty in providing an optimal solution for all parties. Even though

the values and goals of Conservation Halton, the Niagara Escarpment Commission and

Bruce Trail Association are similar, they are not totally landscape ecology and recreation

related with the intent of applying them to rehabilitation design.

The south east corner of the site is currently owned by the Town of Milton and the

design treated that land as if it were part of Conservation Halton's holdings. No design

decisions were made for this location that would significantly alter the overall site,

although it is a major part of the primary forest corridor. Conservation Halton could

pursue acquiring this land from the Town in order to further secure a large portion that

contributes to the Niagara Escarpment edge corridor.

78 5.2.2 Landscape Ecology

Patch size was assessed by a general overview of sizes of patches in the neighbouring landscape and measurement from air photos. It is unknown how particular patches function as habitat or if they are just small remnant areas that remain from agricultural creation. In either case they still would have some influence on the flora and fauna in the area.

It has also become evident that a few land uses such as forest and meadow are not detailed enough and there should be increasingly discrete land use categories within these categories. For example, within the forest category more detail is needed in describing the understorey in certain locations and in being able to differentiate areas such as the back beach or around the day use area where there are trees, and that there should be grass under the trees creating a savanna type feeling. In the buffered corridor along the escarpment edge, the forest vegetation would have an understorey replicating the surrounding mature forest areas that would contain ferns, rock outcroppings, leaf litter and other maple / beech forest understorey vegetation.

Some assumptions were made, such as the exposed quarry walls are feasible for rock climbing. Some restorative blasting may be needed in order to ensure that the face is secure and safe for climbing and would present a reasonable climbing experience. This concept could be explored further in order to implement climbing activities. It is also assumed that the water is suitable for swimming and this should be regularly tested in order to ensure that it is safe for certain types of recreation.

79 A number of other habitat options could have been proposed or integrated into this plan and could be useful to design in the future, including creating snake hibernacula and butterfly-specific meadows.

The use of a 2-5 times scale is difficult to use because the phenomena of interest is an entire site, rather than a specific feature or creature of interest such as a specific animal which would have a known range and preferred habitat. Sizes of features had to be inferred based on an overall landscape unit size. The use of geometric grids to apply boundaries to analysis areas is practical from a design point of view and in order to limit the amount of information and time, but may not reflect the feature which is organic in form.

5.2.3 Recreation

The level of use and comfortable carrying capacity for certain aspects of the site such as the water, beach area and day use area were sought by Conservation Halton.

Many factors need to go into the calculation of these; this is not part of the scope of this study. It is clearly evident that the design puts a higher priority on naturalization and ecology rather than recreation and revenue. This is based on the amount of dedicated green space and lower carrying capacities than Conservation Halton intended.

5.3 APPLICATION OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY

The movement of theory to practice carried with it a number of challenges with respect to scale, landscape ecology and design.

80 With respect to scale, the site was studied and analyzed at the site scale. This determined patch size and made the assumption that the size of the patch would function on an ecological level. Further studies could be done to determine if the various-sized patches do function as intended. Also, with regard to scale and the area of extent, it is noted that "restoration projects for large areas are rare, and this is an intrinsic limitation in the application of landscape ecology principles" (Farina, 1998). For this design the area of extent was limited to the site boundaries. Because the neighbouring site on two sides is also owned by Conservation Halton, there are good opportunities for the implementation of broader spatial solutions - opportunities to create connectivity and legislation binding the location.

Forman (1995) states that the strength of the aggregate-with-outliers principle is that it is flexible for creative problem solving. By having that flexibility almost any positive outcome could be achieved.

Good justification was made for certain design decisions based on spatial configuration of aggregate-with-outliers principle in prior studies (Collinge, 1998).

These were focused at a finer scale such as looking at insects in grassland communities.

This also shows just how wide a range spatial land-planning principles can be taken.

Many of the applications of the aggregate-with-outliers principle use it as a tool for determining which areas of the landscape to preserve as development occurs.

(Forman & Collinge, 1997). It is implemented through strategic clearing and developing.

The intention in this thesis is to do the reverse, from a highly disturbed industrial landscape to a more natural recreational forested landscape. The directional change in

81 the use of this principle creates different circumstances for decision making although all of the components that make up the approach are still pertinent.

5.4 LIMITATIONS

Using satellite images from Google Earth may not reflect the current conditions of the site, as they were estimated to be taken about a year prior to the study. The images are also constantly updated, and may change in season or quality, resulting in a change in canopy cover or area clarity. During the course of this study the images were updated from a summer aerial coverage to one taken in the spring. This could be clearly seen by the lack of visible vegetation (leaves on trees) and the snow in shaded pockets at the ski hill. Measurements taken from these images that are not ortho-rectified can create false values. Measurements were not taken in this application except to find a scale reference and to determine initial patch size. The level of precision where this could become a problem is not sought after. As the aerial images change in the future, resemblance of features which were discussed in this study may not exist or may make it difficult to reproduce in the same form. Google overwrites the images and there is no way of retrieving that data, creating a limitation in not being able to interpret the overall landscape in the same way or with the same landscape unit types or composition.

The decision that the escarpment edge should be buffered because it can be seen through was a difficult one. Because it currently can be seen through and looks thin, fragile or vulnerable, people may be inquisitive as to what is on the other side and draw people to the site. By thickening this corridor it may not be see through anymore and as a

82 result may just blend into the rest of the escarpment without any further consideration given. It could be seen as wiping away the history to the outside eye, although within the site that history will always remain evident. On the other hand the escarpment edge is a major corridor and should be enhanced, relieving the effects of the pinch point.

There were limitations with the expert assessment of the conceptual masterplan.

Availability of staff to meet and having experts discuss within the modified Delphi framework were also restrictions. By having the direct discussion section some of this framework restriction was alleviated.

83 CHAPTER 6

IMPLICATIONS

6.0 IMPLICATIONS FOR LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

A number of conclusions that impact landscape architecture and landscape ecology can be derived from this study. Because the aggregate-with-outliers principle is a broad spatial planning tool the results create biodiversity and protect a wide range of species and areas.

This study adds to the framework of literature that will enable landscape architects to determine at what scale landscape ecology features function or translate into something useful for specific species. The goal is to work towards creating specific quantitative values or standards for how large a patch should be for it to function as an outlier.

The importance of looking at scale and the levels at which something could be considered an aggregate versus an outlier relates directly to the water on this site. The body of water is an aggregate compared to neighbouring agricultural / irrigation ponds, but is a very small outlier compared to the nearby Great Lakes.

The scale of aggregate-with-outliers may be more suited to the landscape scale, where a concept like neighbourhood mosaics (Hersperger, 2006) which contains many of the same landscape ecological ideas functions at a scale smaller than the landscape but larger than a patch.

84 Because of all the complications with determining various scales, trying to apply a theoretical principle with few tried examples was difficult. A landscape cannot be looked at from just one scale and it is crucial to determine at what scale level certain features function or translate into something useful for specific species. The size of the rehabilitation site revealed that landscape ecology concepts such as patches and corridors and creating a mosaic could be applied much more effectively than the ' aggregate-with- outliers' principle as described by Forman.

The aggregate-with-outliers approach is an effective base for this work although it could be easier to implement with a larger study area. The core principles of patch, edge, corridor and matrix have proven to be essential landscape ecology tools for design.

6.1 FURTHER RESEARCH

There are a number of potential further research opportunities which present themselves including further pursuing the development of surrounding areas utilizing the aggregate-with-outliers planning principle or to examine the quarry rehabilitation based on other nearby rehabilitation schemes or on the larger scale of the Niagara Escarpment.

The edge of the Milton Urban boundary / Greenbelt Boundary (Figure 2.2) could be developed using the approaches from this study in order to further build on the landscape ecological processes of the area.

With more disturbed areas needing to be rehabilitated, there are a wide range of opportunities to build something out of nothing rather than by the more traditional expansion by removing vegetation cover and forest habitat to develop. Growth of population often limits available open space, increasing the value to remnant patches

85 such as the Milton Limestone Quarry site. This site has the potential to be rehabilitated, providing connectivity to neighbouring areas and ecological and recreational value to the area.

The land planning and design process is a problem-solving endeavour, which for each problem creates a unique set of location-specific design problems (LaGro, 2001).

This study shows how decisions were made and design problems were solved. While it is location-specific, the techniques are fully transferable and a number of the solutions can be also transferred to other planning and design sites. The study provides another conceptual example of what can be done on an aggregate rehabilitation site and can give future designers more options to consider or potential inspiration when designing.

The specifics of certain recreation activities in a rehabilitated or quarry environment could be further explored. There is potential for rock climbing as an activity but it was quickly dismissed by the experts because of liability and cliff stability concerns but with further research there may be ways to mitigate these concerns, making the activity feasible. Trail design for hiking and cycling through sensitive areas and how to keep the activity within a designated use area could be further explored. The experts written comments acknowledge that this is a concern currently facing the conservation authority.

86 CHAPTER 7

SUMMARY

The fact that the Niagara Escarpment is such prime real estate for either ecological preservation or aggregate extraction means that care should be taken in rehabilitation and that there are benefits for putting a lot of effort into the work. The solution provided attempts to be functional and aesthetically pleasing, building on the existing minimally rehabilitated conditions of the site.

The objectives have been met in the following ways:

1. The unique ecological areas of the escarpment edge and created areas of

wetland drainage and aquatic system were protected by creating a wider forest

corridor. The corridor was further buffered, enhanced with wetlands and

protected from human use. This was done through a boardwalk trail system

and by creating more wet areas for wetland species to flourish creating a

larger network of low areas. The aquatic areas were also enhanced by

utilizing wetland areas to vary the edge and to act as a sediment control filter

between recreation activity and the water. This was also confirmed by the

expert responses to question one of the questionnaire (Figure 4.1) and written

comments (Figure 4.2).

2. Connectivity to the site was created through corridor patches and, in terms of

human use, was achieved through a strategic trail network. It provides

connectivity within the site to roads, day use areas and parking and branches

87 out by connecting to the outside Kelso and Bruce trail networks at a number

of locations. The quality of these connections were verified by the expert

assessment responses to question 7 of the questionnaire (Figure 4.1).

3. The development is compatible with the Niagara Escarpment Plan and

surrounding escarpment. This was shown through review of the Niagara

Escarpment literature and then through utilizing that knowledge to create the

design. This compatibility was strongly reinforced through expert assessment.

4. Public access was provided to the site by having a fixed single-entry location

for vehicular access and trail connectivity for those entering the area by foot.

The trail connections were deemed adequate through the feedback from

Conservation Halton although the vehicular access through the current

Summit Gatehouse was deemed by the experts to be generally unrealistic; it

was preferred to maintain the existing entry location off Steeles Avenue.

5. Landscape ecology principles were applied to the conceptual masterplan

based on knowledge from the literature review and were then assessed by

experts through the questionnaire.

6. Expert assessment was achieved through a presentation, questionnaire and

verbal discussion with individuals from Conservation Halton who had distinct

prior knowledge of the site and a wide breadth of background expertise to

88 draw upon for feedback. Four experts representing three disciplines gave

feedback on the themes of landscape ecology, Conservation Halton, the

Niagara Escarpment, recreation, connectivity, feature location and education.

By fulfilling these six objectives, producing the conceptual masterplan for the site, and receiving assessment of decisions from experts, the goals of this study have been achieved. By proceeding with further rehabilitation of this quarry, Conservation Halton can utilize landscape ecology principles to inform design in a way that creates critical greenspace for the rapidly expanding, neighbouring communities.

89 REFERENCES

ACTIVE 2010. 2006. www.active2010.ca Retrieved on: September 4, 2007.

Aggregate Resources Act. 2006. Aggregate Resources Act R.S.O. 1990, Chapter A.8

Bradshaw, A. 1997. Restoration of mined lands -using natural processes. Ecological Engineering, 8: 255-269.

Brown, D. 1996. 1995-Park design guidelines & data. Ministry of Environment Lands and Parks: British Columbia.

Browning, M., and M. Tan. 2002. Rehabilitation of Aggregate Extraction Sites: Opportunities for Establishing Native Ecosystems. Ministry of Natural Resources Wildlife Research and Development Section. Queens Printer for Ontario: Toronto, ON.

Bruce Trail Association. 2007. www.brucetrail.org Retrieved on: September 4, 2007.

Clemente, A., Werner, C, Maguas, C, Cabral, M., Martins-Loucao, M., and O. Correia. 2004. Restoration of a Limestone Quarry: Effect of Soil Amendments on the Establishment of Native Mediterranean Sclerophyllous Shrubs. Restoration Ecology. 12(1): 20-28.

Collinge, S. 1996. Ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation: implications for landscape architecture and planning. Landscape and Urban Planning. 36: 59-77.

Collinge, S. 1998. Spatial arrangements of habitat patches and corridors: clues from ecological field experiments. Landscape and Urban Planning. 42: 157-168.

Conservation Halton. 2007. Kelso Trail Map. www.conservationhalton.on.ca Retrieved on: September 4, 2007.

Conservation Halton. 2004. Conservation Halton Viewpoint: Quarry Expansion and Rehabilitation, www.conservationhalton.on.ca Retrieved on: September 4, 2007.

Dictionary.com. 2007. Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/expert Retrieved on: October 29, 2007

Dines, N. and K. Brown. 2001. Landscape Architect's Portable Handbook. McGraw- Hill: Toronto, ON.

Dramstad, W., Olson, J., and R. Forman. 1996. Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning. Island Press: Washington, DC.

90 Farina, A. 1998. Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology. Chapman & Hall: New York, NY.

Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2001. Experimental manipulation of aquatic habitat to a) determine the role of habitat in shaping fish communities, and b) identify effective options for reclaming sites with fisheries potential. Interim Progress Summary.

Forman, R. 1995. Land Mosaics. Cambridge University Press: New York, NY.

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Hersperger, A. 2006. Spatial adjacencies and interactions: Neighborhood mosaics for landscape ecological planning. Landscape and Urban Planning. 77: 227-239.

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McGrew, J. and C. Monroe. 2000. An Introduction to Statistical Problem Solving in Geography. Second Edition. McGraw Hill: Toronto, ON.

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91 Northway-Photomap Inc. 2000. Topographic survey of the Milton Limestone Quarry. Courtesy of Conservation Halton.

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Ursic, K., Kenkel, N., and D. Larson. 1997. Revegetation dynamics of cliff faces in abandoned limestone quarries. Journal of Applied Ecology 34:289-303.

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92 APPENDIX A

PRESENTATION TO CONSERVATION HALTON

93 Outline

Rehabilitation of the Milton Introduction Limestone Quarry for Recreation, • Goal and objectives Literature Review Utilizing Landscape Ecology to • Main Concepts Inform Design Site Inventory & Analysis Design Presentation for Conservation Halton Feedback Discussion

Advisor: Dr. Robert Corry

Introduction •Goal •Objectives To design a conceptual rehabilitation To protect unique ecological areas To provide connectivity to surrounding recreational masterplan for the Milton Limestone Quarry activities and ensure that is meets the conservation and To ensure that development is compatible with the recreation needs of the area using landscape Niagara Escarpment Plan and surrounding areas ecology principles, making compatible with the along the escarpment adjacent land. To provide adequate public access to the site Utilize landscape ecology to inform the design Utilize expert assessment to evaluate the masterplan

Literature Review Aggregate-With-Outliers Principle

H.m.ii.i i;.i;..iijWriMyyM I1 tS^i • A principle from Landscape Ecology described by Forman i Legislation ,4CSitist.,crti-w(Tr(-0))itii;ssi««isJcfl*Lt. i Niagara Escarpment i Scale i Landscape Ecology Recreation Design Rehabilitation Design

.Fig, 13 t. AnongemciT o! iond USES based On uggregnia-iYtlh-uutlteiii p.-in-.

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:"J •. • '• :• ,-:.. ...-.ftS*..j. • •:i jffi :;i ^....•.•<2^B"-—"• J».-- Site Summary

• Benefits • Close proximity to population • Large area • Neighbouring features • Constraints • Access • Utilities • Niagara Escarpment regulations

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• js'wSSBSaiS;'1*" APPENDIX B

QUESTIONNAIRE

99 I I 1. How well are the surrounding ecological areas protected? i 8 1 1 I

2. How well does this design meet Conservation Haltons goals? I- • t—» • 1 "•'• i •»!

*> c 2 <" S 4 u S — 2 oo < 3. Are landscape ecology principles utilized in park design by Conservation Halton? g fr •..^.•••-•i-»,.,M,i

4. To what degree does the design reinforce the positive image of the Niagara Escarpment? | - <4 «•• • "I •• I 8

> 5. How well do the types of recreation proposed fit with the surrounding recreation types? |-. • "I ...» if "" I1 ' i 6. Has conflict between recreational use and ecological preservation been mitigated? 4—— "4" — I—•"—""I - Are there areas where you see conflict arising? Please explain.

Please label areas referenced in explanation

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off taw-ttEWck-'A "rf • -w..'w .•-•&;<

a. l 7. How well are recreation activities connected to surrounding areas? , j. -Are there any isolated areas that should be connected? Please explain. 8. Is automobile entry using the Summit Gatehouse realistic?

9. Does the site provide adequate educational opportunities?

10. Do vou have anv other feedback you would like to share?