WE Stand Together Connection Points

Despite billions of dollars in funding and a campaign pledge from the Liberal government, there are still drinking water advisories in First Nations communities today. What are the causes of water issues in First Nations communities? How have these water issues been addressed? How can we move toward a solution?

As part of the 2016 federal budget, the Liberal government committed $1.8 billion to How to take action water and wastewater infrastructure for First Nations communities over the course Unlike provincial and territorial of five years1. This commitment is part of a project working toward ending boil regulations for drinking water and water advisories on reserves across Canada. Despite this, water advisories still affect sanitation, there are no enforced many First Nations communities1, leaving families vulnerable to sickness due to a regulations on reserves in Canada4. lack of clean drinking water. Allocating appropriate resources On the border of Manitoba and Ontario, isolated from the mainland, residents of on behalf of the government is Shoal Lake 40 First Nation have been unable to drink the community water since important in tackling the water crisis 19982—struggling with sickness related to unsafe drinking water for more than 20 in Indigenous communities. Learn years. The lack of year-round road access made it incredibly expensive to bring in more about clean water strategies in materials and supplies to build a water treatment plant. In June 2017, construction First Nations communities in Canada. was started on Freedom Road3, a road that will connect the community back to the Find out who is responsible for these mainland and potentially one day end the boil water advisory. The completion of projects and determine how you can this road will support this community in moving on to the next development phase: take action to support them. To learn a water treatment plant. more, visit www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/ eng/1506514143353/15065142307425.

Meet: Nathaniel Harper Nathaniel Harper, a Métis student from Winnipeg, Manitoba, has a passion for protecting water in his community. He has grown up with a strong understanding of the importance of access to clean water and has been working with his class to protect and care for the water in the Red River. At school, Nathaniel and his classmates sing a Dakota water song to bless and pray for the water. And in the spring when the water in the river begins to flow, they place an offering of sage, cedar and tobacco to help the Red River heal. Nathaniel says it’s important to protect and care for the water, as well as give thanks to the water you drink and use every day, using the word Miigwetch, meaning thank you in Ojibwe. Connect further! www.lsf-lst.ca/en/projects/teacher-resources/additional-resources/ protecting-our-sacred-water6 WE Stand Together Connection Points

Since 2013, Orange Shirt Day7 has been recognized by schools and individuals across the country in an effort to come together for reconciliation and show support and respect for Indigenous peoples for generations to come. What are other ways people in Canada can recognize the wrongdoings of the past and work toward a more respectful future?

Inspired by the story of Phyllis Webstad, the Orange Shirt Day campaign originated in How to take action Williams Lake, B.C., in 20137. Webstad was one of approximately 150,000 Indigenous Orange Shirt Day is recognized every children removed from their communities and sent to a government-funded, church- year on September 30. Take action by run residential school. When she arrived at school on her first day, school officials took organizing and participating in an event away the flashy new orange shirt her grandmother bought her—she never saw the with your school or community. You can shirt again. Orange Shirt Day8 now serves as a day to remember residential school also use this day to start conversations survivors, their families and the ones who are no longer with us today. about the history of residential schools, From 1929 to 1996, Indigenous children attended Residential schools, which often the lasting impacts and how we can removed them from their communities and the influence parents had in the spiritual, move toward a more respectful and cultural and intellectual development of First Nations, Métis and Inuit children. inclusive country through reconciliation. Research and share stories of residential The untreated trauma-related stress associated with residential schools was then school survivors to help spread 9 passed on to the next generation, causing intergenerational trauma . The scope awareness of the wrongdoings of the of damage was not understood until years later. past and learn from Indigenous elders about how to create a better future. In 2008, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada was established as a response to the charges of abuse that Indigenous children experienced in residential schools. In 2015 they released 94 calls to action10 to begin the process of reconciliation.

Meet: Cody Coyote Cody Coyote is an Ojibwe artist taking the hip hop world by storm—but things have not always been easy for him. One of the many challenges Cody faced in high school was bullying due to his long hair. This bullying added to the stresses he was facing from the struggles of disconnection between himself and his Indigenous culture. Being the victim of bullying for years led him down a road of anger, violence, substance abuse and conflict with the law. That’s when Cody began to turn to poetry, and later music, as an outlet, using a studio at school as both a safe place from bullies and an opportunity to explore his creativity. Cody later became more involved with community initiatives and cultural practices, which helped him on his healing journey—a journey that now includes nominations for Single of the Year and Best Rap/Hip-Hop CD at the 2015 Indigenous Music Awards, an #OC150 Award from Parliament Hill in 2017, as well as musical performances, public speaking and workshop facilitation across Canada. Now Cody is sharing his passion for positive change in communities across Canada and helping others take action against bullying.

Connect further! www.trc.ca11 www.orangeshirtday.org/8 WE Stand Together Connection Points

In April 2017, the Canadian government and Métis Nation signed the Canada-Métis Nation Accord, which is set to be the foundation for a renewed nation-to-nation relationship12. Six months later, the Métis National Council publicly urged the government to address concerns over discriminatory practices against Métis Nation veterans. Why do you think their services were not sufficiently recognized prior to this agreement?

At least 3,000 First Nations members13 were enlisted in the Second World War, as well How to take action as a number of Inuit and Métis people. Since then, all soldiers, except the Métis Nation, In 2016, Canada’s top court ruled that have been recognized for their service. While many of the Métis Nation members Métis are now under the jurisdiction of who served have since passed, the remaining are urging the federal government to the federal government. Prior to this, formally recognize the sacrifices they made while serving the country14. non-status Indians* and Métis were not In September 2017, Veterans Affairs Minister Seamus O’Regan issued a statement15 considered “Indians” under the 1867 in regards to Métis veterans, saying that each and every veteran should be cared for Constitutional Act16, meaning that the and their service should be respected. The statement explained that the government federal government did not have the same would begin work immediately to address the Métis Nation veterans’ concerns responsibility to them as to status Indians surrounding discriminatory practices and, in the spirit of reconciliation, take concrete and Inuit people. Before this ruling, Métis action to address these findings. and non-status Indians were deprived of significant funding for programs, services Métis National Council President Clement Chartier is leading the push for the and other benefits from the government. government to recognize Métis veterans, saying that the country they served has Discuss with your peers what impacts this not served them well in return. He is hopeful for results now that the process has will have moving forward. Then learn more begun, but with only a few veterans left, he’s disappointed that many have already about a Métis veteran’s story and share passed without receiving the recognition they deserved. the story of their incredible service with your class. * The word “Indians” is a government term.

Spotlight on: Henry Louis Norwest Henry Louis Norwest was born on May 1, 1884, in Fort Saskatchewan. He was of French-Cree descent and was a rodeo performer and ranch-hand before he enlisted in the Canadian Army. Henry was one of the most famous Canadian snipers in the First World War, with a record of 115 documented fatal shots, and was known for sniping the enemy after capturing a peak on Vimy Ridge, called “The Pimple.” On August 18, 1918, three months before the war ended, Henry was killed by a sniper on the battlefield. For many, a hero who saved countless lives had been lost. At a time when Métis soldiers were not recognized for their service, Henry was posthumously awarded a Bar to his Military Medal for his bravery and skill. Despite his contributions, his name was not initially included on the Branch #27 Cenotaph. In 2004, members of RCL #27 added his name with his descendants present. Connect further! www.firstnationsdrum.com/2015/11/remembering-henry-louie- norwest/17

www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/those-who-served/aboriginal- veterans/native-soldiers/norwest/18 WE Stand Together Connection Points

The federal government has pledged to take action to address Inuit people who experienced relocations and mistreatment in the tuberculosis epidemic19 between the 1940s and 60s. It has been over 60 years since the epidemic, why do you think it has taken so long to address the health issues affecting the Inuit population?

Tuberculosis20 is a bacterial lung disease spread through small droplets released into How to take action the air through coughing and sneezing. During the 1940s, 50s and 60s, many Inuit Read the story of Ileen Kooneeliusie24, people were displaced from their families and relocated in an attempt to treat the a 15-year-old girl from Nunavut who died disease. These individuals suffered from the disease alone, away from their families, in January 2017 from tuberculosis. Discuss and many did not make it home21. the story with your peers and begin Tuberculosis is still affecting Inuit people today. In 2015, the tuberculosis rate among conversations in your school to inform Inuit was 270 times higher22 than among Canadian-born non-Indigenous people. others and urge the government to take One of the most common factors involved in the persistence of the disease in action to lower the rates of tuberculosis Nunavut is overcrowded housing. The combination of harsh climate, food insecurity, in the North. Research other health issues poor ventilation and many people living in a confined area creates an environment currently affecting Indigenous peoples in prone to the spread of the bacterial disease. In Inuit Nunangat, there is a 40 percent Canada and discuss with your class. overcrowding rate, compared to only 4 percent in the rest of Canada23.

In an attempt to tackle the tuberculosis crisis across Inuit Nunangat, the Canadian government and Inuit have now launched a task force to work toward solutions for overcrowding, nursing shortages, language barriers, medical evacuations and delayed diagnoses. The task force will also help to ensure that both Inuit and the federal government are aligned in the fight against tuberculosis. By shifting from control programs to an elimination strategy, the task force hopes to eliminate the ongoing epidemic.

Read the story here: www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/tb-nunavut-teen-death- ileen-kooneeliusie-1.403620524 WE Stand Together Connection Points

There is a severe housing shortage in Inuit and First Nations communities25 of the North24. Many families also struggle to meet basic needs such as safety and food security. Many of these issues could be changed through policies that support and empower Indigenous institutions, communities and families. Why do you think more has not been done to make this change?

The Inuit live primarily in Inuit Nunangat25.The majority of the population lives in 53 communities spread across Inuit Meet: Charlotte Qamaniq Nunangat, the Inuit homeland encompassing 35 percent of Charlotte was born and raised in Nunavut, originally from Canada’s landmass and 50 percent of its coastline. In Inuit Igloolik, and now calls Ottawa home. She is the mother Nunangat, more than half of the population are food insecure, of two young children, and is always focused on being compared to only 14 percent outside of these regions28. an inspirational role model for them. Charlotte works Many challenges associated with food insecurity in Northern to bring awareness to Inuit history, culture and current communities stem from a combination of high food prices, low issues by providing training and presentations, as well incomes, high transportation costs and poverty. as through her Juno-nominated band, Silla and Rise, in The housing crisis in Northern Canada is also decreasing the which she performs as an Inuit throat singer. But Charlotte quality of life for many. As the population continues to grow, also has her concerns. She worries that her daughter is severe overcrowding becomes more prevalent. Many houses more likely to go missing or be murdered, and that her in the North are of poor quality and unable to withstand the son is more likely to become incarcerated, because they harsh weather conditions of the area. Diseases and health issues are Indigenous. But by working together and learning begin to spread easily in overcrowded homes and education about each other’s histories and cultures, she knows we outcomes suffer with students unable to study at home29. can make a better future by breaking the silence and cycle of colonization. With education, understanding and In an effort to combat the ongoing housing crisis, the 2016 conversation, she believes that reconciliation will be the federal budget included a pledge of $177 million29 over two years key for moving forward to a more unified Canada. for affordable housing in First Nations and Inuit communities, with additional funding allocated for three Inuit regions. Connect further! https://itk.ca/maps-of-inuit-nunangat/28

How to take action Inform your school and community about the housing shortages and their impacts on communities in the North. Inform your school and community to raise awareness, and educate your friends and family. Find groups in your community that are working toward a more inclusive and respectful country and ask them what you can do to help. WE Stand Together Connection Points

During the 72nd session of the UN General Assembly in September 2017, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau used his speech31 to highlight the issues Canada’s Indigenous People continue to face. Why do you think he used this opportunity to focus on a domestic concern, rather than on a global issue?

Every year, the UN General Assembly sets the stage for one of the largest, most How to take action important talks in international politics. In September 2017, Prime Minister Justin Learn more about the UN Sustainable Trudeau used this stage to highlight the issues Canada’s Indigenous peoples continue Development Goals. Raise awareness to face. He spoke about the lasting effects of residential schools, broken treaty about clean water projects in First promises and forced migration, all of which are dark parts of Canadian history. Nations communities by creating posters One of the issues he discussed also falls under the UN Sustainable Development Goals highlighting the positive steps taken to for 2030—clean drinking water. He pointed out that there are still children living in achieve clean water. Students can also Canada, one of the wealthiest countries in the world, who cannot safely drink, bathe research the UN Sustainable Development or play in the water that comes out of their taps. He pledged his commitment to Goals and start taking small steps to help fixing this issue, highlighting that the government is working to eliminate drinking contribute. water advisories in partnership with First Nations communities

Prime Minister Trudeau admitted that Canada is still a work in progress, but that he remains hopeful for its future. In order to tackle the water crisis in First Nations communities moving forward, solutions will include better infrastructure on reserves, more housing and the dismantling of the old Indian Affairs department. In May 2016, Canada signed the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples32 in order to help protect the collective rights of Indigenous peoples that may not be addressed in other human rights charters.

Read more about UN Sustainable Development Goals here: sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=130033

Watch Justin Trudeau’s speech at the UN General Assembly here: www.youtube.com/watch?v=20QqRtLoLFw34

United Nations Declaration of Rights of Indigenous Peoples www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf35 WE Stand Together Connection Points

In October 2017, Minister of Environment and Climate Change Catherine McKenna, and President of Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami* Natan Obed agreed to a plan that consists of implementing Inuit land-claim agreements, and take action against climate change36. How will this policy affect Indigenous communities in Canada?

Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami is an organization that works to improve the health and well- How to take action being of Inuit in Canada through research, advocacy, public outreach and education. Reduce your carbon footprint. Walk or First Nations and Inuit communities in Canada face many challenges in the age ride your bike to school, use a reusable of climate change. Due to the remoteness, cold climates, poor sewage and water water bottle or pick up litter in a local facilities and reliance on diesel for electricity generation, many of these communities park. When we all work together, small are vulnerable to the effects of climate change37. actions can create real impact. It might The new joint work plan between the Canadian government and Inuit be hard to see the change, but every Tapiriit Kanatami will help respect, support and protect Indigenous lands action helps make a difference in the fight and waters while combatting climate change at regional, national and against climate change and helps Inuit international levels. The plan will explore new solutions to help protect communities protect their land. the environment and Inuit areas.

Ensuring environmental sustainability in Inuit communities is an important and timely matter. The Arctic, home to many Inuit, is the fastest-warming place on the planet. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the average temperature has increased by about 3.5 degrees Celsius. Protecting Inuit lands and waters is also important for honouring Inuit culture. Environmental damage is seen as a continuous attack on the Inuit belief system, as Inuit believe that earth is where stories live and stories are the foundation of Inuit culture.

By implementing the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change throughout Inuit Nunangat it is hoped that climate change action will take on significant importance in both Northern Indigenous communities and on a national scale, to keep the earth green and Inuit lands safe.

*The Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami is the National Representational Organization Protecting and Advancing the Rights and Interests of Inuit in Canada.

Connect further! http://itk.ca38 http://activeafterschool.ca/resource/traditional-inuit-games-lesson-plan39 WE Stand Together Connection Points

The federal government has agreed to pay hundreds of millions of dollars to survivors of the Sixties Scoop for the harm suffered by forcibly removingIndigenous children38 from their families41. Do you think this will help with the trauma inflicted on the survivors? What else do you think can be done to continue reconciliation?

Between the 1960s and 1980s, thousands of Indigenous children were taken from How to take action their homes and placed with non-Indigenous families. This often happened without Watch the documentary Birth of a Family the consent of their parents. Throughout this process many Indigenous children lost to learn about how four Dene siblings their name, language, family and culture. were affected by the Sixties Scoop. What The Sixties Scoop has not received the same amount of attention as the residential are the challenges they faced during school system, and the Indigenous peoples involved have not received the same their time of separation, and while type of apology from governments. The national settlement, announced in October reconnecting as a family? Share their 2017, includes an estimated 20,000 victims with a payout of between $25,000 and story to educate others in your school $50,000 for each claimant, to a maximum of $750 million. As part of the settlement, and community about the history of the the government is also putting aside $50 million for a foundation dedicated to Sixties Scoop and the lasting effects it reconciliation initiatives. has had on families.

After the announcement of the settlement, Sixties Scoop adoptees voiced mixed feelings—many agree that money won’t be able to fix the emotional, psychological and spiritual harm inflicted, but that recognizing the wrongdoings of the past is a step in the right direction.

Watch the documentary here: www.cbc.ca/cbcdocspov/episodes /birth-of-a-family42 WE Stand Together Connection Points

In Canada, the Crown has been signing treaties with First Nations people since the 18th century—in fact, treaties cover nearly 50 percent43 of Canada’s land mass. What treaty land do you live on? What are the topics covered in the treaty? Is there a treaty for the area where you live? Do you think it’s fair? What responsibility do you have to that land?

Treaties were formal agreements that set out obligations, benefits and promises for How to take action both sides. There are now approximately 70 recognized treaties representing over Use the resources below to find out what 600,000 First Nations people and the Crown in Canada44. A majority of the settled treaty land you live on and research the lands we are familiar with today in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta once details about it. What responsibility do belonged to First Nations people and the homelands of many Métis communities, you have to the land you occupy? In an and were transferred to the Crown (the government) through land treaties. effort to honour the land you occupy, Treaties made between the Crown and First Nations communities enabled the include an acknowledgment of the government to pursue agriculture, settlement and resource development. First traditional territory your school sits on Nations gave up large areas of land in exchange for reserve lands, farm equipment, during the morning announcements annual payments, clothing and certain rights to hunt and fish. each morning.

These treaties are now foundational documents in the history of Canada and form the country we know today. Treaties developed between 1701 and 1923 are considered historic treaties, and modern day treaties are now known as comprehensive land claim settlements.

Read more about treaty lands here:

www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1290453474688/1290453673970 fnpim-cippn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/index-eng.html43

www.canadashistory.ca/Explore/Politics-Law/Treaties-and-the- Treaty-Relationship46

www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100032297/1544716489360

native-land.ca47 WE Stand Together Connection Points

First Nations people in Canada are among the highest risk population for diabetes48. Patients living in remote communities face barriers to health care, including lack of access to dialysis treatment in their communities. Some are forced to relocate to urban centres to access proper health care, which can be both costly and lonely. Why do you think Indigenous peoples are vulnerable to diabetes? What can the government do to help Indigenous peoples access diabetes treatment in their own communities?

The prevalence of diabetes among Indigenous Peoples in Canada is staggering. Eight in 10 Indigenous young adults in Meet: Caleb Saulteaux Canada will develop type 2 diabetes in their lifetime49. This Caleb is a 15-year-old student on a mission to improve is compared to only five in 10 among the general Canadian access to health care in his community. Like many in his population. There are many factors associated with the higher community—and even more Indigenous People across prevalence, including lack of access to healthy, affordable Canada—Caleb’s grandmother, who he calls his kunshi, food, barriers to proper health care, genetic susceptibility and has diabetes. Caleb’s grandmother has been making the increasing prevalence of obesity. 90-minute trek to Brandon, Manitoba, for dialysis three With a shortage of dialysis machines50 in remote First Nations times a week for over 20 years. When his grandmother’s and Inuit communities, diabetes patients are forced to travel car broke down one winter afternoon on the way to her hours to city centres three times a week to access treatment— appointment, Caleb knew he had to do something to help some are even forced to relocate their families altogether. make dialysis treatment available in their community. A natural athlete, he decided to run the 130 kilometres to In Cree communities in Northern Quebec, one in five adults are Brandon to raise awareness and, eventually, dollars to buy living with diabetes. Their only option for dialysis treatment is a machine for the reserve. With a friend at his side, his one of two facilities, located thousands of kilometres apart. This coach cycling behind them and his grandparents following situation is happening all across Canada in remote Northern with snacks and water in their truck, it took two days to communities, and the shortage is proving to be fatal. Living far make it along the Trans-Canada Highway to Brandon. from a dialysis centre is associated with increased mortality and Since then, he’s racked up another 400 kilometres, running an impaired quality of life51. It’s also costly. In an urban dialysis to neighbouring communities and First Nations reserves. centre, the annual average cost of treatment is about $75,000 He’s spoken at Pow Wows and been honoured with Star per person. This cost rises to $135,000 in rural and remote areas. Blankets from Elders in recognition of his work. Caleb is a powerful youth with a singular vision of helping others— running kilometre after kilometre so other people can How to take action stay home to receive treatment. Learn more about the distance to the closest medical centres Connect further! in remote First Nations and Inuit communities. How does that compare to the distance to your closest medical centre? What do www.canada.ca/en/indigenous-services- you think the implications of this could be? Spread awareness canada/services/first-nations-inuit-health/ 52 in your school and community by sharing your findings. diseases-health-conditions/diabetes.html WE Stand Together Connection Points

The number of missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls in Canada is disproportionately high. From 2005 to 2010, Native Women’s Association of Canada’s (NWAC) Sisters in Spirit (SIS) Initiative confirmed 582 cases of missing and/or murdered Indigenous women and girls over a span of 20 years53. How can we help build a safer future for Indigenous women and girls?

The issue of missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls is a national How to take action epidemic and is a result of the systemic violence impacting Indigenous families and Learn more about the issue of missing communities. There are no national sources for data regarding missing persons and murdered Indigenous women and in Canada, making it difficult to look at the issue in comparison to other missing girls. Plan a walk to support Theland cases54. The NWAC has researched and documented 582 cases from 2005 to 2010, Kicknosway in raising awareness and, in 2013, the RCMP released a report revealing 1,181 cases of missing and/or about the issue and/or participate in murdered Indigenous women and girls. Messages of Honouring and Support Aboriginal women often face life-threatening gender-based violence, with a for MMIWG2S Families (download staggeringly higher number of violent crimes against them because of hatred and the template here and share your racism55. In Canada, they have historically been devalued not only as Aboriginal messages around your school or on people but also because they are women. social media). Students can also create their own way of raising awareness. The NWAC believes that by understanding the past and present issues, we can build a better life for future generations. That’s why they continue to raise awareness through projects like the Faceless Dolls Project and October 4th SIS vigils56. This is an issue of human rights, justice and dignity, and coming together to raise awareness is an integral step toward reconciliation.

Meet: Theland Kicknosway At 15 years old, Theland is the youngest Indspire Culture, Heritage and Spirituality Award laureate. He is passionate about helping others understand this epidemic of missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls in Canada. Having experienced the trauma of missing family members himself, Theland is an active voice in raising awareness on this issue and the impact it has on Indigenous families in Canada. In April 2018, he completed his fourth annual 134-kilometre run in partnership with Families of Sisters in Spirit, which brings communities together to raise awareness and remember the missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls. He dreams of one day starting his own organization, “Running our World,” to continue raising awareness on a local, national and international level. With his determination, Theland is working toward a safer, brighter world by listening to the voices of Indigenous people, and turning those words into actions to truly come together and grow as a nation. Connect further! www.nwac.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2012_NWAC_Community_ Resource_Guide_MMAWG.pdf57

www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/publications/58

www.nwac.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/NWAC-MMIWG-Report-Card-3- May17-Mar18.pdf59 WE Stand Together Connection Points

It is time for you to create a new connection point!

From coast to coast, Indigenous communities across the country have stories of success, strength and resilience to share. Indigenous people in Canada are leading the way in the fields of academia, sustainable energy, entrepreneurship, rights advocacy and community development projects. Learn more about the amazing stories happening in your community and spread the word!

Investigate and Learn

Look for credible resources created from an Indigenous lens to research your connection point. Make sure you are inclusive of different perspectives and you use a variety of resources, for example—written, digital, social media, news articles, Indigenous organizations, etc.

How to take action

Take time to learn which First Nations, Métis or Inuit communities are present in the community in which you live. What organizations and projects have been inspired by the leadership within these communities? What impact have they made?

Connect further! Connect with a local Indigenous leader to hear their story. With their permission, share their story and what you learned with your school or group!

Share your connection point with us!

We’d love to hear the stories and lessons you’ve learned. By sharing what you’ve found, you’re helping educate others for a more understanding future. WE Stand Together Connection Points

1. “First Nations ‘living in Third World conditions’ as remembrance/history/historical-sheets/aborigin. communities endure water advisories,” Global News, 14. “Métis National Council wants feds to recognize their https://globalnews.ca/news/3238948/first-nations- veterans as ranks thin,” CBC News, www.cbc.ca/ drinking-water-crisis-liberals-promise/. news/indigenous/metis-national-council-veterans- 2. “Shoal Lake 40 celebrates start of on-reserve thin-1.4358113. www. construction of Freedom Road,” CTV News, 15. “Statement—Veterans Affairs Minister recognizes ctvnews.ca/canada/shoal-lake-40-celebrates- contributions of Métis Veterans,” Cision Canada, www. start-of-on-reserve-construction-of-freedom- newswire.ca/news-releases/statement---veterans- road-1.3484662. affairs-minister-recognizes-contributions-of-metis- 3. “Next phase of Shoal Lake 40’s ‘Freedom Road’ veterans-646615053.html?tc=eml_mycnw. www.cbc.ca/ construction set to begin,” CBC News, 16. “Unanimous ruling says Ottawa has jurisdiction over news/indigenous/shoal-lake-manitoba-freedom- all Indigenous People,” CBC News, www.cbc.ca/ road-construction-1.4510786. news/indigenous/metis-indians-supreme-court- 4. “There are still no enforceable rules around drinking ruling-1.3535236. water on First Nations,” Vice News, https://news.vice. 17. www.firstnationsdrum.com/2015/11/remembering- com/en_ca/article/7xwdba/there-are-still-no- henry-louie-norwest/. enforceable-rules-around-drinking-water-on-first- nations. 18. www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/those-who- served/aboriginal-veterans/native-soldiers/norwest/ 5. “Ending long-term drinking water advisories,” . Government of Canada, www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/150651 19. “Feds pledge action on relocations, treatment of Inuit 4143353/1533317130660. tuberculosis epidemic,” CityNews, www.citynews1130. com/2017/02/09/trudeau-visits-territories-for-first- 6. “Protecting our Sacred Water,” Learning for a time-since-2015-election-campaign/ Sustainable Future, https://janegoodall.ca/wp- . content/uploads/2017/02/ProtectingOurSacredWater- 20. “History of tuberculosis,” Canadian Public Health FNMIResource.pdf. Association, www.cpha.ca/history-tuberculosis. 7. “Canadians urged to partake in Orange Shirt Day to 21. “Telling the story of hundreds of Inuit, sick with TB, honour residential school survivors,” Global News, who were shipped to Hamilton,” CBC News, www.cbc. https://globalnews.ca/news/3777664/orange-shirt- ca/news/canada/hamilton/telling-the-story-of- day/. hundreds-of-inuit-sick-with-tb-who-were-shipped- to-hamilton-1.3842103 8. Orange Shirt Day, www.orangeshirtday.org. . 9. Manitoba Trauma Information and Education Centre, 22. “Ottawa, Inuit unveil task force aimed at tackling sky- https://trauma-informed.ca/trauma-and-first- high tuberculosis rates,” Toronto Star, www.thestar. com/news/canada/2017/10/05/ottawa-inuit-unveil- nations-people/residential-schools/. task-force-aimed-at-tackling-sky-high-tuberculosis- 10. “TRC releases calls to action to begin reconciliation,” rates.html. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, nctr.ca/assets/reports/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf. 23. “Homegrown TB crisis: Why a preventable disease persists among Canada’s Inuit,” CBC News, www. 11. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, www. cbc.ca/radio/day6/episode-355-robot-surgeons- trc.ca. surviving-the-eye-of-irma-the-disaster-artist- 12. “’Nation to nation’: Métis, Canada sign long- a-homegrown-tb-crisis-and-more-1.4287163/ awaited accord,” CBC News, www.cbc.ca/news/ homegrown-tb-crisis-why-a-preventable-disease- indigenous/metis-accord-nation-to-nation- persists-among-canada-s-inuit-1.4287176. relationship-1.4070494. 24. “’She was my only girl’: Nunavut teen’s death sheds 13. “Indigenous People in the Second World War,” light on failures in fighting TB,” CBC News, www.cbc.ca/ Veterans Affairs Canada, www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/ news/canada/north/tb-nunavut-teen-death-ileen- kooneeliusie-1.4036205. WE Stand Together Connection Points

25. “Housing in crisis in Canada’s Northern Inuit Territories,” cooperation on environmental and climate change News Deeply, www.newsdeeply.com/arctic/ action,” Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, www.itk.ca/minister- articles/2017/03/15/housing-in-crisis-in-canadas- mckenna-and-president-obed-advance-cooperation- northern-inuit-territories. on-environmental-and-climate-change-action/. 26. “We can do better: Housing in Inuit Nunangat,” 37. “Climate change in Indigenous and Northern Report of the Standing Senate Committee on communities,” Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, Aboriginal Peoples, http://s3.documentcloud.org/ Government of Canada, www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/ documents/3477215/APPA-RPT-Northern-Housing- 1100100034249/1100100034253. Report-2017-02-28.pdf . 38. Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami: The National Representational 27. “About Canadian Inuit,” Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami: The Organization Protecting and Advancing the Rights and National Representational Organization Protecting and Interests of Inuit in Canada, www.itk.ca. Advancing the Rights and Interests of Inuit in Canada, 39. “Traditional Inuit Games: Lesson plan,” Canadian Active www.itk.ca/about-canadian-inuit/ . After School Partnership, http://activeafterschool.ca/ 28. “More than half of Inuit in northern Canada don’t get resource/traditional-inuit-games-lesson-plan. http://nunatsiaq.com/ enough food,” Nunatsiaq News, 40. “Ottawa announces $800M settlement with Indigenous stories/article/65674more_than_half_of_inuit_in_ survivors of Sixties Scoop,” CBC News, www.cbc. northern_canada_dont_get_enough_food/. ca/news/politics/ottawa-settle-60s-scoop- 29. “Housing in crisis in Canada’s Northern Inuit Territories,” survivors-1.4342462. www.newsdeeply.com/arctic/ News Deeply, 41. “Ottawa agrees to pay $800M to Indigenous victims articles/2017/03/15/housing-in-crisis-in-canadas- of ’60s Scoop,” Toronto Star, www.thestar.com/news/ northern-inuit-territories. canada/2017/10/05/government-to-announce-payout- 30. “Maps of Inuit Nunangat (Inuit Regions of Canada),” of-800m-to-indigenous-victims-of-60s-scoop.html. Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, www.itk.ca/maps-of-inuit- 42. Birth of a Family, CBC, www.cbc.ca/cbcdocspov/ nunangat/ . episodes/birth-of-a-family. 31. “Justin Trudeau’s UN speech outlines Canada’s 43. “A history of treaty-making in Canada,” Indigenous and ‘humiliation’ of Indigenous Peoples,” Huffington Post, Northern Affairs Canada, Government of Canada, www. www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/09/21/justin-trudeaus- aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1314977704533/1314977734895. un-speech-outlines-canadas-humiliation-of- indigenous-peoples_a_23218217/. 44. Treaties and agreements, Government of Canada, www. rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028574/1529354437231. 32. “Canada officially adopts UN declaration on rights of Indigenous Peoples,” CBC News, www.cbc.ca/news/ 45. Map Room, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, indigenous/canada-adopting-implementing-un- Government of Canada, www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/ rights-declaration-1.3575272. 1100100028574/1529354437231. 33. Sustainable Development Goals, Sustainable 46. “Treaties and the treaty relationship,” Canada’s History, Development Goals Knowledge Platform, https:// www.canadashistory.ca/explore/politics-law/treaties- sustainabledevelopment.un.org. and-the-treaty-relationship. 34. “Justin Trudeau at the United Nations | Full UN speech 47. “Maps of treaty-making in Canada,” Indigenous and from Canada’s prime minister,” CBC News, www. Northern Affairs Canada, Government of Canada, www. youtube.com/watch?v=20QqRtLoLFw. rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100032297/1544716489360. 35. “United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous 48. “Type 2 diabetes and Indigenous Peoples,” Diabetes Peoples,” United Nations, www.un.org/development/ Canada, http://guidelines.diabetes.ca/browse/ desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights- chapter38. of-indigenous-peoples.html. 36. “Minister McKenna and President Obed advance 49. “Diabetes epidemic in Indigenous populations’ WE Stand Together Connection Points

highlights disparity,” CBC News, www.cbc.ca/news/ health/diabetes-type-2-first-nations-1.3768773. 50. “Lack of dialysis services in Northern Manitoba proving fatal, Indigenous patients say,” CBC News, www. cbc.ca/news/indigenous/dialysis-patients-north- services-1.3814107. 51. “Adverse outcomes among Aboriginal patients receiving peritoneal dialysis,” CMAJ, www.cmaj.ca/content/ cmaj/182/13/1433.full.pdf. 52. “First Nations and Inuit health,” Government of Canada, www.canada.ca/en/indigenous-services-canada/ services/first-nations-inuit-health.html. 53. “Understanding MMIWG,” Native Women’s Association of Canada, www.nwac.ca/national-inquiry-mmiwg/ understanding-mmiwg/. 54. “Fact Sheet: Missing and murdered Aboriginal women and girls,” Native Women’s Association of Canada, www.nwac.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Fact_ Sheet_Missing_and_Murdered_Aboriginal_Women_ and_Girls.pdf. 55. “Fact Sheet: Violence against Aboriginal women,” Native Women’s Association of Canada, www.nwac.ca/ wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Fact_Sheet_Violence_ Against_Aboriginal_Women.pdf. 56. “Honouring MMIWG families,” Native Women’s Association of Canada, www.nwac.ca/national-inquiry- mmiwg/honouring-mmiwg-families/. 57. “Community resource guide: What can I do to help the families of missing and murdered Aboriginal women and girls?” Native Women’s Association of Canada, www.nwac.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2012_ NWAC_Community_Resource_Guide_MMAWG.pdf. 58. Documents, National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/ publications/. 59. “NWAC Report Card May 2017 - March 2018,” The National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, Native Women’s Association of Canada, www.nwac.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ NWAC-MMIWG-Report-Card-3-May17-Mar18.pdf.