UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022

Sustainable Development Goals

UNESCO Office for the Pacific States UNESCO Office for the Pacific States P.O. Box 615 Apia, Samoa Tel: +685 24276 Fax: +685 26593 Email: [email protected] www.unesco.org/new/en/apia/home https://www.facebook.com/UNESCOPacific/ @UNESCO_Pacific UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022

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UNESCO Office for the Pacific States

Contents

Boxes, figures and tables i Abbreviations and acronyms ii Foreword iii Executive summary v

Part I UNESCO’s strategic vision and intervention rationale 1 I.A UNESCO vision 2 I.B UNESCO in the Pacific 4 I.C Situation analysis 6 a. Regional vision 6 b. Regional development context 7 c. Risks and assumptions 12 d. Key multisectoral issues 13 e. Development partner engagement and accountability 14

Part II Identifying key priorities and partnerships 16 II.A UN Core programming principles 17 II.B Building a framework for cooperation and partnerships 18 a. Linking UNESCO’s work to regional and national priorities 18 b. UNESCO actions 19 c. Risks 33 d. Partnerships 34 Contents Contents

Part III Monitoring and evaluation 35 III.A Analysis and strategy on data collection 36 III.B Management and reporting 37

Part IV Planning partnerships, resources and indicators 38 Mapping UNESCO and SAMOA Pathway partnerships against SDGs 39 Cooperation and Partnerships Matrix 41 Results and Resources Framework 51

Part V Country focus and alignment of development priorities 67 Subregional alignment of UN priorities in the Pacific 144 Boxes, figures and tables

Figure 1: UNESCO’s support for implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and 17 SDGs 2 Figure 2: Proportion of population younger than 15 years of age (%) 8 Figure 3: Five key dimensions of the 2030 Agenda 17 Figure 4: UNESCO’s action and the core principles of the 2030 Agenda 20 Figure 5: Number of SAMOA Pathway Partnerships relevant under each of the 17 SDGs 39

Table 1: Young age dependency ratio 9 Table 2: Mapping the SDGS with UNESCO Programme Areas in the Pacific 36 Table 3: UNESCO partnerships working in one or more Pacific Island countries and territories 39 49 Box 1: Building capacities in education, teaching and learning 24 Box 2: UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development 2021–2030 26 Box 3: Declaration on Ethical Principles in Relation to Climate Change 27 Box 4: UNESCO’s Ecohydrology Programme 27 Box 5: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission’s work on tsunami warnings, response and mitigation 28 Box 6: Pacific Partnership on Ocean Acidification 29 Box 7: UNESCO Operational Strategy on Youth 2014–2021 31 Box 8: Listing a World Heritage site 32 Box 9: Memory of the World Programme 32

i Abbreviations and acronyms

APCEIU UNESCO Asia-Pacific Centre of Education for International Understanding CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CRIHAP UNESCO The International Training Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia- Pacific Region CSIRO The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia) CSO Civil Society Organization EQAP Education Quality and Assessment Programme ESCAP UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations FPR Framework for Pacific Regionalism HE Higher Education HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome IBE Institute for Better Education ICHCAP The International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region ICOMOS International Council of Monuments and Sites ICT Information Communication Technology IHP UNESCO International Hydrological Programme ILO International Labour Organization IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IRCI UNESCO International Research Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia Pacific Region ITU International Telecommunications Union IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature iWSSM International Centre for Water Security and Sustainable Management LGBTI Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex M&E Monitoring and evaluation MDG Millennium Development Goals NCD Non-communicable disease NGO Non-Governmental Organization ODA Overseas Development Assistance PARBICA Pacific Regional Branch of the International Council on Archives PEDF Pacific Education Development Framework

ii PHSP Pacific Meteorological Council’s Hydrological Services Panel PIALA Pacific Islands Association of Libraries and Archives PIANGO Pacific Islands Association of Non-Government Organisations PICTs Pacific Island Countries and Territories PIDF Pacific Island Development Forum PIFS Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat PIMA Pacific Islands Media Association PINA Pacific Islands News Association PYDF Pacific Youth Development Framework SAMOA SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (Pathway) SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SIDS Small Island Developing States SPC Pacific Community SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme SPTO South Pacific Tourism Organisation TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training UN United Nations UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNEVOC UNESCO International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNICER United Nations International Committee of Experts UNITWIN UNESCO University Twinning and Network UNPS United Nations Pacific Strategy UNWOMEN United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women USP University of the South Pacific WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene WHITRAP World Heritage Institute of Training and Research for the Asia and the Pacific Region WMO World Meteorological Organisation WTO World Tourism Organisation

iii Foreword

There is no peace without tackling social justice, eliminating poverty and managing natural resources in a sustainable way. Guided by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, UNESCO contributes to the building of peace, the eradication of poverty, and sustainable development through strengthening education, the sciences, culture, communication and information.

In the Pacific, countries and territories have long held a vision of cooperation and integration to achieve more together than they can do separately. That is why partnership is a core component of the UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018–2022, and it is being integrated into every facet of our work, building on decades of experience in the Pacific and expertise of the Organization.

UNESCO will focus its work on three fronts within the broader context of the 2030 Agenda and the SAMOA Pathway, an action framework to support the ocean states towards sustainability. First, investing in people to build institutional and technical capacities. This will be done through the promotion of learning, awareness-raising, training and advice for national ownership, empowerment and strengthening of local and subregional value chains in the fields of education, culture, natural and social sciences, and communication and information.

Second, to strengthen resilience to disaster, including climate change, and protect the natural environment through sustainable use of resources. This will be done through research projects and technical advice, including coordination of the Pacific Tsunami Warning System, to support communities to be better prepared in the face of disasters and climate change risks.

And third, to sustain livelihoods by creating avenues for new enterprises in synergy with protecting the region’s natural and cultural heritage. Technical advice, projects and programmes that support livelihoods-focused actions will promote economic well-being as well as protect cultural, social and ecological systems.

This Strategy translates UNESCO’s core mandate into action priorities at the regional, national and local levels. It also brings attention to the needs of those who are most vulnerable due to social and cultural exclusion, lack of capacity and education, limited access to communication, and other factors.

It is my honour to thank the UNESCO National Commissions, Pacific Island Member States and the United Nations system in the Pacific, in particular, the Resident Coordinator Offices in Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Samoa. I also thank regional organizations, partners and colleagues in the immediate and extended teams across UNESCO who participated in the consultative process that gave way to this new UNESCO Pacific Strategy. Finally, I extend thanks to Garry Wiseman who patiently engaged with us and the stakeholders to draft the Strategy.

The Strategy lays out a technically ambitious but realistic way forward that will require a decisive and collaborative effort in the coming years to contribute to peace and sustainable development. This is a roadmap for UNESCO in the Pacific, but also an invitation to you, our partners, to join us to overcome the defining development challenges of our time.

Nisha Director of Office and UNESCO Representative to the Pacific States iv Executive summary

This document presents the UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 which will guide the direction, distribution of resources and set standards and performance indicators for UNESCO’s work in the Pacific in the coming years. It is a call for urgent action, not only for more funding but also cooperation and recognition that the peoples of the Pacific can achieve more together than separately.

In consultation with development partners and the UNESCO National Commissions, the UNESCO Cluster Office to the Pacific States has designed this Strategy to address some of the key challenges to sustainable development in 15 Pacific countries and territories which includes the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, the Republic of Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.

Key elements of the Strategy

• The Strategy is aligned with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and also builds on existing guiding frameworks in the Pacific, including UNESCO’s Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Action Plan 2016–2021. • A multisectoral and multi-agency approach is adopted to reduce pressure on small national administrations and to ensure cost-effectiveness in delivery. It will maximize cooperation with other United Nation agencies, with Pacific regional agencies to ensure the interventions are grounded in regional priorities; and with development partners. Thus, the Strategy is fully aligned with country development priorities, as well as the United Nations Pacific Strategy (UNPS) 2018–2022 and the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) 2018–2022 for Papua New Guinea. • Three strategic goals frame the UNESCO Pacific Strategy. Strategic Goal 1: Investing in People UNESCO in the Pacific will strengthen polices for education and lifelong learning; the professional development of teachers; a stronger role for technical and vocational training; strengthen intercultural competencies; improve science, technology and innovation policy while promoting the advantages of using intangible cultural heritage and traditional knowledge; enhance social inclusion with a specific focus on youth and women’s empowerment; and support the fostering of an independent media in the Pacific.

Strategic Goal 2: Protecting our Islands and Oceans UNESCO will target its support primarily to build national and community capacity for implementation of the UNESCO Declaration on Ethics of Climate Change; strengthen heritage management capacity to mitigate and respond to climate change and disasters in UNESCO- designated sites while also promoting UNESCO cultural conventions as tools for this work; support indigenous knowledge-based research; improve water security; support the work of Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) to reduce the risks from tsunamis, storm surges and other coastal hazards; and promote science education in the region.

v Strategic Goal 3: Sustaining Livelihoods Activities under this strategic goal will foster policies and practices for the protection and safeguarding of cultural and natural heritage. The integration of modern technologies and tools will strengthen the preservation of heritage, the transmission of traditional knowledge and the promotion of the development of the creative industries. The UNESCO Pacific office will also provide assistance in the identification of potential heritage sites for inclusion on the World Heritage tentative list.

Outline of the Strategy

• Part I presents an overview of UNESCO’s global vision and mandate; and the evolution of UNESCO’s guiding framework and development work in the Pacific. • A situational analysis of the current development context, key challenges and risks for the Pacific region (Part I) and for each country (Part V) is described. • Part II outlines UNESCO’s three strategic goals in the Pacific and identifies key partners and activities, in alignment with national and regional development priorities. • UNESCO’s strong focus on data collection and analysis; monitoring and evaluation; and reporting is highlighted in Part III, emphasizing the need for accountability. • The Cooperation and Partnerships Matrix (Part IV) presents the detail for each strategic goal’s activity and identifies potential partners and indicative funds needed. Drilling down further, the Results and Resources Framework outlines clear performance indicators, baseline and targets, data sources, and country coverage for each activity output. • Finally, Part V brings the focus back to each country and subregional context, by aligning the Strategy outputs and resources with each country’s development priorities, the UNDAF priorities (where relevant) and the UNPS outcomes and priorities.

With clear strategic and measurable goals, strong partnerships and a focus on UNESCO’s priority areas of education, culture, natural sciences and communication, this Strategy will promote opportunities and mobilize resources for sustainable development, democracy and peace in the region.

vi Cultural UNESCO Pacifc Strategy 4% institutions 4% 9% rationale & indicative resource allocation Media 9% Tsunami Resources development warning conservation & management 60% UN system 40% 12% 40% Key UNESCO SAMOA Pathway Partnerships Science 19% Social education Youth inclusion • The World Team Project: Sustainable Solutions Oceans Opportunities & Small Island States (SOS-IS) Water Protecting our • The Pacific Partnership on Ocean Acidification Investing security 20% islands and • International Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Regional in people cceans Development - The Ocean we want for the Future we need organizations • The Sustainable Ocean Initiative (SOI) Capacity Building Platform for the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the Sustainable Development Goals Education 23% • Heritage strengthening in the Pacific 15 • United Nations Pacific Interagency Task Force on Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Control (UN PIATF) • The International Coral Reef Initiative Climate • Sustainable Ocean Initiative (SOI) PICTs & disaster • SIDS Youth Network resilience • Pacific Biosphere Reserves Network: A tool for Exchange and Cooperation • Enhancing South-South cooperation for capacity building in 40% science: Towards Economic Resilience to Natural Shocks in the Civil society Pacific and Southeast Asia organizations, • SANDWATCH - a Global Observatory of Changing Environments in private sector & 8% other national 16% Creative SIDS based on citizen science stakeholders industry MATION Cultural FOR IN ED conventions & , Inte U S rters rgov C ratifcation N ua er A O q m T I d e IO T a n A e A t N ffce fo s a C H o r t I r h ia l te e b N s - N P P o Priority area alignment 42% u A U a l a d c c T C i M i e U 20% f i i f s M c i R

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M tourism A Part I UNESCO’s strategic vision and intervention rationale

1 I.A UNESCO vision

1. The preamble to the Constitution of UNESCO declares ‘since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defense of peace must be constructed’. As a specialized agency of the United Nations and pursuant to its constitution, UNESCO contributes to the building of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information. UNESCO supports implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Organization has direct focus across nine of the SDGs1 and is considered the lead UN agency for the delivery of the targets related to Goal 4 (Quality Education). UNESCO is also a lead for number of other indicators of the SDGs. The cross-cutting nature of UNESCO’s mandate and the indivisibility of the SDGs means that UNESCO’s support is expected to have an impact on progress under almost all of the goals but specifically on three other SDGs.2 UNESCO is also the secretariat for a number of global conventions, declarations and intergovernmental programmes.

Figure 1: UNESCO’s support for implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and 17 SDGs

2. The five functions of UNESCO are to: (i) serve as a laboratory of ideas and generate innovative proposals and policy advice in its fields of competence; (ii) develop and reinforce the global agenda in its fields of competence through policy analysis, monitoring and benchmarking; (iii) set norms and

1 Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all; Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls; Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all; Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation; Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable; Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts; Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development; Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss; and Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. 2 Goal 1: Eradicate poverty in all its forms everywhere; Goal 10: Reduce inequalities within and among countries; and Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development. 2 I.A UNESCO vision standards in its fields of competence and support and monitor their implementation; (iv) strengthen international and regional cooperation in its fields of competence, and foster alliances, intellectual cooperation, knowledge-sharing and operational partnerships; and (v) provide advice for policy development and implementation, and develop institutional and human capacities. institutional and human capacities.

3. UNESCO’s Plan of Action and Implementation Strategy for the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) guides the work of UNESCO’s Pacific Office. Adopted in 2016, the SIDS Action Plan 2016–2021 embraces the SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Pathway3 and proposes a menu of five priority actions for UNESCO: 1. Enhancing island capacities to achieve sustainable development through education and the reinforcement of human and institutional capacities; 2. Enhancing SIDS resilience and the sustainability of human interactions with ecological, freshwater and ocean systems; 3. Supporting SIDs in the management of social transformations and the promotion of social inclusion and social justice; 4. Preserving tangible and intangible cultural heritage and promoting culture for island sustainable development; and 5. Increasing connectivity, information management and knowledge-sharing.

4. A key element of the SAMOA Pathway is an undertaking for all partners to support the priorities of the SIDS through genuine and durable partnerships. Part IV outlines how these partnerships can be mapped against the SDGs and includes a current list of UNESCO partnerships working in one or more countries in the Pacific.

5. In terms of SIDS, it is important to recall the commitments made to SIDS and adopted at UNESCO’s 37th General Conference. These include to: (i) improve learner participation, retention and outcomes (review of curricula, global citizenship education, indigenous knowledge and cultural programmes, access to technical and vocational education and training (TVET) and capacity of teachers; (ii) build capacity of youth to positively and creatively contribute to sustainability; (iii) ensure sustainable management of environment and natural resources - building scientific capacity; (iv) reinforce resilience – climate change, impact on oceans, freshwater, biodiversity and natural resources - drawing on strengths of intergovernmental scientific programmes and building synergies between scientific and indigenous knowledge; (v) foster creativity and cultural industry; (vi) preserve tangible, underwater cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage and promoting culture for island sustainable development; and (vii) increase connectivity, information management and knowledge- sharing.

3 The SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Pathway is an international framework that was developed as the outcome of the Third Inter- national Conference on Small Island Developing States (SIDS Conference) held on 1-4 September 2014 in Apia, Samoa.

3 I.B UNESCO in the Pacific

6. United Nations support to the 15 Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs) is coordinated through a United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) for Papua New Guinea and a United Nations Pacific Strategy (UNPS) for the remaining 14 island countries and territories. There are three Resident Coordinator offices in Papua New Guinea, Fiji and Samoa. The UNESCO Cluster office, based in Apia, Samoa (UNESCO Pacific), provides assistance across all 14 PICT members plus Tokelau as an associate member. It also has responsibility for the UNESCO National Commissions for Australia and New Zealand. The Pacific office is supported by the UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, the UNESCO Regional Education Bureau in Bangkok and the UNESCO Science Bureau and UNESCO Cluster office to Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Timor-Leste, in Jakarta. National Commissions for UNESCO have been established in all 14 island countries and one territory as well as in Australia and New Zealand. The National Commissions are the government focal points for UNESCO.

7. The work programme of UNESCO Pacific is set in the context of the SIDS Action Plan 2016–2021 and seeks to respond to the expectations of Member States as: (i) expressed during meetings of UNESCO’s governing bodies; (ii) by the leaders of the Pacific Island Forum; (iii) at other intergovernmental meetings; and (iv) during regular consultations with the National Commissions in the region.

8. In 2015, the Cook Islands National Commission organized consultations in Auckland that led to an outcome document entitled ‘Moving Forward - UNESCO and the Pacific’. This document and consultations held in the development of this Strategy, emphasize the importance of UNESCO Pacific implementing programmes that:

• Adopt a multisectoral and multi-agency approach to reduce pressure on small national administrations and to ensure cost-effectiveness in delivery; • Focus on sustainability beyond the initial investment and which lead to a concrete outcome; • Continue to be innovative and draw on new thinking that is supported by a resourcing strategy to ensure the full benefits of the initiative are realized; • Are effectively coordinated and with good communications and consultations between the Pacific Cluster Office and colleagues in Headquarters and regional offices. The National Commissions must continue to be UNESCO’s official point of communication with the country and careful attention paid to the arrangement of missions to countries in the Pacific; • Include opportunities, where resources permit, to expand the number of technical advisers in UNESCO Pacific to strengthen its support to all PICTs; • Make sure the intention of SAMOA Pathway to promote ‘genuine and durable partnerships’ is actioned; • Adopts a ‘whole of government’ approach which ensures that central agencies (finance and planning) are fully aware of activities being implemented with UNESCO support in line ministries/ departments; and • Are developed and delivered to maximize opportunities for cooperation with other UN agencies, with relevant Pacific regional agencies to ensure the interventions are grounded in regional priorities; and with development partners, often better resourced to follow-through on changes initiated through UNESCO support.

4 I.B UNESCO in the Pacific

5 I.C Situation analysis

a. Regional vision

9. For almost fifty years the independent countries of the Pacific have held a vision of cooperation and integration as a means for working closely together on areas requiring collective action, to do more than they could do separately; to manage shared resources; and to achieve the shared goal of a region of peace, harmony, security and economic prosperity so that all of its people can lead free and worthwhile lives. This vision is also the basis for the regional institutional architecture of intergovernmental organizations established to work alongside the governments of the region to promote and implement a range of development programmes.

10. In 2014, a Framework for Pacific Regionalism (FPR) was formally endorsed at the Forty-fifth Pacific Islands Forum. Through the FPR, Pacific Island leaders recognized the benefits of deeper regionalism while also highlighting the need for regional processes to complement national efforts. The four objectives of the FPR are: • Sustainable development that combines economic, social and cultural sustainability in ways that improve livelihoods and well-being and use the environment sustainably. • Economic growth that is inclusive and equitable. • Strengthened governance, legal, financial and administrative systems. • Security that ensures stable and safe human, environmental and political conditions for all.

11. The Pacific countries, as active members of the Small Islands Developing States (SIDS), played a key role in the finalization of the SAMOA Pathway ahead of the 2014 UN General Assembly where the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted. The SAMOA Pathway identifies the specific challenges for SIDS and the need for international community support to be delivered through ‘genuine and durable partnerships’. As noted earlier, the UNESCO SIDS Action Plan 2016–2021 specifically addresses how the Organization was to respond to the SAMOA Pathway.

12. The leaders in the region highlighted their commitment to the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs through the adoption of the Pacific Roadmap for Sustainable Development in 2017. The roadmap reinforces the importance of localizing global commitments under the 2030 Agenda and the SAMOA Pathway. In doing so, leaders reflected on the progress made across all PICTs towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and noted that most countries had been able to reduce child mortality and achieve universal primary education; some have shown progress in maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis and ensuring environmental sustainability; but fewer had made gains in reducing poverty or achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment.

13. Pacific governments, UN agencies, regional organizations, and civil society organizations have also come together in a range of fora to create various regional frameworks to help guide effective regional cooperation in specific sector areas. Many of which are directly linked to the work of UNESCO. These frameworks include: • Pacific Education Development Framework (PEDF) • Regional Culture Strategy: Investing in Pacific Cultures, 2010–2020 • Pacific Youth Development Framework (PYDF) - a coordinated approach to youth-centred development in the Pacific, 2014–2023 • Pacific Framework for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2016–2025) • Revised Pacific Platform of Action, 2005–2015, on the Advancement of Women and Gender Equity • Framework for Resilient Development of the Pacific 6 • Framework for Nature Conservation and Protected Areas in the Pacific Islands Region I.C Situation analysis b. Regional development context4

14. The regional development context draws heavily on the UNPS covering 14 PICTs and the UNDAF for Papua New Guinea. Although these strategies cover some issues not directly supported by UNESCO, the adoption of a multisectoral approach to address sustainable development means that UNESCO’s Strategy should reflect both the potential direct and/or indirect impact on a sector or area of the economy.

15. The 15 Pacific island countries and territories are often referred to as ‘Large Oceans Island States’.5 They are home to approximately 9.7 million people in an area that encompasses about 20 per cent of the earth’s surface and underlines the relevance of healthy marine ecosystems for human well-being and local economies. The region’s population is ethnically diverse and there are key differences in the region’s geography, size, history, culture, economies and political systems. Papua New Guinea has the largest population with approximately 7.3 million residents and Niue has the smallest with approximately 1,700 residents. Eighty-five per cent of the region’s population live in rural areas, making their living in agriculture, fisheries and forestry sectors.

16. Papua New Guinea is the largest of the Pacific Island countries in the region on many fronts. Papua New Guinea accounts for 76 per cent of the region’s population. It is a linguistically and culturally the most diverse country in the world6, with over 1,000 tribes and 800 languages. Although Papua New Guinea sits within the Pacific region, the country also shares many demographic and economic challenges with parts of Asia. It has the potential to benefit from trade, cooperation and increased regional diplomacy with both Asia and other parts of the Pacific. The country has significant ‘strategic assets’ including oil, gas, gold, copper, forestry and fishery resources. Papua New Guinea faces the challenge of providing service delivery to a diverse, dispersed and mostly rural population spread over 600 islands, with limited accessibility to many parts of the country, high logistical costs and supply management complications.

4 The regional situation is drawn from the Papua New Guinea UNDAF (2018-2022) available at http://pg.one.un.org/content/dam/unct/papua new guinea/docs/publications/UNDAF 2018-2022 Web Final.compressed.pdf, and the UNPS (2018-2022) available at https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb. int/files/resources/UNDP_WS_FINAL_UNPS_2018-2022.pdf [Both last accessed 6 September 2018]. 5 Theme for the Forty-third Pacific Islands Forum, Cook Islands (2012) was ‘Large Oceans Island States – The Pacific Challenge’. 6 James Fearon. 2003. Ethnic and cultural diversity by country. Journal of Economic Growth. 8 195-222. Available at https://web.stanford.edu/group/ fearon-research/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Ethnic-and-Cultural-Diversity-by-Country.pdf [Last accessed 6 September 2018].

7 17. Seven PICTs have populations with at least 30 per cent below 15 years of age (Figure 2) and 50 per cent of the population are under 25 years, providing potential for a significant demographic dividend if the right mix of quality education, reproductive choice, and decent work can be assured.7 The young age (0-14 years) dependency ratio for countries in the Pacific is high, ranging from 43 to almost 70 per 100 people aged 15-64 years (Table 1). In 6 PICTs, around ten per cent of youth (between the ages of 15 and 24) are unemployed, contributing to an unemployment rate of 4.3 per cent. The problem is most apparent for women and there is no clear evidence showing changes to the difference in unemployment rates between women and men between 2000 and 2015. Women’s labour force participation rates remain low across the Pacific and, in a number of countries, men’s participation in the formal economy is around 1.5 that of women. Similarly, Pacific men outnumber women in paid employment outside of the agricultural sector, in some countries like Samoa and Fiji by approximately two to one.8 The Pacific has limited data on the core principles that underpin the 2030 Agenda, which hinders the calculation of the inequality development index, gender development index and gender inequality index for the subregion. Nonetheless, the available information indicate that gender inequality still prevails in the region and rising in Papua New Guinea.9 Most PICTs remain heavily reliant on official development assistance, overseas remittances, and imported goods. It is estimated that more than 20 per cent of the region’s population is living in hardship.10 11

Figure 2: Proportion of population younger than 15 years of age (%)12

7 The demographic data of the Pacific available in the Human Development 2018 Statistical Update covers only 8 countries (Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Feder- ated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea). 8 The information on employment in the Pacific available in the Human Development 2018 Statistical Update covers only 6 countries (Fiji, Tonga, Vanuatu, Samoa, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea). 9 United Nations Development Programme. 2018. Human Development 2018 Statistical Update. New York, USA. Available at: http://www.hdr.undp. org/en/2018-update/download [Last accessed 27 November 2018]. 10 ESCAP, ILO, UNICEF, UNFPA and UNDP. 2014. The state of human development in the Pacific: A report on vulnerability and exclusion in a time of rapid change. Suva, Fiji. Available at https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/The%20State%20of%20Human%20Development%20in%20the%20 Pacific%28LORes%29..pdf [Last accessed 6 September 2018]. 11 World Bank. 2014. Hardship and vulnerability in the Pacific Island countries: A regional companion to the World Development Report 2014. Wash- ington, DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17543 [Last accessed 6 September 2018]. 12 Prepared with data from the United Nations Development Programme. 2018. Human Development 2018 Statistical Update. New York, USA. Avail- able at: http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update/download [Last accessed 27 November 2018].

8 Table 1: Young age dependency ratio13

18. Most of the Pacific is experiencing lower projected growth rates, indicating a potential for a decline in overall economic prosperity across the region. Ten of the states are ranked in the Human Development Index (HDI). Palau (60), Fiji (92), Tonga (98), Samoa (104) and Marshall Islands (106) are in the high human development category; Federated States of Micronesia (131), Kiribati (134), and Vanuatu (138) are in the medium category, with Solomon Islands (152) and Papua New Guinea (153) ranked in the low human development category14. Kiribati, Tuvalu, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu are classified as least developed countries.

19. Despite the challenges in achieving the MDGs, most countries have made progress, and this places them in a reasonably good position going forward to implement the SDGs. All countries have national and sector level development plans, but support is needed for their effective implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. There are difficulties with accessing times series data; a need for stronger links between planning and budgets; uneven sharing of capacity and resources between sectors; and limited capacity to effectively implement, monitor, and report on development.

20. A number of the most pressing development challenges faced by the region are linked to UNESCO’s mandate. These challenges are as follows:

o Increasing levels of hardship and vulnerabilities. While there has been an overall fall in the level of extreme poverty across the region, there are differing levels across the PICTs. For example, despite a decade of growth in Papua New Guinea, it still has a national poverty rate of approximately 37 per cent. In the Federated States of Micronesia, Samoa, Tonga and Tuvalu, the proportion of the population living below the national poverty line has been increasing, while in Fiji and Solomon Islands there are declining rates. It is estimated that more than 20 per cent of the region’s population is living in hardship, with underlying vulnerabilities intensified by limited participation by women in decision-making at all levels. Children, the elderly, women and people living with disabilities are disproportionally vulnerable to poverty, hardship and inequality. For women, this increased vulnerability is due to socioeconomic contexts, labour force discrimination, migration, a lack of property rights, heavy responsibilities in the household and the community, and subsistence farming, particularly in Melanesia.15 An estimated seventeen per cent of people have a disability.16

13 Prepared with data from the United Nations Development Programme. 2018. Human Development 2018 Statistical Update. New York, USA. Avail- able at: http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update/download [Last accessed 27 November 2018]. 14 Prepared with data from the United Nations Development Programme. 2018. Human Development 2018 Statistical Update. New York, USA. Avail- able at: http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update/download [Last accessed 27 November 2018]. 15 UNESCAP, ILO, UNICEF, UNFPA and UNDP. 2014. The state of human development in the Pacific. Suva, Fiji. Available at https://www.unescap. org/sites/default/files/The%20State%20of%20Human%20Development%20in%20the%20Pacific%28LORes%29..pdf [Last accessed 6 September 2018]. 16 UNESCAP. 2012. Disability at a glance. Bangkok, Thailand. Available at http://www.unescapsdd.org/files/documents/PUB_Disabili- 9 ty-Glance-2012.pdf [Last accessed 6 September 2018]. o One of the most vulnerable regions in the world to the effects of climate change, extreme weather events, and natural disasters.17 Consequently, humanitarian and development assistance are interconnected. As coastal dwellers, Pacific Islanders are highly susceptible to sea level rise, threatening the existence of atoll nations – Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Tokelau, and Tuvalu. The region experiences an average of three major disasters each year and eight of the PICTs are among the top 20 countries in the world with the highest average annual disaster losses in terms of gross domestic product (GDP). Evidence shows that due to pre-existing inequalities, women and marginalized and vulnerable groups are disproportionately impacted by climate change and disasters. Harmful algal events are also recognized as a natural hazard. The population of PICTs is highly dependent on marine products and therefore more vulnerable to seafood poisonings such as ciguatera that represents both an economic and a health threat for those communities. In the context of global climate change, the risk of ciguatera fish poisoning is likely to increase, suggesting the need for a greater urgency to implement a concerted monitoring of this toxic risk and improve preventive and informative actions.

o Environmental and ecosystem degradation, pollution, and waste continue to impact livelihood opportunities and health of people in the Pacific. The region has the highest fossil fuel dependency of any other region. While some countries have ambitious renewable energy production targets, they are not costed or linked to deployment capacities and known local energy resources. Policy coordination, public engagement, and legal enforcement to ensure environmental protection and natural resource management are not consistent across the region, making evident the need for greater awareness of the contribution of natural resources and environmental health to the region’s prosperity.

o Governance challenges that impact on the delivery of government services and more inclusive forms of development, particularly outside urban areas. Support for increased women’s participation has led to a small increase in the number of women in parliaments and civil society organizations and this has started more effective engagement with governance institutions. Greater press freedom and quality journalism remain to be addressed.

o Changing attitudes to traditional family ties and the reliance on the extended family as social safety nets. This situation requires alternate long-term solutions to the provision of equitable basic services. Vulnerable and marginalized groups – defined as those living in hardship and those marginalized socially and politically, as well as through inadequate economic opportunities – include the poorest 20 per cent of the population, vulnerable migrants, the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) community, persons living with disabilities, women and girls, children, and the elderly. Legal provisions have not been harmonized with customary law practices in all countries, and national legal and policy frameworks and institutions across the Pacific lack the capacity and other resources to be fully operational, effective, and inclusive in a way that is compatible with governments’ existing human rights obligations.

o Vulnerability of informal subsistence workers and the lack of formal social security systems for those engaged in these activities. Gender gaps are apparent in unemployment, labour force participation, wage levels, and opportunities to work overseas. In Melanesia, the

17 Vanuatu is rated the most vulnerable by the World Bank Institute, with Tonga and Solomon Islands also figuring prominently in this group. Avail- able at http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/EAP/Pacific%20Islands/climate-change-pacific.pdf [Last accessed 6 September 2018].

10 disparity is particularly stark with women occupying just one-third of the jobs available in the formal economy. Youth unemployment is high, and a growing number of young women and men are neither in work or training. Migration is increasingly important to the development of the region with Pacific Islanders described as one of the most mobile groups anywhere in the world. Most PICTs experience various forms of internal and international migration, including rapid urbanization, displacement linked to natural disasters and investment projects, relocation, and labour mobility, in particular, to Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Additionally, there is evidence of internal and international trafficking in persons in some countries, especially to specific sectors such as logging, fishing, and mining.

o Prevalence of a range of health-related issues. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), issues of stunting in children and a high unmet need for family planning with rising adolescent birth rates (above 20 per cent in eleven countries) across the PICTs is a major concern. Addressing these issues will only be possible through education and an appreciation of the culture and traditions of the region.

o A number of water quality and sanitation concerns. These differ from country to country, and within some countries island to island, but because of climate change, extreme events and natural hazards there are significant challenges in ensuring safe and reliable water resources. Despite the progress made in the region, challenges remain because of the small geographic size of many of the islands, the small water lenses and their remoteness. Household level data shows large inequalities in access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene with improved levels of sanitation directly related to household income. Kiribati has the lowest access to clean water and sanitation in the Pacific and waterborne disease accounts for a high proportion of infant and under-five child deaths.

o Significant constraints in the region’s education sector to deliver quality education. Based on net enrolment ratios, more than 70 per cent of 3-to-5-year-old children in the Pacific do not have access to pre-primary or preschool education. The majority of primary school aged children are enrolled in school, with a regional adjusted net enrolment rate for primary education of 89 per cent in 2012.

o Discrimination towards women and girls in the Pacific remains a key development challenge. All PICTs except Palau and Tonga have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the region’s leaders have shown a commitment to address the issue through the adoption of the 2012 Regional Gender Equality Declaration. Despite this, the region still has the world’s lowest levels of women’s representation in parliament (less than 8 per cent) and the rate of violence against women and girls is very high in most parts of the region.

21. Accountability underlies the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. It requires strengthened national capacities of duty-bearers to deliver on their obligations, with effective oversight mechanisms in place. For the UN, accountability also requires robust data and information for policy formulation, programme design and implementation. This is also critical for managing risks and delivering better results. These requirements apply to national and subnational policy processes and to the work of the UN in the region. Higher standards of social accountability are supported through increased public engagement and transparent sharing of information, combined with strengthening the voice and capacity of rights holders.

11 c. Risks and assumptions

22. At the global level, both the UN system and UNESCO are currently undergoing complex institutional reform to better respond to the needs of its Member States, in support of national development and the 2030 Agenda. These reforms are both a challenge and an opportunity for UNESCO at global, regional and country levels. The UNESCO Office for the Pacific States may be profoundly impacted by the planned review and reform of UN multi-country offices, future recommendations for new models of physical presence at the subregional and country level, as well as the UNESCO review of its field network. UNESCO is engaged and committed to the UN reforms, being an active participant in the UN reform processes and global coordination mechanisms, notably the Chief Executives Board for coordination and its three pillars: High Level Committee on Programmes, High Level Committee on Management, and United Nations Sustainable Development Group.

23. At the regional level, UNESCO is taking part in the regional United Nations Development Group teams and the regional coordination mechanisms. At the subregional and country-level, UNESCO is putting a strong emphasis on its participation in the work of the respective UN Country Teams, in particular UNDAF, joint programming, and harmonized operations and back office functions.

24. Going forward, the region faces a number of significant risks which will need to be taken into account when designing UNESCO-supported interventions. The geographic size and isolation of SIDS and the challenges of doing business across such a large and diverse region, together with the vulnerability of Pacific SIDS to natural disasters, present very unique risks for attaining development results in the Pacific region. The UN system has recognized this in both the Papua New Guinea UNDAF and UNPS. Efforts have been made to adopt much more risk-informed and evidence-based practices, building on each step of the planning and formulation process with a careful analysis of the comparative advantage of relevant UN agencies and the identification and articulation of major risks and assumptions. These assumptions include that the governments are committed to addressing specific challenges impeding the achievement of national development priorities and theSDGs. There is also a need for a strong evidence base for decision-making, including the availability of appropriate data upon which to make planning decisions.

25. There are several other risks that are generally common across the region and which have an indirect impact on how UNESCO works in the region. While these risks can only be mitigated at country level, their existence may drive final choices in the way and where UNESCO’s support is delivered. These risks include the threat of natural disasters; unpredicted changes in government and in some countries limited governance structures or institutional capacity; and security concerns in some parts of the region impacting operational and programmatic budgets.

26. Other issues which may need to be addressed by UNESCO in designing and delivering projects at country level include: (i) ensuring resources are allocated to build technical capacity at country level; (ii) address weaknesses in institutional and regulatory frameworks; (iii) seek to understand entrenched social norms and certain traditional beliefs and practices (that are not compatible with existing human rights instruments) that may limit results in the short-term, especially in terms of gender equality; (iv) address data quality, including a lack of data disaggregated by sex, age, and

12 diversity factors; and (v) a potential reduction or changes in the availability of overseas development assistance (including the changed economic status of some countries).

27. A significant risk for many countries is the limited capacity and commitment tobuild increased public participation and engagement with the implementation of the SDGs. This would ensure civil society and private sector engagement in the identification of national priorities as well as the implementation and monitoring of programmes and budgets. It is expected that technology and increased connectivity will help strengthen civil society groups and engagement with the private sector.

28. The positioning of UNESCO’s work at the programme or outcome level may run the risk of being seen as less relevant to each individual country context. This is a risk that requires the continued commitment of UNESCO to effective communication strategies in highlighting the continued relevance and alignment of its programming to national development priorities, the prioritization of national engagement and country level consultation, joint approaches to increasing country level monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and data management capacity, participatory monitoring practices, and continued support for the localization of the SDGs.

d. Key multisectoral issues

29. Almost all countries have completed new or revised national plans/strategies to reflect a commitment to SDG achievement. In most cases, this work has been accompanied by a review of how countries can most effectively respond to the key elements of the 2030 Agenda that calls for multisectoral approaches through increased horizontal policy coherence. However, as national governments and regional processes are organized by sector, achieving a multisectoral approach to simultaneously address the three pillars of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) remains complicated with change required in institutional and resource management structures.

30. Climate change and disaster risk management are major challenges facing the region and require a multisectoral approach that includes education, health, environment and youth employment programmes to be addressed effectively. Programmes that recognize the role of local and indigenous knowledge alongside mainstream science knowledge and modalities are needed. In addition, informing local populations on climate change related issues through the media and information, communication technology (ICTs) monitoring for disaster risk reduction are needed.

31. As ocean states, SDG 14 and the ‘blue economy’ are vital to the achievement of sustainable development in the Pacific, with the ocean providing the region’s major food and income source (fisheries) and as a major attraction for the tourism industry. Addressing the ocean’s health requires a multisectoral approach that is directly linked to issues such as climate change, ocean acidification, eutrophication (caused by, inter alia, inefficient waste management, habitat destruction and unsustainable use of ocean resources such as overfishing), waste management and the role of industry and the community.

13 32. Given the importance of culture and traditional knowledge, where the informal sector continues to provide the main source of employment and food security for the majority of the population, particularly women and youth, it will be very important that a multisectoral approach is adopted in designing and implementing initiatives to address the education needs of young women and men in a region where formal employment and entrepreneurship opportunities are limited. Unless these issues are addressed, there is expected to be increased civil disobedience and political instability. A similar approach is also needed to address the rising incidence of NCDs that is linked to improved food security; increasing dependence on alcohol and tobacco; increasing dependence on poor or unhealthy manufactured foods; poor lifestyle choices etc.

e. Development partner engagement and accountability

33. A multisectoral approach means that there is often a range of development partners, both bilateral and multilateral, supporting the national governments across most development areas. Working with others through genuine and durable partnerships, as emphasized in the SAMOA Pathway, will help ensure support is delivered that maximises each other’s comparative advantage.

34. The Pacific region is often described as receiving more development assistance per capita than any other region. While this may be true, it is also a very expensive region to deliver support to, with small populations on small islands or atolls scattered across large areas of ocean. Papua New Guinea is the exception but here 85 per cent of the population live in remote rural areas that lack transport services. The support that is provided in the region is delivered both through bilateral and regional programmes by a large number of bilateral and multilateral partners and a range of non-government organizations, both local and international. There are development partners who are often described as ‘traditional donors’ in the region (Australia, New Zealand, European Union, Japan etc.) as well as a number of new or emerging partners (China, Republic of Korea, Indonesia etc.).

35. The intergovernmental regional organizations in the Pacific18 also act as conduits for development assistance to countries and while much of their support is focused at the regional level, they do draw on the development assistance provided by the region’s development partners and in some cases also provide country-specific support. In order to avoid competition for resources and space, it is critical for UN agencies to seek partnerships with members of this group and ensure that there is a clear line made between the contributions that the UN can make in such partnerships.

36. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development requires deepening partnerships between governments, the private sector, civil society and international development partners. The interconnected relationship between the SDGs necessitates innovation around partnerships and will substantially influence the approach of the UN in the Pacific. The spirit of the SDGs is also informed by the need for meaningful citizen participation, with engagement of people being a key concept. The new global agenda should translate into new ways of working.

37. As is highlighted in the Papua New Guinea UNDAF, utilizing entry points for leveraging current partnerships, and developing new and innovative partnerships, is fundamental to a cross- sectoral approach. Unlocking the vast knowledge and expertise of partners is the key to effectively supporting the implementation of the SDGs. Science, technology, and innovation are crucial elements for developing, implementing and optimizing effective and sustainable partnerships.

18 Pacific Aviation Safety Office (PASO); Pacific Islands Development Programme (PIDP); Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (PIFFA); Pacific Island Development Forum (PIDF); Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat (PIFS); Pacific Power Association (PPA); Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC); Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programmed (SPREP); South Pacific Tourism Organization (SPTO); and University of the South Pacific (USP). 14 38. In today’s societies, the sharing of information, the increasing availability of data, the range of expertise, technologies, and financial resources has the potential to drive entrepreneurship, connect a geographically diverse range of stakeholders and communities to find the best solution for any given problem, and attract funding from multiple sources. Expanding alliances with media and other non- traditional partners is crucial to moving the work of the UN beyond programmes and awareness, towards social mobilization, advocacy and engendering citizen engagement in line with the SDGs and the 2030 Agenda.

39. Developing inclusive partnerships will be built on UNESCO policies and principles and the SDG principles, values, shared vision and goals that place people, prosperity, the planet, and peace, at the heart of the development agenda in the Pacific. SDG 17 mandates that there is a revitalized global partnership for sustainable development. Partnerships are also identified as one of the four key enablers for integrated UN programming, and they support the UN’s core programming principles of human rights; gender equality and women’s empowerment; sustainable development and resilience; leave no one behind; and accountability.

49. While UNESCO has a lead global role in the delivery of SDG 4 on quality education development, life-skills and lifelong learning, it must always be understood that the seventeen goals are indivisible and that achievement of quality education is expected to impact progress under other goals and vice versa. For example, progress in education is expected to have a dramatic effect on achievement of SDG5 on gender equality while progress in achieving SDG 9 on innovation and infrastructure is likely to impact progress under SDG4.

15 Part II Identifying key priorities and partnerships

The proposed UNESCO programme under this Strategy is designed to respond to the key priorities of the Pacific Island countries and territories through results-based approaches, aligned with the Organization’s comparative advantage within the five priority areas of its global mandate as well as the five priorities set out in UNESCO’s SIDS Action Plan 2016– 2021. Given the existing support provided to the region through regional organizations, bilateral and multilateral development partners, civil and non-government organizations, UNESCO will seek to maximize its impact through targeted interventions delivered nationally or subregionally and alongside other partners, where appropriate.

16 II.A UN core programming principles

40. UNESCO’s programming is informed by five critical dimensions of the 2030 Agenda (Figure 3), namely, people, prosperity, planet, partnership and peace. UNESCO recognizes the unique vulnerabilities and development needs of SIDS and emphasizes the importance of enhanced coherence, coordination, and responsiveness in the UN system’s support for SIDS.

41. Both the Papua New Guinea UNDAF and the UNPS embody a people-centred approach to development in the Pacific, based on human rights, gender equality and women’s empowerment. Both seek to focus attention on ‘leaving no one behind’, ensure accountability and provide umbrella frameworks that embody the UN commitment to ‘reach the furthest behind first’ and to ensure interconnectedness between humanitarian and development assistance. This approach will be accomplished by responding to national and regional priorities and reflecting the comparative advantage of the UN system through improved metrics to identify the most vulnerable; to select innovative practices and durable partnerships; by promoting Pacific-to-Pacific cooperation as well as South-South and triangular cooperation; and by involving civil society and the private sector where possible in implementation.

Figure 3: Five key dimensions of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

1717 II.B Building a framework for cooperation and partnerships

a. Linking UNESCO’s work to regional and national priorities

42. The UNESCO Cluster Office for the Pacific propose a series of targeted interventions to be delivered through strategic partnerships with the PICT governments, other UN agencies, regional organizations, non-government organizations and with bilateral and multilateral agencies active in the region. The Strategy seeks to capitalize on UNESCO’s comparative advantage while responding to the special challenges of the Pacific’s most vulnerable citizens. In its SIDS Action Plan 2016– 2021, UNESCO recognized that while ownership and leadership by SIDS is essential for overcoming some of these challenges, international cooperation was also important. The Strategy supports PICTs as they strive to deliver on their commitments under the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs as well as a number of other global and regional initiatives that address issues of resilience, gender inequality and the importance of working through genuine and durable partnerships with others.

43. The Papua New Guinea UNDAF and the UNPS as well as the UNESCO SIDS Action Plan 2016–2021 provides the platform for UNESCO to focus on issues of youth and quality education; climate change and disaster risk management; ecosystems, biodiversity and protected areas; cultural and natural heritage including local and indigenous knowledge; oceans and freshwater; and the importance of communications and information; and science, technology and innovation policy. It will focus on issues related to climate change, water, culture and youth geared to outcomes of increased access to quality education and life-long learning, and the development of policies and programmes grounded in culture and traditional knowledge.

44. Gender equality has been a UNESCO global priority since 2008. In line with the Priority Gender Equality Action Plan 2014–2021, the Organization will work in collaboration with national partners, international agencies and donors to foster engagement and ownership of SDG 5 in the areas of UNESCO’s mandate. It will do so through driving momentum for the promotion of gender equality, ensure the integration of gender equality considerations into UN common country programming processes, and, where relevant, implement joint gender-specific projects. It will be important to establish and maintain channels of communication with the regional field offices to exchange information and provide operational and technical assistance in the implementation of the UNESCO Gender Equality Action Plan in the specific country and/or regional context. This process should provide gender equality coherence among UNESCO’s sectoral inputs; coherence between UNESCO’s Priority Gender Equality Action Plan and gender equality-related national priorities as well as coherence with the national initiatives of other UN agencies.

18 b. UNESCO actions

45. The UNESCO Cluster Office in the Pacific has a small core staff of technical specialists and while it is supported by specialists in UNESCO Headquarters and the Asia-Pacific regional offices in Bangkok and Jakarta, the logistics of supporting 15 countries scattered over a vast distance with limited resources means that the Organization must adopt a strategic approach in designing its support. This points to the need to have a limited number of programmatic interventions that promote cross-sectoral or horizontal policy approaches around UNESCO’s themes of education, the sciences, culture, communication and information. In doing so, it is important to recognize which aspects of these themes relate most directly to the Pacific region, one country situation or a subset of countries in the region. It also points to the need to explore the potential for countries to work together and in doing so learn from each other, i.e. Pacific South-South cooperation, as well as the need for UNESCO to work at regional or subregional level to maximize the impact of UNESCO’s inputs.

46. As noted, following a review of national sustainable development strategies and issues highlighted in regional meetings by Pacific leaders, there are a number of development priorities that are common across the region and have a direct link to the work of UNESCO. First and foremost is the emphasis placed on ‘leaving no one behind’ and an inclusive and harmonious society, which implies both the issue of vulnerability and peace. Other priorities include the importance placed on culture and traditional knowledge in people’s lives and in raising its visibility and validity in decision-making and policy-making arenas. It is also important to recognize that the informal sector, including the use of traditional knowledge in fishing techniques, handicraft production and other areas of daily life, continue to provide the main source of employment and food security for the majority of the population, particularly women and youth. The need to improve water supply and sanitation remains a major concern for the region. This is particularly acute in small island countries where there is a narrow water lense vulnerable to climate change and limited land areas to implement effective water storage and sanitation solutions. The consequences of climate change and disasters facing the region has cross-sectoral links to education, health, youth employment, etc. Disaster risk management strategies should include recognition of the role of local and indigenous knowledge alongside mainstream science knowledge and modalities, as well as quality journalistic reporting. Another priority is the health of the ocean as it provides the region’s major food and income source (fisheries) and is a major attraction for the tourism industry. This issue is linked directly to issues of the environment, waste management and the role of industry and the community; and the importance of ensuring the sustainability of both ocean and coastal fisheries.Quality of education and the specific needs of youth needs to be addressed, in a region where formal employment and entrepreneurship opportunities are limited.

47. It will also be important that UNESCO’s support helps countries identify integrated ways of implementation that promotes policy coherence across sectors, thereby achieving economies of scale and best use of limited human and financial resources. To be effective, it will also be critical that UNESCO’s technical and other support builds on activities delivered in recent years; responds to specific national, regional or subregional priorities; and, as much as possible, is delivered in partnership with others.

19 48. In an effort to address the multidimensional nature of development and reflect the core principles of the 2030 Agenda, the three strategic goals of UNESCO in the Pacific are described as: (i) Investing in People; (ii) Protecting our Islands; and (iii) Sustaining Livelihoods (Figure 4). Under each goal, there are a range of interventions that seek to address specific issues or key challenges faced by the PICTs. All three strategic goals are grounded in the priorities of the SIDS Action Plan 2016–2021. Strategic Goal 1 addresses the Action Plan priorities 1 and 3; Strategic Goal 2 is directly linked to the Action Plan priorities 2 and 5; and Strategic Goal 3 addresses Action Plan priority 4, with an extension to cover the protection of natural heritage and traditional knowledge.

Figure 4: UNESCO’s action and the core principles of the 2030 Agenda

20 Strategic Goal 1 Investing in People by enhancing the capacities of the Pacific to achieve sustainable development through education, strengthened life-skills learning and lifelong learning, supporting the management of social transformations and the promotion of social inclusion and social justice, fostering creativity and the diversity of cultural expressions, while promoting freedom of expression, media development, and access to information and knowledge and in doing so reinforcing human and institutional capacities.

21 49. While UNESCO has a lead global role in the delivery of SDG 4 on quality education development, life skills and lifelong learning, it is understood that the 17 goals are indivisible, and that achievement of quality education is expected to impact progress under other goals and vice versa. For example, progress in education is expected to have a dramatic effect on achievement of SDG 5 on gender equality while progress in achieving SDG 9 on innovation and infrastructure is likely to impact progress under SDG 4.

50. Bearing this in mind, UNESCO in the Pacific will support PICT’s to strengthen polices for education and life-long learning, planning and monitoring for results; the professional development of teachers; a stronger role for TVET; strengthen intercultural competencies; improve science, technology and innovation policy and capacity while promoting links and advantages of using intangible cultural heritage and traditional knowledge; enhancing social inclusion with a specific focus on youth and women’s empowerment; and supporting the fostering of free, independent and pluralistic media in the Pacific.

51. In terms of strengthening quality education, activities will take a system-wide, lifelong learning approach and include support for (i) strengthened policy, planning and monitoring and evaluation of education by fostering a greater alignment of national policies, plans and M&E frameworks to measure system-wide progress under the SDG’s; (ii) reinforcing teacher education and professional development to strengthen commitment to equity, inclusion and for enabling learning environments; (iii) the integration of education for sustainable development and global citizenship education within national and regional policies, plans and programmes; and (iv) the development and implementation of capacity building programmes for integrating non-cognitive skills and Pacific literacies19 into policies, plans and programmes.

52. An aspect of this work will be to identify how teaching materials and approaches (learning environment pedagogies) can be made most responsive to local cultures and to better prepare youth for life beyond the classroom. In particular, by understanding how education, skills training and job readiness intersect in both the formal and informal sectors and why the promotion of education for sustainable development should include issues of climate change and disaster risk management as well as the importance of global citizenship.

53. UNESCO will support national government efforts: to build local capacity to help address the education dropout rate, youth unemployment, and indecision about career choices; to conduct research on skills anticipation and trends in the labour market working with ILO with ILO and other labour market stakeholder where relevant; and to monitor and evaluate programmes in tandem with the needs of the labour market. This will provide a platform for collaboration with other UN and regional agencies and the development of a greater understanding of the interdependence of SDGs 4 and 8, which together highlight the importance of linking quality education, lifelong learning, decent work and economic growth.

19 The phrase, “Pacific literacies”, is yet to be fully developed. It will be defined together with the education stakeholders from the Pacific in the later part of 2018. For the purpose of this strategy, it refers to the skills and competencies that the Pacific youth require to face the 21st Century. The phrase draws from the discussions and debates as well as various theories of education concerning understanding of ‘literacy’, some of which are well captured in the Education for All Global Monitoring Report, 2006. Available at http://www.unesco.org/education/GMR2006/full/chapt6_eng.pdf [Last accessed on 06 Sept 2018].

22 54. UNESCO will work in partnership with national governments, regional education institutions and regional organizations such as the Pacific Community (SPC), University of the South Pacific (USP) and Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat (PIFS) to support an initial assessment of reforms already undertaken in TVET, including support for the use of ICT as an enabler of education.

55. Other initiatives will include the need to strengthen the capacities of instructors to use competency-based assessment methodology to assess candidates for certification in line with assessment criteria; to foster sustainable collaboration between training providers and employers; and to improve the quality and relevance of work-based learning (internship/apprenticeship) programmes.

56. UNESCO will also seek to support efforts to ensure that TVET provides quality education and training to match labour market demand, to better equip young people for employment both within their own countries, for overseas employment; and equip people with the skills for creating their own livelihood opportunities. Effectively reducing skills mismatch requires the creation of a comprehensive long-term strategy, one involving public/private partnerships among governments, employers, and education and training institutions. TVET is also important for ensuring social justice and sustainability. A coordinated strategy is required that builds solid skills through high quality education involving all relevant stakeholders.

57. Providing support for collective action of young people, women, civil society and vulnerable groups is critical to the attainment of productive and healthy livelihood outcomes for these communities. Promoting social justice, empowerment and strengthening the capacity of all segments of society, especially youth, to increase their level of participation in developing and implementing national social and other related policies is crucial for achieving sustainability and improved quality of life in small island communities.

58. UNESCO will intensify its efforts to promote peace and human rights education for global citizenship and education for sustainable development as an integral element of a quality education curricula. Support will be given to the creation of learning opportunities about peace building, community building and human rights outside of the school system through the use of tools such as intercultural dialogue, culture and sports-based activities.

59. UNESCO will also assist countries to improve science, technology and innovation policies and the utilization of UNESCO’s Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (LINKS) programme. This programme strengthens and promotes the transmission of traditional knowledge across and within generations and explores pathways to balance community-based knowledge with global knowledge in formal and informal education in support of the sustainable development agenda.

60. Engaging Pacific youth in a review of youth policies will provide an opportunity to emphasize the interdependence of the SDGs, providing UNESCO with a platform to champion initiatives that promote work-based training schemes, linking education and training institutions with the workplace. Expanding the scope of the UNESCO-led SIDS partnership on ‘Improving transitions from school to work’ will engage youth in policy dialogue.

61. UNESCO’s LINKS programme can also be used to strengthen youth self-identity and dignity by promoting local indigenous knowledge and encouraging young local entrepreneurs. There is also a need to enhance civic spaces for youth participation.

23 62. Recognizing the primary role of information and media in everyday lives, democracy and sustainable development and its strong influence on young people, media and information literacy initiatives will empower youth to be meaningful users and producers of information and media. UNESCO in the Pacific will focus attention on helping countries foster free, independent and pluralistic media systems, including community radio, through journalism education and targeted support to media development.

Box 1: Building capacities in education, teaching and learning

From 2016–2017, UNESCO Pacific Office provided financial and technical assistance for policy development, education for sustainable development, and the professional development of teachers. It also supported the evaluation of the Pacific Education Development Framework (2009¬–2015) and the subsequent work of Pacific Heads of Education Systems Small Working Group, working in collaboration with PIFS, to development a new Pacific Regional Education Framework to support regional initiatives and act as a conduit between national plans and SDG 4. The new framework was launched in November 2018.

The Pacific project of the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, in conjunction with the Pacific Community (SPC), worked to improve the production and dissemination of education statistics at the national level and across the subregion.

Inclusive and evidence-based social policies are critical in building an inclusive and equitable society. Working with other UN organizations and development partners , UNESCO worked towards building understanding and skills to improve reporting of gender-based violence, mapped the status of disability inclusion in the development framework and promoted quality physical education and the concept of sport for development.

Source: UNESCO Pacific Office Biennial Report 2016–2017. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002655/265527e.pdf

24 Strategic Goal 2 Protecting our islands and oceans by strengthening Pacific resilience and the sustainability of human interactions with ecological, freshwater and ocean systems and the importance of information and knowledge.

2525 63. Together, the Papua New Guinea UNDAF, the UNPS for the rest of the Pacific and the UNESCO SIDS Action Plan 2016–2021 provide a unique platform for UNESCO to focus on the challenges of climate and disaster resilience, ecology and biodiversity, cultural and natural heritage, oceans and water. The activities proposed under this intervention will capitalize on existing climate change and disaster risk management policies and strategies of the Pacific SIDS and those set out in the Framework for Resilient Development in the Pacific. Although the regional mechanisms are viewed as critical for building partnerships, there is already extensive support from a range of partners. As a consequence, UNESCO is expected to target its support primarily in areas such as building national and community capacity for implementation of the UNESCO Declaration on Ethics of Climate Change; heritage management; supporting local and indigenous knowledge-based resource management; improving water security; supporting the work of Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); and promoting science education in the region.

Box 2: UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development 2021–2030

The United Nations has proclaimed a Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030) to support efforts to reverse the cycle of decline in ocean health and gather ocean stakeholders worldwide behind a common framework that will ensure ocean science can fully support countries in creating improved conditions for sustainable development of the ocean.

The marine realm is the largest component of the Earth’s system that stabilizes climate and support life on Earth and human well-being. However, the First World Ocean Assessment released in 2016 found that much of the ocean is now seriously degraded, with changes and losses in the structure, function and benefits from marine systems.

In addition, the impact of multiple stressors on the ocean is projected to increase as the human population grows towards the expected 9 billion by 2050. Adaptation strategies and science-informed policy responses to global change are urgently needed. Scientific understanding of the ocean’s responses to pressures and management action is fundamental for sustainable development. Ocean observations and research are also essential to predict the consequences of change, design mitigation and guide adaptation.

As mandated by the UN General Assembly, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO will coordinate the Decade’s preparatory process, inviting the global ocean community to plan for the next ten years in ocean science and technology to deliver, together, the ocean we need for the future we want.

Source: UNESCO website. https://en.unesco.org/ocean-decade

64. Under this strategic goal, four programme areas have been identified for implementation by the UNESCO Pacific office. The first programme area is to support countries in the Pacific to increase their capacity to address the challenges of climate and disaster resilience through (i) building national-level capacity to implement the UNESCO Declaration on Ethics of Climate Change; (ii) strengthening heritage management capacity to mitigate and respond to climate change and disasters in UNESCO-designated sites while also promoting UNESCO cultural conventions as tools for this work; (iii) support for an improved understanding of the impacts of climate change and adaptation at community level, especially in UNESCO biosphere reserves; and (iv) support local and indigenous knowledge-based resource management, monitoring, awareness-raising, adaptation and advocacy for enhanced climate and disaster resilience.

26 Box 3: Declaration on Ethical Principles in Relation to Climate Change

World leaders have called climate change the biggest challenge of the 21st century. UNESCO believes that agreeing universally on ethical principles in relation to climate change will underpin ambitious voluntary commitments by 195 countries, which adopted the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement to combat the threat of global warming. The Declaration, adopted in 2017 by UNESCO’s General Conference, is also a powerful means to support coordinated joint action, among not only states but also other stakeholders including civil society organizations, academics, and local communities for example. It is thus a means to mobilize and to sensitize people on universal principles and concerns that go beyond the mere technical discourses on climate change.

The Declaration sets out six ethical principles: • Prevention of harm • Precautionary approach • Equity and justice • Sustainable development • Solidarity • Scientific knowledge and integrity in decision-making

The text anticipates that agreed principles should be applied through education and international cooperation. Great care has been taken to achieve no duplication, no re-interpretation nor contradiction of international negotiated texts (notably the United Nations Framework Agreement on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement), which are the source for states’ commitments.

Source: UNESCO. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/comest/ethical-principles/questions-and-answers/

65. The second programme area will focus attention on enhancing water security by supporting efforts to improve national and regional institutional frameworks and policy instruments that reflect the special situation of small island states. Other activities include developing ecohydrology demonstration projects and assessing and troubleshooting integrated water resource management policies and implementation plans to ensure coordinated development and management of water.

Box 4: UNESCO’s Ecohydrology Programme

The degradation of water quality, overexploitation of freshwater resources, hydrological hazards and adverse effects of inappropriate management of water resources and ecosystems pose a risk to human health, economic and social development as well as to ecosystem functioning and the maintenance of ecosystem services on which human well-being depends.

UNESCO’s International Hydrological Programme launched the UNESCO Ecohydrology Programme in 1996 to build an integrated understanding of biological and hydrological processes at catchment scale in order to create a scientific basis for a socially acceptable, cost-effective and systemic approach to the sustainable management of freshwater resources. The aims of the programme are to advance the integration of social, ecological and hydrological research and generate outcomes that enable the development of effective policies and practices.

In Asia and the Pacific, the network of UNESCO ecohydrology demonstration projects play an important role in testing and implementation of the concept of ecohydrology and contribute to the sustainable use and management of water resources in different societies.

Source: UNESCO website. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/jakarta/natural-sciences/water-sciences/ecohydrology-programme/

27 66. The third programme area is linked directly to the activities of the IOC. With over fifty years of experience coordinating the Pacific Tsunami Warning System, UNESCO-IOC is leading a global effort to establish ocean-based tsunami warning systems as part of an overall multi-hazard disaster reduction strategy. The IOC Tsunami Unit will work with countries, together with other UN agencies and NGOs, to build sustainable tsunami early warning systems. The Unit’s mission is to ensure appropriate design and development of tsunami warning systems and to ultimately provide adequate protection at local, regional, and global scales. The IOC provides advice to national policy-makers and managers on ways to reduce the risks from tsunamis, storm surges and other coastal hazards by implementing adaptation measures to strengthen the resilience of vulnerable coastal communities, their infrastructure and service-providing ecosystems.

Box 5: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission’s work on tsunami warnings, response and mitigation

The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) promotes international cooperation and coordinates programmes in marine research, services, observation systems, hazard mitigation, and capacity development in order to understand and effectively manage the resources of the ocean and coastal areas. By applying this knowledge, the Commission aims to improve the governance, management, institutional capacity, and decision-making processes of its Member States with respect to marine resources and climate variability and to foster sustainable development of the marine environment, in particular in developing countries.

The Tsunami Programme of UNESCO-IOC supports a wide range of activities on tsunami warning, response and mitigation in the Pacific. The IOC International Tsunami Information Center based in Honolulu, Hawai’i, together with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - United States National Weather Service, SPC through its ‘Building safety and resilience in the Pacific’ project, Japan International Cooperation Agency and host governments held training workshops in Vanuatu, Fiji and Samoa. More than 80 participants from tsunami warning, disaster management, community response and preparedness organizations, government ministries, and other stakeholders reviewed national tsunami plans and standard operating procedures. Media training to improve public awareness of tsunami was also provided.

With UNESCO-IOC’s assistance, Vanuatu, Fiji and the Cook Islands updated their national tsunami plans and National Tsunami Warning Centre standard operating procedures to align with the new Pacific Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System procedures and enhanced products that were put in place in 2014.

Source: UNESCO Pacific Office Biennial Report 2016–2017. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002655/265527e.pdf, http://www.unesco.org/ new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/

28 Box 6: Pacific Partnership on Ocean Acidification

Pacific island communities and ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of ocean acidification and ocean warming. The world has already lost 50 per cent of its corals and will likely lose 90 per cent by 2050. Given the high dependence of Pacific communities on coral reefs and the fisheries they support, it is essential that meaningful action for restoration, protection, and alternate livelihoods for the coastal communities of the Pacific to ensure their resilience and well-being is taken.

The Partnership builds on the New Zealand Pacific Partnership on Ocean Acidification project, which is a collaborative effort between Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), SPC, USP, UNESCO-IOC and PICTs, with support from the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Principality of Monaco. Efforts are currently underway to scale up these efforts, and the Partnership will be a key part of new actions.

Objectives include a scaling up of monitoring and research that must be linked to policy and management, identification and implementation of practical adaptation and resilience building actions and capacity building and awareness raising. The Partnership seeks to enhance international, regional, and national collaboration on ocean acidification. SPREP is established in the region as the lead regional agency on ocean acidification and climate change, in collaboration with partners.

Source: United Nations. https://oceanconference.un.org/commitments/?id=15798

67. The fourth programme area is centered on promoting both formal and informal science education and the important role it should play in promoting sustainable development. Key activities of UNESCO will include seeking opportunities to promote increased participation of women in science; encouraging ongoing knowledge co-production between local and indigenous knowledge- holders and scientists; and greater use of citizen science or ways to foster the engagement of the public or volunteers in science research and its application to everyday issues.

29 Strategic Goal 3 Sustaining livelihoods by safeguarding tangible, including underwater, and intangible cultural heritage, by protecting the region’s natural heritage and traditional knowledge and by promoting culture for community well-being and sustainable development.

30 68. Activities under this strategic goal aim to foster policies and practices for the protection and safeguarding of cultural (both tangible, including underwater, and intangible) and natural heritage. It includes the conservation of the historic and natural environment, including cultural landscapes, and safeguarding relevant traditional knowledge, values and practices, in synergy with scientific knowledge. The activities capitalize on the integration of modern technologies and tools in teaching, learning, artistic expressions and exchange processes which provides a platform to strengthen the preservation of heritage, the transmission of traditional knowledge and the promotion of the development of the creative industries.

69. The UNESCO Pacific office will continue to advocate for PICTs to ratify the six UNESCO culture conventions and, where necessary, seek to provide assistance with the revision of laws and policies to ensure effective implementation of the principles set down in the conventions. Support will also be available to help strengthen PICTs safeguarding efforts and transmission of their intangible cultural heritage and traditional knowledge as well as encouragement and support to PICTs to seek international assistance through the relevant conventions, particularly when impacted by a natural disaster.

70. Under this strategic goal, the UNESCO Pacific office will also provide assistance to PICTs in the identification of potential heritage sites for inclusion on the World Heritage tentative list and to develop a holistic approach to heritage preservation that can be captured in national planning and budget processes while also strengthening capacities for protecting and managing marine and underwater cultural heritage. In this regard UNESCO will promote increased national and regional level consultations on the role of culture in development. By bringing together government officials and a broad range of stakeholders to highlight the role of culture as an enabler for development within the SDGs will strengthen cultural platforms in the region. By encouraging broad-based stakeholder engagement, including young people, the UNESCO Pacific office will be helping the Organization meet a key objective of the Operational Strategy on Youth 2014–2021.

Box 7: UNESCO Operational Strategy on Youth 2014–2021

UNESCO recognizes that all over the world youth are driving social change and innovation, claiming respect for their fundamental human rights and freedoms, and seeking new opportunities to learn and work together for a better future. The Operational Strategy on Youth guides UNESCO’s work with and for youth across all its programmes. It provides the framework for constructive partnerships to be developed with and between youth organizations and youth-related stakeholders. It is built on the premise that youth are key partners and actors for development and peace.

The Strategy puts forward three multidisciplinary and complementary axes of work which incorporate the full range of UNESCO’s expertise in education, culture, natural, social and human sciences, and communication and information: Axis 1: Policy formulation and review with the participation of youth Axis 2: Capacity development for the transition to adulthood Axis 3: Civic engagement, democratic participation and social innovation

Source: UNESCO website. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/youth/strategy/

31 Box 8: Listing a World Heritage site

In the Federated States of Micronesia, Nan Madol (Ceremonial Centres of the Eastern Micronesian States) was inscribed on the World Heritage List and the World Heritage in Danger List in 2016. With assistance from the World Heritage Fund and Japanese Funds-in-Trust for UNESCO, the Cluster Office provided support for the nomination process of the site. Technical assistance was made available in cooperation with the International Council on Monuments and Sites and other technical agencies.

Source: UNESCO Pacific Office Biennial Report 2016–2017. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002655/265527e.pdf

71. The global networks of UNESCO-designated heritage sites serve as demonstration sites for models of sustainable livelihoods and sustainable landscape management that recognize the inter- linkages between cultural and biological diversity, with a particular emphasis on the inextricable linkages of humans and their ecosystems. The safeguarding, preservation and revitalization of cultural and natural heritage contributes to preventing the loss of biodiversity and to supporting outstanding cultural and natural sites and landscapes. Documentary heritage and museum collections are also an important component of the Pacific heritage that should be addressed, preserved and promoted. Activities will include the promotion of the use of ICT as a tool for strengthening the capacity to produce, make accessible, preserve and protect documentary heritage.

Box 9: Memory of the World Programme

UNESCO’s Memory of the World (MOW) programme works to ensure the world’s documentary heritage is fully preserved and accessible to all. To raise awareness of the MOW programme in the Pacific, country focal points were supported to attend the 7th Memory of the World Committee of the Asia Pacific (MOWCAP) Conference in Hue, Viet Nam. At this meeting, MOWCAP recognized the issues and challenges faced by Pacific Member States in the preservation of documents of significant historical value. In a follow-up MOW workshop organized by the Korean National Commission for UNESCO, participants from Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Fiji and Nauru identified potential MOW documents and prepared them for nomination on the MOW regional register. The following items were prepared for submission: • Samoa identified the records of the New Zealand Rule in Samoa (1914–1961). • Tuvalu identified the records of agreements with native governments (1893–1916). • Vanuatu identified the records of the France - Great Britain Convention 1906 on the New Hebrides Group (Vanuatu).

The MOW programme was also integrated into workplans of the national archives in Tuvalu, Samoa and Vanuatu.

Source: UNESCO Pacific Office Biennial Report 2016–2017. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002655/265527e.pdf

72. Strengthening capacities for the safeguarding and transmission of intangible cultural heritage for the Pacific is important, as it is supporting the recognition of indigenous and local knowledge, practices and strategies related to the protection of the environment, as well as how these activities can be integrated into actions for reducing disaster risk and climate change adaptations. It will also strengthen the place of intangible cultural heritage in community well-being and sustainable development ranging from security, social cohesion and the search for relevant and quality education for food security, environmental concerns and health matters.

32 73. The cultural and creative industries (publishing, film, audio-visual, music, digital arts, etc.) are growing in the Pacific. While these industries have become widely acknowledged as essential tools for inclusive economic and social development, influencing income generation, export earnings and community empowerment, there has been limited attention paid to these industries in the Pacific. As a consequence, the UNESCO Pacific Office will seek to work with government, educational institutions, private sector and civil society organizations and other partners to increase awareness and capacity to support cultural and creative industries in the region.

c. Risks

74. In Part 1.C section (c) a number of risks that are faced by all development partners in the Pacific were identified as well as assumptions made in moving forward. In this section, more specific attention will be given to the risks that could hinder the implementation of the programme interventions outlined in this strategy.

75. The first risk relates primarily to the competition for resources. The achievement of sustainable development will require prioritization as government budgets are generally fully committed, with limited scope for cost-sharing with UNESCO activities. Many international development partners are supportive of the work of UNESCO but face a range of competing demands and are often fully committed to supporting other areas of sustainable development at either national or regional levels.

76. The second risk centres on the complexity of delivering coordinated support with a range of partners where timelines for delivery, agreement on what is achievable or how results are measured can be difficult on which to reach agreement with partners.

77. The third risk relates to how government commitment to UNESCO’s areas of work, made regionally or globally, are translated into realistic and achievable deliverables on the ground. The region has a vast number of leaders’ decisions, policies and frameworks designed to manage implementation, but these are often under-resourced and often lack government buy-in at national level.

78. All three are in fact interrelated and can be minimized through: • Effective coordination and consultations with national governments, where the presence of National Commissions, embedded within government, can play a vital role on garnering national government support. This support can then be extended to strengthening partnerships and direct funding support from other international development funders • Through recognition that UNESCO support can extend well beyond the small staff of the UNESCO Pacific office by drawing on the technical and financial resources ofUNESCO Headquarters, the UNESCO Regional Education Bureau in Bangkok and the UNESCO Science Bureau and UNESCO Cluster office to Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Timor-Leste in Jakarta. • A continuation of a multisectoral approach that draws on the international and regional commitment for such an approach as envisaged in the achievement of the SDGs. Understanding the indivisibility of the 17 goals means that their achievement is only possible through programmatic approaches that draw together the various threads of development. A focus on specific small island country issues which reflect the need for tailored solutions and problem-solving research and technology should also appeal to potential donor partners, particularly when it is structured as an integrated cost-effective approach.

33 d. Partnerships

79. As already highlighted, the success of any development partner programme in the Pacific is closely linked to the effectiveness of those involved to work collaboratively with others or, as is highlighted in the SAMOA Pathway, in ‘genuine and durable partnerships’. Given this, UNESCO’s work must be closely linked to the work of others, be seen to respond to the priorities of the region and be effectively coordinated with the support provided nationally and regionally by others.

80. The success of this strategy is also highly dependent on the ability of the UNESCO Pacific office to draw from the broader UNESCO network of intergovernmental bodies, National Commissions, Category 1 and 2 institutes and centres, UNESCO Chairs, the Associated Schools network etc. to support implementation of the range of initiatives identified in this strategy. In this regard, it will be important to reflect on what drove UNESCO to develop its SIDS Action Plan 2016–2021. As highlighted in the Action Plan, ‘the future of the planet depends, to a large extent, on the future of the vast ocean states as they are on the frontline of observations and actions to alleviate poverty and to build more harmonious relationships between nature and culture. We should do this by supporting the development of and drawing from all knowledge, including indigenous and local knowledge. By mobilizing the potential, the SIDS have effectively guided the discussions and decisions of the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.’

34 Part III Monitoring and evaluation

The adoption of the 2030 Agenda and SDGs has strongly increased data demands. This section outlines the UNESCO approach to monitoring and evaluation of programme implementation, with a strong focus on data collection, analysis and reporting. Monitoring and evaluation are critical to assess progress towards achievement of outcomes and ensure accountability.

35 III.A Analysis and strategy on data collection

81. The three goals of the Strategy will be monitored through the development of a set of tailored SDG performance indicators with corresponding baselines and targets, risks and assumptions, and means of verification. In synergy, the indicators will also be used to measure other relevant UNESCO strategic partnerships providing clarity and coherence for partner governments on what and how performance is monitored while also meeting the UNESCO’s overall global objectives. The existence of UNESCO’s SIDS Action Plan 2016–2021 makes the achievement of this synergy possible.

Table 2: Mapping the SDGs with UNESCO programme areas in the Pacific

82. Where there are gaps in the data, the UNESCO Pacific Office will work with governments, universities and research centres to improve the data set by facilitating biannual reviews. However, as much as possible, the monitoring data should come from national monitoring and evaluation systems across the PICTs. This will ensure greater alignment with and reliance on national monitoring and evaluation processes, while reducing the transaction costs and enhancing ownership and mutual accountability for the results of the Strategy. The material, technical and institutional capacities of the relevant departments in the line ministries and agencies that work with UNESCO may need to be strengthened to improve and standardize collection, dissemination and analysis of data and statistics in all five UNESCO areas of work as well as in most other key social and economic sectors. UNESCO will support the strengthening of national capacities for monitoring and evaluation by working closely with relevant entities in the countries, where requested.

83. An officer or a consultant will be assigned responsibility to maintain the UNESCO Pacific Office’s monitoring system, and develop a monitoring framework, a monitoring and evaluation plan for the implementation of midterm/final reviews. In the preparation of project proposals and concept papers, it will be standard operating procedure to ensure that project activities are specific, measurable, actionable, results-oriented and time-bound, strictly adhering to the principles of results- and rights-based management.

84. UNESCO will also participate, where possible in the UNPS and Papua New Guinea UNDAF M&E processes and will lead on the data collection and analysis for initiatives linked to SDG 4.

36 III.B Management and Reporting

85. Implementation of the Strategy will require close collaboration and a deepening of the partnerships between UNESCO, the National Commissions, the United Nations agencies and programmes, the relevant regional organizations in the Pacific and the potential bilateral and multilateral development partners. As a consequence, the UNESCO Pacific Office will engage cooperation from UNESCO Programme Sectors and Regional Offices inAsia-Pacific to support: • Policy analysis and advice, facilitating dialogue and providing technical support. • Knowledge-sharing and capacity development, knowledge products, specialized training, sharing know-how and supporting South-South cooperation within the region and beyond. • Technical assistance on the execution of programme activities and projects. • Guidance and support on strengthening results-based management and monitoring and evaluation. • Resource mobilization for achieving the goals and expected results of the Strategy.

37 Part IV Planning partnerships, resources and indicators

This section illustrates some of the existing UNESCO partnerships and projects currently working towards the SDGs in the Pacific. Looking forward, a Cooperation and Partnerships Matrix presents proposed activities, partners and resources required for each of the three strategic goals’ actions. Drilling down further, the Results and Resources Framework outlines clear performance indicators, baseline and targets, data sources, and country coverage for each activity output (resources combined for some activities, where appropriate).

38 38 Mapping UNESCO and SAMOA

Pathway partnerships against SDGs

Figure 5: Number of SAMOA Pathway Partnerships relevant under each of the 17 SDGs

Table 3: UNESCO partnerships working in one or more Pacific Island countries and territories

Partnership20 Relevant Resource Partners Participating Goals Allocation PSIDS 1 The World Team 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, $500m USD Multi-Stakeholder Fiji Project: Sustainable 10, 11, 12, 13, including Network Samoa Solutions Oceans 14, 15, 16, 17 of UNESCO Eco Opportunities & Small Observatories Island States (SOS-IS) 2 The Pacific Partnership 11, 13, 14, 17 Multi-stakeholder PSIDS on Ocean Acidification including UNESCO-IOC 3 International Decade 9, 14, 17 Multi-stakeholder PSIDS of Ocean Science including for Sustainable UNESCO-IOC Development - The Ocean we want for the Future we need 4 The Sustainable 2, 13, 14 Multi-stakeholder Samoa, Ocean Initiative (SOI) including Vanuatu Capacity Building UNESCO-IOC Platform for the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the Sustainable Development Goals

20 The names of the organizations mentioned in the partnership column of this table and other matrices of the Strategy imply that UNESCO will follow a partnership approach and the named organizations are being considered as relevant for collaboration. Eventual selection and establishment of partnerships will be subject to formal commitment following the regulations, rules, procedures and guidelines of the 38 39 Partnership Relevant Resource Partners Participating Goals Allocation PSIDS 5 Heritage 17 Multi-stakeholder including PSIDS strengthening in the UNESCO, UNESCO Pacific WHITRAP (China), UNESCO CRIHAP (China), UNESCO ICHCAP (Korea), UNESCO SID’s World Heritage Programme, UNESCO ICRI (Japan) 6 United Nations 17 Multi-stakeholder including PSIDS Pacific Interagency UNESCO Task Force on Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Control (UN PIATF) 7 The International 14 Multi-stakeholder including Fiji Coral Reef Initiative UNESCO Samoa 8 Sustainable Ocean 14 Multi-stakeholder including Initiative (SOI) UNESCO-IOC 9 SIDS Youth Network 17 Multi-stakeholder including PSIDS UNESCO 10 Pacific Biosphere 14 Multi-stakeholder including Cook Islands Reserves Network: A UNESCO FSM tool for Exchange and Fiji Cooperation Nauru Niue Palau PNG Samoa Tonga 11 Enhancing South- 11 Multi-stakeholder including PSIDS South cooperation UNESCO for capacity building in science: Towards Economic Resilience to Natural Shocks in the Pacific and Southeast Asia 12 SANDWATCH - a 14 Multi-stakeholder including PSIDS Global Observatory UNESCO-IOC of Changing Environments in SIDS based on citizen science

40 Strategic Goal 1 Investing in People Cooperation and partnerships Matrix

41 41 Work and Economic Growth (11) and Economic Growth (11) Work Sustainable Cities and Communities; (16) Peace, Justice Strong Institutions Priority 1, Objectives 1-4; 2, Objective1; 3, Objective 2 , 4, 3 III ER1, ER2, ER3 MPII ER 1, ER2;MP1 ER1, ER2, ER5,ER6, MP 1. Investing in People by enhancing the capacities of Pacific to achieve sustainable development through education and lifelong learning, supporting the management of social transformations promotion of social inclusion and justice, fostering creativity the diversity cultural expressions, while promoting freedom of expression, media development, and access to information knowledge in doing so reinforcing human and institutional capacities. A region of peace, harmony, security, social inclusion and prosperity so that all Pacific people can lead free, security, region of peace, harmony, A healthy and productive lives Sustainable development that combines economic, social and cultural in ways improve livelihoods and well-being use the environment sustainably. (1) Supporting Member States to develop education systems foster high quality and inclusive lifelong learning for all; (2) Empowering learners to be creative and responsible global citizens; (6) Supporting inclusive social development, fostering intercultural dialogue for the rapprochement of cultures and promoting ethical principles; (8) Fostering creativity and the diversity of cultural expressions; (9) Promoting freedom of expression, media development, and access to information knowledge (1) No Poverty; (4) Quality Education; (5) Gender Equality; (8) Decent Related UNESCO SIDS Action Related UNESCO SIDS Plan Priorities: UCS Outcomes (C/5 Proposed projects: ER) and related Strategy Goal: Regional objective: C/4 strategic objectives: Related SDGs: Framework for Pacific Framework for Vision: Regionalism

42 65,000 80,000 140,000 100,000 To be To mobilized 0 Twinning Networks and Twinning 160,000 585,000 320,000 Available Available (Regular programme/ extrabudgetary resources) 300,000 650,000 400,000 100,000 Indicative resources US$ Indicative resources Total amount needed ganization, Category II centres under the auspices of UNESCO, University 21 Partnerships (including UNESCO family) of cooperation: national, south-south, Type north-south-south UNESCO Institute of Statistics, SPC, regional leading regional education organization(s), frameworks and strategies, national ministries of education, Commonwealth Secretariat South-South collaboration Subregional approaches Universities and teacher training colleges, Assessment SPC Education Quality and Programme (EQAP) UNICEF, APCEIU, National Commissions, UNICEF, NGOs including youth organizations, voyaging societies and environmental groups National, subregional, South-South and Type: North-South-South Institute for Better Education (IBE), SPC, APCEIU, Universities and ITU, UNICER, training colleges, national education agencies, youth NGO National, subregional, South-South and Type: North-South-South Support policy, planning and M&E of Support policy, education in the Pacific, strengthening alignment of national planning and M&E frameworks to SDG 4 Education 2030 with specific support to the monitoring of SDG 4.7. Provide technical support to reinforce teacher education and professional development to promote equity, inclusion and enabling learning environments. Provide technical assistance and training to integrate education for sustainable development and global citizenship education into policies, plans and programmes. Support the development and implementation of programmes that build capacity to integrate non-cognitive skills and Pacific literacies (including digital literacy) into policies, plans and programmes. Projects/Activities 1 2 3 4 UNESCO family includes: the headquarters in Paris, regional bureaux, Category I centres and institutes of Or 21 UNESCO Chairs, National Commissions for and other networks.

43 50,000 95,000 115,000 2,450,000 To be To mobilized 35,000 50,000 115,000 135,000 Available Available (Regular programme/ extrabudgetary resources) 250,000 165,000 130,000 2,500,000 Indicative resources US$ Indicative resources Total amount needed 20 Partnerships (including UNESCO family) of cooperation: national, south-south, Type north-south-south UNESCO International Centre for Technical Technical UNESCO International Centre for Training Education and Vocational and Training Australia Pacific (UNEVOC), SPC, Coalition (APTC), national education agencies National, subregional, South-South and Type: North-South-South Bureau of the Convention, national education agencies for higher education, UNEVOC National, subregional, South-South and Type: North-South-South Pacific Youth Council and national youth Pacific ministries of youth and organizations, Youth Group on Working education, UN National and South-South Type: SPC, SPREP, ESCAP, research institutes, ESCAP, SPC, SPREP, universities, government science advisors National, South-South, Global-South- Type: South Support the transformation of TVET TVET Support the transformation of TVET through the promotion of policy reviews involving broad range of stakeholders with consideration to increasing scope of modalities. as an enabler of Support the use of ICT education. Promote regional and international recognition and accreditation of local qualifications and facilitate TVET knowledge sharing through enhanced cooperation. regional and inter-agency Support PICTs to enhance intercultural Support PICTs competencies, promote intercultural dialogues and respond to cultural and inclusion equality, gender to barriers peace building in appropriate ways. Assist countries to improve science, technology and innovation policy and capacity as a driver for the SDGs including sustainable livelihoods, social inclusion and environmental protection priority areas of reflecting UNESCO’s women and youth. Projects/Activities 5 6 7 8

44 200,000 225,000 405,000 To be To mobilized 50,000 65,000 975,000 (Regular (Regular programme/ extrabudgetary resources) Available Available 250,000 470,000 1,200,000 Indicative resources US$ Indicative resources Total amount needed 20 Partnerships (including UNESCO family) of cooperation: national, south-south, Type north-south-south SPREP, Conservation International, IUCN, SPREP, voyaging NGOs, Traditions Society, Pacific national museums, historic preservation offices South-South, Global South-South Type: PIFS, SPC, National Commissions, Youth Council and national youth Pacific Pacific Disability Forum, organizations, Oceania Organisation, Disabled People’s National Olympic Committee and sport- Group on Working UN related organizations, UNWOMEN, PIANGO. Youth, National, South-South, Global-South- Type: South SPC, UN Working Group on Youth, Youth, Group on Working SPC, UN Youth Council and national youth Pacific ministries of youth organizations, National and South-South Type: Utilize the LINKS programme to strengthen and promote traditional knowledge transmission across and within generations to support the sustainable development agenda, with emphasis on traditional Pacific wayfinding. Enhance the institutional capacity to address social inclusion through participatory and evidence-based policy making in the areas of youth and women empowerment, disability inclusion, sport for development and peace, and human rights valorisation and promotion. Work with national agencies to create Work and sustain civic spaces for youth to engage in substantive dialogue with state governing bodies in public policy making, especially in the area of peace building and non-violence. Projects/Activities 9 10 11

45 50,000 400,000 250,000 To be To mobilized 30,000 50,000 250,000 Available Available (Regular (Regular programme/ extrabudgetary resources) 430,000 300,000 300,000 Indicative resources US$ Indicative resources Total amount needed

20 Partnerships (including UNESCO family) of cooperation: national, south-south, Type north-south-south PIFS, UN Working Group on Youth, SPC, Youth, Group on Working PIFS, UN Youth Council and ministries of youth, Pacific national youth organizations national, South-South, North-South- Type: South Pacific Islands Media Association (PIMA), Pacific Islands Media International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) Pasifika, Pacific Islands Archives Association of Libraries and (PIALA), Pacific Regional Branch of Archives the International Council on (PARBICA) Global-South- South-South, National, Type: South Media organizations, universities, institutions, Media organizations, Association (PINA) Pacific Islands News regional, national, South-South Type: Build the capacity of youth and provide youth with opportunities to lead the design and implementation of interventions in achieving the 2030 Agenda. Support the institutional and capacity building of cultural institutions and professional museums, libraries, and archives. Support the fostering of free, independent and pluralistic media systems, including community radio, through journalism education and support to media development. targeted Projects/Activities 12 13 14

46 Protecting our Strategic Goal 2 Islands and Oceans Cooperation and partnerships matrix

47 47 , regionally and by strengthening Pacific resilience and the sustainability of human A region of peace, harmony, security, social inclusion and prosperity so that all Pacific people can lead free, security, region of peace, harmony, A healthy and productive lives Sustainable development that combines economic, social and cultural sustainability in ways improve livelihoods and well-being use the environment sustainably. (4) Strengthening science, technology and innovation systems policies – nationally globally; (5) Promoting international scientific cooperation on critical challenges to sustainable development innovation and infrastructure; (10) Reduced Inequalities; (11) (6) Clean water and sanitation; (9) Industry, (15) Life on Land Water; Action; (14) Life Below Sustainable Cities and communities; (13) Climate Priority 1, Objective 2; 2, Objectives 2-4; 3, 1; 4, 1-4 MPII, ER3, ER4, ER5, ER7, MP1 ER6, MP4 ER4 Islands and Oceans our 2. Protecting interactions with ecological, freshwater and ocean systems and the importance of information and knowledge. and information of importance the and systems ocean and freshwater ecological, with interactions Regional objective: C/4 strategic objectives: Framework for Pacific Framework for Vision: Regionalism Related SDGs: Action Related UNESCO SIDS Plan Priorities: UCS Outcomes (C/5 Proposed projects: ER) and related Strategy Goal:

48 450,000 100,000 1,000,000 To be To mobilized 0 50,000 100,000 Available Available (Regular (Regular programme/ extrabudgetary resources) 100,000 500,000 1,100,000 Indicative resources US$ Indicative resources Total amount needed

20 Partnerships (including UNESCO family) of cooperation: national, south-south, Type north-south-south PIFS, Pacific Youth Council; Pacific Disability PIFS, Pacific Councils and disabled Youth Forum, National FEMlink organization, persons’ of cooperation: National, South-South, Type North-South-South USP, ICOMOS Pasifika, IUCN Oceania, USP, (Category WHITRAP Blue Shield Pasifika, II Centre in China), UNESCO University and Network (UNITWIN) for Twinning Archaeology Maritime of cooperation: National, South-South, Type North-South-South USP, SPREP, national NGOs, the Micronesia SPREP, USP, Australia universities, Trust, Conservation CSIRO Bureau of Meteorology, of cooperation: National, South-South, Type North-South-South Build appropriate capacity at national level to implement the UNESCO Declaration on Ethics of Climate Change with a special focus on including disability, vulnerability, women and girls, indigenous peoples. Build the capacity of heritage management to mitigate and respond to climate change and disasters in UNESCO designated sites and promote UNESCO cultural conventions as tools for this work. Supporting local, indigenous, traditional indigenous, local, Supporting and scientific knowledge co-production for monitoring, awareness-raising, adaptation and advocacy for enhanced climate and disaster resilience, especially in UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. Projects/Activities 1 2 3

49 120,000 700,000 2,910,000 1,300,000 To be To mobilized 0 90,000 580,000 100,000 Available Available (Regular (Regular programme/ extrabudgetary resources) 700,000 700,000 3,000,000 1,400,000 Indicative resources US$ Indicative resources Total amount needed

20 Partnerships (including UNESCO family) of cooperation: national, south-south, Type north-south-south SPC, SPREP, USP, WMO, UNICEF, WMO, UNICEF, USP, SPC, SPREP, Institutes (Cat I and II), Water UNESCO Water UNESCO including i-WSSM, IHP, Chairs of cooperation: National, South-South, Type North, South-South SPC PIF, USP, SPC, SPREP, South Pacific SPC, SPREP, USP, PIF, Pacific Island (SPTO), Organisation Tourism Development Forum (PIDF), ICOMOS Category II Pasifika, IUCN Oceania, BSP, Centres, UNITWIN Network, UNESCO Chairs, CSOs Conservation International, ministries of education, Sandwatch Foundation, IUCN, wayfinding NGOs, universities of cooperation: National, South-South Types Support Pacific SIDS to enhance water security through, inter alia, improving institutional frameworks and policy instruments; developing ecohydrology demonstration projects; assessing and trouble-shooting IWRM policies and implementation plans. Increase support through the programmes and activities of the IOC, including but not limited to support for tsunami warning centres and activities in the Pacific. Improved conservation and natural resources management of UNESCO World designated sites, including Heritage sites, biosphere reserves and UNESCO Global Geoparks. Promote science education--both formal and informal--and its role in development with emphasis on improving the participation of women in science; promoting dialogues between local and indigenous knowledge-holders and scientists; citizen science. Projects/Activities 4 5 6 7

50 Strategic Goal 3 Sustaining Livelihoods Cooperation and partnerships matrix

51 51 Pulaka pit © Jessica Marinaccio © Jessica Pulaka pit A region of peace, harmony, security, social inclusion and prosperity so that all Pacific people can lead free, security, region of peace, harmony, A healthy and productive lives. Sustainable development that combines economic, social and cultural sustainability in ways improve livelihoods and well-being use the environment sustainably. (6) Supporting inclusive social development, fostering intercultural dialogue for the rapprochement of cultures and promoting ethical principles; (7) Protecting, promoting and transmitting heritage; (8) Fostering creativity and the diversity of cultural expressions Action, (17) and Economic Growth, (13) Climate Work Sustainable Cities and Communities, (8) Decent (11) Partnerships for the Goals. Priority 1, Objective 2; 2, 3, 4, Objectives 1-4 ER1, ER3, ER4, ER6, ER7, MPIII ER2 MPII ER5, ER6, MPIII ER2, MPIV and intangible cultural heritage, 3. Sustaining livelihoods by safeguarding tangible, including underwater, natural heritage and traditional knowledge by promoting cultural creative by protecting the region’s industries for sustainable development. Regional objective: C/4 strategic objectives: Related SDGs: Action Related UNESCO SIDS Plan Priorities: UCS Outcomes (C/5 Proposed projects: ER) and related Strategy Goal: Framework for Pacific Framework for Vision: Regionalism

52 50,000 50,000 95,000 300,000 1,100,000 To be To mobilized 0 0 75,000 165,000 100,000 Available Available (Regular (Regular programme/ extrabudgetary resources) 50,000 95,000 215,000 375,000 1,200,000 Indicative resources US$ Indicative resources Total amount needed

20 Partnerships (including UNESCO family) of cooperation: national, south-south, Type north-south-south PIF, USP, SPC, SPREP, ICOMOS Pasifika, SPC, SPREP, USP, PIF, Category II Centres, IUCN Oceania, BSP, UNITWIN Network, UNESCO Chairs, CSOs. of cooperation: National, South-South, Type North-South-South NGOs, community-based organizations, NGOs, community-based organizations, research institutions, universities, USP, IRCI (Category II Centres ICHCAP, CRIHAP, for ICH) of cooperation: National, South-South, Type North-South-South CRIHAP, ICHCAP, IRCI (Category II Centres ICHCAP, CRIHAP, for ICH), ICOMOS Pasifika, IUCN Oceania, BSP of cooperation: National, South-South, Type North-South-South USP, SPREP, WHITRAP (Category II Centre WHITRAP SPREP, USP, Heritage) World for of cooperation: National, South-South, Type North-South-South USP, SPREP, ICOMOS Pasifika, IUCN SPREP, USP, Oceania of cooperation: National, South-South, Type North-South-South Continued advocacy for PICTs to ratify Continued advocacy for PICTs all six UNESCO Culture Conventions and where necessary initiate action to revise laws and policies ensure implementation of the effective principles set down in the conventions. Provide policy advice and capacity building technical assistance to safeguarding and strengthen PICTs transmission of their intangible cultural heritage and traditional knowledge. Encourage and support PICTs to apply Encourage and support PICTs for international assistance through the relevant Conventions, particularly in the case of natural disasters. Assist PICTs to identify potential Assist PICTs World heritage sites for inclusion on the Heritage tentative list. Support countries to develop a holistic approach to heritage preservation that can be captured in the national planning and budget processes. Projects/Activities 1 2 3 4 5

53 50,000 35,000 250,000 1,270,000 To be To mobilized 30,000 25,000 50,000 130,000 Available Available (Regular (Regular programme/ extrabudgetary resources) 60,000 180,000 300,000 1,300,000 Indicative resources US$ Indicative resources Total amount needed

20 Partnerships (including UNESCO family) of cooperation: national, south-south, Type north-south-south USP, SPREP, ICOMOS Pasifika, IUCN SPREP, USP, Oceania, UNITWIN Network for Maritime Archaeology of cooperation: National, South-South, Type North-South-South SPTO, PIDF, SPREP, UN World Tourism Tourism World UN SPREP, PIDF, SPTO, national NGOs, FAO, (WTO), Organization universities of cooperation: National, South-South Type ITU, SPC, Telecommunication Companies, Telecommunication ITU, SPC, relevant national bodies (country dependent) regional, national, south-south Type: Film councils, arts chambers of commerce, national development banks, ministries of culture (or equivalent), related NGOs and private sector business. Regional, South-South, national Type: Strengthen capacities for protecting and managing marine underwater cultural heritage. Study, support and disseminate island Study, strategies for sustainably managing natural resources, local and indigenous knowledge systems, intangible cultural heritage, and promote sustainable livelihoods for youth and women, including through sustainable tourism in UNESCO designated sites in the Pacific. Promote the use of ICTs as a tool Promote the use of ICTs for strengthening capacity building opportunities, improving accessibility, preserving and protecting documentary heritage. Enhance the capacity in area of creativity and cultural industries development. Projects/Activities 6 7 8 9

54 Framework for Pacific Regionalism Vision: A region of Vision: Framework for Pacific Regionalism social inclusion and prosperity security, peace, harmony, so that all Pacific people can lead free, healthy and productive lives. Sustainable development that combines economic, social and cultural development in ways that improve livelihoods and well-being uses the environment sustainably. Investing in people by enhancing the capacities of the Pacific people to achieve SDGs for sustainable development capacities and institutional human reinforced PICTS have through education and lifelong learning, supporting the management of social transformations and the promotion of social justice, fostering creativity and the diversity cultural expressions, and improving science, technology while promoting freedom of and innovation capacity, information to access and development media expression, and knowledge. integrated (i) No. of countries which have effectively quality education curriculum, systems and PICTs programmes into national plans and budgets M&E frameworks; (ii) No. of countries which have ratified the Regional Convention on Recognition of Qualifications in Higher Education; and (iii) No. of countries which have elaborated, adopted and/or implemented policies and programmes supporting museums, libraries and archives. Regional priority: Regional objective: Strategic Goal 1: Outcome: Performance indicators: Results and resources framework Strategic Goal 1 Investing in People 55 55 24 23 300,000 750,000 Indicative (US$) resources UIS, SPC, PIFS, HRD, CROP national ministries of education, IBE, ITU, UNICER, APCEIU, universities and training colleges, youth NGO Universities and Training Teacher Colleges, SPC (EQAP), UNICEF, APCEIU, National Commissions Proposed partners Proposed Kiribati, Palau, Vanuatu, Tuvalu 1 x regional workshop Country specific: Solomon Islands, Niue, Marshall Islands (to be confirmed) Country coverage

22 in training workshop reports, etc. SISTER Source Source SISTER Baseline: 0 countries (non-cognitive work is new in the region) 3 countries with Target: a focus on non-cognitive assessment Baseline/Target Baseline: 1 country (Cook Islands) an additional 4 Target: countries Tasks and Evaluation of Results Tasks No. of countries supported in curriculum review No. of countries supported in assessment methodologies (particularly for non- cognitive skills/Pacific Literacies) Performance indicator % of professionals supported planning, policy and monitoring and evaluation professionals which have strengthened their capacities (disaggregated by professional profile, sex, location/country) Resources of Strategic Area (SA) 1, Activity 1. Area (SA) 1, Resources of Strategic

56 UNESCO online application: System of Information on Strategies, Activity 2 and 4. 1, Combined resources of SA 22 23 24 1.2 Capacities of teachers are reinforced to design, deliver and assess inclusive curriculum that develops both cognitive and non-cognitive learning (Pacific Literacies) Indicative outputs 1.1 Capacity of planning, policy and monitoring evaluation professionals is strengthened in the streamlining and gaining of efficiencies and effectiveness in meeting both national mandates and SDG 4. 25 26 415,000 4,480,000 Indicative resources (US$) Proposed partners Proposed ESCAP, SPC, SPREP, PIFS, research institutes, universities, government science advisors, Pacific Disability Forum, Disabled People’s Oceania Organization, National Olympic Committee and sport- related organizations, Group on Working UN UNWOMEN, Youth, PIANGO, ministries of women, youth and sports. UNEVOC, SPC, APTC, national education agencies (education/higher education) Bureau of the Convention Country coverage Papua Samoa, New Guinea, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Palau, Tonga, Tuvalu, regional Samoa, Fiji, Cook Islands, Niue, Vanuatu, Marshall Islands Nauru, Samoa, Tokelau Source Source SISTER, project reports SISTER Baseline/Target Baseline: 1 country (Samoa); 1 regional initiative covering 14 1 Ministerial PICTs; communiqué with priorities for action 4 other PICTs Target: and 2 regional policy initiatives (science, technology & innovation and social inclusion policy) Baseline: 0 PICTs have Baseline: 0 PICTs ratified the convention Australia have). (NZ and at least 5 PICTs Target: ratify the convention. Current biennium: 3 Countries are being supported (Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Fiji an additional 3 Target: countries supported in each biennium Performance indicator No. of Pacific agencies and institutions with strengthened capacity for evidence-based policy development and implementation. No. of countries supported in ratifying Convention Regional the on Recognition of Qualifications in Higher Education. No. of countries supported in the TVET development of sector Combined resources of SA 1, Activity 5 and 6. 1, Combined resources of SA Activity3, 7, 8, 9 and 10. 1, Combined resources of SA Indicative outputs agencies and institutions 1.4 PICTs supported through evidence- based policy making advice and implementation skills development, especially in the areas of social inclusion, sport for development and peace, human rights promotion, and science technology and innovation. This includes the promotion of peace building and intercultural dialogue, traditional knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities to participate in policy formulation and implementation. 57 57 sectors, through the TVET 1.3 appropriate national governance and management structures, are supported through the provision of policy advice, technical assistance and skills reinforcement to review and reposition the sector to provide relevant, quality seamless learning pathways and lifelong learning opportunities. 25 26 29 28 27 300,000 900,000 300,000 Indicative (US$) resources PIMA, ICOMOS, Pacifika, PIALA, PARBICA Proposed partners Proposed Working PIFS, UN SPC, Youth, Group on ministries of youth, Youth Council Pacific and national youth organizations Media organisations, Media organisations, universities, institutions, PINA Regional Country coverage Vanuatu, Fiji, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Nauru Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Tokelau, PNG, Vanuatu, regional SISTER, project reports Source Source SISTER, project report SISTER (Ongoing capacity building process for cultural institutions) Baseline/Target Baseline: 2014-2017: 3 and Samoa in (2 initiatives Vanuatu) 1 in 3 initiatives in Target: other PICTs (Ongoing capacity building process for media organizations) No. of national cultural institutions supported to elaborate, adopt and/or implement policies and programmes supporting museums, libraries and archives. Performance indicator No. of initiatives creating opportunities for youth leadership and fostering dialogue and cooperation between youth and the public sector. No. of media organisations, universities, national and regional organisations supported with the enhancement of norms and policies for freedom of expression

58 Resources of SA 1, Activity 14. 1, Resources of SA and 12. Activity 11 1, Combined resources of SA Activity 13. 1, Resources of SA 1.7 Increased capacity and support for national cultural institutions. Indicative outputs The role and capacity of 1.6 youth to engage in and lead sustainable development interventions at the local and national level is enhanced. 1.5 Media organisations, 1.5 Media organisations, universities, institutions, supported to enhance PINA norms and policies for free, independent and pluralistic media across the PICTs. 27 28 29 by strengthening Framework for Pacific Regionalism Vision: A region of Vision: Framework for Pacific Regionalism social inclusion and prosperity security, peace, harmony, so that all Pacific people can lead free, healthy and productive lives. Sustainable development that combines economic, social and cultural development in ways that improve livelihoods and well-being use the environment sustainably. islands and oceans our Protecting Pacific resilience and the sustainability of human interactions with ecological, freshwater and ocean systems. have improved ecological, freshwater and ocean PICTs systems policies, knowledge-sharing and coproduction, especially with vulnerable groups and inclusive of both formal and non-formal education. (i) number of countries which engage stakeholders and apply ethics of climate change in policies programmes; (ii) number of new UNESCO designated sites established in Pacific SIDS. Regional priority: Regional objective: Strategic Goal 2: Outcome: Performance indicators: Results and Resources Framework and Oceans Strategic Goal 2

59 Protecting our Islands 59 31 1,700,000 Indicative (US$) resources 30 Proposed partners Proposed PIFS, USP, SPTO, SPTO, PIFS, USP, SPC, SPREP, ICOMOS Pasifika, IUCN Oceania, Blue Shield Pasifika, (Category WITRAP II Centre in China), UNITWIN Network for Maritime Archaeology, Conservation International, the Nature Conservancy, National NGOs, the Micronesia Conservation Universities, Trust, Australia Bureau of CSIRO, Meteorology, Youth Council; Pacific Pacific Disability Forum, National Councils and Youth Disabled Persons’ Organisation, FEMlink Country coverage Micronesia, Palau, Fiji and 1 regional and Fiji Vanuatu Source Source SISTER, project reports, PDNAs Baseline/Target Baseline: UNESCO Declaration on Ethical Principles in Relation to Climate Change was approved in November 2017 Baseline: communities in 5 countries supported in a pilot capacity at least 3 further Target: countries Baseline: disaster damage assessment contributed to in 4 countries (Samoa, Tonga) Fiji and Vanuatu, Performance indicator No. of countries supported with strengthened capacity in stakeholders’ engaging with the ethics of climate change and apply it in policies and programmes. No. of countries supported to engage communities, especially vulnerable groups, in climate and disaster resilience. No. of countries supported to develop knowledge co-production approaches to climate and disaster resilience. No. of disaster damage assessments to which a contribution was made.

60 Combined resources of SA 2, Activity 1, 2 and 3. 2, Combined resources of SA A feminist NGO based in Fiji. A Indicative outputs 2.1 Capacity of PICTs 2.1 Capacity of PICTs strengthened for climate and natural disaster resilience- -especially in UNESCO designated sites—with reference to climate change ethics; supporting local, indigenous, traditional and scientific knowledge co- production, and engagement of vulnerable groups. 30 31 32 33 700,000 3,000,000 Indicative resources (US$) Proposed partners Proposed SPC Partners: SPC, SPREP, Partners: SPC, SPREP, WMO, UNICEF, USP, Institutes Water UNESCO (Category I and II), including iWSSM, IHP, Chairs Water UNESCO Country coverage Regional Tuvalu, Tuvalu, Solomon Islands, Micronesia, regional Source Source SISTER, project reports, EXB monitoring and evaluation Baseline/Target Baseline: UNESCO carried out study in 1 Pacific SIDS, list of priorities compiled from 12 Pacific SIDS. 3 Pacific SIDS Target: supported to improve water security Baseline: UNESCO named partner by Pacific as PHSP Meteorological Council UNESCO providing Target: regional technical inputs on water security (in keeping with workplan to be developed in Q3 2018) Performance indicator No. of countries supported to improve tsunami early warning. No. of countries supported through knowledge exchange and capacity/skills assessments to improve water resilience UNESCO contributing to the Pacific Hydrological Services Panel in partnership with WMO SPC and SPREP,

61 Resources of SA 2, Activity 5. 2, Resources of SA Resources of SA 2, Activity 4. 2, Resources of SA Indicative outputs 2.3 Increase support through the programmes and activities of the IOC, including but not limited to support for tsunami warning centres and activities in the Pacific. 2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to enhance water security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation. 32 33 34 700,000 Indicative (US$) resources Proposed Proposed partners PIF, USP, SPC, USP, PIF, USP, SPREP, PIDF, SPTO, ICOMOS Pasifika, IUCN Oceania, BSP, Category II Centres, UNITWIN Network, UNESCO Chairs, CSOs South- Type: South, North- South-South Country coverage Samoa, Micronesia, Palau, Fiji, Cook Islands, Solomon Islands (to be confirmed) Source Source SISTER, project reports Baseline/Target Baseline: no new biosphere designations reserves or UGGP in Pacific SIDS since 2007, 8 Heritage sites World 2 new biosphere Target: reserves and/or UGGP World designations, 2 new Heritage sites Baseline: 1 biosphere reserve supported with awareness- raising activities All 3 existing Pacific Target: SIDS biosphere reserves supported to improve government, management and implementation. Performance indicator No. of countries supported to establish new UNESCO designated sites in Pacific SIDS Number of UNESCO designated sites supported to improve governance, management and implementation of sustainable natural resources management.

62 Resources of SA 2, Activity 6. 2, Resources of SA Indicative outputs 2.4 Through designation, 2.4 management and implementation of UNESCO designated World sites, including Heritage sites, biosphere reserves and UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGP), PICTs supported to improve conservation and natural resources management. 34 35 1,400,000 Indicative (US$) resources Proposed Proposed partners Conservation International, ministries of education, Sandwatch Foundation, IUCN, wayfinding NGOs, universities, ministries of culture Country coverage 3 subregional workshops Country specific: Vanuatu, Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Micronesia Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Marshall Islands, Tokelau Country specific: Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa, Papua Tonga, New Guinea Source Source SISTER, country ESD reports, project reports Baseline/Target Baseline: 3 countries (Tuvalu, Baseline: 3 countries (Tuvalu, Vanuatu). Fiji and all countries to receive Target: some initial support. Tuvalu) Baseline: 2 (Kiribati, 3 countries with Target: substantive support Baseline: 0 countries 4 countries Target: Baseline: previous biennium 0 5 countries Target: Performance indicator No. of countries supported to implement ESD and STEM programmes in both formal and informal education. No. of countries supported to integrate ICH and traditional and indigenous knowledge into education and community learning. No. of countries supported to use UNESCO education resources in ESD and STEM, e.g. Sandwatch, the Canoe Is People. No. of countries supported through specific activities engaging women and girls with ESD/STEM.

63 Resources of SA 2, Activity 7. 2, Resources of SA Indicative outputs 2.5 PICTs supported to 2.5 PICTs develop and deliver both formal and non-formal education programmes in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) and traditional indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources, women and girls voyaging. 35 Framework for Pacific Regionalism Vision: A region of Vision: Framework for Pacific Regionalism social inclusion and prosperity security, peace, harmony, so that all Pacific people can lead free, healthy and productive lives. Sustainable development that combines economic, social and cultural development in ways that improve livelihoods and well-being use the environment sustainably. Sustaining livelihoods improved through support to biodiversity conservation,, heritage safeguarding and through the protection and promotion of diversity cultural expressions. Pacific SIDS safeguarding tangible, including underwater and intangible cultural heritage; protecting the region’s natural terrestrial, coastal and marine resources local, indigenous and traditional knowledge; promoting cultural, creative and green industries for sustainable development. which have ratified Cultural (i) number of PICTs implementation; Conventions and initiated effective which have identified heritage sites, (ii) number of PICTs ICH elements and traditional knowledge in their own territories, and have preserved documentary heritage; where heritage identification and (iii) number of PICTs and ICH inventorying process is inclusive, respects the diversity of heritage and ICH practitioners supports ICH safeguarding by communities, groups and individuals concerned. Regional priority: Regional objective: Strategic Goal 3: Outcome: Performance indicators: Results and Resources Framework Annex 3: Sustaining Livelihoods

64 36 37 590,000 1,585,000 Indicative resources (US$) Proposed partners Proposed ICHCAP, CRIHAP, USP, IRCI (Category II Centres for ICH) (Category WHITRAP World II Centre for Heritage), IUCN Oceania, national FAO, UNWTO, NGOs, universities, ITU, SPC, telecommunication companies, relevant national bodies (country dependent) South-South, Type: North-South-South PIF, USP, SPC, SPREP, SPC, SPREP, USP, PIF, PIDF, SPTO, USP, ICOMOS Pasifika, IUCN Category Oceania, BSP, II Centres, UNITWIN Network, UNESCO Chairs, CSOs, CRIHAP, IRCI (Category ICHCAP, II Centres for ICH). South-South, Type: North-South-South Country coverage Cook Islands, Fiji, Micronesia, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon Tokelau, Islands, Tuvalu, Tonga, Papua Vanuatu, New Guinea Cook Islands, Fiji, Micronesia, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon Tokelau, Islands, Tuvalu, Tonga, Papua Vanuatu, New Guinea Source Source Reports UNESCO website on the conventions. Reports of the Intergovernmental Committee Meetings Baseline/Target Ongoing Heritage and ICH inventorying process with community participation. Baseline: 2 states parties to the 1954 Convention and its Protocols; no state party to the 1970 Convention. 14 states parties to Target: 1972 Convention. 1 state party to 2001 Convention. 13 states parties to 2003 Convention. 1 state party to 2005 Convention. Performance indicator No. of PICTs which have identified potential heritage sites. No. of PICTs No. of PICTs that have ratified the cultural conventions and initiated implementation. No. of international assistance requests to the Convention- related Funds. Combined resources of SA 3, Activity 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8. 3, Combined resources of SA Combined resources of SA 3, Activity 1 and 3. 3, Combined resources of SA Indicative outputs are 3.2 PICTs supported to identify heritage sites, ICH elements and traditional knowledge in their own territories, and have capacity to preserve documentary heritage. 64 65 are 3.1 PICTs supported to ratify cultural conventions and initiate effective implementation with capacity to seek international assistance where required. 36 37 38 39 300,000 1,300,000 Indicative (US$) resources Proposed partners Proposed Chambers of Commerce, national development banks, ministries of culture (or equivalent), Arts NGOs including Council and private sector business. South-South, Type: North-South-South USP, SPREP, SPREP, USP, ICOMOS Pasifika, IUCN Oceania, UNITWIN Network for Maritime SPTO, Archaeology, UNWTO South-South, Type: North-South-South Country coverage Cook Islands, Fiji, Micronesia, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tuvalu, Tonga, Papua Vanuatu, New Guinea 1 regional activity and partnership Fiji, Vanuatu, Samoa, Palau, Solomon Islands, and Micronesia Source Source SISTER, project reports SISTER, project reports Baseline/Target Baseline: ongoing capacity building process in creative and cultural industries through public and private partnerships. 3 Pacific SIDS Target: supported to build capacity. Baseline: Individual sustainable tourism initiatives are working well, but many are struggling. Little systematic capacity building support is available. One regional Target: institution and 6 Pacific SIDS supported to build capacity. Performance indicator No. of Member States with strengthened capacity stakeholders’ in creative and cultural industries. No. of countries with strengthened capacity for sustainable tourism planning and implementation.

66 Activity 9. 3, Resources of SA Resources of SA 3, Activity 7. 3, Resources of SA Indicative outputs 3.4 Public and private sector capacities are increased to develop cultural and creative industries that contribute to sustainable livelihoods. 3.3 PICTs have strengthened 3.3 PICTs capacities for sustainable tourism, including protecting and managing natural resources, traditional and indigenous knowledge, cultural heritage and underwater heritage and social inclusion for youth, women, and indigenous peoples. 38 39 Part V Country focus and alignment of development 40

Following a situational analysis of the current development context, key challenges and risks for each country, territory and subregion, the Strategy’s indicative outputs have been developed in alignment with the country development priorities, UNPS outcomes and UNDAF priorities, where relevant. This emphasizes the importance and strength of cooperation across the Pacific.

The indicated outputs shall be updated regularly through the biennium work-planning process and extrabudgetary projects. This will be based on a review of country-wise distribution of outputs and resources to ensure equity of treatment.

40 This part is taken from the United Nations Pacific Strategy but includes updated contextual information and UNESCO actions.

67 Cook Islands

The Cook Islands is a self-governing country in free association with New Zealand. Since 1965 the relationship has remained an evolving one of partnership, freely entered into and freely maintained, with both countries respecting the right and freedom of the other to pursue their own national policies and interests. Comprising 15 islands with a total land area of approximately 240 km2, the country is spread across 2 million km2 of ocean. Distinct regional differences in social, cultural and economic activities exist between the two groups41 of southern and northern islands that make up the Cook Islands.

The Cook Islands is an upper middle-income country with high living standards and the best socioeconomic indicators of the countries in the UN Pacific programme. All of the MDGs were achieved. Extreme hardship and food poverty are not known, but there is growing inequality between the main island, Rarotonga, and the remote outer islands.42

Seventy per cent of the Cook Islands’ 15,000 people live on Rarotonga. The remainder live in the 11 populated outer islands of the Pa Enua. The population growth rate is zero with natural increase balancing net migration. Depopulation is a critical development challenge for the Cook Islands affecting all sectors, and particularly the Pa Enua. The population has declined since the 1970s and the construction of the Rarotonga International Airport. The steady outmigration of the Cook Islands population increased in 1996, which led to a large reduction (approximately 50 per cent) in the public service, resulting in former government employees moving to New Zealand and Australia. Today, the number of Cook Islanders living overseas is about nine times the resident population.

The economy of the Cook Islands is driven by tourism (which accounts for 60 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP)43), fishing licenses, black pearl sales and offshore banking. Growth is constrained by a shortage of workers, dispersion of a small population, isolation, and the high costs of doing business. The Cook Islands is highly vulnerable to external economic and environmental shocks. Global downturns and natural disasters, including cyclones, have an impact on visitor numbers.

Free and compulsory education is provided in the Cook Islands with corresponding high rates of enrolment and literacy. In primary education, the net rate of enrolment was above 93 per cent as of 2015.44 Infant mortality is the lowest in the Pacific. Teen fertility remains the highest in Polynesia. One hundred per cent of births are attended by a skilled attendant, and no maternal deaths have been recorded since 2001.45

Women have consistently been represented in political life and the Cook Islands has the highest proportion of female parliamentarians in the Pacific. Women’s economic participation is also high although there is a recognized gender pay gap.

The Cook Islands has a low HIV burden with four confirmed cases. The high rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), low condom use, and young age of sexual debut are all risk factors for AIDS prevalence in the country.46 Non-communicable diseases are the main causes of morbidity and mortality and there is inequitable access to healthcare for people living in the Pa Enua.47

68 Cook Islands

Since the 1950s the daily maximum and minimum temperatures of Penrhyn in the north and Rarotonga in the south have increased at a rate consistent with climate change models. Sea levels in the Cook Islands have risen slightly higher than the global average. Future climate change projections anticipate a continued daily temperature increase, more extreme rainfall (particularly in the southern islands), ocean acidification at levels threatening to coral systems and more intense tropical cyclones.48

UNESCO Conventions Ratifications: 1. International Convention against Doping in Sport 2. Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 3. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage

National Development Plan/Strategy: Te Kaveinga Nui – National Sustainable Development Plan 2016–2020 ‘To enjoy the highest quality of life consistent with the aspirations of our people and in harmony with our culture and environment’.

41 Population and Development Profiles: Pacific Island Countries, UNFPA 2014. 42 MDG Tracking Report, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 2015. 43 ADB 2016. 44 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2018. 45 WHO Country Cooperation Strategy Cook Islands 2013-2017. 46 Global AIDS Progress Report, Ministry of Health 2015. 47 WHO Country Cooperation Strategy Cook Islands 2013-2017. 48 Current and future climate of the Cook Islands, Pacific Climate Science Program, 2011.

© Christopher Johnson Alignment with UNPS and country development priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes and Identified Country Development UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Priorities Strategy Priority/Pillar Outputs Outcome 1: Climate Change, Disaster Resilience, and 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Environmental Protection 3. Promote sustainable Identified Priorities practices and effectively Indicative Outputs Indicative - Upgrade the sanitation system and improve and manage solid and hazardous Resources (US$) maintain the quality of lagoon water (main drinking waste. 2.4 PICTs supported to improve 116,600.00 water supply). 4. Sustainable management of conservation and natural resources (To be confirmed) - Explore desalination of water to prepare for future water and sanitation. management through designation, natural hazards. 11. Promote sustainable and management and implementation of - Develop agricultural infrastructure as most food is use, management of terrestrial UNESCO designated sites, including imported and heavily processed. ecosystems, and protect World Heritage sites, biosphere - Promote organic, container, and home farming to biodiversity. reserves and UNESCO Global bolster food security and improve nutrition. 12. Sustainable management of Geoparks. (To be confirmed) - Enhance production of traditional food products oceans, lagoons, and marine such as taro and banana (which are more resilient resources. to climate change). 13. Strengthen resilience to 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 65,000.00 - Develop sustainable fisheries, especially in the combat the impacts of climate deliver both formal and non-formal northern islands. change and natural disasters. education programmes in Education for - Support water management and removal of algae in Sustainable Development (ESD) and the lagoon to increase potential for tourism and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the water-based recreational activities. contribution of intangible cultural - Make fundraising processes easier and capitalise on heritage and traditional and indigenous national accreditation systems, such as the Ministry knowledge utilizing current UNESCO of Finance’s accreditation as an implementing tools as an entry point with specific agency for the Adaptation Fund. reference to the use of LINKS - Explore further accreditation possibilities. resources, women and girls and voyaging.

Participation in Polynesia action 2.5.

2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 27,200.00 deliver both formal and non-formal education programmes in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources, women and girls and

voyaging.∗∗

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3.

2.1 Capacity of PICTs strengthened for 40,000.00 climate and natural disaster resilience– especially in UNESCO designated sites—with particular reference to climate change ethics; and engagement of vulnerable groups.

2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to enhance 60,000.00 water security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation.

2.3 Increase support through the programmes and activities of the IOC, 46,600.00 including but not limited to support for tsunami warning centres and activities

in the Pacific. ∗∗

∗∗ Polynesia action to take place first, followed by country specific actions. ∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

70 Alignment with UNPS and country development priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes and Identified Country Development UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Priorities Strategy Priority/Pillar Outputs Outcome 2: Gender Equality 9. Accelerate gender equality, 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Identified Priorities empower all women and girls, Indicative Output Indicative - Strengthen the National Council of Women to and advance the rights of Resources (US$) expand women’s participation in the public and youth, the elderly, and PICTs supported to develop and deliver Additional private sectors. disabled. education programmes in Education for resources not - Promote greater involvement of women and girls in Sustainable Development (ESD) and required because it economic growth. the Sciences (STEM) with specific is part of the

reference to women and girls (Part of indicative output Indicative Output 2.5) 2.5.

1. Investing in People Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.4.

PICTs supported for the promotion of Additional increasing roles for women in policy resources not formulation and implementation. (Part required because it of the Indicative Output 1.4) is part of the indicative output 1.4.

Outcome 3: Sustainable and Inclusive Economic 2. Expand economic 3. Sustaining Livelihoods Empowerment opportunities, improve Indicative Output Indicative Identified Priorities economic resilience and Resources (US$) - Help develop attractive economic initiatives to productive employment to 3.4 Public and private sector capacities 20,000.00 maintain healthy population growth. ensure decent work for all. are increased to develop cultural and - Assist policy development for the economic 5. Build resilient infrastructure creative industries that contribute to development of outer islands, particularly the and information and sustainable livelihoods. southern islands. communication technologies to

- Provide technical training to the Cook Islands’ improve standard of living. Participation in Pacific subregional labour force. 6. Improve access to action 3.3. - Find innovative solutions to boost labour supply in affordable, reliable, and

shortfall areas such as agriculture. sustainable modern energy and 3.3 PICTs have strengthened capacities 26,600.00 transport. for sustainable tourism, including 10. Achieve food security and protecting and managing natural improved nutrition and resources, traditional and indigenous increase sustainable knowledge, cultural heritage and agriculture. underwater heritage and social 15. Ensure a sustainable inclusion for youth, women, and population engaged in indigenous peoples. development by Cook Islanders

for Cook Islanders.

Outcome 4: Equitable Basic Services 1. Improve welfare, reduce 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities inequity and economic Indicative Outputs Indicative - Invest in early childhood education and build hardship. Resources (US$) knowledge of healthy lifestyles from an early age. 7. Improve health and promote 1.3 TVET sectors, through the 46,100.00 - Invest in integrated mental health, domestic healthy lifestyles. appropriate national governance and violence, and suicide prevention services. 8. Ensure inclusive and management structures, are supported - Focus on non-formal education and TVET to target equitable quality education and through the provision of policy advice, capacity development. promote lifelong learning technical assistance and skills - Support professional development of teachers in opportunities. reinforcement to review and reposition the area of ICT. the sector to provide relevant, quality - Increase the supply of basic services (health and seamless learning pathways and lifelong education) to the Pa Enua and among vulnerable learning opportunities. groups.

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 1.2 and 1.4.

1.2 Capacities of teachers are 20,000.00 reinforced to design, deliver and assess inclusive curriculum that develops both cognitive and non-cognitive learning (Pacific Literacies).

1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions 112,000.00 supported through evidence-based

71 policy making advice and implementation skills development, especially in the areas of social inclusion, sport for development and peace, human rights promotion, and science technology and innovation. This includes the promotion of peace building and intercultural dialogue, traditional knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities to participate in policy formulation and implementation.

Outcome 5: Governance and Community Engagement 16. Promote a peaceful and just 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities society and practice good Indicative Output Indicative - Explore E-governance as a model for active civic governance with transparency Resources (US$) participation. and accountability. Participation in Pacific subregional - Strengthen the use of information, technology, and 14. Preserve our heritage and action 1.7. communication as well as statistics for inclusive history, protect our traditional

development. knowledge, and develop our 1.7 Increased capacity and support for 20,000.00 - Help to strengthen culture, language, and language, creative, and cultural national cultural institutions. traditional knowledge as priority focus areas, endeavours.

especially with the NSDP 2018-2022 specifying 3. Sustaining Livelihoods culture as a key pillar for development. - Support links between government and the Indicative Outputs Indicative umbrella CSO Group (Cook Islands Civil Resources (US$) Societies Organization, or CICSO) given that 3.1 PICTs are supported to ratify 39,300.00 there are 94 registered NGOs within the cultural conventions and initiate organization. effective implementation with capacity - Provide further statistical training pertinent to to seek international assistance where labour movement and population. required. - Strengthen institutional governance as well as evidence-based capacity building. 3.2 PICTs are supported to identify 105,600.00 - Provide legal and technical advice on drafting of heritage sites, ICH elements and legal bills such as the in-progress Family Bill. traditional knowledge in their own territories, and have capacity to preserve documentary heritage.

Outcome 6: Human Rights 1. Investing in People Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) 1.5 Media organizations, universities, 30,000.00 institutions, PINA supported to enhance norms and policies for free, independent and pluralistic media across the PICTs.

Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.5.

1.5 Media organizations, universities, institutions, PINA supported to enhance 6,000.00 norms and policies for free, independent and pluralistic media

across the PICTs.∗∗∗

Total Indicative Resources per Country 781,000.00 ∗

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions. ∗ The indicative outputs and indicative resources of regional actions are presented in italic.

72 Federated States of Micronesia

The UN has been operating in the Federated States Micronesia since 1947. Micronesia is a culturally and linguistically diverse nation of more than 600 volcanic islands and coral atolls in the western Pacific Ocean. The islands are grouped into four distinct but unified states; Yap, Chuuk, Kosrae and Pohnpei, each with their own constitution and elected government. According to the Human Development Index 2018 (HDI), the country has a medium human development.49 A third of Micronesians live below the basic needs poverty line50 and poverty has increased in three out of four states in the past decade. Inequality varies greatly between the states. Outer island and atoll communities have the lowest access to quality education, health care, energy and telecommunications.

From 1947-1986 Micronesia was administered by the United States as part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI). Since 1986, the relationship between the two countries has been defined by the Compact of Free Association, under which the United States provides financial assistance and defence and Micronesians have free movement to the United States. Under the terms of the Amended Compact, economic assistance will decrease over a period of 20 years and mandatory funding will cease in 2023.

Micronesia’s economy is aid dependent with a rising trade deficit, due to increasing demand for imported food, clothing, and consumer goods. Around half of the workforce is involved in subsistence farming or fishing for their livelihoods and this figure is growing.51 The country is among the least urbanized in the Pacific and most Micronesians live on or near the coast.The lack of transport and infrastructure within and between islands (including limited air travel) are barriers to development in the three priority sectors of agriculture, tourism and fisheries.52

Since US Compact grants were first reduced in 2004, the Micronesia economy has performed weakly. The private sector has not grown at a rate sufficient enough to replace jobs lost in the public service, the largest employer in Micronesia. This has led to a wave of outmigration of skilled Micronesians to the United States, with an associated loss of human capital and longer-term productive potential.

Migration and a low fertility rate have resulted in negative population growth of -0.4 per cent per annum. Young people aged 10-14 are the single largest demographic group and face limited employment opportunities. The trend of young rural adults seeking work in urban centres is leaving behind the very young and the elderly and changing traditional structures of social welfare in ways that are not yet fully understood.53 The child dependency ratio is of 53.4 and the old age dependency ratio is of 7.7.54

One in three women experience physical or sexual violence.55 Efforts to reduce maternal mortality have not met national targets. The maternal mortality ratio is of 100 deaths per 100,000 live births.56 Women have the highest rate of unemployment in the country (38 per cent in Chuuk Lagoon)57 and there are currently no women members of Parliament.

Micronesia is experiencing a high prevalence of both communicable and non-communicable diseases. The over-reliance on imported processed food, low levels of physical activity, and high consumption of alcohol are contributing to a growing epidemic of chronic disease, which the fragile health system

73 cannot support. Leprosy and tuberculosis are common and STIS are hyper-endemic.58 Rates of young male adult suicide are among the highest in the world.

UNESCO Conventions Ratifications: 1. Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 2. International Convention against Doping in Sport 3. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 4. Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

National Development Plan/Strategy: Micronesia Strategic Development Plan 2004–2023 – ‘Improving quality of life for all Micronesian people’.

49 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 50 An Atlas of Social Indicators, Children in Micronesia, UNICEF 2013. 51 Ibid. 52 Micronesia Development Framework, ADB 2012. 53 UNFPA Country Office 2014. 54 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 55 Micronesia Family Health and Safety Study, Micronesia Department of Health and Social Affairs 2014. 56 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 57 UNICEF Children in Micronesia, An Atlas of Social Indicators, 2013. 58 WHO Country Cooperation Strategy Micronesia.

© C.Grondin Alignment with UNPS and country development priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes and Identified Country Development UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Priorities Strategy Priority/Pillar Outputs Outcome 1: Climate Change, Disaster Resilience, and Infrastructure development 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Environmental Protection Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities Resources (US$) - Disaster Risk and Disaster Preparedness – UN 2.1 Capacity of PICTs strengthened for 220,000.00 development activities should be made in the context climate and natural disaster resilience– of reducing disaster risk and increasing disaster especially in UNESCO designated preparedness. sites—with particular reference to

climate change ethics; and engagement of vulnerable groups.

2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to enhance 700,000.00 water security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation.

2.4 PICTs supported to improve 116,600.00 conservation and natural resources management through designation, management and implementation of UNESCO designated sites, including World Heritage sites, biosphere reserves and UNESCO Global Geoparks.

2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 65,000.00 deliver both formal and non-formal education programmes in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources, women and girls and voyaging.

Participation in Micronesia action 2.5.

2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 32,600.00 deliver both formal and non-formal education programmes in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources,

women and girls and voyaging. ∗∗

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3.

2.1 Capacity of PICTs strengthened for 40,000.00 climate and natural disaster resilience– especially in UNESCO designated sites—with particular reference to climate change ethics; and engagement

of vulnerable groups. ∗∗∗

2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to enhance water security through assessing and 60,000.00 improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation. ***

∗∗ Micronesia action to take place first, followed by country specific actions. ∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

Outcome 2: Gender Equality Gender Equality 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Identified Priorities Indicative Output Indicative - UN to continue support for gender equality and help Resources (US$) to mainstream gender across sectors. PICTs supported to develop and deliver Additional - UN should continue to help address domestic violence education programmes in Education for resources not as a human rights, gender, and health issue. Sustainable Development (ESD) and the required because Sciences (STEM) with specific reference it is part of the to women and girls (Part of Indicative indicative output Output 2.5) 1.4.

1. Investing in People Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.4.

PICTs supported for the promotion of Additional increasing roles for women in policy resources not formulation and implementation. (Part of required because the Indicative Output 1.4) it is part of the indicative output 1.4.

Outcome 3: Sustainable and Inclusive Economic Economic Growth 3. Sustaining Livelihoods Empowerment Food Security Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities Resources (US$) - Economic Empowerment: UN to focus on youth 3.3 PICTs have strengthened capacities 150,000.00 empowerment and creating job opportunities for for sustainable tourism, including youth. protecting and managing natural - Food Security: UN to continue support for increased resources, traditional and indigenous food security with a focus on local production that can knowledge, cultural heritage and also help combat the high incidence of non- underwater heritage and social inclusion communicable disease. for youth, women, and indigenous peoples.

3.4 Public and private sector capacities 20,000.00 are increased to develop cultural and creative industries that contribute to sustainable livelihoods.

Participation in Pacific subregional action 3.3.

3.3 PICTs have strengthened capacities 26,600.00 for sustainable tourism, including protecting and managing natural resources, traditional and indigenous knowledge, cultural heritage and underwater heritage and social inclusion for youth, women, and indigenous peoples. ***

Outcome 4: Equitable Basic Services Basic Health and Quality 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Education Indicative Outputs Indicative - UN should continue support for strengthening health Resources (US$) systems and the health workforce. Participation in Pacific subregional - UN should support communicable and non- actions 1.2 and 1.4. communicable disease management as well as reproductive health. 1.2 Capacities of teachers are reinforced 20,000.00 to design, deliver and assess inclusive curriculum that develops both cognitive and non-cognitive learning (Pacific Literacies).

1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions 112,000.00 supported through evidence-based policy making advice and implementation skills development, especially in the areas of

76 social inclusion, sport for development and peace, human rights promotion, and science technology and innovation. This includes the promotion of peace building and intercultural dialogue, traditional knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities to participate in policy formulation and implementation.

Outcome 5: Governance and Community Engagement 1. Investing in People Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.7.

1.7 Increased capacity and support for 20,000.00 national cultural institutions.

3. Sustaining Livelihoods Indicative Outputs Indicative Resources (US$) 3.1 PICTs are supported to ratify cultural 39,300.00 conventions and initiate effective implementation with capacity to seek international assistance where required.

3.2 PICTs are supported to identify 105,600.00 heritage sites, ICH elements and traditional knowledge in their own territories, and have capacity to preserve documentary heritage.

Outcome 6: Human Rights 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities - UN to continue support for human rights and help to Indicative Output Indicative mainstream human rights across all sectors. Resources (US$) Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.5.

1.5 Media organizations, universities, 6,000.00 institutions, PINA supported to enhance norms and policies for free, independent and pluralistic media across the PICTs.

Cross cutting - UN should support actions for food security, basic health, and infrastructure that simultaneously address the problems of climate change, water and sanitation, improved nutrition, and sustainable agriculture as well as reducing disaster risks and increasing disaster preparedness.

Total Indicative Resources per Country 1,780,300.00 ∗

∗ The indicative outputs and indicative resources of regional actions are presented in italic.

77 Republic of Fiji

The Republic of Fiji is a multi-ethnic nation of more than 800 volcanic islands and islets located in the South Pacific Ocean. Fiji is the second largest country, after Papua New Guinea, both in size and population, and is one of the most developed Pacific Island Countries and Territories. A former colony of Britain, Fiji achieved independence in 1970, but has faced decades of political, economic and social instability. Democratic elections were held in 2014 and the new government is committed to inclusive and equitable growth.

Fiji has been categorized as a country with high human development, according to the HDI 2018.59 It achieved half of its MDGs. Still, a third of Fijians are living below the basic needs poverty line and whilst this marks an overall reduction in poverty, rural hardship is rising, and inequality is growing between rural and urban populations.60 Roughly half of Fiji’s 869,458 people live in urban areas and rapid urbanization has led to the emergence of more than 200 squatter settlements in and around the urban centres of Suva and Nasinu. With limited economic opportunities and low wages in rural areas, the trend towards urban drift will most likely see an increase in the number of urban poor.

Like its neighbours, Fiji has an informal social protection system (veiwekani) which helps to provide basic needs to individuals and groups. But very high levels of internal and overseas migration and the transition from a subsistence to a market-based economy are undermining these traditional support systems.61 The young age dependency ratio is of 43.6 and the old age dependency ratio is of 9.5.62

The Fijian economy has suffered periods of high volatility including a sharp reduction in private sector investment and visitor numbers following the political crises, sugar price fluctuations, and the impacts of the global food and fuel crisis 2008-2009. Despite this, the Fijian economy has sustained five years of positive growth driven by an expansion in tourism, remittances from Fijians working abroad, renewed investor confidence, transport, and sugar exports.63 In 2016, Fiji experienced two severe natural disasters with damages totalling more than a third of the country’s gross domestic product. However, the main commercial and tourism corridors of the country were less severely affected, and reconstruction is ongoing. Sixty per cent of Fijians are employed in the informal sector, predominantly in agriculture. Young people find it more difficult to obtain paid work in the formal sector and constitute a large proportion of the unemployed workforce.64 Twenty per cent of the youth is not in school nor employed.65

Violence against women is widespread with 72 per cent of women reporting experiencing physical, emotional and/or sexual violence.66 There is disparity in women’s economic participation with women most likely to be working low quality jobs in the informal sector. The GNI per capita of female individuals is one half of that of men.67 Fiji has one of the highest proportions of elected female representatives (16 per cent in 201768) in the region.69

Fiji faces the dual burden of communicable and non-communicable disease. The country has a low- level AIDS epidemic with a strong national response, the prevalence in adults is of 0.1 per cent.70 Maternal, child and adolescent health indicators are improving, the under-five mortality rate has reached twenty-two per 1,000 live births and the adolescent birth rate is at 43 per 1,000 women.71 However, life expectancy has not increased significantly, as it remains at 70.4 years.72 The quality of health services is weakened by the emigration of skilled health professionals.73

78 Republic of Fiji

In February 2016, the most severe tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, made landfall in Fiji, causing fatalities and widespread devastation, disruption, and displacement. The disaster exposed Fiji’s extreme fragility to natural disasters. Like other Pacific Islands, Fiji is disproportionally affected by climate change and was the first country to ratify the Paris Agreement in 2015.

UNESCO Conventions Ratifications: 1. Universal Copyright Convention with Appendix Declaration relating to Article XVII and Resolution concerning Article XI 2. International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations 3. Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms against Unauthorized Duplication of their Phonograms 4. Agreement on the Importation of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Materials, with Annexes A to E and Protocol annexed 5. Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 6. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat 7. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 8. International Convention against Doping in Sport.

National Development Plan/Strategy: National Strategic Development Plan Fiji National Development Plan 1990-2020

59 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 60 Fiji Bureau of Statistics, Poverty Indicators, Percentage of Population in Poverty. 61 The State of Human Development in the Pacific: A report on vulnerability and exclusion in a time of rapid change, UNDP 2014. 62 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 63 ADB Fiji Forecast 2016. 64 Fiji Labour Market Update, ILO Office for Pacific Island Countries,April 2016. 65 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 66 National Research on Women’s Health and Life Experiences in Fiji 2010-2011, Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre 2012. 67 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 68 Ibid. 69 MDG Tracker 2015, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat. 70 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 71 Ibid. 72 Ibid. 73 Population and Development Profiles: Pacific Island Countries, UNFPA 2014.

7979 Alignment with UNPS and country development priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes and Identified Priorities Country UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Development Outputs Strategy Priority/Pillar Outcome 1: Climate Change, Disaster Resilience, and 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Environmental Protection Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities Resources (US$) - Adaptation – technical support for river/sea walls and 2.1 Capacity of PICTs strengthened for 440,000.00 relocation. climate and natural disaster resilience– - Mitigation – energy and forestry, carbon trading, capacity especially in UNESCO designated sites— building, mainstreaming – basic service sectors. with particular reference to climate - Access to Climate Financing – capacity building. change ethics; and engagement of - Disaster Risk Reduction – awareness, food security vulnerable groups. advocacy and traditional knowledge; hazard mapping for

municipalities and sustainable urban centres; institutional 2.4 PICTs supported to improve 116,600.00 (To be strengthening for implementing agencies, mainstreaming conservation and natural resources confirmed) DRR – basic service sectors, building standards – resilient management through designation, housing and informal settlements. management and implementation of - Sustainable water resource management – rural and outer UNESCO designated sites, including islands, rainwater harvesting. World Heritage sites, biosphere reserves - Access to Energy – renewable energy policy and solutions and UNESCO Global Geoparks. at community level. (To be confirmed) - Waste management – national policy and rural waste

management. 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 65,000.00 - Sustainable inshore fisheries management. deliver both formal and non-formal - Sustainable forest management – indigenous species education programmes in Education for development and forestry reserves. Sustainable Development (ESD) and the - Institutional strengthening – mineral resources and Sciences (STEM) that recognize the agriculture. contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources, women and girls and voyaging.

Participation in Melanesia action 2.5.

2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 40,800.00 deliver both formal and non-formal education programmes in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources, women and girls and voyaging. ∗∗

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3.

2.1 Capacity of PICTs strengthened for 40,000.00 climate and natural disaster resilience– especially in UNESCO designated sites— with particular reference to climate change ethics; and engagement of

vulnerable groups. ∗∗∗

2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to enhance 60,000.00 water security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation.

2.3 Increase support through the 46,600.00 programmes and activities of the IOC, including but not limited to support for

∗∗ Melanesia action to take place first, followed by country specific actions. ∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

80 tsunami warning centres and activities in the Pacific.

Outcome 2: Gender Equality 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Identified Priorities Indicative Output Indicative - Gender Empowerment – support implementation of Resources (US$) National Gender Policy/Action Plan. PICTs supported to develop and deliver Additional education programmes in Education for resources not Sustainable Development (ESD) and the required because Sciences (STEM) with specific reference it is part of the to women and girls (Part of Indicative indicative output Output 2.5) 2.5.

1. Investing in People Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.4.

Outcome 3: Sustainable and Inclusive Economic 3. Sustaining Livelihoods Empowerment Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities Resources (US$) - Youth Development – informal and formal learning, civic 3.3 PICTs have strengthened capacities 150,000.00 education, employment opportunities. for sustainable tourism, including - Ageing Policy and People with Disabilities – advocacy protecting and managing natural and awareness, inclusive education, and employment resources, traditional and indigenous opportunities. knowledge, cultural heritage and - Child Protection – policy support, child labour. underwater heritage and social inclusion - Social Protection – effective implementation. for youth, women, and indigenous - Preservation of culture and heritage. peoples. - Micro, small and medium enterprise Development. 3.4 Public and private sector capacities 20,000.00 are increased to develop cultural and creative industries that contribute to sustainable livelihoods.

Participation in Pacific subregional action 3.3.

peoples. ∗∗∗

Outcome 4: Equitable Basic Services 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Outputs Indicative - Support implementation of the Education Sector Strategic Resources (US$) Development Plans and Health and Medical Services 1.3 TVET sectors, through the 46,100.00 National Strategic Plans. appropriate national governance and - Quality health care – non-communicable and management structures, are supported communicable diseases, family health, HIV/AIDS and through the provision of policy advice, other infectious diseases, nutrition, water and sanitation technical assistance and skills and hygiene. reinforcement to review and reposition - Quality Education – e-learning, early childhood the sector to provide relevant, quality education, curriculum development, and psycho-social seamless learning pathways and lifelong support. learning opportunities.

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

81 - Access to Technology and Communications – Outer Participation in Pacific subregional Island and Inland Connectivity. actions 1.2 and 1.4.

1.2 Capacities of teachers are reinforced 20,000.00 to design, deliver and assess inclusive curriculum that develops both cognitive and non-cognitive learning (Pacific Literacies).

1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions 112,000.00 supported through evidence-based policy making advice and implementation skills development, especially in the areas of social inclusion, sport for development and peace, human rights promotion, and science technology and innovation. This includes the promotion of peace building and intercultural dialogue, traditional knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities to participate in policy formulation and implementation.

Outcome 5: Governance and Community Engagement 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Outputs Indicative - Democratic Institutional Strengthening – Parliament, Resources (US$) Independent Commissions (FICAC, Fiji Elections 1.6 The role and capacity of youth to 180,000.00 Office). engage in and lead sustainable - Law and Justice – Gender Equality and Child Protection, development interventions at the local Access to Justice for All, National Security Strategy. and national level is enhanced. - Capacity building for official statistics – demographic, economic, social, and environmental data. Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.7.

1.7 Increased capacity and support for 20,000.00 national cultural institutions.

3.2 PICTs are supported to identify 105,600.00 heritage sites, ICH elements and traditional knowledge in their own territories, and have capacity to preserve documentary heritage.

Outcome 6: Human Rights 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Output Indicative - Human Rights – compliance and reporting on Resources (US$) Conventions. 1.5 Media organizations, universities, 30,000.00 institutions, PINA supported to enhance norms and policies for free, independent and pluralistic media across the PICTs.

Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.5.

1.5 Media organizations, universities, 6,000.00 institutions, PINA supported to enhance norms and policies for free, independent

and pluralistic media across the PICTs. ∗∗∗

Total Indicative Resources per Country 1,564,600.00 ∗

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions. ∗ The indicative outputs and indicative resources of regional actions are presented in italic.

82 Republic of Kiribati

The Republic of Kiribati is a central Pacific nation of 32 coral atolls and one island divided into three main groups; the Gilbert Islands, the Line Islands and the Phoenix Islands. Although it is categorized as a country with medium human development74, Kiribati is one of the least developed countries in the region with widespread hardship and an incidence of extreme poverty higher than 10 per cent.75 Deprivation is greatest among vulnerable groups in South Tarawa and the Southern Gilbert Islands. None of the eight MDGs were achieved outright and some areas show signs of regression.76 Kiribati’s small population and disperse geography make the provision of quality services costly and difficult. Outer island communities have limited access to secondary education and very few opportunities for paid employment. There is a strong rural-urban drift of young I-Kiribati to the national capital, South Tarawa.

Population growth (at around 2.2 per cent per year) is among the highest in the region.77 More than half of Kiribati’s 112, 423 people live in the capital, many in informal urban settlements. The rapid pace of urbanization has placed intense pressure on ground water supplies, sanitation, and housing and created challenges for public health, social cohesion, and environmental sustainability.

Kiribati’s small economy is highly exposed to external shocks and debt stress. A reliance on overseas aid, and overseas remittances, its distance from markets, low skill base, and an economy limited to natural resources all constrain opportunities for growth. In spite of its extreme economic vulnerability, Kiribati has experienced relative fiscal stability thanks to strong public-sector expenditure, development of partner financed infrastructure projects and the granting of fishery licenses in the country’s Exclusive Economic Zone. Its sovereign wealth fund, the Revenue Equalisation Reserve Fund, provides supplementary revenue, but was severely impacted by the global financial crisis.

Kiribati has the lowest access to clean water and sanitation in the Pacific and waterborne disease accounts for a high proportion of infant and under-5 child death.78 Frequent outbreaks of waterborne disease pose long-term social and economic consequences. Climate change is predicted to exacerbate the current demand for clean water even further.

Under-5 and infant mortality in Kiribati has increased in recent years, offsetting earlier gains. As of 2016, the mortality rate of under-five children was of 54.3 per 1,000 live births.79 Thirty-four per cent of children are stunted and 80 per cent receive violent physical or psychological discipline at home. There is a high proportion of orphaned and fostered children. Equal ratios of boys and girls enrol in primary school, although net enrolment rates have fluctuated in recent years. Nonetheless, the net enrolment rate in primary education is 95 per cent.80

In traditional Kiribati culture, women are subordinate to men and stark gender inequalities persist in almost all aspects of life. Seventy-three per cent of women report experience of sexual and/or physical violence. Women are under-represented at all levels of decision making, in the parliament the share of seats held by women is only the 6.5 per cent.81 Female headed households are among the poorest and most vulnerable in the country. Although maternal health is improving, it has not yet met national targets. The maternal mortality ratio is of 90 deaths per 100,000 live births.82

83 HIV/AIDS prevalence is classified as a low-level epidemic, but rates of STIs are very high suggesting vulnerability, particularly for young people. Non-communicable diseases are an emerging threat, particularly obesity and diabetes, as low-quality, low-nutrient, imported foods replace native food products.

Kiribati is one of the world’s most susceptible nations to the myriad impacts of climate change. Seawater surges already threaten land, property and infrastructure and contaminate fresh groundwater reserves. The acidification of oceans and catastrophic bleaching of corals jeopardize fish stocks and food security. In 2014, the Republic of Kiribati purchased land in Fiji ostensibly for food production, but with the longer-term view of resettling climate change refugees.

UNESCO Conventions Ratifications: 1. Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 2. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat 3. International Convention against Doping in Sport 4. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.

National Development Plan: Kiribati National Development Plan 2016-2019 ‘Towards a better educated, healthier, more prosperous nation with a higher quality of life’.

74 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 75 CCA Meta Data Analysis 2016. 76 Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat 2015 MDGs Tracking Report. 77 UNFPA Population and Development Profile: Pacific Island Countries, 2014. 78 UNICEF Child Poverty and Hardship in Kiribati, 2014. 79 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 80 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2018. 81 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 82 Ibid.

84 Alignment with UNPS and country development priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes and Identified Country Development UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Outputs Priorities Strategy Priority/Pillar Outcome 1: Climate Change, Disaster Resilience, KPA4 – Environment 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans and Environmental Protection Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities KPA5- Governance Resources (US$) - Boost SDG Ownership – contextualizing and 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and deliver 65,000.00 vocalizing SDGs for ownership by and both formal and non-formal education involvement of the communities. programmes in Education for Sustainable - Implement processes to improve sanitation Development (ESD) and the Sciences and health. (STEM) that recognize the contribution of - Water security – focus on South Tarawa; intangible cultural heritage and traditional involve communities in the site selection and indigenous knowledge utilizing current process. UNESCO tools as an entry point with - Improve access to UN Funds by the specific reference to the use of LINKS communities, CSOs and NGOs. resources, women and girls and voyaging. - Upgrade villages and help with sustainable town planning and appropriate capacity Participation in Micronesia action 2.5. building. - Empower communities to be self-reliant. 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and deliver 32,600.00 - Support safe waste management, especially in both formal and non-formal education urban areas. programmes in Education for Sustainable - Build on established partnerships with NGOs, Development (ESD) and the Sciences e.g. the beneficial UNICEF partnership with (STEM) that recognize the contribution of the Kiribati Local Governance Association intangible cultural heritage and traditional (KiLGA). and indigenous knowledge utilizing current - Water and Sanitation – Support drought UNESCO tools as an entry point with preparation through provision of water tanks, specific reference to the use of LINKS

training on resilience and adaptation to resources, women and girls and voyaging. ∗∗ drought. Participation in Pacific subregional actions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3

2.1 Capacity of PICTs strengthened for 40,000.00 climate and natural disaster resilience– especially in UNESCO designated sites— with particular reference to climate change ethics; and engagement of vulnerable groups.

2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to enhance 60,000.00 water security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation.

2.3 Increase support through the 46,600.00 programmes and activities of the IOC, including but not limited to support for tsunami warning centres and activities in the Pacific.

Outcome 2: Gender Equality KPA5- Governance 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Identified Priorities Indicative Output Indicative Gender equality Resources (US$) - Continue support to UN Joint Programme on PICTs supported to develop and deliver Additional resources Eliminating Sexual and Gender Based education programmes in Education for not required because Violence (ESGBV). Sustainable Development (ESD) and the it is part of the - Resource implementation of the ESGBV Sciences (STEM) with specific reference to indicative output policy and other stakeholder programmes. women and girls (Part of Indicative Output 2.5. - Increase support to finalize and implement 2.5) Gender Equality and Women’s Development Policy. - Strengthen support to access to justice. - Continue gender sensitization in water and sanitation programmes. 1. Investing in People

∗∗ Micronesia action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

85 - Support behaviour change programmes. Indicative Output Indicative Strategies against gender-based violence, Resources (US$) marital conflicts, child abuse, child support Participation in Pacific subregional action programmes 1.4 - Finance Young Couples Initiative Programme, including Pre-Marriage and Post-Marriage PICTs supported for the promotion of Additional resources Programme. increasing roles for women in policy not required - Strengthen Registration Database. formulation and implementation. (Part of because it is part of - Provide capacity building for Council on the Indicative Output 1.4) the indicative output gender programmes. 1.4. - Support government on the enforcement and M&E of violence against women and girls (Women’s) Policy, community engagements and legal literacy, SAFENET project. - Empower women and girls in both urban and rural areas through revenue generation schemes and access to finance.

Outcome 3: Sustainable and Inclusive Economic KPA2 - Economic Growth 3. Sustaining Livelihoods Empowerment & Poverty Reduction Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities Resources (US$) - Provide technical support for the development 3.4 Public and private sector capacities are 20,000.00 of national statistics at the National Statistics increased to develop cultural and creative Office and strengthen capacity to measure the industries that contribute to sustainable progress of the Kiribati National Development livelihoods. Plan (KDP).

- Implement the Labour Migration Policy in Participation in Pacific subregional action areas including Recognised Seasonal 3.3. Employment (RSE) in New Zealand,

Australia, and others. 3.3 PICTs have strengthened capacities for 26,600.00 - Empower Women and Youth through sustainable tourism, including protecting employment generation and use of simple and managing natural resources, traditional technology for production of local produce. and indigenous knowledge, cultural heritage - Promote inclusive market development - and underwater heritage and social financing, processing, partnership, and inclusion for youth, women, and indigenous entrepreneurship. peoples. - Support value chain development and

compliance on marine and agro-based development, including on coconut development. - Identify key potential and effective partners for economic development. - Assist with access to finance – financial resources for development, including the Green Fund. - Fund equipment and technology that is relevant for projects and entrepreneurship. - Provide technical assistance to support tourism development. - Support air space management through financial and technical resources. - Help develop the Policy Regulatory Framework and required capacity building for the Deep-Sea Mineral industry. - Support infrastructure to facilitate domestic trade as well as capacity building for local produce and product diversification.

Outcome 4: Equitable Basic Services KPA1- Human Resource 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Development Indicative Outputs Indicative - Improve road safety and provide reliable and KPA3 - Health Resources (US$) proper transport for children such as school 1.1 Capacity of planning, policy and 75,000.00 buses. monitoring and evaluation professionals, is - Provide quality achievable and sustained strengthened in the streamlining and gaining education. of efficiencies and effectiveness in meeting - Provide safe and adequate water supplies with both national mandates and SDG 4. effective and sustainable systems. - Provide adequate and secure toilet facilities for Participation in Pacific subregional actions girls in schools. 1.2 and 1.4. - Provide safer and bigger classrooms to cater for increasing pupils’ population. 1.2 Capacities of teachers are reinforced to - Review the curriculum to include Family design, deliver and assess inclusive 20,000.00 Health Education. curriculum that develops both cognitive and - Provide financial and technical support for non-cognitive learning (Pacific Literacies). curriculum review and development.

86 - Upgrade Curriculum Development Unit with 1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions safer equipment and chemicals and improve supported through evidence-based policy 112,000.00 safety in the workplace. making advice and implementation skills - Provide TVET pathways programmes and development, especially in the areas of appropriate resources. social inclusion, sport for development and - Develop the Early Childhood Care and peace, human rights promotion, and science Education (ECCE) curriculum and educational technology and innovation. This includes the materials, including provision of Technical promotion of peace building and Assistants. intercultural dialogue, traditional - Provide assistance to Education Quality knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, Assurance and the establishment of the women, indigenous peoples and persons National Accreditation and Qualification with disabilities to participate in policy Agency. formulation and implementation. - Undertake a study on student achievements to provide reasons for the domination by girls in all levels of education. - Align the UN Pacific Strategy to the KDP and MHMS and other ministries’ strategic plans. - Continue assistance to sustain current priorities related to health issues including NCDs, maternal and child health. - Deliver technical support to provide evidence and best practice for population challenges. - Consider other health determinants such as water and environment. - Include health in sector policies. - Build capacity and technical assistance e.g. training for staff at local and national levels. - Forge local and internal partnership or assist to mobilize resources, including during natural disasters.

Outcome 5: Governance and Community KPA5- Governance 1. Investing in People Engagement Identified Priorities Indicative Output Indicative Access to Justice at all levels Resources (US$) - Deliver capacity development, such as training Participation in Pacific subregional action for magistrates. 1.7. - Engage community, including men and boys, in ending VAW, and promoting juvenile 1.7 Increased capacity and support for 20,000.00 access to justice. national cultural institutions. - Supporting consumer rights protection. Partnerships 3. Sustaining Livelihoods - Continue joint support and partnership with UN to the gender-based violence Shared Indicative Outputs Indicative Implementation Plan (SHIP) Resources (USUS$) - Support Parliament’s established “Select 3.1 PICTs are supported to ratify cultural 39,300.00 Committees” on Climate Change and Anti- conventions and initiate effective corruption, Public Accounts through capacity implementation with capacity to seek building and funding. international assistance where required.

- Help to strengthen sustainable partnerships and capacities for partners to engage (through 3.2 PICTs are supported to identify heritage 105,600.00 mentoring, etc.) and strengthen partnerships sites, ICH elements and traditional with outer island councils and Women/Youth, knowledge in their own territories, and have Church, Community/NGOs. capacity to preserve documentary heritage. - Promote partnerships that allow cyclical, downstream, and upstream through greater awareness of KDP and SDGs. - Support national planning consultations with Outer Islands - Assist with capacity building to island Councils, women groups, youth, community/NGOs, church on GE, SDGs. - Support statistical analysis of census and data to monitor progress, sex disaggregated data. - South- South Programme - Social Welfare Division, MWYSA. - Provide on-going child protection & civil registration vital statistics support. - Support for access to essential services for victims of domestic violence and other social services. - Support for implementation & reporting of human right conventions (CRC, CEDAW, CRPD & UPR)

87 - Assist locally elected leaders (LEL) training to improve Council leaders’ governance capacity. - Coordinate efforts by all stakeholders - NGOs, church-based organizations, communities, civil society, government and UN bodies to make positive changes.

Outcome 6: Human Rights 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.5.

1.5 Media organizations, universities, 6,000.00 institutions, PINA supported to enhance norms and policies for free, independent and pluralistic media across the PICTs.

Total Indicative Resources per Country 668,700.00 ∗

∗ The indicative outputs and indicative resources of regional actions are presented in italic.

88 Nauru

Nauru is one of the world’s smallest and most geographically isolated sovereign states, comprised of a single island in the western Pacific Ocean. Formerly known as Pleasant Island, Nauru was administered by Australia for the first half of the twentieth century before achieving independence in 1968. Nauru has the worst human development indicators in the sub-region and the highest incidence of food poverty. One in four people live below the basic needs poverty line.83

The majority of Nauru’s 10,000 people live along the narrow coastal belt, the only land available for housing. Nauru’s natural growth rate of 2.7 per cent is partially offset by emigration. Adolescent births are second only to the Marshall Islands. Infant, child and adult mortality rates remain high and Nauru has the shortest life expectancy of any country in the Pacific.84

In the 1970s and 80s Nauru had one of the highest per capita incomes in the world because of a booming phosphate extraction industry. However, reduction in global demand for phosphate and the mismanagement of phosphate royalty funds caused the near collapse of the financial system, leading to a sharp decline in domestic affluence. The dramatic and sudden shift in socioeconomic conditions reduced the country’s ability to provide adequate social infrastructure and services, especially for the most vulnerable.85 In the past decade Nauru has faced severe financial crises and political instability, which has deterred private sector development and foreign investment.86

Like many small islands developing states, Nauru has a large public sector, narrow resource base, low human and financial capital, and high susceptibility to climate change. The economy relies on the re-established phosphate mining sector, processing of asylum seekers in the Australian Government’s Regional Processing Centre, and fishing licenses. Nauru also participates in the Australian Seasonal Workers Program. GDP growth is extremely volatile and vulnerable to shocks. In the medium term, it is likely that Nauru will be largely dependent on development assistance to maintain and improve delivery of basic services.87

More than 1,000 refugees and asylum-seekers, including women and children, have been transferred by Australia to Nauru. The majority now live within the community and use local services. Many experience serious mental health issues. It remains unclear how long these people will remain in Nauru.

Nauru imports staple foods and water. Land degradation from strip mining has destroyed around 80 per cent of the island, severely limiting the potential for agriculture. The island is also located in the dry belt of the equatorial zone where rainfall is extremely variable. Water security is a pressing issue for Nauru due to an ageing desalination plant and limited national water storage capacity. Future projections for climate change predict hotter daily temperatures, higher sea levels and further rainfall irregularity.

The Nauruan population is relatively young with 39 per cent aged under 15 years. One quarter of children under five are stunted.88 Free primary school education, including the provision of textbooks, has resulted in a net increase in primary enrolments and gender parity in education. The net role of enrolment for primary education was of 84.19 per cent in 2016.89 At the secondary level, there are concerns about the lagging enrolment rate of boys.90

89 Thirty per cent of women surveyed have been sexually abused in childhood and nearly half of all Nauruan women have experienced intimate partner violence.91 Information about women’s economic participation is lacking. The maternal mortality ratio is unknown. Life expectancy rates are stagnant due to high rates of premature mortality from non-communicable diseases. Tobacco and alcohol use is high, and Nauru has one of the highest rates of adult diabetes in the region. The significant burden of non-communicable diseases places major strains on the health system, the community and on national productivity.

UNESCO Conventions Ratifications: 1. International Convention against Doping in Sport 2. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage

National Development Plan/Strategy: Nauru National Sustainable Development Strategy 2005-2025 ‘Partnership for Quality of Life’.

83 The State of Human Development in the Pacific: A report on vulnerability and exclusion in a time of rapid change, UNDP 2014. 84 Population and Development Profiles: Pacific Islands, UNFPA 2014. 85 Review of the Child Protection System in Nauru, UNICEF & Ministry of Home Affairs- Nauru, 2015. 86 National Sustainable Development Strategy 2009 Revision, Government of Nauru. 87 Review of the Child Protection System in Nauru, UNICEF & Ministry of Home Affairs- Nauru, 2015. 88 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 89 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2018. 90 Pacific Regional MDGs Tracking Report, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat 2015. 91 The Nauru Family Health and Support Study on Family Violence (FHS).

90 Alignment with UNPS and country development priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes and Identified Country UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Priorities Development Outputs Strategy Priority/Pillar Outcome 1: Climate Change, Disaster Resilience, and Cross-cutting Sector 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Environmental Protection Goals Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities Resources (US$) - Adopt an integrated approach to addressing Participation in Micronesia action 2.5. environmental issues such as the development of policies and environmental acts. 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 32,600.00 deliver both formal and non-formal education programmes in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources, women and girls and voyaging.

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3.

2.1 Capacity of PICTs strengthened for 40,000.00 climate and natural disaster resilience-- especially in UNESCO designated sites— with particular reference to climate change ethics; and engagement of vulnerable groups.

2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to enhance 60,000.00 water security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation.

2.3 Increase support through the 46,600.00 programmes and activities of the IOC, including but not limited to support for tsunami warning centres and activities in the Pacific.

Outcome 2: Gender Equality Cross-cutting Sector 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Identified Priorities Goals Indicative Output Indicative - Develop legislative processes to address cross-cutting Resources (US$) issues such as gender. Participation in Micronesia action 2.5.

PICTs supported to develop and deliver Additional resources education programmes in Education for not required because Sustainable Development (ESD) and the it is part of the Sciences (STEM) with specific reference indicative output 2.5. to women and girls (Part of Indicative Output 2.5)

1. Investing in People Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.4.

PICTs supported for the promotion of Additional resources increasing roles for women in policy not required because formulation and implementation. (Part of it is part of the the Indicative Output 1.4) indicative output 1.4.

Outcome 3: Sustainable and Inclusive Economic Economic Sector 3. Sustaining Livelihoods Empowerment Goals Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities Infrastructure Sector Resources (US$) - Diversify the economy beyond the phosphate industry Goals 3.4 Public and private sector capacities 20,000.00 to other areas such as fisheries. are increased to develop cultural and

91 - Expand the UN presence in Nauru to focus on creative industries that contribute to prioritized operations. sustainable livelihoods. - Refurbish damaged water pump and tank for the brackish water system. Participation in Pacific subregional action 3.3.

Outcome 4: Equitable Basic Services Social and Community 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Sector Goals Indicative Outputs Indicative - Support the implementation of a National Health Resources (US$) Strategy. 1.3 TVET sectors, through the appropriate 46,100.00 - Implement the Convention on the Rights of People national governance and management with Disabilities, improve infrastructure to support structures, are supported through the people with disabilities. provision of policy advice, technical - Increase capacity and awareness surrounding assistance and skills reinforcement to women’s health. review and reposition the sector to - Mainstream gender across all sectors. provide relevant, quality seamless - Increase support to respond to underage pregnancies. learning pathways and lifelong learning - Prioritise protection of children by helping to opportunities. implement the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), boost human capacity, support the Participation in Pacific subregional development of a referral system and child protection actions 1.2 and 1.4. laws. - Support healthy lifestyles to combat non- 1.2 Capacities of teachers are reinforced 20,000.00 communicable diseases. to design, deliver and assess inclusive - Invest in youth sport and well-being. curriculum that develops both cognitive - Encourage the participation of all people in Nauru in and non-cognitive learning (Pacific consultative processes. Literacies). - Increase the capacity of local vocational training and education. 1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions 112,000.00 - Prioritise training opportunities for women. supported through evidence-based policy - Include the UN Women Entrepreneurship programme making advice and implementation skills in vocational training programmes to boost economic development, especially in the areas of growth. social inclusion, sport for development - Establish a basic policy requirement or a contractual and peace, human rights promotion, and agreement for expatriate experts to train and capacity science technology and innovation. This build local people and minimise the reliance on foreign includes the promotion of peace building workers. and intercultural dialogue, traditional knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities to participate in policy formulation and implementation.

Outcome 5: Governance and Community Engagement 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities - Strengthen M&E frameworks with realistic Indicative Outputs Indicative timeframes. Resources (US$) - Partnerships: Strengthen links with international 1.6 The role and capacity of youth to 180,000.00 organizations, such as the International Maritime engage in and lead sustainable Organization and the International Civil Aviation development interventions at the local and Organization, to assist Nauru to adopt international national level is enhanced. conventions, including the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), Participation in Pacific subregional and C188-Convention on Fishing Work. action 1.7.

1.7 Increased capacity and support for 20,000.00 national cultural institutions.

92 3.2 PICTs are supported to identify 105,600.00 heritage sites, ICH elements and traditional knowledge in their own territories, and have capacity to preserve documentary heritage.

Outcome 6: Human Rights 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.5.

1.5 Media organizations, universities, 6,000.00 institutions, PINA supported to enhance norms and policies for free, independent and pluralistic media across the PICTs.

Total Indicative Resources per Country 754,800.00

∗

∗ The indicative outputs and indicative resources of regional actions are presented in italic.

93 Niue

Niue is a self-governing state comprised of a single island in the South Pacific Ocean. Formerly a British Protectorate, Niue was annexed to New Zealand in 1901, but has been self-governing in free association with New Zealand since 1974. Under Niue’s Constitution, New Zealand provides economic assistance and defence (including surveillance of the island’s Exclusive Economic Zone). As New Zealand citizens, Niueans can live and work in New Zealand. Niue’s population of 1,792 people has stabilised and is showing small signs of growth. The number of Niueans living in New Zealand is much greater than in the country itself. Niue has 14 villages with the capital town Alofi located on the western coast of the island.

Compared to other Pacific Island countries, Niue has a high per capita income with a good standard of living. Niue was one of two countries in the region to meet each of its MDGs. Health and education services are well funded and there is universal access to clean water and sanitation. There are no cases of extreme poverty.

Niue has a vulnerable economy that is dependent on overseas aid and imported fuel. Key growth constraints include relative isolation, limited arable land and insufficient private investments. Many Niuean professionals have tended (or choose) to live and work overseas instead of returning to Niue. This continues to be a major challenge to the economic development of Niue. Tourism is a potential driver of growth and visitor numbers have doubled since 2009.

Niue’s population is aging with high rates of emigration among working age people. Following current trends there will be more older persons than children living in Niue by 2050.92 The returnees who do come back to the island to reside are often near or beyond retirement age. This has broader implications for population health.

Parity has been achieved in primary and secondary education. Women’s economic participation is high. Most senior management positions in the public service are held by women, with a continuing trend for women to take up management roles in the private sector and NGO groups compared to their male counterparts. Women have been represented in parliament since 1974, but never more than 15 per cent.93 The 2017 general elections placed Niue women representation in parliament at 25 per cent, a significant change, and an election result based on merit rather than legislated.

Communicable diseases are a growing concern in Niue, but mitigating actions have already been instigated, predominantly by the Niue Health Department in partnership with community groups to ensure public awareness of sustainable healthy lifestyles. A large-scale annual elimination programme against the vector borne parasite lymphatic filariasis is ongoing, with 88 per cent coverage of at-risk populations.94 There are no reported cases of HIV infection but STIs are becoming a recognized problem especially among young people.

Climate change is already evident in Niue. Maximum daily temperatures have increased at a rate of 0.15 per cent whilst ocean acidification and sea levels are already rising. Crucially, cyclones are predicted to become less frequent but more intense.95 In 2004, Category Five Tropical Cyclone Heta caused catastrophic destruction to Niue, killing two people, injuring many others, and destroying homes, the hospital, infrastructure and cultural artefacts including the National Museum and

94 Niue

Cultural Centre. The damage bill was three times the country’s annual GDP. Tropical Cyclone Heta demonstrated Niue’s extreme ecological fragility.

UNESCO Conventions Ratifications: 1. Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage

National Development Plan/Strategy: National Strategic Plan 2016-2026, ‘Niue ke Monuina - A Prosperous Niue’

92 Population and Ageing in the Pacific Islands: A situation analysis, UNFPA 2014. 93 Gender Profile Niue, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat 2012. 94 WHO Country Cooperation Strategy Niue 2013-2017. 95 Current and future climate of Niue, Pacific Climate Change Science Program, 2011.

95 Alignment with UNPS and country development priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes and Identified Country Development UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Priorities Strategy Priority/Pillar Outputs Outcome 1: Climate Change, Disaster Resilience, Environment & Climate 2. Protecting our Islands and and Environmental Protection Change Oceans Identified Priorities Indicative Outputs Indicative - Implement work on the environmental SDGs Resources (US$) holistically. Participation in Polynesia action 2.5. - Encourage local communities to take ownership of programmes. 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 27,200.00 - Support Food and Water Security projects that deliver both formal and non-formal mainstream climate change adaptation. education programmes in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources, women and girls and voyaging.

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3. 40,000.00 2.1 Capacity of PICTs strengthened for climate and natural disaster resilience-- especially in UNESCO designated sites—with particular reference to climate change ethics; and engagement of vulnerable groups. 60,000.00 2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to enhance water security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation. 46,600.00 2.3 Increase support through the programmes and activities of the IOC, including but not limited to support for tsunami warning centres and activities in the Pacific. Outcome 2: Gender Equality Tāoga Niue 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Identified Priorities (Niuean culture & heritage) - Economically empower women through the Indicative Output Indicative expansion of cultural and industrial Resources (US$) development and on initiatives to protect Participation in Polynesia action 2.5. Niuean culture. PICTs supported to develop and deliver Additional resources education programmes in Education for not required Sustainable Development (ESD) and because it is part of the Sciences (STEM) with specific the indicative output reference to women and girls (Part of 2.5. Indicative Output 2.5)

1. Investing in People

Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.4.

PICTs supported for the promotion of Additional resources increasing roles for women in policy not required formulation and implementation. (Part because it is part of of the Indicative Output 1.4) the indicative output 1.4.

Outcome 3: Sustainable and Inclusive Economic Economic Development 3. Sustaining Livelihoods Empowerment Infrastructure

96 Identified Priorities Private Sector Development Indicative Outputs Indicative - Provide technical support and training on water Resources (US$) auditing to eventually enhance Niue’s venture 3.4 Public and private sector capacities 20,000.00 of exporting bottled drinking water. are increased to develop cultural and - Ensure a healthy and friendly business creative industries that contribute to environment that appeals to foreign investors sustainable livelihoods. and Niuean nationals living abroad. - Develop frameworks for Niue that allow for Participation in Pacific subregional outreach and access to various donors. action 3.3. - Support a sustainable tourism plan. - Niue needs modern facilities to allow for 3.3 PICTs have strengthened capacities 26,600.00 economic growth and to ensure clear for sustainable tourism, including communication between “market demand and protecting and managing natural market supply”. resources, traditional and indigenous - Respond to demand for small grants projects. knowledge, cultural heritage and - Recognize the need for capacity building and underwater heritage and social professional support for employees who would inclusion for youth, women, and normally be required to wear more than one hat indigenous peoples. of responsibilities. - Support steps towards greater flexibility on land tenure- allowing for equitable and easy access to ownership or leasing of land to encourage development of businesses that can contribute to the tourism industry. - Establish trade agreements to market local products broadly overseas for international exposure and local financial gain. - Link closely with external partners and build strong partnerships to ensure national, professional, and social priorities are met. - Help to introduce a framework that can allow local communities/ businesses to access small grants funding. - Map and audit cultural and arts information already available and list who is doing what. - Link cultural industries to financial literacy and markets leading to economic empowerment. - Promote the creative economy involving creative industries (arts, dance and crafts) and integrate it into formal education. - Promote the creative economy involving creative industries (arts, dance and crafts) and integrate it into formal education.

Outcome 4: Equitable Basic Services Social Services 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Outputs Indicative - Approach food security from a socioeconomic Resources (US$) perspective as a path to income generation. 1.2 Capacities of teachers are reinforced 150,000.00 - Help to enforce internationally recognized to design, deliver and assess inclusive nutrition standards. curriculum that develops both cognitive - Support national heath priorities including good and non-cognitive learning (Pacific health, mental well-being and control of NCDs. Literacies). - Help to standardise provisions of vaccinations as an essential component of primary health. 1.3 TVET sectors, through the 46,100.00 - With the Ridge to Reef Project launched and appropriate national governance and GEF 6 and GCF proposals underway, UN management structures, are supported agencies should commit to explore potential through the provision of policy advice, partnerships which recognize comparative technical assistance and skills advantages and seek to facilitate reinforcement to review and reposition implementation, such as UNICEF with its the sector to provide relevant, quality WASH expertise in the GEF 6 water seamless learning pathways and lifelong management component. learning opportunities. - Share best practices on vector control. - Encourage political will to support culture in Participation in Pacific subregional education, equality and institutions. actions 1.2 and 1.4. - Change perceptions – from culture being low priority to Include arts & culture throughout the 1.2 Capacities of teachers are 20,000.00 school curriculum. reinforced to design, deliver and assess inclusive curriculum that develops both cognitive and non-cognitive learning

(Pacific Literacies). ∗∗∗

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

97 1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions 112,000.00 supported through evidence-based policy making advice and implementation skills development, especially in the areas of social inclusion, sport for development and peace, human rights promotion, and science technology and innovation. This includes the promotion of peace building and intercultural dialogue, traditional knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities to participate in policy formulation and implementation.

Outcome 5: Governance and Community Governance 1. Investing in People Engagement Identified Priorities Indicative Outputs Indicative - Examine Labour Laws to explore the potential Resources (US$) of seasonal workers who may be contracted to Participation in Pacific subregional Niue. action 1.7. - Assist with provision of temporary lodgements and costs associated with bringing in seasonal 1.7 Increased capacity and support for 20,000.00 workers. national cultural institutions. - Provide translation of SDGs documents. - Include the word culture in national and UN 3. Sustaining Livelihoods project plans (Niue Priorities in Language). Indicative Outputs Indicative Resources (US$) 3.1 PICTs are supported to ratify 39,300.00 cultural conventions and initiate effective implementation with capacity to seek international assistance where required.

3.2 PICTs are supported to identify 105,600.00 heritage sites, ICH elements and traditional knowledge in their own territories, and have capacity to preserve documentary heritage.

Outcome 6: Human Rights 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Outputs Indicative - Retention of Vagahau Niue in all forms of Resources (US$) Niuean life without prejudice. Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.5.

1.5 Media organizations, universities, 6,000.00 institutions, PINA supported to enhance norms and policies for free, independent and pluralistic media across the PICTs.

Total Indicative Resources per Country 719,400.00 ∗

∗ The indicative outputs and indicative resources of regional actions are presented in italic.

98 Republic of Palau

The Republic of Palau is a western Pacific nation of more than 340 small volcanic and coral islands, of which only ten are inhabited. The islands are divided into 16 states, each with their own governor and legislature. Palau is a former Pacific Trust Territory of the United States and bilateral relations continue under a Compact of Free Association. The United States provides financial assistance and defence to Palau in exchange for rights to maintain a military presence. The standard of living in Palau is among the highest in the Pacific, with well-established health and education services.96 It is categorized as a country with high human development, being the highest-ranking PICT in the HDI 2018.97 Almost all of Palau’s MDGs were reached with the exception of MDG 1 (Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger), which showed mixed results because of relatively high levels of unemployment and the increasing number of households living below the Basic Needs Poverty Line.98

More than 70 per cent of Palau’s 20,000 people live on Koror Island, the commercial hub, where problems of urbanization such as overcrowding, and water insecurity occur. The remaining 15 states, excluding the recently established capital city Ngerulmud, are considered rural areas. Significant outmigration of Palauan nationals to the United States and Guam is matched by in-migration of workers from Asian countries, leading to a net growth rate of 0.5 per cent. Social relationships and traditions in Palau are governed by kinship obligations, customary exchanges and respect for all things living and non-living. These values often stand in contrast to western values, presenting a tension for Palauans to live ‘between two worlds’.99

The main economic challenge Palau faces is to reduce general vulnerability by diversifying its base and strengthening its fiscal self-sufficiency. As with other Pacific Island nations, Palau is reliant on overseas development assistance (from the US Compact and Trust Fund), external grants and imported food. The economy has performed well in recent years with GDP growth of 9.4 per cent driven by a dramatic increase in low-budget tourists and construction activity. The rapid expansion of tourism has placed considerable demand on aging infrastructure and the country’s fragile environment in addition to producing adverse social and cultural impacts. This has prompted concerns about the carrying capacity of Palau in the short to medium term. In response, the government has limited the number of in-bound flights and is seeking to cultivate higher-end ecotourism100 and a sustainable pathway for tourism development.

Palauan society is matrilineal, and women have always held positions of power and respect. However, women remain under-represented in the national congress, cabinet and senior leaderships positions. As of 2017, only 13.7 per cent of the seats in the parliament were held by women.101 A quarter of women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence from a partner.102 Although women are afforded equality of opportunity under the constitution, there is no sexual harassment, human trafficking or sex tourism legislation.103 Palau has the lowest adolescent pregnancy rate in the region.104

The epidemiological profile of Palau is demonstrating a mounting burden of NCDs, including diabetes, obesity and kidney failure, with more than half of the annual health budget allocated to NCD management. In 2010 the President of Palau declared a national chronic disease emergency to address the NCD crisis.

99 Palau has a global reputation for marine conservation and is recognized as a leader in sustainable development. Balancing economic development with the preservation of natural assets is an ongoing challenge for Palau. Pollution, solid waste disposal, unsustainable development, crop disease, declining marine resources and invasive species all threaten the country’s unique biodiversity. During the El Niño weather pattern of 2015-2016, Palau recorded its lowest annual rainfall in 65 years and a state of emergency was declared. The drought had a devastating impact on Jellyfish Lake, one of Palau’s most significant national treasures.

National Development Plan/Strategy: Republic of Palau National Master Development Plan (NMDP) 2020: ‘Sustainable and widespread improvement in general standards of living while preserving cultural and environmental values for the people of Palau’

96 Bealu Family Health & Safety Study, Palau Ministry of Health 2014. 97 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 98 MDG Tracker, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat 2015. 99 A Situation Analysis of Children, Youth & Women, Government of Palau & UNICEF 2008. 100 Palau Economy, ADB 2010. 101 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 102 Bealu Family Health & Safety Study, Palau Ministry of Health 2014. 103 Palau, Asia Pacific, UN Women 2016. 104 Palau Country Profile, UNFPA 2014.

100 Alignment with UNPS and country development priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes and Identified Country UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Outputs Priorities Development Strategy Priority/Pillar Outcome 1: Climate Change 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Climate Change, Disaster Resilience, and Oceans Indicative Outputs Indicative Resources Environmental Protection Disaster Risk (US$) Reduction 2.1 Capacity of PICTs strengthened for 220,000.00 Identified Priorities climate and natural disaster resilience-- especially in UNESCO designated sites— - Risk assessments and risk management plans with particular reference to climate - Regulatory framework change ethics; and engagement of - Financing options vulnerable groups. - Research & baseline studies - Feasibility studies 2.4 PICTs supported to improve 116,600.00 - Monitoring and evaluation framework conservation and natural resources - Pilot projects management through designation, - Human Resources capacity building management and implementation of UNESCO designated sites, including World Heritage sites, biosphere reserves and UNESCO Global Geoparks.

Participation in Micronesia action 2.5.

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3.

vulnerable groups. ∗∗∗

2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to enhance 60,000.00 water security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation. 46,600.00 2.3 Increase support through the programmes and activities of the IOC, including but not limited to support for tsunami warning centres and activities in the Pacific.

Outcome 2: 1. Investing in People Gender Equality Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) PICTs supported for the promotion of Additional resources increasing roles for women in policy not required because formulation and implementation. (Part of it is part of the the Indicative Output 1.4) indicative output 1.4.

2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans

Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$)

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

101 Participation in Micronesia action 2.5.

Outcome 3: Infrastructure 3. Sustaining Livelihoods Sustainable and Inclusive Economic Empowerment Tourism Indicative Outputs Indicative Resources (US$) 3.3 PICTs have strengthened capacities 150,000.00 for sustainable tourism, including protecting and managing natural resources, traditional and indigenous knowledge, cultural heritage and underwater heritage and social inclusion for youth, women, and indigenous peoples.

3.4 Public and private sector capacities are 20,000.00 increased to develop cultural and creative industries that contribute to sustainable livelihoods.

Participation in Pacific subregional action 3.3.

peoples. ∗∗∗

Outcome 4: Health and 1. Investing in People Equitable Basic Services Education Indicative Outputs Indicative Resources (US$) 1.1 Capacity of planning, policy and 75,000.00 monitoring and evaluation professionals, is strengthened in the streamlining and gaining of efficiencies and effectiveness in meeting both national mandates and SDG 4.

1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions 400,000.00 supported through evidence-based policy making advice and implementation skills development, especially in the areas of social inclusion, sport for development and peace, human rights promotion, and science technology and innovation. This includes the promotion of peace building and intercultural dialogue, traditional knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities to participate in policy formulation and implementation.

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 1.2 and 1.4.

1.2 Capacities of teachers are reinforced 20,000.00 to design, deliver and assess inclusive curriculum that develops both cognitive and non-cognitive learning (Pacific Literacies).

112,000.00

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

102 1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions supported through evidence-based policy making advice and implementation skills development, especially in the areas of social inclusion, sport for development and peace, human rights promotion, and science technology and innovation. This includes the promotion of peace building and intercultural dialogue, traditional knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities to participate in

policy formulation and implementation. ∗∗∗

Outcome 5: 1. Investing in People Governance and Community Engagement Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.7.

1.7 Increased capacity and support for 20,000.00 national cultural institutions.

3. Sustaining Livelihoods Indicative Outputs Indicative Resources (USUS$) 3.1 PICTs are supported to ratify cultural 39,300.00 conventions and initiate effective implementation with capacity to seek international assistance where required.

3.2 PICTs are supported to identify 105,600.00 heritage sites, ICH elements and traditional knowledge in their own territories, and have capacity to preserve documentary heritage.

Outcome 6: 1. Investing in People Human Rights Indicative Outputs Indicative Resources (US$) Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.5.

1.5 Media organizations, universities, 6,000.00 institutions, PINA supported to enhance norms and policies for free, independent and pluralistic media across the PICTs.

Total Indicative Resources per Country 1,490,300.00 ∗

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions. ∗ The indicative outputs and indicative resources of regional actions are presented in italic.

103 Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea is the largest of the Pacific Island countries in the region on many fronts. The country accounts for 76 per cent of the region’s population. It is linguistically and culturally the most diverse country in the world105, with over 1,000 tribes and 800 languages. Although Papua New Guinea sits within the Pacific region, the country also shares many demographic and economic challenges with parts of Asia. It has the potential to benefit from trade, cooperation and increased regional diplomacy with both Asia and other parts of the Pacific. The country has significant ‘strategic assets’ including oil, gas, gold, copper, forestry and fishery resources. GDP growth has been positive since the early 2000s. Papua New Guinea is the lowest ranking country included in the HDI 2018 from the Pacific subregion, it is categorized as a country with low human development.106

Papua New Guinea has a highly decentralized and complex administrative system, with 22 provinces, 89 districts, 313 Local Level Governments and 6,131 wards; which has been considered a consequence of the country’s diverse population. However, the uneven governance capacity in provincial and district levels has resulted in poor performance regarding delivery of services and development to its respective populations.107 The diverse, dispersed and mostly rural population spread over 600 islands, added to the limited accessibility to many parts of the country, high logistical costs and supply management complications, also challenge the effective delivery of essential services. Moreover, the current population growth projections suggest an additional strain on services provision. In terms of education, the net enrolment rate in primary education was of only 66 per cent in 2015; additionally, gender parity was not achieved, as the female enrolment rate was lower at 73 per cent.108

The status of Papua New Guinea was assessed as ‘off track’ against the MDGs. Major challenges remained both for indicators and implementation, especially in relation to poverty, hunger, literacy, women in leadership, tuberculosis, maternal mortality, family planning, environmental sustainability, and global partnerships.

Despite more than a decade of economic growth, Papua New Guinea still has a national poverty rate of approximately 37 per cent. Eighty-five per cent of the population lives in rural areas, with a similar percentage making their living in agriculture, fisheries, and forestry sectors. There is an increased trend towards urbanization. Papua New Guinea’s urban centres have significant housing shortages and poor living conditions; infrastructure and urban services have deteriorated due to poor maintenance and the growing population. Land ownership in Papua New Guinea is managed by local communities. Although it has advantages in terms of negotiation with traditional land owners, it also constraints the use of land for other commercial activities.

Papua New Guinea faces significant gender inequality, and women are notoriously under-represented in parliament and in leadership positions. Zero per cent of the seats in the parliament were held by women as of 2017.109 The country faces significant challenges posed by high levels of gender-based violence. Papua New Guinea has one of the highest child and maternal mortality rates in the Asia- Pacific region; with 54 under-five deaths per 1,000 live births (2016 data) and 215 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (2015 data).110 It is also among the 12 countries with the highest incidence of HIV and AIDS in the Asia Pacific region, with a prevalence of HIV of 0.9% in adults.111 The prevalence of non-communicable diseases is rapidly increasing.

104 Papua New Guinea

Climate change vulnerabilities due to rising sea levels and shifting coastlines, as well as increased risk of natural disasters, are existential threats to the population. There is also a pressing need to improve the effective conservation of the country’s biodiversity.112

UNESCO Conventions Ratifications: 1. International Convention against Doping in Sport 1. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat 2. Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 3. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 4. International Convention against Doping in Sport

National Development Plan/Strategy: Papua New Guinea Medium Term Development Plan III 2018-2022

105 James Fearon. Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country, Journal of Economic Growth, 8, 195-222, 2003. Available at https://web.stanford.edu/group/ fearon-research/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Ethnic-and-Cultural-Diversity-by-Country.pdf [Last accessed 6 September 2018]. 106 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 107 The Papua New Guinea National Human Development Report: From wealth to well-being: Translating Resource Revenue into Sustainable Human Development, 2014, p.39. 108 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2018. 109 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 110 Ibid. 111 Ibid. 112 UNDAF Papua New Guinea 2018–2022.

105 © ICHCAP Alignment with UNDAF and country development priorities UNDAF-PNG 2018-2022 Outcomes Country Development Strategy UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative and Sub-outcomes Priority/Pillar Outputs Outcome 1: People Key Result Area 3: Sustainable Social 1. Investing in People Inclusive human development and Development Indicative Outputs Indicative equitable services Sub Outcomes 3.1 Improve Education Services and Resources (US$) 1.1 Papua New Guinea’s social policies, Outcomes 1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions 400,000.00 plans and budgets promote inclusive 3.2 Improve Health Services and Outcomes supported through evidence-based human development, and actors in the 3.3 Resourceful and Productive Youth policy making advice and social sectors are effectively led, regulated 3.4 Sports as Catalysts for Social Capital and implementation skills development, and coordinated. National Building especially in the areas of social 1.2 National authorities (at central and 3,5 Equal Opportunities for all Citizens to inclusion, sport for development decentralized levels) effectively manage, benefit from Development and peace, human rights promotion, regulate and deliver basic social services 3.6 Healthy Population free from Sexually and science technology and in line with national standards and Transmissible and HIV/AIDS Threats innovation. This includes the protocols. 3.7 Attaining Minimum Standards of Living promotion of peace building and 1.3 People in Papua New Guinea, for Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Groups intercultural dialogue, traditional especially the most marginalized or 3.8 Improve Immunisation Coverage knowledge; and increasing roles for vulnerable, increasingly demand and use 3.9 Improve Nutrition Standard youth, women, indigenous peoples basic social and protective services. Key Result Area 5: Improved Service and persons with disabilities to Delivery participate in policy formulation 5.1 Effective Public Service Machinery and implementation. 5.2 Integrated Approach for Service Delivery in Districts Participation in Pacific subregional Key Result Area 8: Sustainable Population actions 1.2 and 1.4. 8.1 To achieve a population growth that is manageable, quality, healthy and productive. 1.2 Capacities of teachers are 20,000.00 reinforced to design, deliver and assess inclusive curriculum that develops both cognitive and non- cognitive learning (Pacific Literacies).

and implementation. ∗∗∗

Outcome 2: Prosperity Key Result Area 1: Increased Revenue and 3. Sustaining Livelihoods Inclusive and Sustainable Growth Wealth Creation Indicative Outputs Indicative Sub-outcomes 1.1 Increase Revenue Resources (US$) 2.1 Papua New Guinea has a strong 1.2 Increase Exports 3.4 Public and private sector 20,000.00 legislative framework, credible 1.3 Employment Creation and Economic capacities are increased to develop enforcement mechanisms and governance Opportunities cultural and creative industries that structures at all levels, enabling diversified 1.4 Increase Bankable Land for Productive contribute to sustainable livelihoods. economic growth. Utilisation 2.2 Papua New Guineans have increased 1.5 Reduce Imports Participation in Pacific subregional access to and utilization of financial 1.6 Wealth Creation action 3.3. services and markets with enhanced 1.7 Women’s Economic Empowerment opportunities to participate in the labour Key Result Area 2 Quality Infrastructure 3.3 PICTs have strengthened market contributing to equitable and and Utilities capacities for sustainable tourism, 26,600.00 sustainable inclusive growth. 2.1 Improve Infrastructure with sustainable including protecting and managing 2.3 Papua New Guineans participate in and disaster resilient quality to provide more natural resources, traditional and formal and informal income generation enabling environment for growth of economy indigenous knowledge, cultural and have increased capacity to contribute and for the improvement of service delivery. heritage and underwater heritage to inclusive national growth. and social inclusion for youth, women, and indigenous peoples.

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

106 Outcome 3: Planet Key Result Area 7: Responsible Sustainable 2. Protecting our Islands and Sustainable Management of Natural Development Oceans Resources, Biodiversity Conservation, 7.1 Promote PNG’s Environmental Indicative Outputs Indicative Strengthened Climate and Disaster Sustainability Resources (US$) Resilience 7.2 Adapt to the Domestic Impacts of Climate 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 65,000.00 Sub-outcomes Change and Contribute to Global Efforts to deliver both formal and non-formal 3.1 Papua New Guinea has strengthened Abate Greenhouse Gas Emissions education programmes in Education legislative and policy frameworks with 7.3 Manage and Reduce the Risks of Natural for Sustainable Development (ESD) institutional support for natural resources Disasters thereby increasing the Resilience of and the Sciences (STEM) that management, including climate change PNG Communities to Disasters recognize the contribution of mitigation, adaptation and disaster risk 7.4 Sustainable Use of Water intangible cultural heritage and reduction. traditional and indigenous 3.2 Papua New Guinea has enhanced knowledge utilizing current capacity to address climate and disaster UNESCO tools as an entry point risks, deliver clean and affordable energy, with specific reference to the use of improve management and conservation of LINKS resources, women and girls forest and marine ecosystems. and voyaging. 3.3 People, particularly marginalized and vulnerable, are empowered to manage Participation in Melanesia action climatic risks, develop community 2.5. resilience and generate development opportunities from protection of land, 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 40,800.00 forests and marine resources. deliver both formal and non-formal education programmes in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources, women and girls

and voyaging. ∗∗

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3.

2.1 Capacity of PICTs strengthened 40,000.00 for climate and natural disaster resilience--especially in UNESCO designated sites—with particular reference to climate change ethics; and engagement of vulnerable groups.

2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to 60,000.00 enhance water security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation.

2.3 Increase support through the 46,600.00 programmes and activities of the IOC, including but not limited to support for tsunami warning centres and activities in the Pacific.

Outcome 4: Peace Key Result Area 4: Improved Law, Justice 1. Investing in People Promoting inclusive governance, justice and National Security Indicative Outputs Indicative and peace 4.1 Improve Enforcement of the Rule of Law Resources (US$) Identified Priorities 4.2 Enhance National Security 1.5 Media organizations, 30,000.00 4.1 Government agencies and non- Key Result Area 6: Improved Governance universities, institutions, PINA government organizations working on 6.1 Promote good governance supported to enhance norms and good governance, peace and security have 6.2 Develop a centralised civil and identity policies for free, independent and capacity and leadership to undertake registry system pluralistic media across the PICTs. measures to combat corruption, prevent violence and provide access to justice. Participation in Pacific subregional 4.2 Government agencies have a results actions 1.5 and 1.7. based, transparent and accountable

∗∗ Melanesia action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

107 governance system and equitable delivery 1.5 Media organizations, 6,000.00 of services. universities, institutions, PINA 4.3 People in Papua New Guinea live in a supported to enhance norms and safe and secure environment that allows policies for free, independent and

them freedom to exercise their political, pluralistic media across the PICTs. ∗∗∗ social, economic, civil and cultural rights enshrined under the Constitution. 1.7 Increased capacity and support 20,000.00 for national cultural institutions.

3. Sustaining Livelihoods Indicative Outputs Indicative Resources (US$) 3.1 PICTs are supported to ratify 39,300.00 cultural conventions and initiate effective implementation with capacity to seek international assistance where required.

3.2 PICTs are supported to identify 105,600.00 heritage sites, ICH elements and traditional knowledge in their own territories, and have capacity to preserve documentary heritage.

Total Indicative Resources per Country 1,031,900.00 ∗

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions. ∗ The indicative outputs and indicative resources of regional actions are presented in italic.

108 Republic of Marshall Islands

The Republic of the Marshall Islands is an equatorial nation of 29 scattered coral atolls and five islands in the Central Pacific Ocean. The country has a high human development, according to the HDI 2018.113 There is incomplete analysis of hardship, but MDG monitoring indicates that basic needs poverty and hunger is rising. The young urban poor are among the most marginalised with dependence on the cash economy, but fewer social welfare protections.114 The challenges facing outer island communities include water shortages, lack of transport and reduced access to electricity, telecommunications, and basic services.

The Republic of the Marshall Islands is a former Trust Territory of the Pacific under United States Administration. Since 1986, the relationship between the two countries has been defined by the Compact of Free Association whereby the US provides annual payments and defence in exchange for continued US military use of the Kwajalein Atoll. The legacy of US nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands has adversely affected human security, public health, and environmental safety and caused the loss of customary land and cultural heritage.

The Marshall Islands is highly urbanized with 75 per cent of the country’s 53,000 people115 resident in the two urban centres Majuro, the capital, and Ebeye, the most densely populated island in the Pacific. The Marshall Islands’ rapid population growth and the contamination of its natural environment have made subsistence farming and fishing unviable for the vast majority of Marshallese.116 Urbanization is placing stress on land and water and increasing the demand for housing, classrooms, energy and waste management. A high natural increase of 2.4 per cent per annum is offset by net emigration of Marshallese to the US.

Despite having one of the highest per capita spending rates of donor aid, development assistance has not equated to socioeconomic benefits for the most vulnerable. Since the reduction in grants after the Amended US Compact, the economy has performed weakly. Physical isolation, weak institutions, and the lack of economic diversity forecast low growth in the medium term. A fiscal deficit is anticipated once the Compact ends in 2023 with further reductions in public service anticipated.

The Marshall Islands’ economy is not generating the growth required to absorb its young people into the labour market.

Children make up almost half of the population and significant gains have been made in reducing child and infant mortality. Nonetheless, the under-five child mortality rate remains with 35.2 per 1,000 live births.117 Around 80 per cent of children attend primary school with gender parity achieved.118 Special education programming has been introduced for children with disabilities. Education quality is a concern with only nine per cent of students graduating from primary school with age appropriate mathematics proficiency. School completion rates are low.119 Immunization coverage is less than 50 per cent on some islands and rural children are three times less likely to be fully immunized than urban children.120

Marshallese culture is matrilineal with an established social protection system based on access to land, cooperative labour, social obligations, and reciprocity. Studies indicate a decline in family values and erosion of traditional safety nets leading to an increase in violence, particularly

109 towards women.121 More than half of the women surveyed indicated they had experienced physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime.122 There are few if any services specifically for women in outer islands. Rural adolescents continue to have the highest pregnancy rate in the Pacific with low knowledge of contraceptive use.

The Marshall Islands is highly vulnerable to climate change, particularly considering that it consists of five islands and 29 atolls.

National Development Plan/Strategy: National Strategic Plan 2015-2017 – Republic of Marshall Islands – ‘In our hands, our future’123

113 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 114 MDG Tracking Report, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat 2012. 115 RMI 2011 National Census. 116 Population and Development Profiles: Pacific Island Countries, UNFPA 2014. 117 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 118 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2018. 119 Atlas of Indicators RMI, UNICEF 2013. 120 Ibid. 121 UNICEF Child Protection Baseline Research RMI. 122 National Study on Family Health and Safety, Republic of Marshall Islands Ministry of Internal Affairs & UNFPA, 2014. 123 The new National Strategic Plan is under preparation.

110 © Eric Hanauer Alignment with UNDAF and country development priorities UNDAF-PNG 2018-2022 Outcomes Country Development Strategy UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative and Sub-outcomes Priority/Pillar Outputs Outcome 1: People Key Result Area 3: Sustainable Social 1. Investing in People Inclusive human development and Development Indicative Outputs Indicative equitable services Sub Outcomes 3.1 Improve Education Services and Resources (US$) 1.1 Papua New Guinea’s social policies, Outcomes 1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions 400,000.00 plans and budgets promote inclusive 3.2 Improve Health Services and Outcomes supported through evidence-based human development, and actors in the 3.3 Resourceful and Productive Youth policy making advice and social sectors are effectively led, regulated 3.4 Sports as Catalysts for Social Capital and implementation skills development, and coordinated. National Building especially in the areas of social 1.2 National authorities (at central and 3,5 Equal Opportunities for all Citizens to inclusion, sport for development decentralized levels) effectively manage, benefit from Development and peace, human rights promotion, regulate and deliver basic social services 3.6 Healthy Population free from Sexually and science technology and in line with national standards and Transmissible and HIV/AIDS Threats innovation. This includes the protocols. 3.7 Attaining Minimum Standards of Living promotion of peace building and 1.3 People in Papua New Guinea, for Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Groups intercultural dialogue, traditional especially the most marginalized or 3.8 Improve Immunisation Coverage knowledge; and increasing roles for vulnerable, increasingly demand and use 3.9 Improve Nutrition Standard youth, women, indigenous peoples basic social and protective services. Key Result Area 5: Improved Service and persons with disabilities to Delivery participate in policy formulation 5.1 Effective Public Service Machinery and implementation. 5.2 Integrated Approach for Service Delivery in Districts Participation in Pacific subregional Key Result Area 8: Sustainable Population actions 1.2 and 1.4. 8.1 To achieve a population growth that is manageable, quality, healthy and productive. 1.2 Capacities of teachers are 20,000.00 reinforced to design, deliver and assess inclusive curriculum that develops both cognitive and non- cognitive learning (Pacific Literacies).

and implementation. ∗∗∗

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

111 © Eric Hanauer Outcome 3: Planet Key Result Area 7: Responsible Sustainable 2. Protecting our Islands and Sustainable Management of Natural Development Oceans Resources, Biodiversity Conservation, 7.1 Promote PNG’s Environmental Indicative Outputs Indicative Strengthened Climate and Disaster Sustainability Resources (US$) Resilience 7.2 Adapt to the Domestic Impacts of Climate 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 65,000.00 Sub-outcomes Change and Contribute to Global Efforts to deliver both formal and non-formal 3.1 Papua New Guinea has strengthened Abate Greenhouse Gas Emissions education programmes in Education legislative and policy frameworks with 7.3 Manage and Reduce the Risks of Natural for Sustainable Development (ESD) institutional support for natural resources Disasters thereby increasing the Resilience of and the Sciences (STEM) that management, including climate change PNG Communities to Disasters recognize the contribution of mitigation, adaptation and disaster risk 7.4 Sustainable Use of Water intangible cultural heritage and reduction. traditional and indigenous 3.2 Papua New Guinea has enhanced knowledge utilizing current capacity to address climate and disaster UNESCO tools as an entry point risks, deliver clean and affordable energy, with specific reference to the use of improve management and conservation of LINKS resources, women and girls forest and marine ecosystems. and voyaging. 3.3 People, particularly marginalized and vulnerable, are empowered to manage Participation in Melanesia action climatic risks, develop community 2.5. resilience and generate development opportunities from protection of land, 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 40,800.00 forests and marine resources. deliver both formal and non-formal education programmes in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources, women and girls

and voyaging. ∗∗

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3.

2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to 60,000.00 enhance water security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation.

2.3 Increase support through the 46,600.00 programmes and activities of the IOC, including but not limited to support for tsunami warning centres and activities in the Pacific.

∗∗ Melanesia action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

112 governance system and equitable delivery 1.5 Media organizations, 6,000.00 of services. universities, institutions, PINA 4.3 People in Papua New Guinea live in a supported to enhance norms and safe and secure environment that allows policies for free, independent and

3.2 PICTs are supported to identify 105,600.00 heritage sites, ICH elements and traditional knowledge in their own territories, and have capacity to preserve documentary heritage.

Total Indicative Resources per Country 1,031,900.00 ∗

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions. ∗ The indicative outputs and indicative resources of regional actions are presented in italic.

113 Samoa

The Independent State of Samoa consists of two large islands and eight islets situated in the Central Pacific Ocean. The most populous and developed island, Upolu, is home to the administrative capital, Apia. Samoa is politically stable with strong subnational leadership and social cohesion. The close proximity between islands assists with transport, communications and service delivery.

Seventy-eight per cent of Samoans live in rural villages and maintain a subsistence or semi- subsistence communal lifestyle heavily influenced by the Fa’a Samoa (the Samoan Way), which includes matai (chiefs), aiga potopoto (extended family) and church.124 Since gaining independence from New Zealand in 1962, Samoa has made consistent gains in gross national income and human assets, sufficient to meet the criteria for graduation from Least Developed Country status in 2014. According to the HDI 2018, Samoa is categorized as a country with high human development.125 Whilst Samoa is performing better than other Pacific Island nations on a number of indicators, intrinsic issues of vulnerability persist. Despite GDP growth and a significant reduction in food poverty, 18.8 per cent of Samoans live below the basic needs poverty line and inequality is rising.126

Samoa’s population of 193,000127 is increasing at 2.3 per cent per annum, effectively doubling with each generation. High fertility is offset by very high levels of emigration, mostly by working age Samoans migrating to New Zealand, which is keeping the overall growth rate at 0.6 per cent. The country has a high child dependency ratio, of 63.3, and an elderly dependency ratio of 9.7.

Despite early progress, Samoa met only half of its MDGs (MDG 2 Primary Education, MDG 4 Child Mortality, MDG 7 Environmental Sustainability and MDG 8 Global Partnerships) while the remaining results were mixed. The Global Financial Crisis (2007-2009) and higher food and fuel prices (2008) impacted Samoa severely. These exogenous shocks were immediately followed by a destructive tsunami in 2009 and a severe tropical cyclone in 2012, causing a contraction in economic activity and significantly increasing public debt.

Samoa’s small island economy is reliant on overseas development assistance and remittances, has a large trade deficit and faces a moderate risk of debt stress.128 Approximately 60 per cent of the population work in the informal sector with little capacity for the formal economy to create jobs. Unemployment and underemployment remain critical development challenges for Samoa. Reconstruction expenditure has helped the economy to recover from the effects of Cyclone Evan (2012) and has led to job growth in rural areas. But the forthcoming closure of the auto wire harness manufacturing plant will have a negative impact on overall employment.129 Youth unemployment at 18 per cent130 reflects a mismatch of skills to labour market needs and lack of support to transition young people into the workforce.131 The rate of youth not in school nor employed is 37.9 per cent.132

A third of Samoans are below 15 years of age. Gender parity has been achieved in primary school enrolments and literacy levels are high. The net enrolment rate of primary level education as of 2017 was close to 95 per cent.133 Of concern are the lower enrolment and higher dropout rates of boys at secondary level.134

In 2013, Samoa became the first Pacific nation to introduce a quota for women’s political representation.

114 Samoa

As of 2017, the share of seats held by women in the parliament was still ten per cent.135 Legislation has also been introduced to protect against sexual harassment and gender discrimination in the workplace. However, women continue to face social and economic disadvantage.136 The unmet need for contraception (46 per cent) is the highest in the region. Forty-six per cent of women report some form of partner abuse.137

Non-communicable diseases are at epidemic levels. Occasional outbreaks of infectious disease are attributed to lack of hygiene, poor sanitation, and poor social conditions.138 The continuous increase in STI cases, particularly chlamydia, has implications for the future spread of HIV.139

National Development Plan/Strategy: Strategy for Development of Samoa 2016-2020 ‘Boosting Productivity for Sustainable Development’

124 Situation Analysis Samoa UNICEF, 2006. 125 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 126 Samoa, Hardship and Poverty Report 2013-2014. 127 Population Estimates, 2006-2020, Samoa Bureau of Statistics. 128 Article IV Samoa, IMF, 2015. 129 Samoa Economic Outlook ADB, 2016. 130 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 131 ILO Samoa National Action Plan on Youth. 132 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 133 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2018. 134 Asia Pacific End of Decade Notes on Education for All, UNESCO & UNICEF, 2012. 135 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 136 Child Protection Baseline Report for Samoa 2013, Ministry of Women Community and Social Development. 137 Samoa Family Health and Safety Study 2000. 138 Samoa Country Cooperation Strategy 2013-2017, WHO. 139 Global AIDS Response Program Report, Government of Samoa, 2015.

115 115 Alignment with UNPS and country development priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes and Identified Country UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Outputs Priorities Development Strategy Priority/Pillar Outcome 1: Climate Change, Disaster Resilience, and ENVIRONMENT 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Environmental Protection SECTOR (CROSS- Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities CUTTING) Resources (US$) - Integrate disaster risk management and climate 2.4 PICTs supported to improve conservation 116,600.00 (To be change in UN programming, ensuring a balanced and natural resources management through confirmed) attention to both slow and sudden onset events as designation, management and implementation of well as the adverse impacts of climate change, as UNESCO designated sites, including World these issues can be of particular importance for Heritage sites, biosphere reserves and UNESCO vulnerable groups. Global Geoparks. - Provide technical support, facilitate access to (To be confirmed) financing, strengthen implementation capacity, and ensure participatory approaches. 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and deliver both 130,000.00 - Facilitate funding for the implementation of formal and non-formal education programmes in available plans (such as disaster risk reduction Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) plans). and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the - Strengthen linkages between private sector and contribution of intangible cultural heritage and government in implementing disaster response traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing - Include community voice and participation in the current UNESCO tools as an entry point with disaster response, including the mobilization of specific reference to the use of LINKS funding, (working closely with civil society). resources, women and girls and voyaging. - Improve coordination among development partners, starting with an integrated consultation Participation in Polynesia action 2.5. and ensuring that the most vulnerable are targeted first. 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and deliver both 27,200.00 - Ensure that part of the financing specifically formal and non-formal education programmes addresses gender issues. in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS

resources, women and girls and voyaging. ∗∗

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3

2.1 Capacity of PICTs strengthened for climate 40,000.00 and natural disaster resilience–especially in UNESCO designated sites—with particular reference to climate change ethics; and engagement of vulnerable groups.

2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to enhance water 60,000.00 security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation.

2.3 Increase support through the programmes 46,600.00 and activities of the IOC, including but not limited to support for tsunami warning centres and activities in the Pacific.

Outcome 2: Gender Equality 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Output Indicative

Resources (US$) PICTs supported for the promotion of increasing Additional roles for women in policy formulation and resources not implementation. (Part of the Indicative Output required because 1.4) it is part of the indicative output 1.4.

2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$)

∗∗ Polynesia action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

116 PICTs supported to develop and deliver Additional education programmes in Education for resources not Sustainable Development (ESD) and the required because Sciences (STEM) with specific reference to it is part of the women and girls (Part of Indicative Output 2.5) indicative output 2.5.

Outcome 3: Sustainable and Inclusive Economic ECONOMIC 3. Sustaining Livelihoods Empowerment SECTOR Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities INFRASTRUCTURE Resources (US$) - UN to focus on vulnerable groups, employment SECTOR 3.3 PICTs have strengthened capacities for 150,000.00 creation and good governance at community level. sustainable tourism, including protecting and - Better coordination and wider partnership between managing natural resources, traditional and public sector, private sector and NGOs/civil indigenous knowledge, cultural heritage and society. underwater heritage and social inclusion for - Bridge the gap between national and community youth, women, and indigenous peoples. governance. - Develop frameworks to enhance public-private 3.4 Public and private sector capacities are 20,000.00 partnership. increased to develop cultural and creative - Integrate civil society and the private sector into industries that contribute to sustainable design/planning process of the UN/government livelihoods. programmes. Participation in Pacific subregional action 3.3.

3.3 PICTs have strengthened capacities for 26,600.00 sustainable tourism, including protecting and managing natural resources, traditional and indigenous knowledge, cultural heritage and underwater heritage and social inclusion for

youth, women, and indigenous peoples. ∗∗∗

Outcome 4: Equitable Basic Services SOCIAL SECTOR 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Outputs Indicative - Advocate and strengthen both formal and non- Resources (US$) formal education on human rights, financial 1.3 TVET sectors, through the appropriate 92,200.00 literacy and livelihood education in both rural and national governance and management structures, urban areas, especially in vulnerable families are supported through the provision of policy including children, youth, women and men. advice, technical assistance and skills - Provide and strengthen social protection coverage reinforcement to review and reposition the for vulnerable families including children, youth, sector to provide relevant, quality seamless women and men. learning pathways and lifelong learning opportunities.

1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions supported 400,000.00 through evidence-based policy making advice and implementation skills development, especially in the areas of social inclusion, sport for development and peace, human rights promotion, and science technology and innovation. This includes the promotion of peace building and intercultural dialogue, traditional knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities to participate in policy formulation and implementation.

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 1.2 and 1.4.

1.2 Capacities of teachers are reinforced to 20,000.00 design, deliver and assess inclusive curriculum that develops both cognitive and non-cognitive learning (Pacific Literacies).

1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions supported 112,000.00 through evidence-based policy making advice and implementation skills development, especially in the areas of social inclusion, sport for development and peace, human rights promotion, and science technology and innovation. This includes the promotion of peace building and intercultural dialogue, traditional

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

117 knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities to participate in policy formulation

and implementation. ∗∗∗

Outcome 5: Governance and Community Engagement 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Outputs Indicative Resources (US$) 1.6 The role and capacity of youth to engage in 180,000.00 and lead sustainable development interventions at the local and national level is enhanced.

Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.7.

1.7 Increased capacity and support for national 20,000.00 cultural institutions.

3.2 PICTs are supported to identify heritage 105,600.00 sites, ICH elements and traditional knowledge in their own territories, and have capacity to preserve documentary heritage.

Outcome 6: Human Rights 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) 1.5 Media organizations, universities, 30,000.00 institutions, PINA supported to enhance norms and policies for free, independent and pluralistic media across the PICTs.

Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.5.

1.5 Media organizations, universities, 6,000.00 institutions, PINA supported to enhance norms and policies for free, independent and pluralistic

media across the PICTs. ∗∗∗

Total Indicative Resources per Country 1,622,100.00 ∗

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions. ∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions. ∗ The indicative outputs and indicative resources of regional actions are presented in italic.

118 Solomon Islands

The Solomon Islands is a Melanesian archipelago in the southwest Pacific Ocean comprising two volcanic chains of six major islands, and many hundreds of outer islands and atolls. A former British Protectorate, the Solomon Islands achieved independence in 1978. The country is the third largest in the Pacific in both size and population. The national capital Honiara is on the biggest island, Guadalcanal.

The Solomon Islands is one of the poorest countries in the region.140 It has low human development, being only above Papua New Guinea among the countries of the Pacific Region listed in the HDI 2018.141 None of the eight Millennium Goals were achieved and poverty is increasing. In addition to the vulnerabilities faced by its neighbours, hardship in the Solomon Islands is compounded by the legacy of civil conflict, known as ‘The Tensions’ (1998-2003), which pushed the country to the brink of collapse. From 2003-2013, the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) operated in the country with a mandate to restore law and order, rebuild the government, stabilise national finances, and restart the economy.

The population of 611,000 is young, dispersed and multi-lingual. The majority (80.3 per cent) live in rural areas and maintain subsistence livelihoods in villages of only a few hundred people. The lack of opportunities to earn cash income is resulting in rural-urban drift at a rate of 4.7 per cent per annum. Rapid urbanization is creating informal settlements and burdening local resources and infrastructure. Given the country’s history of civil unrest, migration patterns have serious implications for social cohesion.142

The economic performance of the Solomon Islands has lagged behind other Pacific countries and is based on a few primary commodities with very little diversification or enhanced productive capacity.143 The private sector is small with potential for development in mining, agriculture, fisheries and tourism. Overseas development assistance made up 30 per cent of gross national income in 2013. Youth unemployment is a major problem as young people lack the education and experience to find paid work. Twenty per cent of young people in Honiara are unemployed and in rural areas this rises to 50 per cent.144

Children make up half of the total population and adversity for children and youth is common. 17.9 per cent of children aged 5-17 are involved in labour activities.145 Eighty-four per cent report witnessing violence in their community, which is known to have lifelong impacts.146 Nineteen per cent of infants are not receiving adequate daily nutrition and a third of children are stunted. More children are entering the sex trade and sexual abuse of children is common.147 Although gender parity has been achieved, the net rate of enrolment in primary education remains low at 69.5 per cent.148

Significant gender inequalities exist in all spheres. There is low participation of women in electoral processes and cultural resistance to women’s leadership.149 Only two per cent of the seats in the parliament are held by women.150 Female enrolment in secondary and tertiary education is low and rural women have poor access to health and family planning. The Gross national income per capita of women is two thirds of that of men.151 Customary law has constitutional status in the Solomon Islands and may be applied even in instances where customs have a discriminatory effect.152 Sixty-four per cent of women report experiencing intimate partner violence. Some progress was

119 made towards MDG 5 (Improve Maternal health), but maternal deaths are still high with around 23 deaths per year.153

Environment sustainability is weak, particularly in the logging industry which has been surrounded by allegations of illegality, abuse, and lack of environmental controls.154 Mitigating against the impacts of climate change and natural disasters is an ongoing challenge for the Solomon Islands. In recent years the islands have been affected by prolonged droughts, flooding, king tides, earthquakes, and a tsunami causing damage, lost productivity, and loss of life, with wide reaching costs for communities.

UNESCO Conventions Ratifications: 1. Agreement on the Importation of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Materials, with Annexes A to E and Protocol annexed 2. Convention concerning the Exchange of Official Publications and Government Documents between States 3. Convention against Discrimination in Education 4. Protocol Instituting a Conciliation and Good Offices Commission to be Responsible for Seeking the Settlement of any Disputes which may arise between States Parties to the Convention against Discrimination in Education 5. Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 6. International Convention against Doping in Sport 7. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage

National Development Plan/Strategy: National Development Strategy 2016-2035 ‘Improving the Social and Economic Livelihoods of all Solomon Islands’

140 UNDP Human Development Index 2015. 141 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 142 Population and Development Profiles: Pacific Island Countries, UNFPA 2014. 143 Productive Capacity and Trade in the Solomon Islands, Daniel Gay, UN DESA, June 2016. 144 World Bank 2012. 145 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 146 Adverse Childhood Experience Study, Honiara 2015. 147 Report on the Pacific Conference on Ending Violence Against Children, UNICEF May 2015. 148 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2018. 149 UN Women 2016. 150 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 151 Ibid. 152 UN Women 2016. 153 Solomon Islands Maternal and Perinatal Country Profile WHO 2015. 154 Productive Capacity and Trade in the Solomon Islands, Daniel Gay, UN DESA, June 2016.

120 Alignment with UNPS and country development priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes and Country Development UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Identified Priorities Strategy Priority/Pillar Outputs Outcome 1: Climate Change, Disaster NDS Objective 4: 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Resilience, and Environmental Protection Resilient and environmentally Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities sustainable development with Resources (US$) - Assist the government to mainstream effective disaster risk management, 2.2 Pacific SIDs supported to enhance water 700,000.00 Disaster Risk Reduction/Disaster Risk response and recovery security through assessing and improving Management and Climate Change under a institutional frameworks, policy instruments DRR/DRM/CC Framework, which will be and their implementation. aligned to the Sendai Framework as well

as the three UN conventions (UNFCCC, 2.4 PICTs supported to improve 116,600.00 (To be UNCBD, and UNCCD). conservation and natural resources confirmed) - Identify and address drivers of disasters. management through designation, - Consider waste management in urban management and implementation of areas, including urban settlements. UNESCO designated sites, including World - Change approach and collaborate more Heritage sites, biosphere reserves and with line ministries instead of “silo” UNESCO Global Geoparks. (To be interventions by individual technical confirmed) agencies. 130,000.00 - Ensure alignment with the National 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and deliver Development Strategy and the Medium- both formal and non-formal education Term Development Plan. programmes in Education for Sustainable - Be more relevant and flexible by Development (ESD) and the Sciences partnering with civil society and the (STEM) that recognize the contribution of private sector. intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources, women and girls and voyaging.

Participation in Melanesia action 2.5. 40,800.00 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and deliver both formal and non-formal education programmes in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS

resources, women and girls and voyaging. ∗∗

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3. 40,000.00 2.1 Capacity of PICTs strengthened for climate and natural disaster resilience– especially in UNESCO designated sites— with particular reference to climate change ethics; and engagement of vulnerable groups. 60,000.00 2.2 Pacific SIDs supported to enhance water security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation. ∗∗∗ 46,600.00 2.3 Increase support through the programmes and activities of the IOC, including but not limited to support for tsunami warning centres and activities in the Pacific.

Outcome 2: Gender Equality 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Output Indicative

Resources (US$)

∗∗ Melanesia action to take place first, followed by country specific actions. ∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

121 PICTs supported for the promotion of Additional increasing roles for women in policy resources not formulation and implementation. (Part of the required because Indicative Output 1.4) it is part of the indicative output 1.4.

2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) PICTs supported to develop and deliver Additional education programmes in Education for resources not Sustainable Development (ESD) and the required because Sciences (STEM) with specific reference to it is part of the women and girls (Part of Indicative Output indicative output 2.5) 2.5.

Outcome 3: Sustainable and Inclusive NDS Objective 1: Sustained and 3. Sustaining Livelihoods Economic Empowerment Inclusive Growth Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities NDS Objective 2: Resources (US$) - Improve services – augment the quality of Poverty alleviated across the whole 3.3 PICTs have strengthened capacities for 150,000.00 education, help build markets for local of the Solomon Islands, basic needs sustainable tourism, including protecting and producers and enhance employment addressed and food security managing natural resources, traditional and opportunities for youth. improved; benefits of development indigenous knowledge, cultural heritage and - Strengthen institutions responsible for more equitably distributed. underwater heritage and social inclusion for delivering services. youth, women, and indigenous peoples. - Help improve data collection and analysis to help inform policy. 3.4 Public and private sector capacities are - Increase opportunities for women and increased to develop cultural and creative 20,000.00 youth to reduce inequalities. industries that contribute to sustainable - Assist with implementation of Family livelihoods. Protection Act. - Enhance services available for rural Participation in Pacific subregional action families. 3.3. - Increase rural women’s access to banking. 3.3 PICTs have strengthened capacities for sustainable tourism, including protecting 26,600.00 and managing natural resources, traditional and indigenous knowledge, cultural heritage and underwater heritage and social inclusion for youth, women, and indigenous peoples. ***

Outcome 4: Equitable Basic Services NDS Objective 3: 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities All Solomon Islanders have access Indicative Outputs Indicative - Focus on the National Health Strategic to quality health and education. Resources (US$) Plan priorities for ongoing UN work in 1.2 Capacities of teachers are reinforced to 150,000.00 Reproductive, Maternal, New Born, design, deliver and assess inclusive Adolescent Health (RMNCAH) and curriculum that develops both cognitive and nutrition. non-cognitive learning (Pacific Literacies). - Support the improvement of community engagement and evidence-based decisions 1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions 400,000.00 in the health sector. supported through evidence-based policy - Invest in an expanded immunisation making advice and implementation skills programme (EPI). development, especially in the areas of social - Increase the availability of the measles inclusion, sport for development and peace, vaccine. human rights promotion, and science - Support deworming and HPV technology and innovation. This includes the programmes and integrate into schools. promotion of peace building and - Provide Vitamin A routinely throughout intercultural dialogue, traditional knowledge; the country. and increasing roles for youth, women, - Address neonatal mortality and family indigenous peoples and persons with planning. disabilities to participate in policy - Assist the Ministry of Health and Medical formulation and implementation. Services (MHMS) to address nutrition challenges. Participation in Pacific subregional actions - Help combat communicable and non- 1.2 and 1.4. communicable diseases. - Support the health department to take the 1.2 Capacities of teachers are reinforced to 20,000.00 lead on gender-based violence. design, deliver and assess inclusive - Encourage health seeking behaviours in curriculum that develops both cognitive and

the community. non-cognitive learning (Pacific Literacies). ∗∗∗

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

122 - Narrow the gap between health services and the community through outreach 1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions 112,000.00 programmes to markets, schools, supported through evidence-based policy churches. making advice and implementation skills development, especially in the areas of social inclusion, sport for development and peace, human rights promotion, and science technology and innovation. This includes the promotion of peace building and intercultural dialogue, traditional knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities to participate in policy formulation and implementation. ***

Outcome 5: Governance and Community NDS Objective 5: 1. Investing in People Engagement Unified nation with stable and Indicative Output Indicative Identified Priorities effective governance and public Resources (US$) - Support the promotion of peaceful and order. 1.6 The role and capacity of youth to engage 180,000.00 inclusive societies and help ensure a in and lead sustainable development smooth transition in light of the departure interventions at the local and national level is of RAMSI. enhanced. - Support a comprehensive approach to the

issue of land tenure in relation to Participation in Pacific subregional action traditional land. 1.7. - Help to build community governance by

strengthening existing structures in rural 1.7 Increased capacity and support for 20,000.00 areas. national cultural institutions. - Address persistent corruption at all levels

and support structural and institutional 3. Sustaining Livelihoods reforms. - Promote civic education and awareness of Indicative Outputs Indicative political institutions, systems and Resources (US$) processes. 3.1 PICTs are supported to ratify cultural 39,300.00 - Encourage youth participation. conventions and initiate effective - Advocate the role of women in economic, implementation with capacity to seek social and political empowerment (with international assistance where required. acknowledgement of relationship between the status of women and family violence). 3.2 PICTs are supported to identify heritage 105,600.00 - As a neutral convenor, bring together key sites, ICH elements and traditional stakeholders and offer a space for knowledge in their own territories, and have dialogue. capacity to preserve documentary heritage.

Outcome 6: Human Rights 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.5.

1.5 Media organizations, universities, 6,000.00 institutions, PINA supported to enhance norms and policies for free, independent and pluralistic media across the PICTs.

Total Indicative Resources per Country 2,363,500.00

∗

∗ The indicative outputs and indicative resources of regional actions are presented in italic.

123 Tokelau

Tokelau is a unique small island country in the Pacific comprised of three coral atolls: Atafu, Nukunonu and Fakaofo. A non-self-governing Polynesian Territory of New Zealand, Tokelau’s administrative and legislative powers have been delegated to the Taupulega (Village Council) to manage all affairs, including atoll development and issues of national interest to the General Fono (National Assembly) since 2004. Tokelau has no capital and a decentralized governance system. Currently the only means of accessing the country is via a 24-30-hour boat trip from Samoa, 480 km to the north. The atolls are 3-5 meters above sea level. Developing infrastructure and access to Tokelau, particularly through air services, is one of the key priorities of the government. Tokelau is gradually moving towards an act of self-determination and is seeking a greater role in global and regional fora.

Tokelauans experience a medium standard of living with high life expectancy, a traditional communal welfare system, and well-funded health and education services. Most of Tokelau’s MDGs were successfully met with the exception of MDG 7 (Ensure Environmental Sustainability) and MDG 8 (Develop a Global Partnership for Development). Extreme poverty and hunger are not known in Tokelau.155 The net enrolment rate in primary education is of 91.8 per cent.156

The 2016 Population Census estimates that there are 1,499 people in Tokelau, which is a 6.2 per cent increase from the 2011 census.157 High numbers of young job seekers emigrate to New Zealand, Samoa, and Australia, leaving behind the very young and the elderly. As a result, Tokelau has a greater number of people aged over 60 years than the regional average. Heavy migration has led to an outward flow of skilled human capital, but this is offset by the receipt of overseas remittances from expatriate Tokelauans.

Tokelau’s major source of national income is derived from the sale of fishing licenses in Tokelau’s Exclusive Economic Zone of 300,000 km2 that yielded US$13.6 million in 2016. For the same fiscal year Tokelau’s first estimated GDP stands at US$6,275 per capita. Land based agriculture is small- scale due to extreme topographical conditions, particularly soil quality, limited land area and a fragile ecology. Almost all land is held under customary title. The Tokelau International Trust Fund, largely funded by annual contributions by Tokelau with initial contributions by New Zealand and Australia, has been paying dividends since 2014.

Tokelauan women are gradually engaging in major income generating activities such as public service, handicraft and self-employment reflecting the increased parity in school enrolment and attainment. The National Women’s Council aims to enhance women’s participation in economic, social and political arenas, mainly at the national and regional level. The 2014 national elections were the first to see a woman elected as a member of the Council (Cabinet) and appointed as a Minister. At the village level, women are members of the Taupulega, the highest decision-making body in the villages, indicating further scope and the potential of women’s leadership in Tokelau. Data quality, disaggregation and statistics, particularly in relation to women’s health and security are currently lacking and represent an area for continued development.158

Maternal and child health outcomes are good in Tokelau. Healthcare and medicines are free, but the scope of health services is constrained by Tokelau’s small size and geographical remoteness. Sixty- eight per cent of the population between 18-64 years of age are at risk of non-communicable disease

124 Tokelau

and this, coupled with an ageing population, signals a future increase in demand for health services.

Climate change poses the biggest threat to the survival of Tokelau and underpins all aspects of its development. Tokelau’s intrinsic vulnerability is due to its inaccessibility, its proneness to natural disasters and its meagre capacity to prepare for, respond to and recover from extreme events. All three atolls are situated in the tropical cyclone belt of the Pacific and are highly exposed to severe weather events and submersion due to rising sea levels.

The country’s greatest natural asset, its marine resources, are already being depleted by overfishing and stocks are likely to decline further due to ocean acidification, rising water temperatures, coastal erosion and environmental degradation. Without careful planning, the adverse impacts of climate change will damage local livelihoods, food and water security and national revenue.

Tokelau has been at the forefront of calls to reduce global C02 emissions and is close to achieving an electricity supply based on 100 per cent renewable energy. The national government has demonstrated its commitment to protecting and preserving the delicate atoll and coastal ecosystems. A national waste management strategy was developed in partnership with Samoa to transport solid wastes, and in 2015 a National Climate Change Programme Manager was appointed to realign climate change with future national sustainable development priorities.

National Development Plan/Strategy: Tokelau National Strategic Plan 2016-2022: ‘Healthy and active communities with opportunities for all’

155 Government of Tokelau and UNDP, Tokelau MDG Report 2012. 156 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2018. 157 UNFPA, Population and Development Profile, Pacific Island Countries 2014. 158 UN Women Asia and the Pacific – Tokelau.

125 Alignment with UNPS and country development priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes and Identified Country Development UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Priorities Strategy Priority/Pillar Outputs Outcome 1: Climate Change, Disaster Resilience, Priority area 5: Resilience against 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans and Environmental Protection Climate Change and inter-related Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities hazards Resources (US$) - Assist Tokelau to find new funding streams and 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 65,000.00 partnerships for Climate Change adaptation. deliver both formal and non-formal - Mainstream Climate Change and Disaster-Risk education programmes in Education for Reduction into UN general development Sustainable Development (ESD) and the operations to ensure the most vulnerable groups Sciences (STEM) that recognize the are protected. contribution of intangible cultural - Increase integration of climate change, heritage and traditional and indigenous environment and disaster risk management knowledge utilizing current UNESCO related goals with economic and social tools as an entry point with specific development goals to ensure initiatives reach reference to the use of LINKS resources, the most vulnerable groups. women and girls and voyaging. - Integrated disaster risk management and climate change into programming to ensure Participation in Polynesia action 2.5. balanced attention to slow and sudden onset events. 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 27,200 deliver both formal and non-formal education programmes in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources,

women and girls and voyaging. ∗∗

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3.

2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to enhance 60,000.00 water security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation.

2.3 Increase support through the 46,600.00 programmes and activities of the IOC, including but not limited to support for tsunami warning centres and activities in the Pacific.

Outcome 2: Gender Equality 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Identified Priorities Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) Participation in Polynesia action 2.5.

PICTs supported to develop and deliver Additional education programmes in Education for resources not Sustainable Development (ESD) and the required because Sciences (STEM) with specific reference it is part of the to women and girls (Part of Indicative indicative output Output 2.5) 2.5.

1. Investing in People Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.4.

∗∗ Polynesia action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

126

PICTs supported for the promotion of Additional increasing roles for women in policy resources not formulation and implementation. (Part required because of the Indicative Output 1.4) it is part of the indicative output 1.4.

Outcome 3: Sustainable and Inclusive Economic Priority Area 2: Infrastructure 3. Sustaining Livelihoods Empowerment Development Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities Priority Area 4: Sustainability Resources (US$) - Continue keyhole gardening approaches. 3.4 Public and private sector capacities 20,000.00 are increased to develop cultural and creative industries that contribute to sustainable livelihoods.

Participation in Pacific subregional action 3.3.

Outcome 4: Equitable Basic Services Priority Area 3: 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Human Development Indicative Outputs Indicative - Examine how best to support the Tokelauan Resources (US$) health strategy. 1.3 TVET sectors, through the 46,100.00 - Provide ongoing technical support for polio appropriate national governance and vaccines supply. management structures, are supported - Mobilize resources to help support the long- through the provision of policy advice, term vision of Healthy and Active technical assistance and skills Communities with opportunities for all. reinforcement to review and reposition the sector to provide relevant, quality seamless learning pathways and lifelong learning opportunities.

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 1.2 and 1.4.

1.2 Capacities of teachers are 20,000.00 reinforced to design, deliver and assess inclusive curriculum that develops both cognitive and non-cognitive learning (Pacific Literacies).

Outcome 5: Governance and Community Priority Area 1: Good Governance 1. Investing in People Engagement and Partnerships Indicative Output Indicative Identified Priorities Resources (US$) - Provide technical assistance to strengthen Participation in Pacific subregional baselines and statistical analysis. action 1.7. - Adopt a ONE UN approach to help Tokelau refine its Good Governance programme and to 1.7 Increased capacity and support for 20,000.00 strengthen its institutions. national cultural institutions.

127

3.2 PICTs are supported to identify 105,600.00 heritage sites, ICH elements and traditional knowledge in their own territories, and have capacity to preserve documentary heritage.

Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.5.

1.5 Media organizations, universities, institutions, PINA supported to enhance 6,000.00 norms and policies for free, independent and pluralistic media across the PICTs.∗∗∗

Total Indicative Resources per Country 664,400.00 ∗

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions. ∗ The indicative outputs and indicative resources of regional actions are presented in italic.

128 Kingdom of Tonga

The Kingdom of Tonga is a Polynesian archipelago comprised of 36 inhabited and 140 non-inhabited islands in the South Pacific. Tonga is a constitutional monarchy and is unique among Pacific nations for having maintained its independence from colonial powers. As a consequence, Tonga retains strong national customs, including traditional social hierarchies. Over the last decade the country has undergone historic reforms to become a modern democracy. Elections were first held in 2010.

Tonga is a lower middle-income country with reasonable health and education status. It is categorized as a country with high human development.159 Progress has been made towards attaining the MDGs, particularly in achieving universal primary education (MDG 2) and ensuring environmental sustainability (MDG 7). Nonetheless, the net enrolment rate for primary education decreased from 95 to 82 per cent between 2012 and 2015.160 There is still work to be done to reduce poverty, realize gender equality, and combat non-communicable diseases. Whilst absolute poverty is not known in Tonga, increasing numbers of people are living below the basic needs poverty line; most severely on the outer islands. This indicates growing inequality and worsening outcomes for the most vulnerable.161

Tonga is predominantly rural with five administrative divisions; Tongatapu (home to the capital Nuku’alofa), Vava’u, Ha’apai, ‘Eua and Ongo Niua. Seventy per cent of the country’s 106,000162 live on the main island of Tongatapu and the remaining third are spread across 700,000 square kilometres. A very high fertility rate of 3.9 per cent is offset by extreme outmigration, leading to modest population growth of 0.3 per cent.163 The movement of people from outer islands to urban areas, as well as high levels of emigration, and new waves of immigration, are changing the social dynamics of Tonga and in some instances undermining traditional support systems.164 The country has a high child dependency ratio of 61.4, meanwhile the elderly dependency ratio is of 10.165

Tonga is reliant on external income through development assistance, loans, and overseas remittances from the large Tongan diaspora. The economy is dominated by the public sector with small private sector activity in construction, services, manufacturing, fisheries, forestry, and tourism. A large share of agricultural production is for subsistence and own production, engaging 60 per cent of the labour force166 and providing almost 50 per cent of food consumption for the lowest decile.167 Most government services are funded by aid. Falling domestic revenue as a share of GDP indicates greater dependence on budget support in the short term.168 A large number of Tongans participate in seasonal employment schemes in New Zealand and, to a lesser extent, in Australia.

Tonga has a mixed record on promoting gender equality. Although only 7.7 per cent of the seats in the parliament are held by women169, a woman member was appointed under the executive powers of the king. The workforce participation of women is highest in the informal sector. Two out of every three women report experiencing physical violence by someone other than their partner.170 Ninety- eight per cent of births are attended by a skilled birth attendant.171 Nevertheless, a relatively high maternal mortality ratio of 124 deaths per 100,000 live births remains.172

Tonga lies on the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area of dynamic geological activity and is ranked the second most vulnerable country to natural hazards (after Vanuatu). In 2009 a tsunami inundated

129 the Niua islands, killing nine people and causing an estimated US$10 million worth of damage to housing and infrastructure. In 2014 a category five cyclone hit the Ha’apai islands killing one person and destroying 1,000 buildings. Both hazards affected Tonga’s economic, human, and natural environment, diverting energy and resources from the country’s long-term development agenda. The effects of climate change are set to increase Tonga’s susceptibility to disasters, which threatens all aspects of sustainable development in the Kingdom.

UNESCO Conventions Ratifications: 1. Agreement on the Importation of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Materials, with Annexes A to E and Protocol annexed 2. Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 3. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 4. International Convention against Doping in Sport

National Development Plan/Strategy: Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025 (TSDF II) ‘A More Progressive Tonga: Enhancing Our Inheritance’

159 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 160 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2018. 161 The State of Human Development in the Pacific: A report on vulnerability and exclusion in a time of rapid change, UNDP 2014. 162 UNESCAP Tonga 2016. 163 Population and Development Profiles: Pacific Countries, UNFPA 2014. 164 Executive Summary, Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025. 165 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 166 Tonga MDG Final Report, Ministry of Finance and National Planning, 2015. 167 The State of Human Development in the Pacific: A report on vulnerability and exclusion in a time of rapid change, UNDP 2014. 168 Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025. 169 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 170 National Study on Domestic Violence against Women, Ma`a Fa ne mo e Famili. 171 Tonga Country Statistics, UNICEF 2016. 172 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018.

130 Alignment with UNPS and country development priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes and Identified Country Development UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Priorities Strategy Outputs Priority/Pillar Outcome 1: Climate Change, Disaster Resilience, and Natural Resource and 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Environmental Protection Environment Inputs Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities Resources (US$) - Increase support for chemical and waste 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 65,000.00 management. deliver both formal and non-formal - Continue climate change adaptation and mitigation education programmes in Education for projects. Sustainable Development (ESD) and the - Integrate health and environment programming. Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources, women and girls and voyaging.

Participation in Polynesia action 2.5.

women and girls and voyaging. ∗∗

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3

2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to enhance 60,000.00 water security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation.

2.3 Increase support through the 46,600.00 programmes and activities of the IOC, including but not limited to support for tsunami warning centres and activities in the Pacific.

Outcome 2: Gender Equality 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Output Indicative

Resources (US$) PICTs supported for the promotion of Additional resources increasing roles for women in policy not required because formulation and implementation. (Part it is part of the of the Indicative Output 1.4) indicative output 1.4.

2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) PICTs supported to develop and deliver Additional resources education programmes in Education for not required because Sustainable Development (ESD) and the it is part of the

∗∗ Polynesia action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

131 Sciences (STEM) with specific indicative output reference to women and girls (Part of 2.5. Indicative Output 2.5)

Outcome 3: Sustainable and Inclusive Economic Economic Institutions 3. Sustaining Livelihoods Empowerment Infrastructure and Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities Technology Inputs Resources (US$) - Improve coordination and dialogue to enhance 3.4 Public and private sector capacities 20,000.00 engagement with stakeholders (government, private are increased to develop cultural and sector, NGOs, CSOs, faith-based organizations). creative industries that contribute to - Increase access to resources, programmes, new ideas sustainable livelihoods. and grants. - Support youth participation in agriculture and other Participation in Pacific subregional sectors to address youth unemployment. action 3.3. - Help to develop a National Labour Framework to support decent work strategies and improve 3.3 PICTs have strengthened capacities 26,600.00 collaboration and coordination in the sector. for sustainable tourism, including - Strengthen institutional capacity and communication protecting and managing natural technologies for emergency and disaster preparedness resources, traditional and indigenous including geo-spatial information systems and early knowledge, cultural heritage and warning systems to disseminate essential warnings underwater heritage and social and advice to communities. inclusion for youth, women, and indigenous peoples.

Outcome 4: Equitable Basic Services Social Institutions 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Outputs Indicative - Increase access to quality health, education, decent Resources (US$) work, water and sanitation and other basic services. 1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions 400,000.00 - Assist with the research, policy development and supported through evidence-based planning of population challenges. policy making advice and - Support quality education for all. implementation skills development, - Promote gender equality. especially in the areas of social - Assist youth resource development. inclusion, sport for development and - Protect children. peace, human rights promotion, and - Encourage sport and healthy lifestyles. science technology and innovation. This - Strengthen capacity and provide technical assistance includes the promotion of peace to government and relevant social agencies in health, building and intercultural dialogue, education, gender, internal affairs, and statistics. traditional knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities to participate in policy formulation and implementation.

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 1.2 and 1.4.

1.2 Capacities of teachers are 20,000.00 reinforced to design, deliver and assess inclusive curriculum that develops both cognitive and non-cognitive learning (Pacific Literacies).

implementation. ∗∗∗

Outcome 5: Governance and Community Engagement Political Institutions 1. Investing in People

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

132 Identified Priorities Indicative Output Indicative - Support development of sector plan; “Law, Justice Resources (US$) and Good Governance Roadmap”. Participation in Pacific subregional - Improve the enabling environment for better access action 1.7. to justice. - Strengthen institutional capacity and public 1.7 Increased capacity and support for 20,000.00 confidence in law and order. national cultural institutions. - Support community safety through technical assistance to ministries responsible for policing, fire 3. Sustaining Livelihoods services and prisons. Indicative Outputs Indicative - Help deliver a civic education programme to educate Resources (US$) local communities about functions of political institutions and ways they can access public resources. 3.1 PICTs are supported to ratify 39,300.00 cultural conventions and initiate effective implementation with capacity to seek international assistance where required.

3.2 PICTs are supported to identify 105,600.00 heritage sites, ICH elements and traditional knowledge in their own territories, and have capacity to preserve documentary heritage.

Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.5.

1.5 Media organizations, universities, institutions, PINA supported to enhance 6,000.00 norms and policies for free, independent and pluralistic media across the PICTs ***

Total Indicative Resources per Country 1,018,300.00 ∗

∗ The indicative outputs and indicative resources of regional actions are presented in italic.

133 Tuvalu

Tuvalu is a Polynesian micro-state comprising nine disperse, low lying islets and atolls in the South Pacific Ocean. It is one of the smallest and most isolated countries in the world. Formerly a British colony that included the Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati), Tuvalu achieved independence in 1978. More than half of Tuvalu’s 11,000 people live on Funafuti, the main island. The remaining islands are sparsely populated, and some reefs are inaccessible to large boats.

Tuvalu is classified as a Least Developed Country (LDC) but has met the threshold for graduation based on its human development indicators and high per capita income. Life expectancy and adult literacy are comparatively high for the region.173 The country has requested a postponement to its LDC graduation because of extreme economic exposure and the immediate threat of climate change and natural disasters. The Global Financial Crisis reversed earlier gains to reduce poverty when household incomes fell because of decreased overseas worker remittances.174 Poverty has increased in the last decade175 particularly in urban areas.

Around three quarters of the labour force work in the informal economy, primarily subsistence farming and fishing. Most of the islands are built on coral and not suitable for crop production beyond household needs. Historically, Tuvaluan men have found employment as seamen on foreign cargo vessels, but there are few current employment opportunities for a range of economic and social reasons.176 Underemployment, particularly of young people in the outer islands, has fuelled the increasing urbanization of Funafuti. High population density is placing extreme pressure on the fragile environment while depopulation is hindering development of the outer islands.177

Tuvalu has few exports and depends on revenues from fishing license fees, overseas remittances, dividends from the Tuvalu Trust Fund, and income from rent of the “dot tv” Internet extension.178 Overseas aid provides around 50 per cent of GDP. The public sector is large, and most enterprises are state owned. Tuvalu’s remoteness from major markets, its lack of scale, weak institutional capacity, banking sector vulnerabilities, income growth volatility, and high debt stress constitute tremendous challenges for sustainable growth.179

Tuvalu has achieved gender parity in primary education although there is some concern that fewer boys are accessing secondary and tertiary education levels. The net enrolment rate in primary education is of 85 per cent.180 Women’s participation in the paid labour market is increasing including a high number of women in the public service. Nevertheless, only 6.7 per cent of the seats in the parliament are held by women.181 More than 46 per cent of women report experiencing some form of gender-based violence.182

There are no rivers or streams on the islands and the groundwater supply is brackish and generally not safe for consumption. During periods of drought, water security is a critical health issue in Tuvalu.

Due to its low-lying geography, Tuvalu is at acute risk from natural disasters including rising storm surges, cyclones, and tsunamis. Seawater infiltration has already increased soil salinity limiting the range of plants that can be grown on the islands. Increased water temperatures and ocean acidification have affected coral ecosystems that serve as fish nurseries, making it harder for

134 Tuvalu

Tuvaluans to catch and eat fish. Worsening environmental conditions are increasing the incidence of hunger and food insecurity.

The government and the people of Tuvalu are highly cognisant of the potential long-term negative impact of climate change on their country. The Tuvalu Survival Fund (TSF) was created in 2015 to finance recovery and rehabilitation from climate change impacts and natural disasters.

UNESCO Conventions Ratifications: 1. International Convention against Doping in Sport 2. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage

National Development Plan/Strategy: Te Kakeega III National Strategy for Sustainable Development ‘The TKIII vision foresees a more protected, secure and prosperous Tuvalu; healthier people who are more engaged in national, regional and international forums; and a government fully committed to honouring Tuvalu’s commitments and respecting its partnerships.’

173 ILO Decent Work Country Programme Tuvalu 2010-2012. 174 MDG Tracker 2015, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat. 175 The State of Human Development in the Pacific: Vulnerability in a time of rapid change, UNDP 2014. 176 Population and Development Profile: Asia Pacific Countries, UNFPA 2014. 177 Ibid. 178 Fact Sheet- Tuvalu ADB 2016. 179 IMF Country Report- Tuvalu 12/243 August 2014. 180 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2018. 181 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 182 Demographic and Household Study Tuvalu.

135 Alignment with UNPS and country development priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes and Identified Country Development UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Priorities Strategy Priority/Pillar Outputs Outcome 1: Climate Change, Disaster Resilience, and Strategic Area 1: 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Environmental Protection Climate Change Identified Priorities Strategic Area 8: Indicative Outputs Indicative - Increase national disaster preparedness. Natural Resources Resources (US$) - Build understanding of and access to resources for Strategic Area 12: 2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to enhance 700,000.00 disaster response. Oceans and Seas water security through assessing and - Provide technical assistance to translate and localise improving institutional frameworks, Paris Agreement into national climate change policy instruments and their legislation. implementation. - Support Tuvalu to meet obligations under the resolution to protect rights of people displaced by Participation in Polynesia action 2.5. the effects of climate change. - Provide technical support to develop insurance 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 27,200.00 facility as a measure for risk transfer due to damage deliver both formal and non-formal and loss. education programmes in Education - Provide technical assistance to continue work in for Sustainable Development (ESD) eco-system resilience, marine protection. and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize - Provide expertise on options for the establishment of the contribution of intangible cultural a Tuvalu Centre of Excellence on Research on heritage and traditional and indigenous Oceans and Climate Change to inform policies to knowledge utilizing current UNESCO protect and save the ocean and seas. tools as an entry point with specific - Provide technical support to youth to participate in reference to the use of LINKS resources, women and girls and decision making processes at all levels to ensure that the world we have today cannot leave youth voyaging. behind. - Provide Technical support to develop Tuvalu’s Participation in Pacific subregional Building Code and climate proofing of infrastructure actions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3. in all areas. - 2.1 Capacity of PICTs strengthened for 40,000.00 climate and natural disaster resilience– especially in UNESCO designated sites—with particular reference to climate change ethics; and engagement of vulnerable groups.

2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to enhance 60,000.00 water security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation. ∗∗∗

2.3 Increase support through the 46,600.00 programmes and activities of the IOC, including but not limited to support for tsunami warning centres and activities in the Pacific.

Outcome 2: Gender Equality Strategic Area 3: 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Economic Growth and Indicative Output Indicative - Provide support to promote gender equality. Stability Resources (US$) PICTs supported for the promotion of Additional resources increasing roles for women in policy not required because formulation and implementation. (Part it is part of the of the Indicative Output 1.4) indicative output 1.4.

2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) Participation in Polynesia action 2.5.

PICTs supported to develop and deliver Additional resources education programmes in Education not required because for Sustainable Development (ESD) it is part of the and the Sciences (STEM) with specific indicative output 2.5. reference to women and girls (Part of Indicative Output 2.5)

Strategic Area 3: 3. Sustaining Livelihoods

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

136 Outcome 3: Sustainable and Inclusive Economic Economic Growth and Indicative Outputs Indicative Empowerment Stability Resources (US$) Identified Priorities Strategic Area 5: 3.4 Public and private sector capacities 20,000.00 - Reduce the gap in the inequality of access to Falekaupule and Island are increased to develop cultural and opportunities, especially in the outer islands. Development creative industries that contribute to - Youth development and protection: Provide Strategic Area 6: sustainable livelihoods. support to formulate and implement legislation and Private Sector, policies to strengthen youth development. Employment and Trade Participation in Pacific subregional - Finance a Youth Recreational Centre to promote Strategic Area 11: action 3.3. income generation, youth development including Migration and developing of life skills; Urbanization 3.3 PICTs have strengthened capacities 26,600.00 - Strengthen Public Health through greater for sustainable tourism, including integration of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) protecting and managing natural and Communicable Diseases (CDs), in particular to resources, traditional and indigenous address high NCDs, high prevalence of STIs knowledge, cultural heritage and (Chlamydia), cervical cancer, youth sexual and underwater heritage and social reproductive health, TB, and leprosy. It is proposed inclusion for youth, women, and that UN Agencies integrate interventions through indigenous peoples. joint programmes. - Climate Change and Health: UN can support preparedness and response to disasters. Capacity is limited during these times and UN can help with additional human capacity, psychological counselling, provision of medicines and supporting health facilities to be more resilient. - Support vulnerable populations (women, children, people living with disabilities, the elderly) to access basic services. - Support the education rights of persons with disabilities (school registration). - Provide protection and access to services to persons with disabilities and the elderly. - Provide capacity building to make social services more inclusive and more responsive to the most vulnerable. - Help to implement the Family Protection Act. - Provide capacity development and South South Cooperation to in the area of violence against women and children. - Outcome 4: Equitable Basic Services Strategic Area 7: 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Education and Human Indicative Outputs Indicative Resource Resources (US$) 1.1 Capacity of planning, policy and 75,000.00 monitoring and evaluation professionals, is strengthened in the streamlining and gaining of efficiencies and effectiveness in meeting both national mandates and SDG 4.

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 1.2 and 1.4.

1.2 Capacities of teachers are 20,000.00 reinforced to design, deliver and assess inclusive curriculum that develops both cognitive and non-cognitive learning (Pacific Literacies).

137 1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions 112,000.00 supported through evidence-based policy making advice and implementation skills development, especially in the areas of social inclusion, sport for development and peace, human rights promotion, and science technology and innovation. This includes the promotion of peace building and intercultural dialogue, traditional knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities to participate in policy formulation and

implementation. ∗∗∗

Outcome 5: Governance and Community Engagement Strategic Area 2: 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Good Governance Indicative Output Indicative - Review national constitution, looking at ways to Resources (US$) improve human rights, and articulate customs and Participation in Pacific subregional values. action 1.7. - Law and Order: Improve the capacity of law enforcement officers through training in public law 1.7 Increased capacity and support for 20,000.00 and public relations. national cultural institutions. - Support judiciary services for case management, independence and impartiality/ethics. 3. Sustaining Livelihoods - Improve access to services by increasing the technical capacity of the People’s Lawyer’s Office. Indicative Outputs Indicative - Support public sector reform to improve the Resources (USUS$) quality of service provided by the government. 3.1 PICTs are supported to ratify 39,300.00 cultural conventions and initiate effective implementation with capacity to seek international assistance where required.

3.2 PICTs are supported to identify 105,600.00 heritage sites, ICH elements and traditional knowledge in their own territories, and have capacity to preserve documentary heritage.

Outcome 6: Human Rights 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Output Indicative Resources (USUS$) Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.5.

1.5 Media organizations, universities, 6,000.00 institutions, PINA supported to enhance norms and policies for free, independent and pluralistic media across the PICTs.

Total Indicative Resources per Country 1,698,300.00 ∗

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions. ∗ The indicative outputs and indicative resources of regional actions are presented in italic.

138 Vanuatu

The Republic of Vanuatu is a culturally and linguistically diverse nation of 83 volcanic and coral islands in the South Pacific. The HDI 2018 categorizes Vanuatu as a country with medium human development.183 A 2010 Household Income and Expenditure Survey estimated the average of basic needs poverty at 13 per cent of the population.184 Overall, basic needs poverty is decreasing, however there are indications that hardship is growing for vulnerable groups, particularly in Luganville, the country’s second-largest city. Vanuatu is currently defined as a Least Developed Country but is scheduled for graduation to Developing Country status in 2020.185

Vanuatu has one of the highest population growth rates in the region with growing demand for public services. Around 80 per cent of Vanuatu’s 288,000 people live in rural areas where subsistence livelihoods and traditional community welfare obligations provide an informal social safety net. The youth dependency ratio is of 60.1.186 The rural majority experience ‘poverty of opportunity’ with reduced access to education, healthcare, improved water supply, transport, communications and energy. The internal movement of rural Ni-Vanuatu seeking better opportunities is seeing the emergence of squatter settlements in urban areas and leading to overcrowding and over-exploitation of local resources. Urban poverty is contributing to a range of social problems including substance abuse, property crime, and transactional sex as well as poorer health outcomes, including unplanned pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, domestic violence, and child malnutrition.

Vanuatu shares many of the economic vulnerabilities of other Pacific Islands countries, including distance from markets, a narrow resource base, low productivity, and difficulty integrating into the global economy. However, Vanuatu has generally outperformed its neighbours with tourism, construction, and development partner funded infrastructure projects emerging as key economic drivers. Low inflation, macroeconomic stability, and prudent fiscal policies have helped Vanuatu to consistently achieve GDP growth. Despite the immediate downturn following Cyclone Pam (2015), the economy is performing better than expected.187 The informal economy showed great resilience during the Global Financial Crisis and helped to protect Vanuatu from the full impact of higher commodity prices.

Over half of Ni-Vanuatu are aged under 25 years and this young and dispersed population presents both opportunities and challenges. The job growth rate has not kept pace with the growing working age population and absorbing school leavers into the labour market is a key concern. Vanuatu continues to have a high rate of adolescent births, 41.9 per 1,000 women aged 15-19188, with fertility highest among poorly educated rural women. Child survival has improved significantly thanks to strong public health interventions, but child malnutrition is still unacceptably high. One in four Ni-Vanuatu children are stunted189 due to poor child feeding practices, low levels of breastfeeding, low rates of immunization, and poor sanitation.190 Immunization rates are amongst the lowest in the region, with 20 per cent of 1-year-old children not vaccinated191, making Ni-Vanuatu children especially vulnerable to vector borne and communicable disease. Net enrolment rates have increased since the government introduced fee free primary level schooling. The net enrolment rate for primary education is at 86 per cent.192

While there have been some significant achievements, the challenges to improve all development indicators for women remain. There are very low levels of women’s representation at national,

139 provincial and municipal government. There are no parliament seats held by women.193 Enrolment for girls in primary and secondary education is high, but women have reduced access to post-secondary training. Land tenure is patrilineal, and levels of labour force participation are lower for women in both rural and urban areas.

Sixty per cent of women report experiencing some form of gender-based violence. Maternal mortality has not yet met national targets, with a maternal mortality ratio of 76 deaths per 100,000 live births194, and there is an unmet need for family planning of between 20–30 per cent.195

Vanuatu is considered the world’s most at-risk nation to natural disasters. In 2015, Cyclone Pam, one of the worst natural disasters ever to hit Vanuatu, caused widespread damage to 22 islands and 166,000 people (two thirds of the population) required urgent humanitarian assistance. Severe weather events are expected to increase in frequency and intensity as a result of climate change and threaten the social and economic progress of Vanuatu.

UNESCO Conventions Ratifications: 1. Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 2. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 3. International Convention against Doping in Sport

National Development Plan/Strategy: Vanuatu 2030 ‘The People’s Plan’

183 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 184 Vanuatu Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 2010. 185 UN General Assembly Resolution 2015. 186 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 187 ADB Economic Outlook Vanuatu 2016. 188 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 189 Ibid. 190 Children in Vanuatu: 2011 An Atlas of Social Indicators, UNICEF. 191 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 192 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2018. 193 SIDS Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP 2018. 194 Ibid. 195 Vanuatu: Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights Needs Assessment, PSRHP and UNFPA Pacific 2016.

140 Alignment with UNPS and country development priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes and Country Development UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Identified Priorities Strategy Priority/Pillar Outputs Outcome 1: Climate Change, Disaster Environment 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Resilience, and Environmental Protection Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities Resources (US$) - Focus on equitable distribution of resources. 2.1 Capacity of PICTs strengthened for 220,000.00 - In the context of natural disasters and climate and natural disaster resilience-- climate variability, improve water and food especially in UNESCO designated sites— security. with particular reference to climate change - Support the strengthening of ICT and ethics; and engagement of vulnerable innovative ways to collect and manage data groups. to inform planning and policy development in primary sectors, including agriculture and 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and deliver 65,000.00 forestry. both formal and non-formal education - Ensure direct access to external resourcing programmes in Education for Sustainable in disasters and use local implementing Development (ESD) and the Sciences agencies to reduce costs. (STEM) that recognize the contribution of - Help develop stronger and clearer guidelines intangible cultural heritage and traditional for managing development and humanitarian and indigenous knowledge utilizing current funds. UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources, women and girls and voyaging.

Participation in Melanesia action 2.5.

2.5 PICTs supported to develop and deliver 40,800.00 both formal and non-formal education programmes in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS

resources, women and girls and voyaging. ∗∗

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3

groups. ∗∗∗

2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to enhance 60,000.00 water security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation.

2.3 Increase support through the programmes and activities of the IOC, 46,600.00 including but not limited to support for tsunami warning centres and activities in the Pacific.

Outcome 2: Gender Equality Society 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Output Indicative Gender Equality Resources (US$) - Create enabling environments to encourage PICTs supported for the promotion of Additional women’s participation in decision-making at increasing roles for women in policy resources not all levels. formulation and implementation. (Part of required because the Indicative Output 1.4) it is part of the indicative output 1.4.

2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans

∗∗ Melanesia action to take place first, followed by country specific actions. ∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

141 Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) PICTs supported to develop and deliver Additional education programmes in Education for resources not Sustainable Development (ESD) and the required because Sciences (STEM) with specific reference to it is part of the women and girls (Part of Indicative Output indicative output 2.5) 2.5.

Outcome 3: Sustainable and Inclusive Economic Economy 3. Sustaining Livelihoods Empowerment Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities Resources (US$) Basic Needs 3.3 PICTs have strengthened capacities for 150,000.00 - Assist Vanuatu to find a balance between sustainable tourism, including protecting economic growth and maintaining eco- and managing natural resources, traditional livelihoods. and indigenous knowledge, cultural heritage - Economically empower people and find, and underwater heritage and social inclusion strengthen, and harness economic for youth, women, and indigenous peoples. opportunities for rural people, women and

youth. 3.4 Public and private sector capacities are - Increase access to credit. increased to develop cultural and creative 20,000.00 - Create opportunities for entrepreneurship industries that contribute to sustainable and provide business mentoring. livelihoods. - Strengthen partnerships and collaboration

between the private sector, government Participation in Pacific subregional action agencies and government vocational 3.3. institutions.

- Focus on the productive sector, especially 3.3 PICTs have strengthened capacities for goods processing and value chain sustainable tourism, including protecting 26,600.00 development. and managing natural resources, traditional - Improve the accessibility to and and indigenous knowledge, cultural sustainability of funding to finance heritage and underwater heritage and economic diversification. social inclusion for youth, women, and - Review regional trade agreements. indigenous peoples. ∗∗∗

Outcome 4: Equitable Basic Services Society 1. Investing in People Identified Priorities Indicative Outputs Indicative Stronger institutions Resources (US$) - Increase access to basic needs (water, food, 1.1 Capacity of planning, policy and 75,000.00 shelter) and essential services (health, monitoring and evaluation professionals, is education, protection) for all Ni-Vanuatu. strengthened in the streamlining and gaining - Improve water security and sanitation for of efficiencies and effectiveness in meeting households, schools and health clinics. both national mandates and SDG 4. - Ensure essential services can be accessed during crises. 1.3 TVET sectors, through the appropriate - Provide financial and technical support for national governance and management 46,100.00 population challenges including non- structures, are supported through the communicable diseases, maternal, child and provision of policy advice, technical adolescent health. assistance and skills reinforcement to review and reposition the sector to provide relevant, quality seamless learning pathways and lifelong learning opportunities.

1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions supported through evidence-based policy making advice and implementation skills 400,000.00 development, especially in the areas of social inclusion, sport for development and peace, human rights promotion, and science technology and innovation. This includes the promotion of peace building and intercultural dialogue, traditional knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities to participate in policy formulation and implementation.

Participation in Pacific subregional actions 1.2 and 1.4.

1.2 Capacities of teachers are reinforced to design, deliver and assess inclusive

∗∗∗ Pacific action to take place first, followed by country specific actions.

142 curriculum that develops both cognitive and 20,000.00 non-cognitive learning (Pacific Literacies).

1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions supported through evidence-based policy making advice and implementation skills 112,000.00 development, especially in the areas of social inclusion, sport for development and peace, human rights promotion, and science technology and innovation. This includes the promotion of peace building and intercultural dialogue, traditional knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities to participate in policy

formulation and implementation. ∗∗∗

Outcome 5: Governance and Community Society 1. Investing in People Engagement Indicative Outputs Indicative Identified Priorities Resources (US$) Stronger institutions 1.6 The role and capacity of youth to engage 180,000.00 - Support the decentralisation of government in and lead sustainable development to empower rural people. interventions at the local and national level - Assist the civil service with human resource is enhanced. management and performance monitoring. - Assist in the development of a National Participation in Pacific subregional action Human Resource Development Plan. 1.7. - Provide support to gather population data for budgeting and planning. 1.7 Increased capacity and support for 20,000.00 - Assist with the completion of population national cultural institutions. mapping through registration of births and deaths. 3. Sustaining Livelihoods - Increase harmonization across health and education service sectors and support more Indicative Outputs Indicative cooperation and integration among all Resources (US$) donors. 3.1 PICTs are supported to ratify cultural 39,300.00 - Help Vanuatu with implementing and conventions and initiate effective reporting of its obligations under implementation with capacity to seek international human rights treaties. international assistance where required. - Ensure equitable access to justice. 3.2 PICTs are supported to identify heritage 105,600.00 sites, ICH elements and traditional knowledge in their own territories, and have capacity to preserve documentary heritage.

Participation in Pacific subregional action 1.5.

1.5 Media organizations, universities, 6,000.00 institutions, PINA supported to enhance norms and policies for free, independent

and pluralistic media across the PICTs. ∗∗∗

Total Indicative Resources per Country 1,703,000.00 ∗

143 Subregional alignment of UN priorities in the Pacific196

PACIFIC SUBREGION Alignment with UNPS and UNDAF priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes UNDAF-PNG 2018-2022 UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Outputs of Subregional Actions Outcome 1: Climate Change, Disaster Outcome 3: Planet 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Resilience, and Environmental Protection Sustainable management of natural Indicative Outputs Indicative resources, biodiversity conservation, Resources (US$) strengthened climate and disaster 2.1 Capacity of PICTs strengthened for 600,000.00 resilience climate and natural disaster resilience-- especially in UNESCO designated sites— with particular reference to climate change ethics; and engagement of vulnerable groups (1 regional).

2.2 Pacific SIDS supported to enhance 900,000.00 water security through assessing and improving institutional frameworks, policy instruments and their implementation. (Regional technical inputs on water security - in keeping with work plan to be developed in Quarter 3 2018)

2.3 Increase support through the 700,000.00 programmes and activities of the IOC, including but not limited to support for tsunami warning centres and activities in the Pacific.

Outcome 2: Gender Equality Outcome 1: People 1. Investing in People Inclusive human development & Indicative Output Indicative equitable services Resources (US$) PICTs supported for the promotion of Additional resources increasing roles for women in policy not required formulation and implementation. (Part because it is part of of the Indicative Output 1.4) the indicative output 1.4.

Outcome 3: Sustainable and Inclusive Outcome 2: Prosperity 3. Sustaining Livelihoods Economic Empowerment Inclusive and sustainable growth Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) 3.3 PICTs have strengthened capacities 400,000.00 for sustainable tourism, including protecting and managing natural resources, traditional and indigenous knowledge, cultural heritage and underwater heritage and social inclusion for youth, women, and indigenous peoples.

196 This matrix covers actions involving countries from two or more subgroups of the Pacific subregion.

144 Outcome 4: Equitable Basic Services Outcome 1: People 1. Investing in People Inclusive human development & Indicative Outputs Indicative equitable services Resources (US$) 1.2 Capacities of teachers are 300,000.00 reinforced to design, deliver and assess inclusive curriculum that develops both cognitive and non-cognitive learning (Pacific Literacies).

1.4 PICTs agencies and institutions 1,680,000.00 supported through evidence-based policy making advice and implementation skills development, especially in the areas of social inclusion, sport for development and peace, human rights promotion, and science technology and innovation. This includes the promotion of peace building and intercultural dialogue, traditional knowledge; and increasing roles for youth, women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities to participate in policy formulation and implementation.

Outcome 5: Governance and Community Outcome 4: Peace 1. Investing in People Engagement Promoting inclusive governance, justice Indicative Output Indicative and peace Resources (US$) 1.7 Increased capacity and support for 300,000.00 national cultural institutions.

Outcome 6: Human Rights 1. Investing in People Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$) 1.5 Media organizations, universities, 90,000.00 institutions, PINA supported to enhance norms and policies for free, independent and pluralistic media across the PICTs.

Indicative Resources Total (US$) 4,970,000.00

145 MELANESIA Alignment with UNPS and UNDAF priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes UNDAF-PNG 2018-2022 UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Outputs of Melanesia-level Actions Outcome 1: Climate Change, Disaster Resilience, Outcome 3: Planet 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans and Environmental Protection Sustainable management of natural Indicative Outputs Indicative Resources resources, biodiversity (US$) conservation, strengthened climate 2.5 PICTs supported to develop and 163,300.00 and disaster resilience deliver both formal and non-formal education programmes in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources, women and girls and voyaging.

Outcome 2: Gender Equality Outcome 1: People 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Inclusive human development and Indicative Output Indicative Resources equitable services (US$) PICTs supported to develop and Additional resources deliver education programmes in not required because Education for Sustainable it is part of the Development (ESD) and the Sciences indicative output 2.5. (STEM) with specific reference to women and girls (Part of Indicative Output 2.5)

Outcome 3: Sustainable and Inclusive Economic Outcome 2: Prosperity Empowerment Inclusive and sustainable growth

Outcome 4: Equitable Basic Services Outcome 1: People Inclusive human development & equitable services Outcome 5: Governance and Community Outcome 4: Peace Engagement Promoting inclusive governance, justice and peace

Outcome 6: Human Rights

Indicative Resources Total (US$) 163,300.00

146 POLYNESIA Alignment with UNPS priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Outputs of Polynesia- level Actions Outcome 1: Climate Change, Disaster Resilience, and Environmental 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Protection Indicative Outputs Indicative Resources (US$)

2.5 PICTs supported to develop and deliver 163,300.00 both formal and non-formal education programmes in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources, women and girls and voyaging.

Outcome 2: Gender Equality 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$)

PICTs supported to develop and deliver Additional resources not education programmes in Education for required because it is part of Sustainable Development (ESD) and the the indicative output 2.5. Sciences (STEM) with specific reference to women and girls (Part of Indicative Output 2.5)

Outcome 3: Sustainable and Inclusive Economic Empowerment

Outcome 4: Equitable Basic Services

Outcome 5: Governance and Community Engagement

Outcome 6: Human Rights

Indicative Resources Total (US$) 163,300.00

147 MICRONESIA Alignment with UNPS Priorities UNPS 2018-2022 Outcomes UNESCO Pacific Strategy 2018-2022 Indicative Outputs of Micronesia- level Actions Outcome 1: Climate Change, Disaster Resilience, and Environmental 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Protection Indicative Outputs Indicative Resources (US$)

2.5 PICTs supported to develop and deliver both 163,300.00 formal and non-formal education programmes in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) that recognize the contribution of intangible cultural heritage and traditional and indigenous knowledge utilizing current UNESCO tools as an entry point with specific reference to the use of LINKS resources, women and girls and voyaging.

Outcome 2: Gender Equality 2. Protecting our Islands and Oceans Indicative Output Indicative Resources (US$)

PICTs supported to develop and deliver education Additional resources not programmes in Education for Sustainable required because it is part of Development (ESD) and the Sciences (STEM) with the indicative output 2.5. specific reference to women and girls (Part of Indicative Output 2.5)

Outcome 3: Sustainable and Inclusive Economic Empowerment

Outcome 4: Equitable Basic Services

Outcome 5: Governance and Community Engagement

Outcome 6: Human Rights

Indicative Resources Total (US$) 163,300.00

148 About the Office

With seven decades of experience, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) works to build a more peaceful, just and sustainable world. UNESCO is committed to helping its Member States to find sustainable, equitable solutions to translate the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development into action.

In line with the Member States’ priorities and UNESCO’s global priorities, the UNESCO Cluster Office in the Pacific sets national and regional programmes of action in consultation with 17 Member States and territories in the Pacific, including Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Importantly, UNESCO collaborates with regional organisations, non-governmental organisatons, youth councils, universities, culture institutions, government bodies and other entities relevant to its areas of work to carry out its work.

UNESCO Office for the Pacific States P.O. Box 615 Apia, Samoa Tel: +685 24276 Fax: +685 26593 Email: [email protected] www.unesco.org/new/en/apia/home https://www.facebook.com/UNESCOPacific/ @UNESCO_Pacific 149