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Life in the Queensborough Township: Data Recovery at Hannah's Quarter

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Life in the Queensborough Township: Data Recovery at Hannah's Quarter Life in the Queensborough Township: Data Recovery at Hannah’s Quarter, Site 9Jf195, Jefferson County, Georgia Front Cover: Hannah Tartan and Hannah Family Badge Life in the Queensborough Township: Data Recovery at Hannah’s Quarter, Site 9Jf195, Jefferson County, Georgia GDOT Project FLF-540(28); PI Number 222295 By Daniel T. Elliott and Rita F. Elliott with contributions by Linda Scott Cummings, Susan Scott Jackson, Andrea Shea, and Debra J. Wells Prepared for: Earth Tech 701 Corporation Center Drive, Suite 475 Raleigh, North Carolina 27607-5074 and Georgia Department of Transportation Office of Environment/Location 3993 Aviation Circle Atlanta, Georgia 30336-1593 Prepared by: Southern Research, Historic Preservation Consultants, Inc. P.O. Box 250 Ellerslie, Georgia 31807 Principal Investigator, Daniel T. Elliott _________________________________ April 2002 Abstract Archaeological data recovery at the Hannah’s Quarter site (9Jf195) in rural Jefferson County, Georgia was conducted by Southern Research Historic Preservation Consultants in 2001. This project was performed for the Georgia Department of Transportation through a contract with Earth Tech in Raleigh, NC as Section 106 compliance in advance of the Fall Line Freeway construction. The archaeological study uncovered a small residential compound from the late eighteenth through early nineteenth centuries. Three dwelling loci and one possible outbuilding locus were delineated. The occupation at this site was evidenced by a series of cultural features, including pits, posts, and cellars and extremely sparse material culture evidence. The settlement began as part of the Queensborough Township, which was populated by Scots-Irish Presbyterians from northern Ireland from about 1768 to 1772. William Hannah was identified as a strong candidate for being the original owner of the property at 9Jf195. William owned a small plantation that possessed at its perigee six African- American slaves. During the interpretation of the archaeological remains, the archaeologists pursued several possible explanatory trajectories: that the site was solely the dwelling of William Hannah and his family; that the site was occupied by the Hannah’s and their African-American slaves; that the site was occupied solely by Hannah’s African-American slaves; or that the site was occupied by parties unknown and was not associated with the Hannah family. Researchers concluded that the second explanation, that the site was occupied by the Hannah’s and their African- American slaves, is the most reasonable based on archaeological and historical evidence. This research project offers a first glimpse at life in the Queensborough Township during the late Colonial period and the early days of Burke and Jefferson counties in the early Federal period. i Acknowledgments The author would like to thank many people and agencies for their contributions to the success of this research project. The Georgia Department of Transportation was helpful throughout the project. Archaeologist Rick Richardson, who has since left the Department, held the key to the location and recognition of this important, albeit subtle, historic archaeological site. Without Rick’s keen observations and steadfast recommendations for further study, the site may have been completely lost to our knowledge. Rick’s successor, Erica Jeter provided great support for the work. Kilmeny Stephens of EarthTech’s Raleigh office served as the project manager. The field crew consisted of Dan Elliott, Principal Investigator and Field Director, Rita Elliott, Assistant Field Director, and technicians John Doolin, Steve Marquardt, Virginia Pierce, and Dickie Rigdon. The laboratory analysis and data entry was conducted by Debra J. Wells and Virginia Pierce. Graphics were prepared by Dickie Rigdon, and Debra J. Wells. Artifact conservation was performed by Debra J. Wells. Historical research for the project was conducted by Dan and Rita Elliott. The report was primarily authored by Dan Elliott, although portions of the history chapter were authored by Rita Elliott. Big Jim Walden provided backhoe services during the first week of fieldwork. Specialists Linda Cummings, Susan Scott Jackson, and Andrea Shea provided prompt and efficient contributions on the environment and foodways of Hannah’s Quarter. Many members of the Hannah family, too numerous to list, provided important genealogical information. Particularly, Mr. William Rudd, a descendant of William Hannah, provided key information about the Jefferson County Hannah’s. Several members of the African-American Hannah’s in Jefferson County also aided in this endeavor. This report is dedicated to my mother, Eula May Thornton Elliott, 1913-2001, who died during the last week of fieldwork on this project. She was a life-long supporter of scholarship, a devoted groupie to “her” archaeologists, and a textbook example of the stalwart Scots-Irish character that contributed to America’s survival. ii Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................ii List of Figures ............................................................................................................iv List of Tables .............................................................................................................vi I. Introduction............................................................................................................ 1 II. Project Background ............................................................................................... 7 Environment .................................................................................................... 7 Cultural Sequence ........................................................................................... 9 Historical Overview....................................................................................... 12 III. Research Design and Methods ......................................................................... 31 Research Design ........................................................................................... 31 Modern Perspectives on African-American Archaeology ............................... 34 Data Recovery Methods ................................................................................ 35 IV. Results .............................................................................................................. 45 Early Residents of the Study Vicinity .............................................................. 45 African-Americans of the Hannah Plantation.................................................. 60 An Overview of Similar Sites ........................................................................ 66 Archaeological Fieldwork .............................................................................. 69 Activity Areas within Hannah’s Quarter .......................................................... 70 Historic Artifacts ............................................................................................ 98 Aboriginal Occupation .................................................................................. 112 V. Interpretations .................................................................................................. 115 Age of the Occupation .................................................................................. 115 Ethnic Composition and Identity of the Occupants of Hannah’s Quarter....... 116 Housing/Settlement Plan .............................................................................. 118 Foodways at Hannah’s Quarter .................................................................... 134 Economy of the Hannah Plantation .............................................................. 137 Consumer Choice and Access to Goods at Hannah Plantation ................... 142 Looking for the Hoodoo at Hannah’s Quarter ............................................... 146 Summary ...................................................................................................... 147 References Cited................................................................................................... 149 Appendix I. Artifact Inventory, 9Jf195 Appendix II. Ethno-botanical Analysis, 9Jf195 Appendix III. Faunal Remains from Hannah’s Quarter, 9Jf195 Appendix IV. Pollen Analysis of Two Cellars at Hannah’s Quarter, 9Jf195 iii List of Figures 1. Map Showing Project Location and Major Trade Centers .................................... 2 2. Map Showing Project Location and Geographic Features ................................... 8 3. DeBrahm’s Map of Lands Between the Altamaha and Savannah Rivers, 1771 ................................................................................................................... 15 4. Louisville, Georgia Slave Market ........................................................................ 20 5. Slave Ship .......................................................................................................... 22 6. Closeup of Slaves on the Ship Aurore, 1784...................................................... 22 7. Adkin and Phillip’s Map of Jefferson County, 1872 ............................................ 28 8. Partially Reconstructed Hannah Kinship Chart .................................................. 48 9. Plat of William Hannah, 1821 ............................................................................
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