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Appendix a ADAPTATION STRATEGY COMPILATION Appendix A ADAPTATION STRATEGY COMPILATION App. A) ADAPTATION STRATEGY COMPILATION Costs and Co-Benefits Table Strategy Name Habitat Other Co‐Benefits Costs Impacts* Unit $ 1.1 Seawall/Revetment ‐ public safety km 37,000,000 (seawall) 22,000,000 (revetment)1 1.2 Elevate Bulkheads ‐ public safety, recreation/tourism km 590,000 1.3 Breakwaters, Artificial Reefs 0 recreation/tourism km 44,000,000 1.3 Groins ‐ public safety km 30,000,000 1.4 Traditional Levee ‐ public safety, recreation/tourism km 5,5000,000 1.5 Pump Station ‐ public safety 500,000 to 4,000,000 1.6 Tidal Gate ‐ public safety, recreation/tourism ea 1,000,000‐2,000,000 2.1 Beach Nourishment 0 recreation/tourism, aesthetic acre 500,000** 2.2 Dune Restoration/nourishment 0 recreation/tourism, aesthetic acre 200,000 2.3 Beach Dewatering 0 recreation/tourism, aesthetic n/a 2.4 Offshore Bio‐beds (sea‐grass, + Public health, recreation/tourism, n/a oysters) aesthetic, carbon sequestration, air quality, water quality 2.5 Wetland enhancement + Public health, recreation/tourism, Varies aesthetic, carbon sequestration, air 1 ESA, 2016 App. A) ADAPTATION STRATEGY COMPILATION Strategy Name Habitat Other Co‐Benefits Costs Impacts* Unit $ quality, water quality, stormwater management 2.6 New wetland creation + Public health, recreation/tourism, acre 20,000 aesthetic, carbon sequestration, air quality, water quality, stormwater management 2.7 Horizontal levees + Public health, public safety, LF 1,500 recreation/tourism, aesthetic, carbon sequestration, air quality, water quality, stormwater management 3.1 Elevate buildings (flood zone) 0 Public safety, seismic safety, SF 140 recreation/tourism, stormwater management 3.1 Elevate buildings (wave zone) 0 Public safety, seismic safety, SF 2502 recreation/tourism, stormwater management 3.2 Elevate roads (secondary) ‐ Public safety, recreation/tourism, SF 570 stormwater management 3.2 Reconstruct roads ‐ Public safety, recreation/tourism LF 280 3.3 Raise grades ‐ Public safety, seismic safety High Costs ‐ Varies 2 ESA, 2016 App. A) ADAPTATION STRATEGY COMPILATION Strategy Name Habitat Other Co‐Benefits Costs Impacts* Unit $ 3.4 Floodproof buildings 0 Public health, public safety, Varies recreation/tourism, aesthetic (see Retrofitting Options section pages 95‐110) 3.5 Floodable and floatable 0 Public safety, recreation/tourism, building 2,400,000 development aesthetic, stormwater management 5.5.1 Managed retreat/relocation + Public health, public safety, seismic safety, recreation/tourism, aesthetic, stormwater mgmt.. 5.5.2 Zoning and overlay zones + Public health, public safety, recreation/tourism, aesthetic 5.5.3 Setbacks for development + Public safety, recreation/tourism, aesthetic 5.5.4 Siting and design requirements + Public safety, recreation/tourism, aesthetic varies 5.6.1 Capital improvement programs + Public safety, seismic safety, recreation/tourism, aesthetic 5.6.2 Acquisition/buy‐out + Public health, public safety, seismic safety, recreation/tourism, aesthetic 5.6.3 Conservation easements + Public health, public safety, seismic safety, recreation/tourism, aesthetic 5.6.4 Rolling easements + Public health, public safety, seismic safety, recreation/tourism, aesthetic App. A) ADAPTATION STRATEGY COMPILATION Strategy Name Habitat Other Co‐Benefits Costs Impacts* Unit $ 5.7.1 Transfer of development + Public health, public safety, seismic credit/rights safety, recreation/tourism, aesthetic *+ = positive impacts, 0 = neutral or unknown, ‐ = negative impacts **considers opportunistic source, could reach $830,000+ per acre if sand acquired traditionally Co‐Benefits considered: public health, public safety, seismic safety, recreation/tourism, aesthetic, carbon sequestration, air quality, water quality, stormwater management Data Sources: Marin County Department of Public Works, Giacomimi Wetland Restoration, Waikiki Beach, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Caltrans, ESA, California Adaptation Planning Guide App. A) ADAPTATION STRATEGY COMPILATION Appendix A) Adaptation environment in that area, in order to blend in with the existing geologic conditions. Strategy Compilation Revetments provide protection to existing This section describes in conceptual terms a set slopes affronting a threatened structure, and of strategies to address the adaptation needs are constructed of a sturdy material such as identified in Task 3.1. Adaptation strategies stone. Similar in purpose to a seawall, were gathered from a variety of sources revetments work by absorbing or dissipating including project consultants Environmental wave energy. They are made up of: an armor Science Associates (ESA), Marin County layer‐‐either stone or concrete rubble piled up Department of Public Works3 (DPW), AECOM, or a carefully placed assortment of interlocking existing adaptation plans from other material which forms a geometric pattern, a jurisdictions, and several guidance and research filter layer ‐‐which provides for drainage, and publications, such as the California Coastal retains the soil that lies beneath, and a toe‐‐ Commission’s (CCC) Sea Level Rise Guidance which adds stability at the bottom of the and Georgetown Climate Center (GCC) structure. Revetments are the most common Adaptation Toolkit4. A summary table at the coastal protection structure along the shore of end of this narrative identifies environmental Marin County, protecting homes in Bolinas and impacts, costs and co‐benefits of each strategy. Seadrift. In comparison to seawalls, revetments tend to have greater visual impacts and require a larger footprint, which leads to a larger placement loss and impacts to public access. 1) Structural Measures: Protect These structures can introduce active erosion effects which accelerate beach loss when beach 1.1) Seawalls and Revetments width narrows and wave run‐up frequently Seawalls are vertical structures along a beach or reaches the structure. As the beach disappears bluff, used to protect structures from wave and sea level rises, wave run‐up and action as a course of last resort. A seawall works overtopping will also worsen over the structure by absorbing or dissipating wave energy. They as the waves begin to discharge near or on the may be either gravity‐ or pile‐supported structure, which will require more frequent structures. Seawalls can have a variety of face maintenance or reconstruction. shapes. Seawalls and bulkheads are normally constructed of stone or concrete, however Both seawalls and revetments were found to other materials can be used. Current seawall have a negative net cost benefit as a result of projects usually require design elements that high construction cost in past erosion mitigation allow the structure to resemble the natural study (ESA PWA 2012). In other words, the loss in recreational and habitat value was greater than the costs to build the seawall/revetment 3 Leventhal, Roger, P.E. “Richardson Bay Shoreline (ESA 2015). Study. Evaluation of Sea Level Rise Impacts and Adaptation Alternatives”. August 2015. 4 Negative environmental impact Grannis, Jessica. “Adaptation Tool Kit: Sea‐level Moderate to high cost Rise and Coastal Land Use.” Georgetown Climate Center. October 2011. App. A) ADAPTATION STRATEGY COMPILATION Offers short‐term protection against undermining of the barrier’s foundation temporary flooding, storm surge and (DPW 2015). some sea level rise, but can increase All barrier solutions (walls, gates, wave run‐up and overtopping (CDA, levees) have the potential for DPW AECOM 2015). catastrophic failure if engineering factors of structural safety are Pros: exceeded during design events (DPW Seawalls can be built in a narrow right 2015). of way where other solutions may not As sea level continues to rise, walls may fit (DPW 2015). need to be raised. Depending on the Effective when built and maintained design height and construction method, properly (DPW 2015). at some point, the wall’s foundation may become inadequate and need to Cons: be rebuilt or reinforced to remain effective (DPW 2015). Aesthetic Impacts. Seawalls tend to be Add info about loss of beach and built out of concrete. They are recreational area – address physical loss unsightly, and, depending on the design from footprint of wall as well as passive elevation, may impact views and even erosion over time public access to the shoreline. These design considerations may be mitigated to a point, but any large‐scale wall will Costs: have landscape‐scale impacts (DPW 2015). $37 million/km seawall (ESA 2015) Additional bolstering needed. The There are additional design costs for edges and footings of the walls require barrier walls. Typically, a geotechnical protection from direct shoreline erosion investigation will be needed to and loss of structural support. This is determine the quality of the soils and typically provided by ensuring sufficient hence the costs for the wall. Other land waterside of the wall or by adding costs, such as right of way acquisition rock rip‐rap (described below) or for private properties, also need to be wetlands to reduce wave impacts on included in estimates (DPW 2015). the waterside edge of the wall (DPW Also costs related to maintenance over 2015). time Need for a contiguous structure. Any barrier structure (walls and levees) is only as strong as its weakest link. To be effective, barrier structures need to have a continuous boundary and be 1.2) Elevate bulkheads tied into higher ground at both ends to Newly constructed or reinforced and raised avoid flooding behind the barrier (DPW bulkheads around
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