OCTOBER 199 9 Inside

4 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE The Institute at 15

Vol. V, No. 6 5 DONOR PROFILE Edna Fuerth Lemle UN I T E D STAT E S IN S T I T U T E O F PE A C E ■ WA S H I N G T O N, DC 6 NORTH KOREA William Perry on Normalization

6 EAST TIMOR Ne xt Steps in Kos o vo Ramos Horta 7 Amb. Kampelman Receives Top Berger, Albright, and Kosovar Albanian leaders consider the steps necessary Honor to achieve a prosperous, democratic future for the province. 8 Women & Peacebuilding

hile the Liberation Army (KLA)—at the fighting in request of the State Department. Kosovo has The facilitation was chaired by stopped and Chester A. Crocker, chairman of peacekeeping the Institute’s board of directors, troops are in and organized by place, victory Daniel Serwer, will come only when Kosovo and director of the southeast Europe are “so tightly Institute's integrated into the rest of Europe Balkans that another war is inconceiv- Initiative, and able,” says Samuel “Sandy” executive vice Berger, national security adviser president Harriet to President Clinton. Hentges. At the Clockwise: Berger discussed the challenges meeting, 39 lead- Bujar Bukoshi, facing peace in Kosovo at the U.S. ers of the feuding Madeleine Institute of Peace on September factions, journal- Albright, 30. He chose the Institute as the ists, economists, Hashim Thaqi, site for his address on Kosovo and representatives of nongovern- and Samuel because of the Institute's extensive mental organizations hammered “Sandy” Berger. work on the Balkans. out a framework for cooperation “Let me congratulate the to help guide Kosovo toward “You hosted a remarkable dis- Institute . . . for all the valuable democracy. Participants included cussion,” Berger said of the meet- work you have done to strengthen Hashim Thaqi, head of the pro- ing, “bringing together a diverse peace around the world,” Berger visional government in Kosovo group of Kosovar Albanian lead- said. He went on to cite a recent and a leader of the KLA, and ers, skillfully assisting as they three-day facilitation the Institute Bujar Bukoshi, a leader in the fashioned a declaration of princi- conducted in September with rival Democratic League of ples for a democratic society.” leaders of the major Kosovar Kosovo (LDK). Ibrahim Rugova, The full text of Berger's speech is Albanian factions and civic head of the LDK, was invited but available on the White House groups—including the Kosovo did not attend. See Kosovo, page 2 2 Kos o vo Continued from page 1

web site: www.whitehouse.gov. criminality,” Albright cautioned opportunity for frank and open Secretary of State Madeleine the group, referring to continued exchanges. The groups were Albright addressed the Kosovar social disorder and ethnic violence divided into three major areas of leaders at the State Department in the province, now primarily discussion: political process, mod- on the final day of the workshop, ethnic Albanians attacking ethnic erated by George Ward, director and former senator Robert Dole Serbs and Roma (Gypsies). “Acts of the Institute's Training of Kansas spoke during the of terror harm your own cause,” Program; economic reform, group's discussions. Albright said. Dole pointed out moderated by Michael Froman, “You must combat the tempta- that continued violence would a senior fellow at the Council on tions of revenge, corruption, and discourage international donors Foreign Relations and former

and investors from contributing chief of staff at the Treasury to the reconstruction process. Department; and the develop- While the Institute has hosted ment and role of civil society, numerous public briefings with moderated by Hal Saunders, Peace Watch (ISSN 1080-9864) is pub- lished six times a year by the United States major Serbian leaders, Serbs were director of international affairs Institute of Peace, an independent, nonpar- not invited to participate in the at the Charles F. Kettering tisan federal institution created by Congress to promote research, education, and train- facilitation because the goal was Foundation and former national ing on the peaceful resolution of interna- to improve relations among security council staff member. tional conflicts. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the Albanian Kosovar leaders, Serwer At the end of three days, par- Institute or its board of directors. To receive Peace Watch, write to the notes. “Conflicts among the ticipants had gained the mutual Editor, Peace Watch, United States Institute Kosovar Albanians are a serious confidence to develop a joint dec- of Peace, 1200 17th Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036-3011. For general obstacle to peace implementation, laration stating in part their com- information call 202-457-1700, fax 202- 429-6063, e-mail: [email protected], destabilizing Kosovo in ways that mitment to establish a forum in or check our web site: www.usip.org. hurt Albanians and Serbs alike.” which they will consult each other

President: Richard H. Solomon during this transitional period of Executive Vice President: Harriet Hentges The Lansdowne Meeting governance in Kosovo. They Publications Director: Dan Snodderly Editor: Cynthia Roderick agreed that the forum will meet Production Manager: Marie Marr Although the Kosovar Albanian regularly, be open to all political Photo Credits: Staff leaders knew who the others forces, and have a rotating chair. Board of Directors Chairman: Chester A. Crocker. Vice among them at the September The Institute was asked to facili- Chairman: Max M. Kampelman. Members: meeting were, many of them had tate the first meeting, which is Dennis L. Bark, Theodore M. Hesburgh, Seymour Martin Lipset, W. Scott never met before. The meeting now in the planning stages. Thompson, Allen Weinstein, Harriet Zimmerman. Members Ex Officio: Phyllis was held at the Lansdowne They also stated their determi- Oakley, Assistant Secretary of State for Conference Center near nation to free citizens who have Intelligence and Research; Daniel H. Simpson, Vice President, National Defense Leesburg, Va., to avoid the glare been illegally detained or impris- University; Walter B. Slocombe, Department of Defense; Richard H. of publicity. Extensive small oned or illegally subjected to judi- Solomon, Institute president (nonvoting). group discussions provided the cial processing. They want all 3

hostages in Serbia, many of elements are necessary: self- them children, returned and an determination, rule of law, human accounting of all missing persons. rights and individual liberties, And they want war crimes prose- responsive government institu- cuted and witnesses protected. tions, a multi-ethnic society, a Among other issues addressed market economy, the integration in the declaration, the leaders of Kosovo into international insti- agreed that to achieve a future tutions, an international role for of peace and prosperity for all Kosovo that would help protect Kosovars, the following nine the rights of Kosovars, and an

updated educational system. The full text of the declaration is available on the Institute's web site: www.usip.org. After the meeting, Crocker noted that the Kosovar lead- ers had worked hard and purpose- fully. “I was struck throughout the workshop not only by how seriously the participants took their respective roles in bringing democratic change to Kosovo, but also by the degree of respect that developed across political parties and social groups.” 4 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

n October 1984, just fifteen and religious violence, failing years ago this month, states, humanitarian crises, and Congress enacted legislation the efforts of local tyrants to use establishing the United States communal hatreds and the tech- Institute of Peace. Its charter nologies of mass destruction for reflected the strivings of a their malign purposes. This trans- national campaign for an formation of the international institution dedicated to educating environment has challenged the Ipeacemakers. Congress directed Institute to give full meaning to us to serve the American people its charter. It is spurring our through policy research, educa- growth from an initial focus on tion, and training on ways of pro- education and research into an moting international peace and activist institution promoting pro- resolving conflicts without fessional training, policy develop- recourse to violence. Today, the ment, and the facilitation of dia- Institute is thriving in its “teen” logue among parties to conflict. years, growing into its mandate, Today, the Institute’s fellow- steadily building its public identi- ships and research grants support ty as a national center of educa- analysis of the changing character tion and professional training in of international conflict, and the skills of international conflict approaches to its prevention and management. resolution. Our fellows, like The world of the Cold War in Galina Starovoitova, assassinated which the Institute was founded in St. Petersburg for challenging Pr o f e s s i o n a l i z i n g had little space for peacemaking. official corruption and advocating Governments were the prime democracy, or Adnan Abu-Odeh, movers in international affairs, recently selected by Jordan's King Pea c e m a k i n g struggling to maintain a stable Abdullah as his political adviser, nuclear standoff and resisting are on the vulnerable front lines of political destabilization of their political change. Our professional allies. The work of peace was training programs heighten the focused largely on arms control skills of diplomats in the tech- and crisis management. The com- niques of mediation and negotia- munist states had corrupted the tion, and of military for peace- very concept of peace by using it keeping operations. The as a propaganda weapon—playing Institute’s military fellow Colonel on public fears of a nuclear Jim Warner, after a year of Armageddon in their confronta- research on peacekeeping in the tion with the democracies. The Balkans, commanded the yearnings for self-realization and American brigade in Bosnia. We political autonomy of numerous are creating a cadre of profession- communities around the world al peacemakers. At the request of were constrained by the alliance the Department of State, we now systems of the superpowers. facilitate “track-two” dialogues Richard H. Solomon The unanticipated collapse of among parties to conflict—in communism in Eastern Europe Bosnia, Kosovo, South Asia, and the Soviet Union a decade Sudan, and the Western Sahara. ago changed everyone’s world, but Our education programs, which not all for the better. The early now run from high school through 1990s was not a time of peace, but graduate training, are attracting the onset of today’s era of ethnic new generations to careers in 5 A Passion for Peace international affairs. Our policy development workshops and Edna Fuerth Lemle—a founding spirit seminars bring together scholars, behind the United States Institute of “think tank” researchers, and pri- vate sector NGOs with congres- Peace—remains one of its staunchest sional staff and senior officials of supporters. the executive branch. We are connecting theories of peacemak- ing to their practical applications. dna Fuerth Lemle is among the lucky The Institute’s growing conven- Efew to have found a great teacher. ing power is evident as senior Lemle—a longtime supporter of the officials—presidents, foreign U.S. Institute of Peace—was a sophomore ministers, the secretary of state, at Barnard College when she met Harold the national security adviser— Laski (1893–1950), one of Britain’s most do n o r seek us out as a platform to reach articulate and influential political scientists their publics. and economists. Laski espoused the prin- Our goals for the next several ciples of political pluralism, decried eco- years are to further “mature” the nomic injustice, and—especially during the Institute’s programs and expand early years of his intellectual prominence— its public outreach. By the time taught that the individual should play a central we reach twenty-one, we will role in directing the activities of the state. have refined our professional “He was five foot four, but when he talked he was ten feet tall,” Lemle training activities and broadened says today, still excited by the memory of the intellectual universe he the scope and reach of our edu- opened up to her. At Laski’s invitation and under his tutelage, Lemle cational programs. We will have studied at the London School of Economics for a year as an undergrad- designed a permanent home for uate—one of the few women to do so at that time. the Institute on the National Laski’s humanist influence has stayed with her, though perhaps Mall that will be a symbol of somewhat tempered by her experience as an executive in the business America’s commitment to lead- world, she is quick to say. Yet the ideas for which Laski won so much ership in creating a less violent acclaim are reflected in Lemle’s lifelong work on behalf of world peace. world. It will be a center for edu- Not least of these efforts was Lemle’s key role in working with the cation, research, and hands-on late Senator Spark Matsunaga of Hawaii on legislation to establish the training in the skills of conflict United States Institute of Peace, which became a reality in 1984. management. Indeed, Lemle was one of the moving forces behind the establish- With public support, in the ment of the Institute and remains one of its strongest supporters, says coming decade we will begin the Institute president Richard H. Solomon. Lemle has recently contributed construction of this facility almost $70,000 to the Institute’s Capital Campaign to build a headquar- which, when completed, will ters near the National Mall. dramatically expand the “If there were more citizens like Edna Lemle in the world, we could Institute’s role in public educa- all sleep better at night,” Solomon says. “Her constant and forthcoming tion. The facility will have global moral and financial support for our work are an ongoing boon to the outreach through the new tech- Institute.” nologies of teleconferencing, Seated in a high-backed white leather chair in the penthouse offices webcasting, and Internet publi- of her New York City real estate company, Lemle recently reminisced cation. We will be fulfilling the about her work on behalf of the Institute of Peace. vision of our congressional cre- “I thought that the time for a peace institute was long overdue,” ators and public supporters, Lemle said of the late 1970s and early 1980s. “I worked awfully hard to building professional careers in bring it to reality. For a long time peace was a dirty word. The very fact the management of international that the Institute of Peace is accepted and respected by the State conflict and peacemaking. Department and the administration and the people is a very big victory.” —Richard H. Solomon 6 Normalization with North Korea Holds Promise

Recent agreements between the United States and North Korea may represent an important turning point on the Korean Peninsula.

ormer secretary of defense regime in Pyongyang will choose The United States, along with William Perry says that it is in to walk this path, which requires it its allies, will closely monitor Fthe strategic interest of the to reduce its military threats to the North Korean compliance and— United States to offer North United States—including forgoing should a breech occur at any Korea a path toward normaliza- the test-firing of long-range mis- point—is prepared to pursue an tion of relations, even though siles and continuing to freeze its alternate strategy, Perry stresses. there are no guarantees that the nuclear weapons program. Even with the freeze on its nuclear program, however, North Korea may still have both the material and the means to manu- THE CRISIS IN facture at least one or two nuclear weapons, he acknowledges. EAST TIMOR Perry made his comments at a State Department press confer- ndonesia has committed “state-directed murder and ence on September 17, shortly Idestruction” against East Timor and its people, says Jose after he gave an early-morning Ramos Horta, an East Timorese pro-independence activist off-the-record briefing to a joint and winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1996. He is meeting of the U.S. Institute of calling for an international tribunal to investigate the “sys- Peace’s North Korea Working tematic slaughter” of thousands of innocent civilians and Group and the Council on the “town-by-town destruction” of the province by the Foreign Relations’ Independent Indonesian military and various militia forces, which he Task Force on Korea. President says are under the military’s direction. Clinton appointed Perry last year Jose Ramos Horta Ramos Horta discussed the crisis in East Timor at a U.S. to head a review of U.S. policy Institute of Peace current issues briefing on August 5. He toward North Korea. Perry urged economic sanctions against Indonesia and called for the World Bank and the recently submitted a classified International Monetary Fund to freeze all funds slated for the government in Jakarta. report of his recommendations to Indonesian military forces have orchestrated all of the violence, not East Timorese the president and Congress. favoring unity with Indonesia, as the Indonesian government claims, Ramos Horta Charles Kartman, U.S. special charged. The Indonesian government had promised to honor the results of the August 30 envoy to the Korean peace talks, referendum on independence, but when results overwhelmingly favored independence, a and Wendy Sherman, counselor ruthless campaign of violence was unleashed. to the State Department, also The Indonesian military recruited militia groups from among violent criminal gangs in attended the Institute briefing, western Timor to attack East Timorese civilians and destroy their homes, Ramos Horta which comprised deep back- said. The militia displaced a still undetermined number of East Timorese and drove an ground on many of the issues dis- estimated 200,000 into exile, many in western Timor, where the militias continue to ruth- cussed in Perry’s report and at the lessly intimidate them. State Department press confer- “Thousands of lives were wasted because the international community trusted the ence. William Drennan, program Republic of Indonesia,” Ramos Horta said. “The Indonesian presence in East Timor is officer in the Research and finished for good,” he concluded. “East Timor is free. There is no turning back.” Studies Program, heads the Ramos Horta did not offer a vision of how peaceful relations between East Timor and Institute’s North Korea Working Indonesia will take root in the future, a development many see as essential to enduring sta- Group, which has been meeting bility in the region. since 1993. Perry said that a number of 7 meetings over the last year with top North Korean officials con- firmed that the North Korean government was “very much interested” in normalizing rela- Kam p e l m a n tions. Nevertheless, North Korea places a high value on its missile Rec e i v es Nation’s program, he noted, which pro- vides deterrence, prestige, and Hi g h e s t economic gain from the export of missile technology, including to Pakistan. “It was . . . clear that Ci v i l i a n they understood that giving up their missiles was necessary for moving to normalization,” Perry Ho n o r stressed. In response to the North’s agreement to end testing of long- range missiles capable of deliver- ing nuclear warheads to Japan and mbassador Max M. Kampelman, parts of the United States, the Avice chairman of the Institute's Board United States has lifted some of Directors, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom—the sanctions on North Korea relating nation's highest civilian honor—by President Clinton in a special to the trade of consumer goods White House ceremony on August 11. Institute president Richard H. and raw materials. Nevertheless, Solomon also attended the ceremony in the East Room, during which many other economic and diplo- President Clinton honored Kampelman and several other distin- matic sanctions remain in place, guished medal recipients, including former president Gerald Ford. including a ban on the trade of In introducing the citation for Kampelman's many contributions to military-related goods. “This is the country, President Clinton noted in particular Kampelman’s ser- just a small first step,” Perry said. vice in World War II, a career advising public officials at the highest North Korea also remains on the level, and a determined commitment to fighting oppression in Europe. U.S. list of terrorist countries, and The president also spotlighted Kampelman's work as head of the Perry has made no recommenda- United States delegation overseeing the Helsinki Act, when “his tion to remove it. unflinching words kept human rights at the center of East-West rela- Full normalization of relations tions. An uncommonly gifted negotiator, he won crucial arms control would involve the normalization agreements. Together these efforts helped set in motion the collapse of of both diplomatic and economic communism and the beginning of a new era of democracy.” relations. To that end, Perry has The president concluded by praising Kampelman for excelling as a invited the first vice foreign min- diplomat, a philanthropist, and a humanitarian: “He has been a quin- ister of North Korea to visit tessential American citizen.” Washington to continue discus- Solomon notes that “we are fortunate to benefit directly from Max's sions. Additional conferences wisdom and dedication here at the Institute, where he has served on with other top officials are also the board since 1992. Our board members and staff congratulate him expected. for this well-deserved and special honor, and express our thanks to him Because of long-standing and for his continuing contributions to our work.” deep mistrust between the two nations, normalization will take place incrementally, with the cannot take place without the full The full text of Perry’s press United States prepared to switch cooperation of Japan and South conference is available on the course, if necessary. “We have to Korea, which have been closely State Department’s web site at: take whatever actions are neces- consulted throughout Perry’s http://secretary.state.gov/www/st sary to protect our own security,” nine-month negotiations with atements/1999/990917a.html. Perry said. And normalization North Korea. 8

Redressing the imbalance of political influence between men and women may be key to curbing violence and developing new approaches to international peace.

Left to right: Nancy Rubin, Harriet Hentges, Pumla Gobodo- Madikizela

hile through increased economic basic human rights worldwide, men are activity. However, their efforts are she says. Human rights include at war, often thwarted by a variety of women’s rights, and these rights women local and international social and provide freedom from injustice typically political customs that favor male not just for women but for “their emerge dominance. children, their men, and their from the Many women argue that nations.” home to redressing the imbalance of social, Rubin delivered the keynote operate a broad range of services political, and economic power address at a conference entitled and institutions. Today, these between men and women in soci- “Perspectives on Grassroots women are often eager and even eties across the globe—including Peacebuilding: The Roles of determined to use their new skills Western democracies—is key to Women in War and Peace” to put an end to war and to par- formulating new approaches to sponsored by the U.S. Institute of ticipate in rebuilding their soci- building sustainable peace inter- Peace on September 14. eties, notes a group of women nationally. Some 50 scholars, representa- leaders active in grassroots peace- Nancy Rubin, U.S. represen- tives of nongovernmental organi- building internationally. tative to the United Nations zations, and policymakers attend- Increasingly, women in con- Commission on Human Rights, ed the conference, organized by flict areas seek to rebuild their highlights the connections Donna Ramsey Marshall, pro- societies in ways that will enable between peace, justice, human gram assistant in the Research them to continue to participate in rights, and women’s rights. There and Studies Program, and public life more broadly and equi- can be no peace without justice Patrick Cronin, director. The tably than before, including and no justice without respect for event included two panel discus- 9 sions, one on the roles of women Human Rights Watch and Rubin ability to influence political events in conflict and the other in peace. discussing the history of rape as a is limited. In post-conflict recon- Discussion on the first panel war crime and the need for struction, women are often entire- was moderated by Rosemary increased prosecution. The ly excluded from the formal O’Neill of the State Department, Institute’s Research and Studies process. and on the second by Swanee Program organized that event and Hibaaq Osman of the Center Hunt, director of the Women co-sponsored it with Women in for the Strategic Initiatives of and Public Policy Program at International Security. Women said that while women in

Harvard’s Kennedy School of At the first Institute meeting, Somalia have been active in post- Government. Hunt is chair of Cheryl Benard of the Boltzmann conflict reconstruction, they are “Women Waging Peace,” an ini- Institute in Vienna noted that hampered in their efforts by lack tiative that will bring together 100 because women typically are less of education, lack of funding, and women leaders from 10 major involved in the public sector, their difficulty in transportation and conflict areas December 5–18 at communication. Other conference The Kennedy School. participants said many emerging During the Harvard confer- local women leaders don’t speak ence, the Institute’s Training English, which hinders their abil- Program, headed by George ity to network with women lead- Clockwise: Ward, with the assistance of ers outside of their culture and to Institute executive vice president communicate with the interna- Deepa Ollapally Harriet Hentges and training tional community and the media. and Swanee staff, will provide a three-day Tara Sonenshine, special Hunt coalition building program that adviser to the Institute and former will include facilitated dialogues See Women, page 10 Courtney among participants. Mireille After the Women and O’Connor and Peacebuilding meeting, the Mae C. King Institute sponsored a related meeting Jennifer on September 29 Schirmer and on “International Tara Sonenshine Criminal Justice: Sexual Violence as a War Crime.” That event featured Martina Vandenberg of 10 he Institute's board of Tdirectors has selected the Women & Pea c e b u i l d i n g 1999–2000 senior fellows (resi- Continued from page 10 dent awards) and peace scholars (non-resident awards) in the Martina Jennings Randolph Program Vandenberg for International Peace. and Gale Mattox SENIOR FELLOWS

Daniel Benjamin, director for transnational threats, National Security Council, “U.S. Responses to Genocide,” in residence December 1999–September 2000

Keith Brown, Department of Anthropology, University of Wales, “Accommodating Identities in Macedonia: Lessons for Conflict editor at ABC’s Nightline, noted Indeed, some warring factions Resolution in Multiethnic Societies,” in residence October 1999–July 2000 that the mainstream media is use the rape of women as a major changing dramatically, in part weapon, one that seeks to Cengiz Candar, columnist, Sabah, due to the Internet. Instead of degrade women and to disrupt or Istanbul, “Toward Democracy with Islam: women trying to get coverage destroy personal integrity and Turkey in the 21st Century,” in residence October 1999–July 2000 from “the old boys’ news net- family and communal life. work,” women should instead “Violence against women in war Stojan Cerovic, columnist, Vreme, focus on creating “a new girls’ is linked to the acceptance of vio- Belgrade, “Yugoslavia after the Kosovo news network.” lence against women in civil life,” Conflict,” in residence February– November 2000 Participants agreed that the Rubin noted at the Institute con- U.S. government, in part through ference on sexual violence. Tony Coady, Department of Philosophy, the design and funding of inter- Although there are now laws University of Melbourne, “The Ethics of national programs, needs to against domestic violence in Military Intervention,” in residence October 1999–March 2000 make the empowerment of many countries and rape is offi- women central to all policies cially designated as a war crime, Carol Giacomo, State Department relating to conflict prevention, prosecution is difficult and, in correspondent, Reuters, “Economic Strategy in U.S. Foreign Policy,” in management, and resolution and the case of war crimes, convic- residence October 1999–July 2000 to post-conflict reconstruction. tions are rare, Vandenberg They urged the U.S. govern- added. In Bosnia, for example, Kemal Kurspahic, former editor-in-chief, ment to help build structures in “there have been so few arrests Oslobodjenje, Sarajevo, “Voices of Hatred, Voices of Tolerance: The Media in post-conflict societies that will [for rape]. Most perpetrators are Bosnian Conflict and Reconciliation,” in enhance women’s political absolutely free and there is no residence October 1999–July 2000 activism, skill development, and political will to carry out arrests.” economic power. On the positive side, women vic- Princeton Lyman, former ambassador to South Africa and former assistant tims of rape she recently inter- secretary for international organizations, Violence against Women viewed in Kosovo say they will U.S. Department of State, “The United testify against their attackers. States’ Role in South Africa’s Transition Many participants noted that They have “extremely high hopes to Democracy,” in residence October 1999–July 2000 “tradition” or “custom” are often for prosecution,” she said. used in some cultures to justify “Women now expect men [who Ahmad Moussalli, Department of violence against women with have raped] to be prosecuted. Political Studies, American University of impunity. Such violence ranges . . . They want to see these men Beirut, “Individual Liberty, Civil Society and Limited Government in Popular from domestic abuse to the use of behind bars.” Islam vs. the Authoritarianism of the rape as punishment and intimi- Islamic State,” in residence October dation by governments and war- 1999–July 2000 ring factions. Oyeleye Oyediran, Department of Political Science, University of Lagos, “Democracy vs. Military Authoritarianism 11 in Nigeria,” in residence October Sh o r t Tak es 1999–July 2000 Arjuna Parakrama, dean of the Faculty of Training Strengthens Democratic Systems in Caribbean Arts, University of Colombo, “Resisting and Latin Countries the Crossfire: The Dual Identity of Border Village Communities in Sri hirty-five representatives from 17 Caribbean and Central Lanka’s Ethnic War,” in residence TAmerican states and Colombia attended a training seminar, October 1999–July 2000 “Enhancing Conflict Analysis and Management Skills: Tools for Strengthening Democratic Systems” offered by the U.S. Institute of Tamara Siverteseva, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Peace June 23–30 in the Dominican Republic. The Institute collabo- “The Quest for National Identity in the rated with the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, the North Caucasus,” in residence October Organization of American States, and the Pontificia Universidad 1999–July 2000 Catolica Madre y Maestra in Santo Domingo to present the program, PEACE SCHOLARS which was designed by Institute program officer Lewis Rasmussen. George Ward, director of the Training Program, and Margarita Jeffrey Albert, Department of Studemeister, director of the Institute’s Jeannette Rankin Library, Environmental Studies, Yale University, assisted with the training. “The Science and Politics of Water “The emphasis was on developing capacities for conflict prevention Reclamation in Israel, Jordan, and Palestine: Implications for Regional and management through building skills in negotiation, mediation, Peace” conflict analysis and policy planning, and systems design,” Rasmussen

says. “The seminar allowed people from very different professional and D’Arcy Brissman, Department of History, national backgrounds to explore the application of best practices by Duke University, “ 'Democracy by Drill sharing experiences with one another across a wide range of situations and Harrow': Haitian Civil-Military related to the promotion of democratic public life.” Relations and U.S. Occupation, 1915–34”

Participants included community activists, government officials, Stuart Douglas, Department of military officers, and educators. Case studies, working groups, role Anthropology, Rice University, “The plays, and simulation exercises allowed participants to test principles Cultural Politics of Reconciliation: An and concepts and refine techniques in a highly professional and realis- Ethnography of Reparation and Rehabilitation in Contemporary South tic environment. Africa”

Teachers Tackle Kosovo Online Elise Giuliano, Department of Political ome 25 high school social studies teachers from around the country Science, University of Chicago, “Paths to the Decline of Nationalism: Ethnic participated in a hands-on computer simulation on Kosovo at the S Politics in Russia” Institute’s Summer Institute for Secondary School Teachers August 2–7. Researchers at the University of Maryland developed the comput- Gregory Maney, Department of er simulation. Sociology, University of Wisconsin, “Transnational Networks and Ethnic The weeklong program, “International Peace, Security, and Mobilization: Origins of the Troubles in Conflict Management,” was organized by Jeffrey Helsing, program Northern Ireland” officer in the Institute’s Education Program. The seminar included presentations by 25 experts in international relations, conflict manage- Mark Mullenbach, Department of Political Science, University of Arizona, ment, teaching methods, and electronic research methods, including “Third Party Interventions in Intrastate Institute staff and current and former senior fellows. Disputes”

Paula Pickering, Department of Political Science, University of Michigan, “Minority Choices in Postwar Bosnia- GET ON OUR LISTSERV FOR Herzegovina” UPCOMING EVENTS AND PUBLICATIONS Jeremi Suri, Department of History, Yale University, “Failed Peace: Détente and Dissent, 1958–72” A new U.S. Institute of Peace listserv—Pingme—is now informing subscribers of upcoming Institute events and publications. To subscribe, send an Nicole Watts, Department of Political e-mail to [email protected]. Leave the subject line blank, Science, University of Washington, “Ethnic Allies and State Power: Kurdish- and in the body of the message type: State Relations in the Middle East” Subscribe pingme [] 12 In s t i t u t e Peo p l e

JON ALTERMAN, program officer the secretary of defense, advise Rights” at American University in the Research and Studies the university on programs and on July 19. Program, moderated a discussion priorities. Crocker will serve for of “The Arab World: Looking to three years. His op-ed on regional DEEPA OLLAPALLY, program officer the Future” at the Secretary of conflict in Africa appeared in the in the Grant Program, was the State's Open Forum on June 30. New York Times on August 6. keynote speaker at the Regional He also published book reviews in Workshop on “Women in Middle East Insight and the PATRICK M. CRONIN, director International Security: International Journal of Middle of the Research and Studies Exploring South Asian East Studies. Program, published an article Initiatives,” held at the National on “The Next Kosovo” in the Institute of Advanced Studies, SAL L Y BLA I R , program officer in July/August issue of Bangalore, India, on July 29. She the Jennings Randolph fellowship International Economy. also discussed “Strategic Culture program, discussed “Career and Conceptions: Convergence Transitions: The Fellowship Board member Father Ted and Divergence in Indo-U.S. Option” at a meeting hosted by Hesburgh recently received two Relations” at Jawaharlal Nehru the Women's Foreign Policy honorary degrees, one from the University's School of Group, Washington, D.C., on State University of New York's International Studies in New June 17. She participated in a Institute of Technology at Utica- Delhi on August 3. panel discussion of “Careers in Rome on May 8, and the other International Security” at the from Connecticut College, New LEWIS RASMUSSEN, program officer Tenth Annual Summer London, Conn., on May 29. in the Training Department, vis- Symposium for Graduate Students Hesburgh now holds 141 hon- ited Bosnia-Herzegovina in in International Affairs hosted by orary degrees. September to meet with interna- Women in International Security tional and national officials work- in Annapolis, Md., on June 11. HEATHER KERR-STEWART, educa- ing on training police, including tion specialist in the Education Jacques Klein, United Nations JOHN CRIST, program officer in Program, is serving on the advi- special representative of the secre- the Jennings Randolph fellowship sory committee for the American tary general, and Sredoje Novic, program, was elected as a repre- Foreign Service Association's minister of the interior for sentative to the Council of the National High School Essay Republika Srpska. Rasmussen Peace, War, and Social Conflict Contest. She is developing essay also met with training staff of the Section of the American contest questions, reviewing Organization for Security and Sociological Association in July. guidelines, and suggesting Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) The position runs for three years, resources. In August she present- to assess needs for a training the 1999–2002. Crist co-authored ed and discussed Institute of Institute will conduct in late with John D. McCarthy and Peace classroom teaching materi- November and early December Clark McPhail a chapter on als during an “Educational for international and national “The Diffusion and Adoption of Material Exchange” session of a OSCE staff. Public Order Management conference of the Gifted and Systems” in Social Movements in a Talented Programs, held in DAVID SMOCK, director of the Globalizing World, published by Istanbul, Turkey. Grant Program, discussed the role St. Martin's Press in April. of the United States Institute of DEBRA LIANG-FENTON, program Peace in international peacemak- Board chairman CHESTER A. officer in the Research and ing at the Festival of Arts and CROCKER has been selected to Studies Program, discussed Ideas in New Haven, Conn., on serve on National Defense “Human Rights Policy” at a grad- July 20. The event was sponsored University's board of visitors. uate seminar on “Humanitarian- by the United Nations Board members, who are vetted ism and Its Discontents: An Association and the Interfaith by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Advanced Seminar on Human Cooperative Ministries. 13 Video Teleconference Focuses on Indonesia’s Future SCOTT SNYDER, program officer in the Research and Studies mong its many challenges, the new government in Indonesia needs Program, at the invitation of the Ato fundamentally reassess its relationship to local government, says Taiwan Research Institute, Stanley O. Roth, assistant secretary of state for East Asian and Pacific attended a conference on the affairs. While former president Suharto favored strong central control, U.S.-Japan Security Alliance and the opportunity exists now to let local governments address problems Asia-Pacific Security, held in locally, which is “potentially a means of holding the country together.” Taiwan on July 18–22. Roth offered Washington’s perspective on Indonesia’s future at a Conference participants met with video teleconference with a select group of Indonesian scholars, politi- President Lee Teng-hui and cians, and other leading members of journalists Taiwan’s government. on August 5. Th e Left to right: RICHARD H. SOLOMON, president un i q u e Daniel of the Institute, discussed ha l f - d a y Blumberg, “Making Peace in the New di a l o g u e , Richard Century” at Congregation “I n d o n e s i a ’ s Solomon, Beth El of Bethesda, Md., on Future: Patrick Cronin, September 20. He was the con- Unity or and Stanley gregation’s High Holiday speaker Fr a g m e n - Roth. in honor of Yom Kippur. He gave a similar talk at the Concord–St. Andrew’s United Methodist Church in Bethesda on October 10.

TARA SONENSHINE, special adviser to the Institute, moderated a dis- cussion of women’s lives in the 20th century, sponsored by Women of Washington and Washingtonian magazine on August 4. The event, “A Century of Change: Celebrating Women’s Lives,” featured a panel discussion by several prominent tation?” was sponsored by the U.S. Institute of Peace in cooperation with Above: women of their groundbreaking the Center for the Study of Peace and Security at the University of Gadjah An audience of experiences in medicine, physics, Mada in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and the U.S. Information Agency. experts watches and organized religion. Patrick Cronin, director of the Institute’s Research and Studies the participants Program, organized the event. In Indonesia, Ichlasul Amal, rector of in the dialogue the University of Gadjah Mada, moderated the discussion, which on video screens focused on the forces of fragmentation and mechanisms for preserving at the U.S. unity in Indonesia. Information Panelists in Washington included Institute board chairman Chester Agency. A. Crocker of Georgetown University, Asna Husin of the World Conference on Religion and Peace, Peter Lewis of American University, Adam Schwarz of the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, Richard H. Solomon, president of the Institute of Peace, and Institute board member Scott Thompson of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. 14 he Institute’s board of direc- and minority rights. Dapo Olorunyomi. Herzegovina. Through television and Ttors recently approved the $35,000. radio programming, engage the mayors of following grants. Tuzla, Brcko, and Brcko-Ravne in a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY, dialogue to enhance public understanding Washington, D.C. Examine the escalation of and stimulate debate on human rights of war and the possible paths to peace in and democracy building. Zlatko Berbic. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION, Colombia. Assess the impact of the drug $25,000. Washington, D.C. Examine American trade on political violence, explore and Chinese positions on major environmental issues in the context of SALVE REGINA UNIVERSITY, PELL international issues including the role negotiations of civil wars and guerrilla CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL of nuclear weapons, use of force by insurgencies, and develop new approaches RELATIONS AND PUBLIC POLICY, international organizations, alliances, to conflict resolution and development. Newport, R.I. Explore ways in which the and nonproliferation. R. Bates Gill. Marc W. Chernick. $22,000. United States and the international $35,000. community can promote national GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY, reconciliation in Cuba and its CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND Washington, D.C. Analyze the prospects reintegration into the international INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (CSIS), of a U.S. grand strategy for managing the community. Alberto R. Coll. $40,000. Washington, D.C. Assess emerging North transition from unipolarity to a world of African–European conflict situations and multiple centers of power, including an SEEDS OF PEACE, New York. Develop an the potential role for preventive diplomacy inquiry into past power transitions that educational, interactive CD-ROM toward their resolution; examine key occurred peacefully. Charles Kupchan. program based on the experiences of Arab states, their interactions in NATO, the $38,000. and Israeli youth who have participated in EU, and the OSCE, and U.S. policy in the Seeds of Peace summer camp program the region. William H. Lewis. $30,000. GLOBAL YOUTH CONNECT, for use in classrooms in the Middle East. Cambridge, Mass. Conduct a three-week Michael Wallach. $30,000. CONCILIATION RESOURCES, London. training and education project for 20–30 Assess progress in peacemaking between young human rights activists to explore UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Azerbaijan and Armenia over Nagorno- broader global frameworks and stimulate Vancouver, Canada. Analyze the domestic Karabakh five years after the cease-fire the cross-fertilization of ideas; develop a forces in North Korea that help shape its signed in 1994. Thomas de Waal. training manual for international human policy toward the United States, $36,000. rights promotion. Jennifer Kloes. $35,000. considering North Korea’s ideology, power relations, and domestic constraints. CORRYMEELA COMMUNITY, Northern INSTITUTE OF WORLD AFFAIRS, Kyung-Ae Park. $30,000. Ireland. Support 90 Northern Irish Zagreb, Croatia. Support a training community workers and international program based at three Centers for Civic UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE, peace activists engaged in mediation and Cooperation, located in Vinkovic in Irvine, Calif. Hold a conference to bring conflict resolution to help sustain the Eastern Croatia and in Gradacac and together third-party conflict analysts and movement toward a permanent peace; Odzak in Bosnia-Herzegovina, to foster parties from conflicts to gain a better includes a summer school and workshops confidence- and consensus-building and understanding of the efficacy of unofficial aimed at building skills in conflict conflict resolution skills among local diplomacy; compare cases from the management, increasing self-confidence, leaders. Max Primorac. $30,000. Middle East, Northern Ireland, Bosnia, and establishing support networks. Colin Abkhazia-Georgia, and Transdniestria- Craig. $38,000. LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS Moldova. Paula Garb. $32,000. AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, England. ETHICS AND PUBLIC POLICY CENTER, Investigate the strategies employed by the UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, Washington, D.C. Examine the impact of Mozambique government and Cincinnati, Ohio. Train college and nuclear weapons on strategic and regional international donors to facilitate the university professors in the use of stability; consider the debates over the H- reintegration of former combatants into information-age technology in teaching bomb, arms control treaties, and the civilian society following Mozambique’s international conflict resolution online, recent acquisition of nuclear and missile civil war. J. Christopher Alden. $16,402. including how to evaluate student learning capability by India and Pakistan. Ernest using these new technologies. Howard B. W. Lefever. $10,000. MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF Tolley. $35,000. TECHNOLOGY, Cambridge, Mass. FEDERATION OF AMERICAN Explore the potential impacts of Japanese UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Notre SCIENTISTS FUND, Solna, Sweden. economic changes domestically and Dame, Ind. Explore how political Assess existing mechanisms of technology internationally, with a focus on institutions have acted as levers of conflict transfers relevant to the Biological and implications for the U.S.-Japan security management in divided societies, and how Toxin Weapons Convention; develop an alliance. David Asher. $37,000. institutions of divided or plural societies inventory of potential transfers ranging can be engineered to help bring about from vaccines to intellectual property MEDIATION NETWORK FOR intercommunal accommodation and rights. Jean-Pascal Zanders, Dorothy NORTHERN IRELAND, Belfast, Northern strengthened democracy. Andrew Preslar. $38,000. Ireland. Provide a training program for Reynolds, Scott Mainwaring. $38,000. clergy and lay members of churches in FUND FOR PEACE, PANOS INSTITUTE, Northern Ireland to enhance the capacity UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS, Washington, D.C. Develop training of churches to address intra-church, inter- Scotland. Explore the causes, materials and organize roundtables aimed church, and church-community conflicts. characteristics, and consequences of at developing and promoting improved Doug Baker. $40,000. suicide terrorism, focusing on South Asia strategies within the Nigerian media for and the Middle East. Rohan Gunaratna. reporting on diversity, ethnic relations, RADIO KAMELEON, Tuzla, Bosnia and $25,000. ecent projects funded by the Institute’s Grant Program have produced 15 WASHINGTON OFFICE ON LATIN AMERICA, Washington, D.C. Support a Rbooks that span a wide range of issues and regions. To order the series of conferences on conflict resolution books, please contact the publisher listed below or your local bookstore. in the Andes, focusing particular attention on ongoing political violence and peace Building Peace in Haiti by Chetan Kumar (Lynne Rienner and the International Peace initiatives in Colombia and efforts to Academy, 1998) promote democracy in Peru and peace Details the history of the Haitian conflict, assessing attempts to resolve it and offer- with its neighbors. Cynthia McClintock, ing recommendations for peacebuilding. Coletta Youngers. $36,000. Cambodia and the International Community edited by Frederick Z. Brown and David WOODROW WILSON G. Timberman (Asia Society, 1998) INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR Analyzes the key issues confronting Cambodia since the 1991 Paris Agreements for SCHOLARS, Washington, D.C. Focusing peacebuilding, including reconciliation, sustainable economic development, prospects for on Afghanistan, evaluate alternative democracy, and the role of the international community. approaches taken by international relief Choices for the 21st Century: Defining Our Role in a Changing World by The Watson organizations to promote human rights Institute for International Studies (Brown University, 1998) while delivering humanitarian assistance A citizen’s handbook introducing critical foreign policy challenges and choices facing under conditions that intrinsically the United States in the post–Cold War period in an effort to engage the public in a dia- jeopardize those rights. Patricia Gossman. logue on contested policy issues. $39,600. Coercive Inducement and the Containment of International Crises by Donald C. F. WOODROW WILSON Daniel and Bradd Hayes with Chantal de Jonge Oudraat (United States Institute of INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR Peace Press, 1999) SCHOLARS, Washington, D.C. Assess Explores UN operations in Somalia, Rwanda, Bosnia, and Haiti and considers the NATO’s and the OSCE’s conflict efficacy of diplomacy based more on the demonstration of military force than the use of prevention, resolution, and peacekeeping force, and suggests operational guidelines drawn from these cases. capabilities and develop recommendations to improve their ability to prevent conflict Comparative Peace Processes in Latin America edited by Cynthia J. Arnson (Woodrow and preserve stability. William H. Hill. Wilson Center Press and Stanford University Press, 1999) $30,000. Analyzes events that have facilitated or impeded negotiated settlements of internal armed conflicts in Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Peru. WORLD VISION, Sarajevo, Bosnia- Constitutionalizing Globalization: The Postmodern Revival of Confederal Herzegovina. Develop and implement Arrangements by Daniel Elazar (Rowman and Littlefield, 1998) projects to enhance positive interaction between the local communities in Brcko Analyzes the spread of federalism and federal arrangements around the world, sug- and the police force and strengthen gesting the need for the development of a constitutional order that would take into participation of minority returnees in the account economic globalization and concern for human rights. formal education system, particularly Democratization and Ethnic Peace: Patterns of Ethnopolitical Crisis Management in through parent-teacher associations. Juliet the Post-Soviet Settings by Airat R. Aklaev (Ashgate, 1999) Stein. $38,000. Discusses ethnopolitical conflict in Estonia, Lithuania, Moldova, and the Russian Federation and the relationship between democracy building and conflict management. YALE UNIVERSITY, New Haven, Conn. Assess the experience of the United Ethiopia and the Middle East by Haggai Erlich (Lynne Rienner, 1994) Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) An analysis of the main meeting points in the political and strategic histories of established to investigate and eliminate Ethiopia and the Middle East over nearly 2000 years. Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction; explore UNSCOM’s successes and failures FDI in China: An Asian Perspective by Yasheng Huang (Institute of Southeast Asian and its utility as a model for future UN Studies, 1998) weapons inspection and elimination Assesses China’s foreign direct investment (FDI) performance in comparison to sev- programs. Jean E. Krasno, James Sutterlin. eral other Asian countries, focusing on the policymaking and institutional factors behind $35,000. the huge Chinese demand for FDI, and the costs associated with such a drive. In the Land of Poverty: Memoirs of an Indian Family, 1947–1997 by Siddharth Dube (Zed Books, 1998) Explores the relationship between poverty, conflict, and social change in contempo- rary India, particularly as they relate to caste, religion, and ethnicity, through the experi- ences of one Indian family across generations.

Korea and Its Futures: Unification and the Unfinished War by Roy Richard Grinker (St. Martin’s Press, 1998) Examines the prospects for peace on the Korean peninsula within the broader social and cultural contexts, and suggests that a fundamental obstacle to peace lies in the nature of South Korea’s definition of its cultural, economic, and political identities largely in opposition to North Korea.

Mozambique: UN Peacekeeping in Action, 1992–94 by Richard Synge (United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997) Describes and analyzes the implementation of the Mozambique peace accords by the UN and other international actors. he following Institute publications Tare available free of charge. Write to from the Institute’s Office of Communications, call 202-429-3832, or check out our web page at www.usip.org. ✔ Building Security in Post–Cold War NToN order,ee callww 800-868-8064 uu ss ii pp pprr ee ss ss Eurasia: The OSCE and U.S. Foreign (U.S. only) or 703-661-1590 Policy, by P. Terrence Hopmann (Peaceworks no. 31, September 1999) ✔ Post-Genocidal Reconciliation: Building Peace in Rwanda and Burundi, by John Prendergast and Herding Cats David Smock (Special Report, Multiparty Mediation in a September 1999) Complex World ✔ Teaching Guide on the U.S. Response Edited by Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler to the Changing Nature of International Conflict (National Peace Hampson, and Pamela Aall Essay Contest, August 1999) ✔ Putting Humpty Dumpty Together: Offers Reconstructing Peace in the Congo, ■ in-depth studies of multiparty mediation by John Prendergast and David ■ behind-the-scenes accounts of mediators Smock (Special Report, August 1999) ■ conceptual frameworks ✔ New Approaches to International ■ practicable lessons Negotiation and Mediation: Findings from USIP-Sponsored Research, An illustrious cast of practitioners here describe their personal experiences in edited by Timothy D. Sisk working to bring peace in significant conflicts across four continents. In each of (Peaceworks no. 30, August 1999) the two dozen cases examined in this volume, mediation was a multiparty effort, ✔ The Politics of Famine in North involving a range of actors—individuals, states, international organizations, and Korea, by Andrew Natsios (Special NGOs—working simultaneously or sequentially. Report, August 1999) Contents ✔ Training to Promote Conflict Management: USIP-Assisted Training Part I. Multiparty Mediation: Concepts, Issues, Strategies, and Actors Projects, edited by David Smock Part II. Conflict Prevention and Management (Peaceworks no. 29, July 1999) Part III. Ending Violent Conflict: The Road to Settlement Part IV. Settlement and Implementation ✔ U.S. Human Rights Policy: A 20-Year Conclusion Assessment (Special Report, June 1999) Selected contributors ✔ The Challenge of Regional Max van der Stoel, Harold Saunders, James A. Baker III, Richard Holbrooke, Cooperation in Central Asia: Alvaro de Soto, Luigi R. Einaudi, Jan Egeland Preventing Ethnic Conflict in the Ferghana Valley, by Anara November 1999 ■ now 768 pp.! ■ 6 x 9 Tabyshalieva (Peaceworks no. 28, $29.95 (paper) ■ 1-878379-92-5 June 1999) $55.00 (cloth) ■ 1-878379-93-3

Nonprofit Org. U.S. Postage PAID Washington, DC United States Institute of Peace Permit No. 2806 1200 17th Street NW, Suite 200 Washington, DC 20036-3011

ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED