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An Ethnohistorical Study in the Socioeconomic Underdevelopment University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2002 As long as water falls| An ethnohistorical study in the socioeconomic underdevelopment and cultural identity of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes| Using the events leading up to and surrounding the construction and future control of the Kerr Dam William F. Arnold The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Arnold, William F., "As long as water falls| An ethnohistorical study in the socioeconomic underdevelopment and cultural identity of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes| Using the events leading up to and surrounding the construction and future control of the Kerr Dam" (2002). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1606. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1606 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University of Montana Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. =*Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature** Yes, I grant permission No, I do not grant pe Author's Signature: Date: fTA //^ 2^ Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only \\ ith the author's explicit consent. 8/98 As Long As Water Falls: An Elhnohistorical Study in the Socioeconomic Underdevelopment and Cultural Identity of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes; Using the Events Leading up to and Surrounding the Construction and Future Control of the Kerr Dam. Bv William F. Arnold B. A. Philosophy. Elizataethtown College. 1992 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology The Universitv of Montana May 18. 2002 Approved by: Dean Graduate School 4- 3- Date UMI Number: EP35086 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT OisMTtation PiiblistMng UMI EP35086 Published by ProQuest LLC (2012). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code uesf ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Arnold, William F., M.A., May 2002 Anthropology As Long As Water Falls: An Ethnohistorical Study in the Socioeconomic Underdevelopment and Cultural Identity of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes: Using the Events Leading up to and Surrounding the Construction and Future Control of the Kerr Dam. Chairman: Gregory R. Campben^ Other than the great limber stands of the Menominees and the Klamaths, and the rich oil fields of the Osages, the Place of the Falling Waters on the Flathead River just below Flathead Lake in western Montana, represented the most desireable and potentially profitable resource left to the American Indians by the white man, on tribal lands, after the establishment of the reservation system in the nineteenth century The white man s desire to own, exploit, and profit from these falls, and their potential hydroelectric energy, the last of the lucrative resources left to his Indian brothers, created the perfect setting to play out one of the biggest and baddest chapters in the story of socioeconomic underdevelopment, and forced indigenous enculturation, through colonialism and capitalism, in our nation s history. The stories of the domination of Indian peoples by Europeans certainly contains common themes which are not unfamiliar to those with even a modest awareness of history. This particular story is no exception in this regard. However, its script does contain rather unique characters and surprises in the plot. On the one hand, it epitomizes the imperialistic methods for conquering America s indigeneous peoples. On the other hand, it represents a success story in the perserverence of collective cultural identity, socioeconomic independence, sovereignty, and self-determination. The history of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes involves enculturation through missionaries, boarding schools, domestication, capitalist economics, the establishment of a reservation, the allotment of lands, the selling of surplus reservation lands, and later, white settlement of the reservation; all permitted by a paternalistic government, self-appointed as financial trustee and political gaurdian over its unwilling wards. Conversely, it has happened on a picturesque reservation, in an isolated region, rich in natural resources, the battle over which involved corrupt government officials, a transnational corporation, a power monopoly, locally solicited competition threatening that monopoly, support from national Indian lobbyists, dissent from local intrest groups: and an Indian nation, vanquished, but growing in political awareness and sophistication. For its commonality, as well as its eccentricity, it is a story worthy of recognition. ii TARl.E OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 The Theory of Underdevelopment, the Method of Ethnohistory. and Their Application in This Thesis 1 Preliminary Theoretical Tenets 1 Development and Underdevelopment 4 Socioeconomic Underdevelopment in the Americas 11 Introduction to Ethnohistory 14 The Founding of the Discipline of Ethnohistory 15 Patching the Cracks in the Practice of Ethnohistory 17 Reconstructing the Approach of Ethnohistory 24 Current Trends in Anthropological History 27 Methods 28 CHAPTER 2 Pre-reservation History and Underdevelopment in the Early Reservation Years: 1855-1926 32 The Pre-reservation Histories of the Confederated Tribes 33 The Hell Gate Treaty of 1855 45 The Early Reservation Years; Broken Promises and Corruption 49 The Flathead Allotment Act of 1904 53 The Opening of the Reservation to White Settlement 59 The Flathead Irrigation Project 62 CHAPTER 3 The Battle for the Federal License to Develop. Operate, and Exploit Flathead Power Site No. 1: 1926-1930 69 The Power Monopoly 73 First Solution: Confiscation Through a Secret Agreement 74 Second Solution: Partial Confiscation 80 First Attempt at Complete Confiscation Thwarted 86 Competition to the Power Monopoly is Introduced 89 The Power Monopoly is Threatened 91 The Indian Voice is Finally Heard 93 The Power Monopoly Increases Its Offers: The Indians Settle 97 The Rocky Mountain Power Company; A Dummy Corporation 102 CHAPTER 4 The Construction of Kerr Dam: A Monument to Underdevelopment: 1930-1939 107 The Newspapers Tell a Different Story 109 iii Construction to Begin Immediately 113 Another Survey of the Conditions of the Indians is Called For 118 The Lease Goes into Default 121 The Tribes Renew Lease Agreement on Their Terms 122 Construction Efforts Are Accelerated 125 Construction is Completed 128 The Independence and Sovereignty of a People is Overshadowed 133 CHAPTER 5 Further Dam Construction and the Latest Battle for the Control of the Power Site: 1939-1985 137 Further Construction of Kerr Dam 140 Montana Power Fails to Pay Rent on Time 143 Other Legal Battles Occuring Simultaneously During the 1970 s 146 The Battle Over the Relicensing of Kerr Dam 152 The Final Arguments Are Presented 162 The Kerr Dam Relicensing is Settled 167 CHAPTER 6 Final Mitigation on the Environmental Impacts of K^err Dam, Summary, and Conclusion: 1983-2002 172 The Perpetual Battle With Montana Power Over Money 174 Controversy at the Local Level Delays Mitigation Proceedings 176 The Interior Department s 4(e) Conditions Accelerates Mitigation 180 Montana Power s Profits Falling With the Lake Level 182 Montana Power Sells Off All of its (}enerating Business 185 Final Mitigation Reached 187 Summary and Conclusion 189 WORKS CITED 196 iv This is a portion of a speech given by Frank M. Kerr, president of the Rocky Mountain and Montana Power Companies, following his adoption into the ConfederaUed Tribes, May 31, 1930, after the license to develope the Flathead power site was granted to the Rocky Mountain Power Company. The Tribes gave Mr. Kerr the Salish name A-Kult-Muc-Ouait, meaning "Light" (White Man 1930; Kerr Adopted 1984). It is a great pleasure for me to meet you and your people today here in your home land, at this place of falling water, where water has fallen idly for ages, the gift of the great Creator. It is only yesterday, as time goes, that our progress has made it possible to put this falling water to work for your people and my people. It has been my pleasure to represent my people at Washington, and I think more than some will admit, your people also. It has been decided that my people make this great development of your property; make use of this idle water for you and all who may be able to use its power. If it shall fall upon me to carry on this work, I ask that you send your young men to help, that you come and set up your tepees and visit us when you can, and watch the great work grow. There have been differences of opinion as to who should do this work. I trust now all will join to make it a great success. It has been said that others would bring industries to the site. I think that no one is better able than we, to do this desirable thing for all concerned. I want to thank you and your people for all your kindness.
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