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Bi-Directional Transformation Between Normalized Systems Elements and Domain Ontologies in OWL

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Bi-Directional Transformation Between Normalized Systems Elements and Domain Ontologies in OWL Bi-directional Transformation between Normalized Systems Elements and Domain Ontologies in OWL Marek Suchanek´ 1 a, Herwig Mannaert2, Peter Uhnak´ 3 b and Robert Pergl1 c 1Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thakurova´ 9, Prague, Czech Republic 2Normalized Systems Institute, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, Antwerp, Belgium 3NSX bvba, Wetenschapspark Universiteit Antwerpen, Galileilaan 15, 2845 Niel, Belgium Keywords: Ontology, Normalized Systems, Transformation, Model-driven Development, Ontology Engineering, Software Modelling. Abstract: Knowledge representation in OWL ontologies gained a lot of popularity with the development of Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, Semantic Web, and Linked Open Data. OWL ontologies are very versatile, and there are many tools for analysis, design, documentation, and mapping. They can capture concepts and categories, their properties and relations. Normalized Systems (NS) provide a way of code generation from a model of so-called NS Elements resulting in an information system with proven evolvability. The model used in NS contains domain-specific knowledge that can be represented in an OWL ontology. This work clarifies the potential advantages of having OWL representation of the NS model, discusses the design of a bi-directional transformation between NS models and domain ontologies in OWL, and describes its implementation. It shows how the resulting ontology enables further work on the analytical level and leverages the system design. Moreover, due to the fact that NS metamodel is metacircular, the transformation can generate ontology of NS metamodel itself. It is expected that the results of this work will help with the design of larger real-world applications as well as the metamodel and that the transformation tool will be further extended with additional features which we proposed. 1 INTRODUCTION et al., 2015). As ontologies are crucial in current soft- ware engineering, a discipline of ontology engineer- Ontologies are widely used in the software engi- ing is becoming more prominent(Hitzler et al., 2016). neering domain to describe the meaning of data in Normalized Systems (NS) theory (Mannaert et al., a machine-actionable and yet flexible format (Bha- 2016) targets the evolvability of systems as fine- tia et al., 2016). The usage of ontologies and re- grained modular structures. Although the theory is lated technologies such as the Web Ontology Lan- applicable to various domains, for example, civil en- guage (OWL) or the Resource Description Frame- gineering, it describes how to build evolvable-proven work (RDF) can vary – Semantic Web, integration of software using so-called Elements. The realization databases, or ontology-driven conceptual modelling. of this theory exists in the form of code expanders An ontology forms a graph of terms, their relations and related tool Prime Radiant to streamline the pro- and properties that represent knowledge of a particu- cess. Using expanders, the NS model, composed of lar domain. Graphs of different ontologies can also be Elements and related entities, is used together with connected using relations of their terms. This versatil- custom code fragments to produce the evolvable en- ity and modularity bring many exciting opportunities terprise information system. When change occurs in in terms of integrations and transformations (Isotani a model or technologies, the application can be eas- ily expanded again with the new changes. Normal- ized Systems has been applied to several real-world a https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7525-9218 b and large-scale applications (Huysmans and Verelst, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1057-6073 2013; De Bruyn, 2011; Oorts et al., 2014). c https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2980-4400 74 Suchánek, M., Mannaert, H., Uhnák, P. and Pergl, R. Bi-directional Transformation between Normalized Systems Elements and Domain Ontologies in OWL. DOI: 10.5220/0009356800740085 In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering (ENASE 2020), pages 74-85 ISBN: 978-989-758-421-3 Copyright c 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved Bi-directional Transformation between Normalized Systems Elements and Domain Ontologies in OWL Currently, two problems lie in the NS models. mote understanding and communication related to the First, NS models tie domain-specific knowledge such selected problem domain. It is primarily intended as entities, their attributes, processes, or views on en- for human beings to model the domain using spe- tities together with implementation-specific configu- cific modelling language and with a focus on certain rations such as form-rendering details, visibility of at- aspects. That, together with abstractions, helps to tributes, or timed triggers and integrations with other understand and overview the true essence (Verdonck systems. The second and related issue is the absence et al., 2015). Some of the modelling languages, e.g. of explicit compatibility or mappings with different OntoUML, are called “ontology-driven” because they modelling languages that are often used for domain are tightly related to general concepts from some up- analysis such as UML, OntoUML, ORM, or BPMN. per ontology – in case of OntoUML, it is UFO (Uni- Elimination of those issues would allow to re-use do- fied Foundation Ontology) (Guizzardi, 2005). main models from other languages and to create mod- Notwithstanding, conceptual models are intended els without the knowledge of implementation details. for humans; they are often used for other purposes In this work, we present first systematic approach as well. Some tools provide transformations of mod- of providing model interoperability of the domain- elling languages to other languages or various for- specific part of any NS model using transformation mats including OWL. The more critical part of soft- to OWL ontology and back. By choosing OWL we ware engineering related to models is model-driven open the NS model to a wide set of tools and fur- development. It uses models to automatically gener- ther ontology engineering. Bi-directionality of trans- ate code fragments, skeletons, parts of applications, formation is essential as models exist on both sides. or even complex information systems. (Embley and First, we want to transform NS models (including the Thalheim, 2012) NS metamodel itself) into ontology in OWL. On the The usual problem with model-driven develop- other hand, we may edit and compose models in OWL ment (MDD) is that it does not handle changes over using other models and ontology mappings. The gen- time well, and consistency between model and im- eral hypothesis is that if we carefully select domain- plementation is easily broken. It uses multiple lay- specific parts and expose them using OWL, it will ers of models: computation-independent, platform- (1) allow analysis and further work with the model independent, and platform-specific. MDD tries to on ontology level free from implementation details, limit the inconsistency issue but add levels of com- (2) make mappings from other modelling languages plexity to the whole process. (Tolvanen and Kelly, possible through existing OWL technologies, and (3) 2016) provide useful insights to NS metamodel. This paper starts in Section 2 by introducing rel- 2.2 Ontology Engineering evant topics with references to related work. Based on the related work, Section 3 describes the design of Ontology engineering is a discipline of computer and the bi-directional transformation and discusses vari- information science which deals with methods for de- ous options and possible outcomes. Design serves for signing and building ontologies. It covers the use its implementation that is summarized in Section 4 of various formal languages for expressing ontolo- and then evaluated in Section 6 together with propos- gies, not just OWL – but also, for example, SHACL, als of future steps. OntoUML, Gellish. The main goals are to offer a direction towards solving the inter-operability prob- lems brought about by semantic obstacles and well- 2 METHODOLOGY AND describe the knowledge of a particular domain. The RELATED WORK most often uses of ontology engineering are currently in fields of life sciences, data/system integration, and artificial intelligence. (Hitzler et al., 2016) In this section, we present overview of the most rel- evant topics related to our work. The overview pro- vides a necessary context for our approach. 2.3 Normalized Systems 2.1 Conceptual Modelling in Software Normalized Systems Theory (Mannaert et al., 2016) targets the development of highly evolvable in- Engineering formation systems where combinatorial effects are eliminated or systematically under control. The Conceptual modelling is a vital activity used in soft- book (Mannaert et al., 2016) also describes how to ware engineering as well as other domains to pro- build such software systems based on four elemen- 75 ENASE 2020 - 15th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering tary principles: Separation of Concerns, Data Version Web but also other use cases of OWL is the ability Transparency, Action Version Transparency, and Sep- to link terms from other ontologies or use ontology aration of States. It results in a fine-grained mod- mapping and alignment techniques for integration or ular structure composed of so-called Elements. To transformation of knowledge in ontologies. Ontolo- make the development of evolvable information
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