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ARTICLES

American Roots in British Soil by Joan Hockaday ...... 14 England's much emulated borders would be sadly lacking without American native plants. Our array of flora, from spring ephemerals to trees with colorful fall foliage, has been coveted from the first years of colonization to the present day.

English Roses-JoUy Good? by Rayford Reddell ...... 26 Initial skepticism about David Austin's imports gave way to admiration.

Just Dandelions by Marcia Bonta ...... 33 This common lawn invader has a vast and complicated JUNE'S COVER family tree. Photographed by Robert Galyean The plump, pink blooms of The Moonlight Garden 'Gertrude Jekyll' are characteristic by Peter Loewer ...... 37 of the English rose, which From blood on the moon to honeymoon, there's magic combines the fragrance and in the garden after dark. delicate pastels of old roses with the sturdiness and reblooming ability of modern varieties. Hybridizer David Austin created English roses to reconcile the best DEPARTMENTS of both worlds and, beginning on page 26, California rosarian Commentary ...... 4 Rayford Reddell casts a cool eye on how they fare in the Letters ...... 5 United States. Offshoots ...... 6

Book Reviews ...... 10

Classifieds ...... 43

Pronunciations ...... 46 American Horticultural Society

The American Horticultural Society seeks to promote and recognize COMMENTARY excellence in horticulture across America.

t is spring, when a young gardener's OFFICERS 1992-1993 fancy turns to bedding plants and sow­ Mr. George C. Ball Jr. ing seeds. June is also the perfect time President I West Chicago, Illinois for releasing the tropical foliage plants Mrs. Sarah S. Boasberg from their winter quarters to the fresh First Vice President breezes and sunshine of the deck, patio, or Washington, D.C. just outside the front door. The mind be­ Dr. William E. Barrick Second Vice President gins to play its seasonal tricks on the new Pine Mountain, Georgia gardeNer, allowing desires to increase in Mr. David M. Lilly volume and intensity. I assume that it does Secretary so in order to leave us in a state by mid­ St. Paul, Minnesota Mr. Gerald T. Halpin summer where we have an enormous gar­ Treasurer den planted, regardless of our ability to Alexandria, Virginia maintain it. However, we enjoy these fleet­ ing moments of horticultural richness before the combined forces of distraction, pestilence, and frustration begin to wear down both garden BOARD OF DIRECTORS and gardener, the former to a more manageable size, the latter to a more Mrs. Suzanne Bales sustainable energy level. Bronxville, New York The answer to this boom and bust approach is the creation of a plan. Dr. Sherran Blair Columbus, Ohio Admittedly, planning takes much of the fun out of gardening. Remember, Mrs. Mary Katherine Blount however, that the notion of unadulterated fun is an illusion. Furthermore, Montg0mery, Alabama if you plan for the unexpected, leaving gaps here and there or leaving an Mr. William F. Brinton MO]'lDt Vernon, Maine entire section for last-minute, chaotic overflow, you will get what you Mrs. Beverley White Dunn deserve: a garden that has a proper balance of order, whimsy, and neglect. Birmingham, Alabama The influential art critic Bernard Berenson advised artists who aspired Dr. John Alex Floyd Jr. Birmingham, Alabama to greatness to "vary the line." Emphasize one part of your garden each Mrs. Julia Hobart year. Or indulge your taste for one group of plants by reading about them Twy, Ohio and learning them extremely well through visits to gardens and nurseries. Dr. Richard L. Lower Then, when you plant your garden, your love will have been sated, and Madison, Wisconsin Mr. Elvin McDonald your tendency to go overboard muted-or rather, you will have gone H0ustom, Texas overboard with a limited group of plants. Mr. William G. PannilJ For all of those whose spring plans have been inspired by admiration of Martinsville, Virginia Mr. Lawrence V. Power the British gardening style, this month's magazine turns the perspective New York, New York around-the envy the British feel for our wealth of natives and their Dr. Julia Rappaport admi,ration of American-introduced varieties. Nothing could be more Santa Ana, California appropriate to June than moonlight and roses, and other articles in this Mrs. Flavia Redelmeier Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada issue look at both of those topics, as well as one about which most of us Mrs. Jane N. ScarH are far less romantic-dandelions. New Carlisle, Ohio Make sure that teachers in your area, from kindergarten through eighth Mrs. Josephine Shanks Houston, Texas grade, know about our National Children's Symposium, coming up August Mrs. Billie Trump 12 to 14 at the 4-H Center in Chevy Chase, Maryland. We'll have almost Alexandria, Virginia seventy speakers and presenters on topics ranging from using the garden as a Mr. Andre Viette Fishersville, Virginia living classroom for interdisciplinary education, to building collaborative Ms. Katy Moss Warner relatioflships between schools, public gardens, businesses, and community Lake Buena Vista, Florida groups, to developing horticultural programs for children with special needs. It will include a tour of wonderful new children's gardens at our River Farm EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR headquarters. We urge you to come and join us in a great summer celebration Mrs. Helen Fulcher Walutes of horticulture. See you there! -George C. Ball Jr., AHS President

4 JUNE 1993 American Horticulturist

Editor Kathleen Fisher LETTERS Managing Editor M ary Beth Wiesner Assistant Editor Chris Bright Editorial Assistant Steve Davolt Sycamores and More special. California artists are fon d of our Design Director I enj oyed B. C. Cherry's etymological di s­ syca more beca use of its wonderful shape. I Joseph Yacinski course on the sycamore (February), but it is don't know the simil ar Arizo na sycamore, Designers not complete. Referring to th e genus Morus P. racemosa var. wrightii, but it sounds Bob McCracken Reg Perry does not full y explain the origin of "syca­ wonderfu l, too. Priscilla Roth Feigen Mem bership Director more." Sycon is Greek for fig, w hile Palo Alto, California Darlene Oliver sycomoron is Greek for mulberry. With a Editorial Advisory Board touch of Latin it becomes sycomorus. Not So Heavenly Dr. Gerald S. Barad The Europeans did not have to wait "a few I read with interest Richard Peigler's article Flemington, New Jersey ce nturies" to find another sycamore in the "A Defense of Ai lanth us." There is a large John Bryan American wilderness. They already had their ma le tree-of-heaven g rowing in o ur Sausali to, California John Creech own-Platanus orientalis, the o r ie nta l neighbor'S yard not ten feet fro m our prop­ Hend ersonville, North Carolina plane-in southeast Europe and Asia M in or. erty, but it is not the flowers' unpleasant Keith Crotz Both it and the America n plane, P. oc­ odor to which I object. Chill icothe, Ill inois Panayoti Kelaidis cidentalis, were named by Lin naeus. Every year from May through August, Denver, Colorado In regard to the article o n Ailanthus, thousands of ti ny shoots sprout from the Peter Loewer w hi ch I enjoyed very much, there is another tree's root system, which reaches twenty Asheville, North Carolina Janet M. Poor member of th e Simaroubaceae that can be feet into our back yard. At least once a week Wi nnetka , JII inois grown as far north as the Arnold Arbore­ I remove these sprouts from my vegetable Dr. James E. Swasey tum. Picrasma quassioides (P. ailanthoi­ and fl ower ga rdens and mow them down in Newark, Delaware des) is more graceful than Ailanthus, is my lawn. (Li ke the tree itself, they grow slower growing, has grea t fa ll color, and is incredibly quickly.) But when they are de­ Advertising AHS Advertising Department listed for sale by Woodlanders. stroyed, the roots simply produce more. 7931 East Boulevard Drive Yo ur Fe brua ry iss ue was superb, but I O ur neighbors' yard is edged in eight-to­ Alexandria, VA 22308-1300 don't understand the pronunciati on guide twelve-foot Ailanthus. Removing one sap­ (703) 768-5700 regarding "campan ul a" a nd " pseudo­ ling ca uses severa l more to sprout from the Color Separations platanus." Yo ur re ndition is contrary to roots. And the common name of Chinese Chroma-Graphics, Inc. what is in fo ur other references. Could they sumac is no doubt due to the wood's strong Printer all be wrong? Nickolas Nickou, MD scent, which permeates the air and skin William Byrd Press, Inc.

Branford, Connecticut whenever a branch is broken. Replacement iss ues of AMERICAN HORTICULTUR - Ailanthus is a tree whose form and tena­ 1ST are available at a cost of $2.95 per copy. The cious growth habit might make it suitable opinions expressed in the arricles that appea r in No, we were asleep at the wheel. The cor­ AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST are those of the rect pronunciations should be kam-PAN­ for some locati ons (s urrounded by con­ authors and are not necessarily those of the Society. yew-luh and soo-doe-PLAT-an-us. While crete?). However, the ve ry characteri stics Botanica l nomenclature in AMERICAN HORTICUL­ TURIST is based on H ORTUS THIRD. Manllscripts, these should have been easy, some other that allow it to withstand drought and art work, and phorogra phs sent for possible publication pronunciations- particularly in regard to pollution also make it nearl y impossible to wi ll be returned if they are accompanied by a se l f~ ad­ dressed, stamped envelope. We cannot guarantee the long versus short vowels- are more chal­ contain. Anne M. Brennan safe return of unsolici ted material. lenging, since most current references are York, Pennsylvania AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST, ISSN 0096-441 7, 'is the o ffi cial publication of rhe Arncl'ican Horticultural British. The American Horticultural Soci­ Society, 7931 East Boul evard Drive, Alexandria, VA ety would like to develop a consistent and Drip During Droughts 22308-1 300, (703)768-5700, and is iss ued six times a thorough guide for this side of the Atlantic. I share Ro bert Kourik's enthusiasm for year as a magazine and six rimes a yea r as a News Edition, The America n Horticultura l Society is a non­ Other comments or suggestions should be drip irrigation ("Drip Rati onale," Febru­ profit organization dedicated to excellence in horticul· addressed to Chris Bright, assistant editor, ary), but I question his recommendatio n of rure. Membership in the Society includes a subsc ription to AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST. National mem­ at the A HS address. having the system on for small peri ods be rship dues are $4 5; twO yea rs are $80. Foreig n dues daily. During severe droughts here in Penn­ are $60. $12 of dues are designated for AM ERICAN HORTICULTURIST. Copyri ght © 1993 by the Amer­ More Sycamores sylva ni a in 1988 and 1991 people on mu­ ican Horticultural Society. Second-class postage paid As a westerner, I cannot let the "three syca­ ni cipal water supp lies were not all owed to at Alexandria, Vi rginia, and a t additional mailing of­ fi ces. PostmaSter: Please send Form 3579 to AM ERI­ mores" letter go by. One of our most bea uti­ water their yards. CAN HORTICULTURIST , 7931 East Boulevard fu l and beloved trees in California is Platanus If you watered less often, but for longer Drive, Alexandria, VA 22308- I 300. racemosa. We have "London pl ane trees " periods, the water would soak fa rther into Produced in U.S.A. too, but our Califo rnia sycamore is very the soil and Continued on page 42

AMERICAN HO RTICULTURIST 5 AHS President's Council Membership We would like to recognize the OFFSHOOTS following members for their generous contributions. Their gifts of $1,200 or more support the Society's many programs.

Mr. and Mrs. Richard C. Angino Mr. G. Carl Ball Mr. George C. Ball Jr. Vivian Elledge Ball Mrs. Alfred Bissell Dr. Sherran Blair Mrs. Mary Katherirne Blount Mrs. Sarah S. Boasberg Mrs. Elspeth G. Bobbs Mrs. Susan M. Cargill Mr. and Mrs. Glen Charles Mrs. Lammot du Pont Copeland Mrs. William R. J. Dlmn Jr. John Alex Floyd Jr., Ph.D. Mrs. Samuel M. V. Hamilton Mrs. Richa.rd W. Hamming Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Harris Mrs. Ernid A. Haupt Mrs. Julia D. Hobart What Breeders Can't Know red or yellow semaphores, and the evening Claude Hope primrose opens at nightfall its petals pale Mr. Philip Huey By Sara Stein and brilliant as the moon to summon noc­ turnal moths. Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Kulp Jr. et me introduce you to my autumn I don't know who bred the autumn Mr. and Mrs. Gordon H. Ledbetter cherry, Prunus subhirtella 'Autumn­ cherry, but friends of mine achieved a sim­ Mr. al'ld Mrs. David M. Lilly Lalis', best descri bed as a missing tooth ilar feat with azaleas. They started with a Mrs. Frances B. McAllister in the gears of time. I fell for it because it breeding stock of late-blooming azaleas, Mrs. Paul Mellol'l blooms in spring and then again in fall. But pollinated freely among them, harvested the autumn blooming is of buds set during the resulting seeds, grew them by the thou­ Mrs. Pendleton Miller summer that in normal cherries would re­ sands, selected those that bloomed latest, Carol C. Morrison main shut tight until the following spring. and continued to cross late bloomers with Mr. William G. Pannill On this ill-timed variety, buds that open in late bloomers until the offspring flowered Mr. Harry A. Rissetno fall aren't pollinated; others swell only to be weeks later than previous generations. killed by frost. Those that remain for spring They then chose those of an aesthetic qual­ Mrs. Jane N. Scarff are few . The bottom line is less than a ity that, to breeders and their customers, Josephine M. Shanks handful of cherries for the birds. What a seemed worthy of a name. Mrs. Peter Spaldirng Jr. disappointment for all involved-including This is evolution in the fast track: it took Mr. arnd Mrs. William M. Spencer III the sexually frustrated cherry tree. a mere ten years. The breeders, by giving a III timing may not be all that ails the reproductive advantage to individuals they Miss Jane Steffey autumn cherry. Integrated with the tempo­ preferred, guided the direction in which a Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Thomas ral scheme by which relationships between lineage changed over time. Mrs. Harry V. Van de Kamp plants and al'limals normally unfold are Other animals, too, have preferences. By Katy Moss Warner signaling systems that advertise the oppor­ choosing to drink from flowers that offer Mrs. Marillyn B. Wilson tunity. Thus the pollinating skunk cabbage the greatest nectar rewards, bees pollinate wafts a stinky signal to its flies, the ripe red those plants more often than they do stin­ strawberry arrests the eyes of passing mice, gier individuals. Birds select for timely nu­ vines flag down early flocking birds with trition and easy harvesting, squirrels for

6 JUNE 1993 T 0 M s E A V E R Gardener, Baseball Hall-of-Famer

Gardening is an important part of my life. I'm often out in my garden by seven. I love the smell in the air, the early morning light.

My wife Nancy gave me a bronze plaque.

It says "He who plants a garden plants happiness." That' s the way I feel.

I use Miracle-Gro to make everything in my garden look its best. I learned that secret back when I was a rookie gardener. compact packaging and keeping qualities, petals, lay them flat, hang their heads, lift and every other animal for what, in its own them. Each position advertises the location esthetic scheme of things, bestows the of the flower's nectar to a different sort of BEAUTY FROM equivalent of a name on those plants with insect arriving from below or above, and which it develops a relationship. provides it with the most convenient land­ In natural selection, many other forces ing platform. Violets also produce a secret are at work. The plant pays a cost in energy flower that stays shut, digs into the ground, BULB~ to offer nectar, and there is a point at which and fertilizes itself. Ripe seeds are pro­ the cost would be debilitating: the plant pelled far enough from the mother plant to would be unable to grow sufficient foliage, avoid competition, but not so far that they manufacture sufficient chemicals to deter land in unsuitable terrain. In case some herbivores, or supply in its seeds ~mough better spot lies beyond ballistic range, vio­ nourishment for its embryos. A glut of lets bead their seeds with fat unneeded by nectar in each flower might lessen the num­ their embryos but nourishing to ants. Ants ber visited by bees and decrease the per­ carry violet seeds to their nests, eat the fat centage of flowers pollinated. Climate, soil as we would eat an olive, and discard the chemistry, attack by herbivores and para­ pit in the rubbish heap where they also sites, competition from other plants, and dump their dung, their dead, and the rich many other subtle forces continually mold remains of rotting meals. the characteristics of each lineage. How, in developing an "improved" vio­ The plant, too, is a selector. It may favor let, could a breeder monitor in all his exper­ the bee whose proboscis is the most effi­ imental offspring the compl€xities of this cient length to reach its nectar store, or the behavioral repertoire? Plant breeders easily bird that visits regularly during fruiting read the headlines of their subjeGt's genetic season to eat its berries and plant its seeds. encyclopedia-such blatant pronounce­ The selected in turn influence the course of ments as flower size and color-but can't each other's destiny: it is not far-fetched to see the fine print of subtle adaptations, or ask whether squirrels by planting oak seeds the effects that alterations in th€ text might and birds by relieving oaks of loopers don't have on other creatures or on the whole each help to make the other possible. One environment. Nor can they be expected to: certainly can say that plant breeders tinker there is no plant in all the world for which with rather a: larger toy than they suspect scientists can claim to have unraveled all its whel'l they express their preferences. multifarious connections. I bought a group of those late-blooming Yet if wild rose blossoms are pink, single, azaleas so patiently evolved through the and bloom in June; if wild rose hips are red, efforts of my friends. Here are questions small, and hang on the canes all winter, that neither they nor I can answer: are the then planting large-hipped everblooming pastel colors that are so lovely to my eyes yellow doubles is bound to sabotage equally attractive to their pollinators? Are someone's expectations. Since a hybrid the petals, seen with a bee's ultraviolet may look the part but carry hidden defects, vision, marked with the nectar guides by I favor species. And since the genetic ency­ which flowers direct insects to their re­ clopedia plants carry was written in the ward? How much nectar does the plant historical context of their native land, I try Serving America's fmest produce, at what concentration and com­ to buy Americans. gardens for over 80 years. position of sugars, and at what time of I tell this to myself as much as anyone: day? What is the protein, starch, and vita­ When the planting bug bites-when the John Scheepers, Inc. offers the most min content of the flowers' pollen? How supermarket puts chrysanthemums on spectacular collection of flower bulbs much. pollen is there in each flower? Is the sale, when a friend offers clumps of pachy­ to enhance your garden's beauty. petal landing platform strong enough to sandra, when tea roses are in bloom at Send for FREE catalog support the harvester's weight? Is the blos­ garden centers, when books on English Send for your free color catalog som shaped for efficient harvesting? gardens catch the eye, when the latest style featuring Holland's largest selection There are many other questions one is an exotic grass, when Arbor Day re­ and finest quality of flower bulbs. might ask regarding any plant bred as an minds one of one's environmental duties­ Name: ______ornamental, about such traits as chemical think before scratching the planting itch. defenses that, by their absence, might I won't chop down my autumn cherry, Street: ______favor the reproductive success of pests and but neither will I mourn it when it dies, nor diseases, or the plant's ability to form nu­ will I replace it with a plant so stupid as to City:______~ tritional alliances with beneficial microor­ blossom out of season. ganisms in the soil, or the nature and State: ____ Zip code: ____ quality of food rewards that might be From the book Noah's Garden: Restoring offered to its seed dispersers. Or even the EGO logy of Our Own Back Yards by ;jf~'- John Scheepers, Inc. about the plant's behavior: I think, for Sara Stein, published by Houghton Mifflin P.o . Box 700 \lUlJtJ) A © ~JITSa Bantam, Connecticut 06750 example, of common violets. Company, Boston. Copyright 1993 by 20~ l~ (203) 567-0838 Violet flowers move. They rwist their Sara Stein. Reprinted by permission.

8 JU NE 1993 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY INVITES YOU TO JOIN US IN PLANTING THE FUTURE Attend the 1993 AHS Notional Symposium: "Ct" ar eo, lant s, nd GGr .e rlS: ~ Ed" OT ion ':. \ o ppo. \i nit.E S'~ \ August 12-14, 1993 • Washington, D.C. A symposium to serve as a catalyst to help create more educational gardening programs for 01/ children in grades Pre-K through 8th grade .

• Learn and discuss • Major Keynote the plants, Speakers programs and garden designs • Workshops that capture the interest of children • Tours of Children's Gardens at • Meet leading Schools, Public youth educators, Gardens and horticulturists, Community Sites garden designers, landscape • Panel Discussions architects, environmentalists, • Children's community youth Presentations leaders and other

adults (and youth) -0 • Exhibits Q) who are working to ~ § • Social Events ensure a ol:'" garden-filled future ~ for all children " Presented in collaboration with: American Horticultural Therapy Association, Brooklyn Botanic Gorden, Notional Gardening Association, The New York Botanical Gorden

For f~~~e;i~t~~i~I~;~f~:t~~tion r.PLEAS -;-S-; NO iNFo-; M -;'Ti O N "0 NTH"E'. co-sponsoring Organizations, . CHILDREN'S SY MPOSIUM 1 . please mail this coupon to AHS, Children's Symposium, • Name • 7931 E. Blvd. Dr., Alexandria, VA 22308-1300 • Address • or call TOLL FREE LJ • City State Zip • 1-800-777 -7931 cV •L. Telephone ______( ) :.J• [ 411. I Founded In 1922, the American Horticultural Society Is an educational, nan-profit. 501 (c)(3) R~ organization that recognizes and promotes excellence in American horticulture. The Society stri ves to , ., inform, educate and inspire people of all ages to become successful, environmentally responsible gardeners through the acquistion and dissemination of reliable horticultural information. BOOI( REVIEWS

THE PERMANENT METAL GARDEN LABEL Noah's Garden Sara Stein_ Houghton Mifflin Company, A- Hairpin Style Markers 30 For$12.10 3 8-Plant or Shrub Labels 100 For $ 8.20 New York, 1993, 288 pages_ 5 14" x 8ft/21f. C-Cap Style Markers 30 For $12.45 Black-and-white illustrations. Publisher's D - Swinging Style Markers 30 For $10.85 E - Rose Markers 30 For $11.40 price: hardcover, $21,95, AHS member F-Tall Display Markers 30 For $14.80 price: $18.65, G-Tall Single Staff Markers 30 For $12.40 H - Flag Style Markers 30 For $1 0.60 J - Small Plant Labels 100 For $ 7.70 K - Tie-On Labels 100 For $12.80 There are other books about how to gar­ M-Miniature Markers 30 For $1 0.65 den for wildlife, Most contain some useful Special Quantity Prices Available if ploddingly presented information, Prices Include Prepaid Postage Noah's Garden: Restoring the Ecology of

INTRODUCTORY OFFER Our Own Back Yards is in a category of its 1 Each: A, 8, C, D, E, H, J and K Wi1h own. Sara Stein sweeps us into her own Waterproof Crayon, Only $3.50 process of "unbecoming a gardener" and PAW PAW EVERLAST tells us why we should garden for wild­ LABEL COMPANY life-not just for butterflies and songbirds, P,o. Box 93-AH but for snakes and salamanders, fi.reflies Paw Paw, Michigan, 49079-0093 and snails, mice and microorganisms­ with words both heart-wrenching and wry. In My Weeds, Stein's previous book for gardeners (she has also written science TWO books for children), her experiences moti­ NEW vated her to explore the physiology of plants. But in that early gardening, she aquatic plants, mowing adjacent grass, and BOOKS says, she made many mistakes. "We didn't trapping muskrats before restocking her BY consider, when we cut down a stand of "game pond." DAVID milkweed, how many butterflies it fed." She observes that while her town has a When the family of pheasants disap­ tree ordinance, it forbids the removal of AUSTIN peared from her family's five acres, when large, alien Norway maples, which shade the frog songs fell silent, it was time to hit the ground to the exclusion of other plant These two the books again, "Anyone wishing to re­ life, and allows removal of the native sap­ new books by store a lot must go through this puttering lings that will be the next gen€ration of CI David Austin , through the literature, this wandering woods and the understory shrubs that give Old Roses and English Roses & about, this bafflement and bright surprise animals both food and shelter. "Not towns Shrub Roses and Climbing Roses, but only individuals can approach their provide encyclopedic knowledge of as when I found a nannyberry (Viburnum more than 850 ro se vari eties, from Old lentago ) where I had least expected it: land with intimate concern and under­ Roses of the 19th Century to a dozen under my nose, right b€side the driveway, standing," she concludes. new varieties introduced since 1988. passed daily for fifteen years without my Stein rejects many of the standbys of the Filled wi th color photographs, all the recognition, Nothing in ordinary garden­ fledgling "organic" gardener. Deluxe dou­ concern s of cultivation - from ing is so exciting." ble-digging, she suggests, buries two feet mul ching and pruning to pest control - Reading Mrs, William Starr Dana's writ­ underground the topsoil creatur€s that do are addressed in compl ete detail. ings from the 1890s, Stein became iNcreas­ an excellent job of rototilling on their own. Each book: PB , 225 pp, 8112 x 5 114 ingly disturbed by descriptions of meadow Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a bacterium $25.00fol" each book lilies she had never seen and bobolinks she whose encapsulated spores are sold as a had never heard. But the resources to help selective, natural insecticide, may be of Antique Collectors' Club the missing return were not so easy to find. biological origin, but it is a soil organism Market Street Industrial Park One delicious section details her inquiries with no knOWN relationship to insects. Wappingers Falls, NY 12590 to the New York State Depalftment of En­ "Researchers still have no notion of what A )lailable at fine bookstores vironmental Conservation about bringing Bt crystals are intended for in nature." or by calling (800) 252-5231 newts and tadpoles back to her pond. The And while Stein says she generally pamphlet the ageflCY sent advised killing chooses species over cultivated pia lilts and

10 JUNE 1993

nati ves over exotics, "I'm shy of ideologies that, li ke gardening itself, may by their EW beauty, gorgeous intensity and expertise narrow the gate that new colors, exotic amateurs ca n enter." fragrance and fascinating new interest She is hard to pigeonhole, and her book is are given to your even harder to put down. Gardeners are Ngarden by the addition of a fortunate that such a prose master happened Water Lily Pool. And, fortunately, every garden, to join our ranks. Some of us, reluctant to large or small, provides step off that " famili ar checkerboard of ample room fer a Water Lily Pool, or at least a lawns," will cling to manicured shrubs and simple sunken tub garden. sterile borders. She acknowledges that not everyone has five acres and neighbors must Marvelously beautiful effects can be achieved cooperate- one with a wetland, another quiclUy and with little with a meadow-if we are to create an ark effort or expense. You can big enough for everyone. But many will want enjoy a Water Lily Fool this summer if you plan to follow this Pied Piper in planting berries now. and luring beasts to the brave new world she envIsions. -Kathleen Fis her EW Full Color Catalog! A beautiful catalog filled with helpful Kathleen Fisher is the editor of American information describes Horticulturist. Nand illustrates in full celor the largest collection of Water Lilies in America Penelope Hobhouse's along with Aquatic Flants and Ornamental Fishes Gardening Through the Ages and Pool Accessories. Penelope Hobhouse. Simon and Schuster, New York, 1992. 336 pages. 101;2" x SEND $3.50 or call 1-800-524-3492 10114". Color and black-and-white photo­ (Mastercard or Visa) graphs and illustrations. Publisher's price, hardcover: $50. AHS member price: $45. William Tricker, Inc. 7125 Tanglewood Drive Independence, OH 441-31 Anyone who wants a comprehensive over­ view of garden design from the beginning of recorded history to the present day should read this book, or at least thu mb through its 223 colored plates and 107 black- and-white illustrations. Although she covers much the same ground as earlier works on the subject, Penelope Hobhouse creates in this book a unique balance be­ tween design and horticulture. Previous works have been either tutally oriented towards design or so heavil y hor­ ticultural that design has been given short sh rift . But this book gives both an illustrated history of garden styles and an account of how plants have affected them. Hobhouse starts with the gardens of an­ cient Egypt, then describes those of Islam, the Medieval period, and the Italian Re­ naissance. An entire chapter is devoted to the botanists, pl antsmen, and gardeners of the Renaissance . The deve lopment of French formality is considered next, then comes gardening in the eightee nth and ni r:te teenth centuries, mainly in England. A separate chapter details the development of North America n gardening and the book concludes with a look at twentieth-ce ntury gardening, focusi ng on horticulture as a means of plant conservation. One serious omission is the lack of information on the gardens of the Orient and their plants. Whenever I read a book like this I im­ mediately turn to the chapter on North

12 JUNE 1993 America to see how the author deals with full-page painting is a unique composite of our garden design and horticultural heri­ buds, blooms, seed pods, fruits, roots, and tage. The su bject is a crucial test for this leaves. The illustrations of the spiderlily, book, since the publisher is ardently seek­ pink evening primrose, coast trillium, and ing an American market. Hobhouse, who rose mallow are especially nice. is English, handles the topic well. In an But American Wildflower Florilegium is introductory section she talks about vari­ more than just a book of pretty pictures. ous influences on colonial gardening-in­ Profiles of each wildflower include com­ cluding the Spanish, which many overlook. mon and scientific names, family, origin, She moves on to the gardens of Philadel­ range, descriptions of the plant and flower, phia, which she covers in just one long habitat, pollinators, methods of propaga­ paragraph, and continues with Mount Ver­ tion, history, and etymology. The history non and Monticello, the classic exa mples sections contain some fascinating tidbits of of the South. The theme of the book-the information. For instance, the fragrant relationship of plant choice to design-re­ water lily, which is also called alligator emerges in a long section on plant collect­ bonnet, was thought to counteract witch­ ing and exchange and plant novelties. The craft; the pigments in corn poppy flowers gardens of the Andrew Jackson Downing are used to color medicines and wine; era and the nineteenth century follow, then Commelina, the genus name for the day those of the West. She has several pages, flower, honors the three Commelin broth­ with superb color plates, on such plant ers-the two prominent blue petals honor collectors as John Custis of Williamsburg, Johan and Caspar, who published several and John and William Bartram and their botanical works; the stunted, almost invis­ first botanical garden in Philadelphia. ible petal represents a third brother who Hobhouse is to be commended espe­ didn't contribute to the field of botany. cially for bringing new images to a subject Andrews writes about a rancher friend that has been written about extensively who offered her "a bedraggled little bou­ during the past quarter-century. Because quet of blossoms strangling in his rough­ illustrations of the earliest gardens are browned hand, then looked at me with scarce, the book's first part of necessity eyes spent squinting in the Texas sun and uses the same illustrations that appear in said gruffly but softly, 'I never saw the previous discussions of that topic. But she flowers until I knew you.'" American Wild­ sought new images-and used them to flower Florilegium is a wonderful way to good advantage-throughout the remain­ see the flowers. -Mary Beth Wiesner der of the text. Most of these are in color, and they provide a welcome relief from the Mary Beth Wiesner is managing editor of overused line drawings of Gerard's American Horticulturist. Herbal. -Rudy J. Favretti

Rudy J. Favretti, formerly a professor of landscape architecture at the University of Book Order Form Connecticut, is a consultant in landscape o Noah's Garden ...... $18.65 and garden preservation and restoration. o Gardening Through the Ages $45.00 o American Wildflower o Please send me a free catalog. American Wildflower Florilegium Florilegium ...... $45.00 o Please send me 100 Mammoth Darwin Hybrid Tulips for $19.95. Jean Andrews. University of North Texas Postage and handling: $2.50, first book; $1.50 Payment enclosed: ____ Press, Denton, Texas, 1992. 125 pages. each additional book. Virginia residents add o 91f4" x 12". Color illustrations. Pub­ 4 Yz% sa les tax. Please allow six weeks for deli v­ o Charge to: 0 Master Card 0 VISA ery. Prices are subject to change without notice. lisher's price, hardcover: $50. AHS mem­ Acct. No.: ______ber price: $45. Enclosed is my check for $ ______Exp. Date: ______Name: o Visa 0 MasterCard Exp. Date: Youth has its passions, but aging has its Mailing Address: ______own rewards, Jean Andrews writes in her Acct. It: introduction to American Wildflower Flo­ Shipping Address: ______rilegium. And "seeing things you never had Signature:

time to see-like wildflowers" is one of Ship to: those rewards. "Beginning with the blue­ City: ______bonnet," she continues, "each flower I dis­ Street: ______State: _____ Zip: _____ covered led to another until the urge to City: Phone Number: ______share my new love with others by painting them led me to this book." Andrews' bo­ State/Zip: ______Vat1 €t1gdCt1 lt1c. tanical illustrations of fifty-two of her fa­ MAIL TO: AHS Books, 7931 East Boulevard Stillbrook Farm vorite wildflowers are the heart of Drive, Alexandria, VA 22308-1300. A H 6/93 313 Maple Street, Litchfield, CT 06759 American Wildflower Florilegittm. Each 21 (203) 567-8734

AMERI CAN HO RT ICULT URI ST 13 AMERICAN ROOTS IN BRITISH SOil Colonial Collecting Some U.S. gardeners are just discovering our native plants. The British have coveted them for centuries.

ention Great Britain to B Y J 0 A N HOCKADAY with fanfare and careful documentation. most keen American gar­ American, Chinese, and Japanese plants deners and images of grand have filled in the island landscape, with estates, fabulous borders, American representatives "very much at sweeping lawns, and flaw­ the fore," according to Bond. "Certainly Mless plantsmanship come to mind. Whether American trees form a forceful presence in the British really are better at design, at our landscape." In fall our trees sometimes digging in the dirt, and at finding the right fail to color as well in that northern, gray plant for the right place is a matter of landscape as they do in our own. Our debate. But whose plants are those filling conifers are no longer the rage that they the long borders? were in the Victorian era. But our native The British Isles hold surprisingly few maples, sweet gum, and tulip trees remain native plants worthy of cultivation. "We favorites. And even though the source of drew the short straw when plants were today's ornamentals is likely to be a tissue dished out," laments John Bond, keeper of culture laboratory rather than a transat­ the gardens at Windsor Great Park. "A field lantic freighter, British gardeners remain in Greece has more plants than we've got." enamored with our native plants. The British Isles have only three native However, these plants are not used in conifers-a yew (Taxus baccata,) a juniper anything akin to an American design style, (juniperus communis), and the Scots pine to the extent that the British perceive us as (Pinus sylvestris). The original supply of having any particular style. Today most broadleafed trees is similarly meager. The British design their gardens with plants, maples and ashes are represented by one rather than drawn plans. With several no­ species each, the oaks two, poplars three. table exceptions-the late Lanning Roper In comparison, North America claims at and current la1:Jdscape gurus John Brookes least thirteen maple species, sixteen tree-sized and David Stevens come to mind-design ash natives, fifty-eight oak species (exclusive takes a back seat to plantsmanship. The of Mexico, which has 150 of its own), thir­ British take great pride in muddling teen poplars, and thirty-five pines. The Franklin tree, discovered by through on their own. Even the Duchess of The British, therefore, are keenly aware Philadelphia farmer John Bartram, Devonshire bragged during a recent Na­ of plant origins. By the 1600s, the lords of has not been seen in the wild since tional Trust lecture that Chatsworth tour­ each manor and their head gardeners were 1803. The original of this drawing by ists mistake her for her gardener. vying with one another for the latest intro­ his son William is at the Natural Although they encompass a much ductions, first from the continent, then History Museum in London. Right: smaller area, the British Isles, like the United from Africa, the Americas, and Asia. As the America's sweet gum, introduced to States, exhibit some regional variation in seventeenth century drew to a close, the the British Isles in the seventeenth garden style. In Scotland, 1:Jorthern weather Church of England got into the act when century, remains a favorite tree there. patterns dictate a choice of hardier plants, the Bishop of London sent emissaries to the This is among many images of New so that rock gardens and low-growing al­ colonies in search of both souls and plants. World flora drawn by English plant pines are extremely popular. Scotland's re­ Each new acquisition came to the isles collector Mark Catesby. lationship with England has not always

14 JUN E 1993 ,.. a: ~ ID :::;,.. ~ o z :::; UJ J: >­ u. o,.. U) UJ a:>­ o:::> u U)z o i= ~ :n / .1,<1'111./ A1/1I"U ,l.-en,'· .r, ~It.; ~L-______~

AMERICA HORTICULTURIST 15 been congenial, and its gardens tend to be more continental in design. The French have been especially influential, resulting Top: Tulip trees were collected by in formal touches such as parterres. John Tradescant the Younger. Center: The Welsh gardener is more likely to use The sweet gum's fall color has assured the land for traditional farming than for its popularity in once tree-starved growing ornamentals. One will see few Britain. Bottom: Stewartia malacoden­ formal gardens in Wales although Bodnant dron was a significant discovery of in the north and Erddig !ilear the English Mark Cates by, who collected seeds for border are two notable exceptions. the Bishop of London. Ireland is a three-hour ferry ride from England and the Irish garden, as portrayed by Paddy Bowe, author of The Gardens of Ireland, is "like the Irish themselves, just a little bit wild." The Irish ga.rdener obeys few rules; gorse and sundry garden escap­ ees seed themselves about, aided by the abundant wind and rain. Today, three London gardens serve as living testam(lnt to the early plant hunting expeditions to the Americas: the Tradesc­ ant Trust Garden, across the Thames from Parliament; the Chelsea Physic Garden in a serene residential setting a mile or so west, and the Bishop Compton garden at Fulham Palace. The tiny churchyard garden that serves as a memorial to s

16 JUNE 1993 Left: The Tradescant Trust Garden honors father and son plant collectors. Above: In the Chelsea Physic Garden the American native Ceanothus (back­ ground) mingles with imports from elsewhere such as thrifts (Armeria spp.). cords from that period, however, show that the Fulham Palace garden held arguably represents the fourth generation of Hillier John Bartram introduced the skunk cab­ the finest collection of American native plantsmen. His father, Sir Harold Hillier, bage, sugar maple, witch hazel, climbing plants in England. Sadly, trees and orna­ amassed an extensive collection of foreign bittersweet, southern white cedar, rosebay, mentals were not to the succeeding trees and shrubs, on view near theirworld­ and wild and swamp azaleas. bishop's taste, and the collection fell into renowned nursery in Hampshire, and the "Presumably sent by Bartram," Dr. John either decline or the hands of Fulham Hillier's Manual of Trees and Shrubs is a Hendley Barnhart wrote in a special Bar­ nurserymen. Today the local government "must" reference for British gardeners. tram issue of Bartonia in the 1930s, were council oversees the property and efforts Our sweet gum, introduced in the seven­ mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), three are afoot to restore the palace grounds. teenth century, is still one of Hillier's best viburnums, false alder (flex verticillata), These three gardens show just how much American sellers. The tulip tree is another steeple bush (Spiraea tomentosa), and river American plants influenced English gardens especially sought-after tree, and magno­ birch (Betula nigra). Bartram is also cred­ two hundred and more years ago. An lias, oaks, and maples remain popular. ited with reintroducing the shooting-star "American woodland garden" planned be­ The Hillier's manual documents the (Dodecatheon spp.) after previously intro­ side the American ambassador's residence country of origin and date of introduction duced plants died out in England. in Regents Park will demonstrate the influ­ for each species it lists. More than thirty of Farther upriver and west of London in ence our plants continue to exert today. our oaks are available through Hillier'S, Fulham lies the old walled garden of Henry Alongside the London mansion that mil­ which holds the British national collection Compton, Bishop of London in the late lionairess Barbara Hutton donated to the of oaks from around the world. seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. American government, embassy gardener There are now more than 550 such na­ Compton's ecclesiastical jurisdiction in­ Stephen Crisp, a former student at Long­ tional collections of genera. Being a na­ cluded Virginia, from which naturalist and wood Gardens in Pennsylvania, will sweep tional collection holder is an honor British botanist Rev. John Banister brought back away an unused portion of the current gardeners strive to achieve. Whether they such American natives as purple coneflower twelve-acre garden to showcase trees and are professionals or keen amateurs, they (Echinacea purpurea), sweet bay (Magnolia herbaceous wood landers native to the possess encyclopedic knowledge of Amer­ virginiana), and, like Bartram, swamp aza­ states-Magnolia grandiflora, hawthorns, ican species and cultivars available in the lea (Rhododendron viscosum). and hollies, underplanted with trilliums British Isles. English plant collector Mark Cates by and spiderworts. Alan Pullen of Surrey, who tends one of sent the bishop seeds from the American Sales of American natives and Ameri­ England's five dogwood collections, sug­ South, one of the most significant of which can-introduced cultivars, remain strong, gests that an American cultivar name is was Stewartia malacodendron. Eventually, says Robert Hillier of Hillier Nursery, who often the key to commercial success. He

AMERICAN HORTICU LT URIST 17 believes that the cultivars Comus florida reopsis, ceanothus, sunflowers, and even 'Cherokee Chief', 'White Cloud', and the promiscuous columbine collaborate to 'Cherokee Princess' should do well because make the famous British border. of name association alone. The challenge of a new or unusual plant Top: Our swamp azalea was collected Pullen also holds the British national is almost too much for devoted British by several early explorers. Above: collection of cultivars of our mountain lau­ gardeners to bear. Our lewisia, the tiny Tradescantia, the genus name for rel (Kalmia latifolia), one of two Kalmia alpine named for Capt. Meriwether Lewis spiderwort, honors John Tradescant collections in the British Isles. Until re­ of the Lewis and Clark expedition, merits the Elder, although it was his son who cently, however, the variety of kalmias three British national collections. Bitter­ explored the New World. Right: available in the trade there has been some­ root (Lewisia rediviva), the Montana state Mountain laurel was briefly popular what limited. K. latifolia 'Clementine flower, is highly esteemed and a consistent overseas before azaleas and rhododen­ Churchill' is an old-some say merely sen­ prIze winner. drons became the rage, but is still timental-standby, bred from Arnold Ar­ John Armand, an importer of many preserved in two national plant boretum stock at Sheffield Park near American bulb plants, predicts that fritil­ collections in Britain. Churchill's beloved Chartwell. laries-affectionately called "frits" -and As for herbaceous American plants, the calochortus have "the biggest, brightest British would love to have more of our future" in England, partly because they are trilliums. "We always covet the trilliums. a challenge to grow. Fritillaria biflora We only see relatively few and not always 'Martha Roderick' is a personal favorite of choice forms, " says Tony Lord. With Chris his, because of his association with Califor­ Philip, Lord was co-author of the indis­ nia bulb expert Wayne Roderick. pensable Plant Finder, now in its sixth edi­ From their earliest interest in our trees and tion, which attempts to list every plant shrubs to today's passion for American al­ available in Britain. pines or rare natives, British gardeners con­ While Lord, who previously advised the tinue to seek out foreign plants-and foreign National Trust on plantings, has nothing friendships-to round out their superb col­ against the non-natives from the States­ lections. While their garden plants originated such as hostas and daylilies bred from ori­ elsewhere their intense horticultural curiosity ental natives-what he really wants are new and concern for conservation are worthy of forms of American flora. "I wish the breed­ export in the twentieth century. ers would work on your native phlox," he says. "There's so much potential there." Joan Hockaday, author of The Gardens of American natives, especially midsummer San Francisco, recently returned to Califor­ and fall bloomers, are the backbone of Brit­ nia after two and a half years in London. ish borders. Goldenrod occupies positions She would like to thank the Lindley Li­ of stature unequaled across the Atlantic. brary staff in London, and Fairfield, Con­ Asters-to which the Plant Finder devotes necticut, Garden Club President Barbie five whole pages-lupines, penstemons, co- Bartlett for help with this feature.

18 JUNE 1993 AMERICAN ROOTS IN BRITISH SOil FromAster to Vancouveria American plants both common and unusual rank high with Britain's top gardeners.

BY JOAN HOCKADAY

Oday,s British gardeners have a wide choice of both Ameri­ can natives and American­ raised forms of plants from other continents. With the Ger­ Tmans now breeding New England asters, the Americans breeding Japanese hostas, and the British breeding roses of dual par­ entage, the ancestry of "American" plants has become as complex as our people's. But some plants-trilliums, sunflowers, phlox, asters, the tulip tree, and even the common sassafras- are, like baseball and hot dogs, first and always American to the British. A survey of well-known English gardeners- authors, nursery owners, keepers of public gardens-revealed some overlap and some surprises among their favorite imports from our shores. Tony Lord, co-author of the Plant Finder, which lists every plant available in the British Isles, admires our trilliums as well as the tiny ground cover vancouverias. High on his list for the border are lupines, spiderworts, erigerons, and, for late color, penstemons. Penelope Hobhouse, whose latest book is Gardening Through the Ages, admires Aster divaricatus, the white wood aster of Eastern dry woods, and Phlox 'Chatta­ hoochee'. Mirabel Osler, author of A Gentle Plea for Chaos, calls phlox "a godsend to every gardener ... a steadfast species for our summer gardens." Those who have seen our natives grow­ ing on their home grounds conjure up even more vivid images. "I was lucky enough to New England asters and goldenrod hold places of honor in the English border.

AMERICAN HORTICU LT URI ST 19 get up to the Appalachians to see Trillium grandiflorum in bloom. A wonderful sight!" recalls John Bond, keeper of the gardens in Windsor Great Park.

Roy Lancaster Plant hunter Roy Lancaster has probably seen as many foreign plants in their native habitats as any Englishman in the twenti­ eth century. Also a prolific book and mag­ azine author and television personality, Lancaster is happiest sleeping under the stars, reveling in the scent of trees, and his campouts and discoveries in America are recalled with relish. For instance, there was the day he visited the Mount St. Helen's area with his then- 12-year-old son and saw the skunk cab­ bages (Lysichiton americanum) in bloom. "There in this wet woodland we saw masses of this Lysichiton in flower. Ah! My son and myself piled out of the car and ran into this boggy wood, immediately got wet, sank in to our ankles, but I was taking photograph after photograph and trying to bearded Bohemian with an iron hook in balance on a log, Tom Sawyer-style. place of his left hand. "When we came out of the bog onto In the 1800s, collecting North American dry land, my son shouted, 'Hey Dad, plants was by turns tedious and dangerous. come look at this!' In the drier soil was a Benedict Roezl of Prague, who collected pri­ wake robin, Trillium ovatum, the coast marily orchids, was one of the few explorers Clockwise from top: Perennial trillium, in flower. I was so thrilled! And to die peacefully in his own bed back home plantsmen Alan and Adrian Bloom; he found the skeleton of a moose. Grow­ in Europe. But he was said to have been held John Bond, keeper of the Crown ing out of the eye socket of the skull was up by bandits at least fifteen times. Estate's Windsor Great Park; author a trillium." "On the last occasion," says Lancaster, and plant hunter Roy Lancaster. Tracked down in the crush of visitors at "he was in such an emaciated condition. last year's Chelsea Flower Show, Lancaster The bandits saw him standing there with obligingly sat down in the shade of the his clothes in shreds, clutching presumably press tent to talk about the skunk cabbage a great big bundle of orchids and other and other fa vorite American plants. plants he had collected. They were going to He calls another wake robin, T grandi­ cut his throat, which was the normal prac­ (olium, "the most delightful, beautiful, tice. But the bandit chief reasoned with his freshest-looking woodland flower." In his men that surely such a man standing there own garden, the plant, with its three-pet­ in the condition he was with a great heap aled white flowers, doesn't grow as well as of weeds must be mad. And mad people he would wish, "but it's one of my favor­ were under special protection. So remem­ ites-one I'd be happy to have on a desert ber next time you're out looking for or­ island." Unlike Bond, he has never seen this chids to look mad, and make sure you have one in its native setting. "It's my ambition a tattered dress and a bundle of weeds. one day to visit New England or somewhere You'll be all right." in the East, and to visit a woodland carpeted At the Founders Redwood Grove in with the wake robin-beautiful name." Dyerville, California, Lancaster recently Another favorite that has eluded him in observed "acres and acres" of the sword the wild is the umbrella plant (Peltiphylum fern (Po/ystichum lonchitis) uncurling its peltatum, now Darmera peltata), although fronds "like watch springs-that struck a he says this perennial saxifrage is fairly chord with me." The combination of common in British gardens. He likes it both sword ferns and redwoods, he says, "spells for its dual-season appeal-pink spring primeval, full stop." flowers and umbrella-shaped leaves that Among trees, one of his favorites is the turn beautiful colors in autumn, and for the tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipi(era), which story of its introduction into Europe by a was introduced into the elaborate "country

20 JUN E 1993 gentleman's" estates that flourished in Brit­ Our West Coast vine maple, Acer cir­ Far left: Hillier's alumnus and garden ain in the eighteenth century. "I love its cinatum, is well-represented in his quarter­ consultant Dennis Woodland is proud history; 1 love its leaves," he says. " I always acre garden, and the red maple (A. rubrum) that he can grow Trillium ovatum, a wondered why 1 heard Americans referring is absent due only to its enormous si ze. He West Coast native. Middle: Author to it as the tulip poplar. I couldn't think of admires the entire genus for year-round Mirabel Osler calls phlox "a godsend anything more unlike a poplar. But that's appeal. "Flower isn't everything. Flower is to every gardener." Here a luna moth before 1 went to America and saw them in but a brief piece of time in a gardener's life, visits Phlox subulata. Above: Roy the wi ld, growing like poplars so fast and in a gardener's year. To stake all or nothing Lancaster fondly recalls seeing dense and straight." on flower is not necessarily a good thing." skunk cabbage in bloom near Mount Another lingering memory of our coun­ St. Helen's. try is of walking among bristlecone pines Adrian Bloom (Pinus aristata) in the High Sierras. "That Blooms of Bressingham is more than an day to me was magic. There were these ornamental nursery in the Norfolk coun­ wonderful pines growing happily on the tryside. At last co unt, founder Alan Bloom dry slopes blasted by the sun almost since had introduced 170 perennials for temper­ time began." H e ga ve one of his own pines ate gardens. These are among a coll ection away and planted another in his mother­ of unmatched beauty and diversity on dis­ in-law's garden 200 miles away in Shrop­ play in the nursery and his own adjacent shire. The only bristlecone pine in the area, garden, both open seven days a week. it is now bearing cones and local papers Today the nursery is managed by his son se nd photographers to record its progress. Adrian. American plants such as "It's quite a celebrated tree." heucheras, bleeding-hearts, erigerons, and During seventeen years working at the heleniums are amorig those they have used Hillier Arboretum and Nursery, Lancaster to develop new forms, eventually resold says he tried in vain to convince more through nurseries in their native land. British gardeners to plant the Washington Adrian Bloom, who has a streak of white thorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum), a south­ hair like his famous father, took a moment eastern U.S. relative of the common En­ to reflect on plants from America while glish hedgerow thorn. Customers would setting up his packed plant stand at the reply, "Oh, 1 don't want a thorn-I use that 1992 Chelsea Flower Show. The show's as a hedge." There are hundreds of haw­ opening, which was only twenty-four thorns, he says, but the American represen­ hours away, would see the release of tative has "great character, a little bit of Blooms of Bressingham Garden Plants, maplelike leaf delicately held, beautiful which he and his father had been working flowers, nice fruits, good autumn color­ on for five years. Like the Bressingham not too big a tree-it has a lot going for it." seasonal catalog, the book is full of Amer-

AM ERI CAN HO RTI CULTURIST 21 ican plants well-esta blished a broad. two cultivars-Cornus florida 'Rainbow' "There are so many ... " Bloom exclaimed and C. 'Eddie's White Wonder', a cross as he thumbed through the book. between the East coast native C. (lorida Sentimental favorites came first. Under­ and the West Coast's C. nuttallii-because standably, he's fond of three perennials of of their fall foliage. American parentage Alan Bloom named for his children: a bleeding-heart, Dicentra John Bond formosa 'Adrian Bloom'; a coneflower, Last spring, when the gardens in the Echinacea purpurea 'Robert Bloom'; and Crown Estate's Windsor Great Park were x Heucherella alba 'Bridget Bloom'. reaching their peak, keeper John Bond "My sister is a bigeneric cross. If that's took time for a drive through them to talk the sort of thing you'd ever want your sister about his favorite American plants. Bond's to be, I'm not sure!" Bloom laughed. His father was head gardener at Bodnant in own namesake is much like the Dicentra Wales, and he followed in this "hands-on" formosa 'Luxuriant' sold in the States, but gardening tradition. with foliage that is more blue-green. The Bond has an Orson Welles voice, a seri­ purple coneflower named for Robert is "an ous demeanor, a rapid-fire delivery, and an outstanding variety, with purple-red rays encyclopedic knowledge of plant origin falling from the central cone." and parentage. Like many British garden­ Among herbaceous ornamentals, Core­ ers, he harbors a fondness for the American opsis verticillata is another good American sweet gum (Liquidambar styraci(lua), pri­ native, he said, producing "some wonder­ marily for its varied, long-lasting autumn ful varieties." color. "You really do get your money's Woody ornamentals bred at the U.S. Na­ worth," he says. "So many things are fleet­ Below: Dogwoods don't always flower tional Arboretum also get good marks ing, lovely as they are, but sweet gum gives well in England, but Adrian Bloom from Bloom. Viburnum sargentii 'Onon­ you many weeks of good color. Lovely in likes Cornus florida

22 JUNE 1993 it after the person who bought it from him. " gardeners have a fair share of white and While we are far richer than the British clear pink trout lilies, as well as more fa­ in fall color, summer color in a woodland miliar yellow forms. "I like the mottled garden is a bonus on either side of the foliage that thrusts through the ground in Atlantic. This makes Stewartia malacoden­ March and the lovely flowers in April," dron, whose large white, mauve-centered says Bond, even though they are" fleeting flowers appear in July in Britain, sought just like a bluebell wood in Britain, gone out for cultivation. Although well-repre­ by late May, and all you're left with in June sented in gardens, this native of our south­ is the seed pod." The trout lily seeds well ern coastal plains is somewhat elusive in around the park, he observes. "It's nice the wild. "Something about its being rare when plants seed naturally-so important. appeals to me, too," says Bond. Introduced No matter how many you plant, somehow into Britain in the eighteenth century, it you don't achieve the good range" that a won a Royal Horticultural Society award natural seedling achieves. of merit in the 1930s. The Windsor Great Park is filled with Robert Pearson handsome gray forms of the American Every week in the (London) Sunday Tele­ Top: Dennis Woodland photographs swamp azalea, Rhododendron viscosum, graph, Robert Pearson's column inspires, rhododendrons at Exbury in which last year bloomed in May, a few instructs, or prods gardeners into action or Hampshire. Left: Author Rosemary weeks earlier than normal. "It's a very thought, depending on the season. His Verey greets visitors to her garden. variable species. There are numerous sub­ warm manner and imperial stature-he's Right: Columnist Robert Pearson. species and varieties," says Bond, "but I well over six feet tall-make him a familiar like the form with the gray foliage. A lovely figure on the Britsh gardening landscape. plant, with a superb scent." A longtime publisher at Collingridge Also outstanding for its aroma is false Books and an author himself-he edited Solomon's-seal, Smilacina racemosa. "It's a the indispensable Ordnance Survey Guide wonderful woodlander-nice foliage as it's to Gardens in Britain with Susanne Mitch­ rising, very pretty flowers, and if you're ell and Candida Hunt-he refuses to retire. lucky-and we often are lucky-very He writes a weekly newspaper column pretty speckled fruits." The plant needs and, not content to take on just one job, he moisture to thrive, however. "Not too assumed the presidency of the Royal Na­ dry," Bond advises home gardeners. tional Rose Society. Another woodland favorite is the trout His favorite rose associated with Amer­ lily (Erythronium revolutum). These ica is not in fact a native. The Cherokee Northwest natives can be tricky for other rose (Rosa laevigata) is Chinese in origin, parts of the United States, but the Windsor but was introduced into America in the eighteenth century. It became a garden es­ cape in the South and is the state flower of Georgia. It is rarely seen in Britain, although it grows well on the Scilly Isles at Tresco, in northern Ireland at Mount Stewart, and on Scotland's warm west coast at Inverewe. After years of following rose develop­ ments, Pearson only recently discovered this southern rose on Madeira. "I think it would make a jolly good rose for a large conservatory-it grows up to eighteen feet tall. It has the most lovely single white flowers with prominent yellow stamens. The foliage is glossy and very beautiful. So in all respects it's quite a first-class plant."

Rosemary Verey This soft-spoken plantswoman and author of a half dozen books is familiar to many Amer­ ican gardeners. In researching The American Man's Garden and the earlier An American Woman's Garden, she spent many months on what was once colonial soil.

AMERICAN HORTICU LTURIST 23 Her own garden at Barnsley in Glouces­ For her, each season brings on important tershire is a showplace for hundreds of border choices, and knowing the high sea­ plants collected over the years. Her fine eye son of each perennial is one secret of her for grouping the plants, within the design successful plantsmanship. established years ago by her late architect "In spring," she says, "I love to have a husband, makes a trip to this garden a few wild columbines, Aquilegia canaden­ highlight for groups of visiting Americans sis, tucked among the cowslips and tulips. who arrive by the busload on spring and Like all aquilegias they are easy to grow summer days. from seed. Barnsley House, lacking the elaborate tea "By June, spiderwort, Tradescantia rooms, gift shops, and directional signs of virginiana, will be blooming. I have them other famous English gardens, is refreshing in white, pale mauvey blue, through to in its simplicity. Verey's shy gardener hovers much darker shades. They are not showy, beyond the garden gate, out behind the but add constant color for many weeks. tennis court in the midst of lettuce edgings, When their leaves become untidy we cut strawberry rows, and fruit trees. Verey her­ them to the ground and they will make new self comes out of the house to speak, in growth and flower again in the fall." hushed tones, to tour groups, often several Blooming constantly for her through a day. She often writes at night and one summer are her evening primroses. She was evening compiled her list of American fa­ given seeds of Oenothera speciosa, a Texas vorites for American Horticulturist. native, on a visit to the National Wildflower Research Center in Austin. Its soft pink flowers open daily and fade by evening. The yellow flowers of the three- to four-foot tall O. biennis, on the other hand, don't open until around 4 o'clock in the afternoon, when the temperature begins to drop. "We must have bergamot, Monarda didyma," says Verey, "with colors ranging from the bright red 'Cambridge Scarlet', the rich violet of 'Prairie Night', to the soft rose pink of 'Croftway Pink'." In the United States, the bright red of Lobelia cardinalis is often snubbed by gar­ deners as too commonplace. This is not so, however, in Great Britain. "Our late sum­ mer border would be incomplete without perennial lobelias," says Verey. Besides L. cardinalis, a favorite is the purplish blue L. vedrariensis. "They both have attractive Above: ''We must have bergamot, leafy stems ris ing from deep green basal Monarda didyma," says Rosemary rosettes and are a greiJ.t addition to the Verey. Right: Southern California's borders. " Ceanothus impressus will succumb to But for Verey, it is in autumn when a cold England winter. But at Dennis American natives are especially indispens­ Woodland's home, as on this manor able. "The obedient plant, Physotegia in Oxfordshire, the cultivar 'Puget virginiana, comes into its own in Septem­ Blue' makes an impressive climber. ber and October and is always a talking point, especially with young gardeners, as the flower heads can be turned around on the stiff square stems and obediently re­ main where you have put them. "Yellow and deep red daisy flowers fit so well into the colors of autumn," she contin­ ues. "There are rudbeckias [black-eyed Susan], heleniums [sneezeweed], gaillardias a: w "­ [Indian blanket], helianthus [sunflowers], a: and heliopsis [oxeye ]-all sunlovers and '"J: :"i w fine plants for infilling the borders with ::; "-'" inspiration as autumn advances."

24 JUNE 1993 Dennis Woodland If ever the gardening world produced an elite, surely the graduates of the Hillier's famous Hampshire nursery would fill the bill. One of those graduates is Dennis Woodland, who co-authored The Hillier Book of Garden Planning and Planting and wrote the Royal Horticultural Soci­ ety's Wisley handbook Reclaiming the Ne­ glected Garden. Officially retired now, he is still sought after as a garden consultant, author, and lecturer. Behind his house in the village of Wilton is a garden that testi­ fies to his years of collecting. Just a single corm of coast trillium (Tril­ lium ovatum) slipped into his sponge bag Above: The fall-blooming obedient by a generous West Coast gardener two plant is popular with youngsters who years ago has now "settled in well" there. visit Rosemary Verey's Barnsley Last year his plant produced two flower House, because its flower heads can heads and has even been reseeding itself. be manipulated to stay in new "I'm very pleased to have naturalized this positions. Left: Bob Pearson, California native," says Woodland. president of the Royal National Rose One whole side of his house is covered Society, recently became enchanted with Ceanothus impressus 'Puget Blue'. with the Cherokee rose, which This shrub grows well in acid or alkaline comes from China but is the state soil, but tends to be short-lived in England, flower of Georgia. says Woodland. "They're often clobbered by our 'uncharitable winters, and they don't like the winter wet," he says. Fremontodendron californicum 'Cali­ fornia Glory' is another West Coast shrub that he has used as a climber. "This plant has adapted well to this climate and has grown extremely well on south-facing walls-in my own case, it reached three stories high. 'California Glory' seems to have a larger flower and be hardier with us than the species, F. californicum. A spectac­ aster (A. novae-angliae) doesn't mildew and ular plant." comes in pinks and white as well as purple. Woodland's enthusiasm for American British gardeners are especially fond of one plants isn 't limited to West Coast natives. that reached them via Germany. A. novae­ The East Coast's Rhododendron atlan­ angliae 'Alma Potschke' "stands out above ticum is a favorite for its late-season, fra­ all others-three feet high and a brilliant grant white to pale pink flowers, while the cherry red," says Woodland. flowers of our mountain laurel (Kalmia Among America's most recent introduc­ latifolia) "always remind me of sugar icing, tions to Europe, he says, are Euonymus with bea utiful crimped buds like little fortunei 'Emerald 'n' Gold' and E. fortunei mountain tops." He finds 'Ostbo Red' par­ 'Emerald Gaiety,' two U.S.-bred plants of ticularly impressive, although he notes that Chinese parentage. These hardy, shade-tol­ British gardeners have made the mistake of erant variegated evergreens are widely planting kalmias in woodlands, when they used in public gardens, not only in England probably need more sun on that northerly but in Germany, France, and even Norway. island to get good flowering. With transatlantic travel today routine The New York aster (Aster novi-belgii) and uneventful, the search for new Amer­ is another disappointment, as it tends to ican plants continues with less adventure mildew there. That smooth-leaved aster but more frequent exchanges. And yet the and its Michaelmas daisy offspring "flop thrill of seeing our plants in the wild will about everywhere, seed themselves always lure the keenest plant hunters, par­ around, and degenerate generally," he ticularly those from the country where our says. But the hairy-leaved New England plants are valued most-Great Britain. ..

AMER ICAN HORT ICULTUR IST 25 English Roses­ Jolly Good? A California rose grower takes a critical look at David Austin's much-touted hybrids.

B y R A y F o R D R E D D E L L

arly in the twentieth century the old-fashioned blossoms. To achieve his rose world split asunder. This dream, Austin crossed modern climbers, was soon after rose breeders floribundas, and hybrid teas with two of began churning out ever­ the oldest families known to European ro­ blooming hybrids with formal sarians-gallicas and damasks. Eforms in bold new colors. Many gardeners The first clue that he was on the right put their foot down. track came when the lovely floribunda "These new fangled hybrids don't even 'Dainty Maid' was mated with 'Belle Isis', look like roses," horticulturists protested. a sweetheart of a gallica. One seedling, "Sure, they're nonstop bloomers, but 'Constance Spry', nearly hit the mark. they've lost the romantic appeal of myoid This buxom, hot pink beauty produced roses. And, by the way, where has all the flowers that looked just like those Austin fragrance gone?" had in mind. Alas, the bush bloomed only Rosarians defending modern hybrids once a year. Subsequent crosses between pointed out that not only were many new 'Constance Spry' and other modern roses, roses deeply fragrant once their blooms ma­ however, brought Austin his dream. tured, but they also had whimsical charm to Because he employed the help of deeply spare--enough to rival the most endearing of colored roses, such as the crimson gallica their forefathers and dowager aunts. 'Tuscany', Austin's offspring began ap­ Heated disputes persisted. pearing in shades of red. Foremost was Shortly after 1950, a hybridizer from 'Chianti', a crimson beauty that, like Albrighton, England, launched a rose 'Constance Spry', blossomed only once Above: Creator of the English rose, breeding program that worked wonders to each season. In order to extend productiv­ David Austin, at the 1992 Chelsea reunite the two rose camps. The breeder, ity as well as color, 'Chianti' was further Flower Show. Right: Austin named David Austin, developed a line of roses that crossed with sure-fire, modern, ever­ 'Graham Thomas' in honor of were so different from anything else in blooming yellows like 'Golden Wings' and Britain's most beloved rosarian. commerce, they qualified as a whole new 'Chinatown'. race-the English rose. What followed is history, sufficient When Austin began hybridizing roses at enough to place the English rose firmly in his Shropshire nursery, he knew precisely the annals of immortal rosedom. what he was after-sturdy shrubs, repeat The first Austin rose I ever saw was an blooming with delicate, pastel, fragrant, arrangement of 'Claire Rose' in a display

26 JUNE 1993

Above: Myrrh-scented

at the Chelsea Flower Show, England's fa­ Austin myself-on July 3, the exact date to spottle with age if there has been rain." mous floral extravaganza. 'Claire Rose' that he had predicted, six months earlier, This freckling tendency couldn't concern looked good enough to eat. Then I saw the his garden would be at its peak bloom. It me less; it seems only fair for blossoms this balance of Austin's collection. Although I was an experience rosarians dream of-a large that last so long. I quarrel with the lusted for the whole batch and fantasized two-acre display garden in full glory. claim for fragrance, however, since, to my about where I'd plant them if I could sneak After seeing them grown to perfection nose, 'Claire Rose' has no distinguishing them home, I didn't dare order even my and speaking with the man who conceived perfume whatsoever. favorites, in fear of the rigors of importing them, I've put to rest certain fears regarding 'Cressida', I believe, will be recorded in (I would have to plant the bushes at least the English rose. First, many of Austin's history as one of Austin's triumphs, pri­ ten feet away from all others and consent roses are indeed luxuriant bloomers. Sec­ marily because it serves double-duty as a to agricultural agents snooping around my ond, and more important, English roses climber or a sprawling shrub. It was the garden twice a year for two years). should be richly grown and severely blooms of 'Cressida', however, that won However, a short while later the English pruned-like modern roses rather than the me over-informal arrangements of rose became available from U.S. and Cana­ old varieties. After visiting Au stin's garden, myrrh-scented, pinkish beige petals with dian nurseries without such a rigamarole. I realized that I had been tending them an apricot reverse. I planted a large selection. Even after ac­ backwards. Deceived by the fact that their 'Dapple Dawn' is my personal favorite counting for the fact that the stock num­ blooms resembled old roses, I had treated among the single English roses. A sport of bered among the puniest bushes I've ever my English roses as though they were deli­ 'Red Coat', 'Dapple Dawn' is, I think, su­ sunk in the ground, my first Austin roses cate and retiring dowagers rather than ag­ perior to its parent. Bushes of 'Red Coat' didn't live up to my expectations. They gressive ever-blooming hybrids. blossom freely with flowers that begin life were pretty, goodness knows, but I never Austin's A Handbook of Roses, the cat­ pure scarlet, but end up with dull brown saw enough blossoms. Would my long alog from his nursery, now lists more than overtones. 'Dapple Dawn', on the other longed-for English beauties prove to be 80 varieties of English roses, in colors rang­ hand, is fresh from start to finish-delicate stingy bloomers? ing from blood red to pristine white, pink petals, veined throughout with deep My fears of too-few blooms eased some­ grouped by projected height. I haven't pink, entirely encircling a boss of long, what the second year, when my English grown them all, but here's a dozen I ha ppily golden yellow stamens. Like its parent, rosebushes blossomed intermittently from recommend: 'Dapple Dawn' is ideal for hedges and mass Mother's Day until Halloween. "They'll 'Claire Rose', as already mentioned, was plantings. According to Austin, whether get up to speed in another year," I assured the first English rose I fell for. That was in plants of 'Dapple Dawn' and 'Red Coat' myself. But then a new problem cropped part, no doubt, because of the size and are grown as upright bushes or spreading up. Bushes of varieties like 'Claire Rose' color of its flowers-large shallow-cupped shrubs makes an enormous difference in began growing out of control, almost as blossoms intricately formed from massive quantity of bloom. When pruned as four­ though they were reverting (or sporting) to numbers of blush pink petals. Austin foot bushes, there are reportedly "two very climbers. claims 'Claire Rose' is not only fragrant, big flushes of bloom, whlereas when grown The following year, I went to visit David but that her only fault is that "petals tend as shrubs, the flowering is spread out over

28 JUNE 1993 the season. " Fragrance in both va rieties is bered among its ancestors) and bushes are color of the fr agrant blossoms (sa lmon onl y sli ght, if detecta ble at all. almost as wide as they are tall. pink, tinted orange and apricot) looks out 'English Garden' is one of the most beau­ 'H eritage' made the biggest splash in of pl ace in most mi xed borders, a few tiful ye ll ow roses I know of, old or new. America of all English roses when it was bushes planted together make a fine state­ Although the bush is on the short side for introduced, hardl y a surprise since Austin ment. T he disease-resistant shrubs are an English rose, it produces intrica te blos­ himself considers it "perhaps the most quick to repea t their fl owers. soms of staggering sy mmetry. The color is beautiful Engli sh rose." Altho ugh bushes 'M ary Rose' produces fl owers that are basica ll y buff yell ow, paling to cream at of 'Heritage' are admirabl y bushy and free­ onl y sli ghtly fragrant but its bush is a petal edges. The foliage is light gree n and bra nching, I think that the enormous suc­ pruner's dream- it will perfor m as told. the fr agrance is comparable to that of tea cess of this hybrid is because o f its Large rose pink fl owers that are informa ll y roses. irres istible shell pink color a nd perfectly cupped and loosely fi ll ed with petals are 'Gertrude Jekyll ' displays more old rose cupped, richl y fragrant blossoms. As a likely to be the fi rst of the Engli sh roses to qualities than most other Engli sh roses, un­ final bonus, 'Heritage's' ro bust bushes are appear and the last to give up the bloom. do ubtedl y because one of its parents is the remarkabl y free-flowerin g. Pl ants are free-branching and robust but famous Portland rose 'Comte de Cham­ 'Leander' is touted as the healthies t a nd exceptionall y tho rn y. ba rd'. This heritage places 'Gertrude Jekyll ' most di sease-resistant va ri ety of a ll th e En­ 'Perdita' is considered to be one of the among the most strongly perfumed o f glish roses, reaching heights of eight feet bes t a ll -round Engli sh roses. Although Austin's roses. Although buds start o ut and taller. Alas, 'Leander' is not a free bushes rarely grow taller than three feet, in small and scrolled, they quickl y matu re into re peat-bloomer, although its bushes are lit­ one season they produce an amazing num­ plump, pink rosettes. For me, bushes grow erall y showered with fl owers in spring. ber of medium-sized, full y do uble, li ght to four-foot heights and almost as wide. For th ose hooked on deep apricot fl owers apricot blossoms th at are richl y fragrant. 'Graha m Thomas' is one of the most with fru ity fragrance, however, quantity of Foliage is a mple, dark gree n, and disease­ popular English roses for two reasons. bl ossom is secondary to quality. Indiv idual resistant, and stems are a handsome shade First, it is named for the most beloved bl ossoms are smallish, but produced in of re ddish brown. rosarian in Brita in, but more importantl y, handsome sprays. 'The Countryman', like 'Gertrude Jekyll', it blossoms in a dee p ye llow color that is 'Lilian Austi n' is the most modern-look­ owes much of its appearance to its 'Comte unmatched a mo ng old roses a nd ra re ing of the Engli sh roses since its se midouble de C ham bord ' a ncestry. Like ' Lili an amo ng modern hybrids. Bl ossoms are me­ fl owers with wavy petals resemble modern Austin', 'The Coun tryma n' is va lued for its dium-sized, dee ply cupped, and have a hybrids rather tha n old garden roses. 'Lilian contributio n to the landscape, since its strong tea rose fr agra nce. Leaves are Austin 's' strong point is its growth ha bit­ bushes arch and prettily nod their bl ossoms. smooth (perhaps because 'Iceberg' is num- low, moundlike, and arching. Although the Although its bush is rather short, its leaves

Below: A big success in America, 'Heritage' is considered by Austin to be "perhaps the most beautiful English rose. " Right: A ustin crossed a gallica with a floribunda to get the once-blooming 'Constance Spry', an ancestor of most English roses.

AMERICAN HORfiCULTURIST 29 are long and its blooms are large, deep from transatlantic blues-a malady I've that perform satisfactorily only on one pink, heavily petaled, and richly fragrant. observed in many roses. Before learning to continent or the other. I asked Austin if he had favorites among diagnose the condition, I couldn't figure When we consider the vast differences his roses and if he thought certain varieties out why so many fine modern American between the climates of the United States would outlast others. roses never catch on in England or why and the United Kingdom, we should know "I suppose 'Heritage' numbers among my some varieties 1 see in gardens all over better than to make the Atlantic crossing a favorites, but so do some of the simpler Britain aren't marketed in the United trial by ordeal for roses. When most En­ varieties," he said. Going on to explain how States. Now, of course, I realize that it's all glish gardeners are deciding whether to he resists evaluating his hybrids in strictly a matter of certain roses traveling well and carry galoshes as well as umbrellas, their commercial terms, Austin spoke as though he others preferring to stay near home. Yankee counterparts are deliberating over were quoting from his own book: Many roses, particularly modern varie­ which strength sunscreen to apply and " In the breeding of the English roses it ties, don't perform identically from garden whether to also wear a sun visor. Why then has always been my aim first of all to to garden. In America, for instance, roses should our roses grow the same? I've never, hybridize, and then to select for the overall that shine in Portland, Oregon, may pout for instance, been able to cultivate the beauty of the plant. That is to say, for the in Portland, Maine, and vice versa-the splendid 'Silver Jubilee' (a fabulous two­ charm, character, and fragrance of the reason why roses chosen as All-America tone pink hybrid tea hybridized by Scots flower, for the elegance and grace of Rose Selections are grown all over the breeder Alec Cocker) as well as I've seen it growth and leaf. Only then do I consider country before being voted on, so that grown all over England. Instead, I settle for the more practical aspects of reliability, regional differences average out. Truly 'Color Magic', also a pink bicolor hybrid toughness, disease resistance, and freedom great roses, of course, have transcended tea, but hybridized in America by the late and regularity of flowering, vital though their locales and crossed the wide Atlantic William Warriner of Jackson and Perkins. these undoubtedly are. The tendency has without mishap-immortals like the ma­ This is hardly a compromise. too often been to see the rose as a machine jestic pale pink grandiflora 'Queen Eliza­ In defense of hybridizers, I understand for the production of flowers. The rose, it beth', originally hybridized in California; why their breeding platforms are heavily has been assumed, would automatically be 'Peace', the dazzling no-two-alike yellow biased in favor of roses that perform well beautiful. This unfortunately is not so. I hybrid tea created by the great French rose close to home. Why shouldn't local favor­ really cannot see that the practical has breeder Francis Meilland; or 'Sea Pearl', ites loom in a breeder's mind when imagin­ much value without the aesthetic. " the salmon apricot floribunda beauty in­ ing prospective parents? In the case of Neither can I. After having grown troduced by Jack Harkness of England. Austin's roses, however, I'm afraid that Austin's roses for more than ten years, I There are many more stars, but an even means certain varieties pay a luxury tax for fear that a good number of varieties suffer greater number of international also-rans performing best near Albrighton, England.

Left: Its strong tea-roselike scent earned 'Perdita' an award for fragrance from the Royal National Rose Society in 1984. Below: 'Mary Rose' is the first of the English roses to flower and the last to give up its bloom.

30 JUNE 1993 By perform, I mean bloom. Some varieties, In time, I believe many American gar­ 'Yellow Charles Austin' will grow such as 'Graham Thomas', 'Claire Rose', deners will do one of two things: 1. Stop larger in parts of the United States and 'Yellow Charles Austin' actually grow pretending Austin roses are truly ever­ than on its native soil, but it may far larger in California than they do any­ blooming in our gardens and gratefully not rebloom as vigorously. where in England. Blossoming, however, is accept recurrent flowers as lagniappe. 2. another matter. Plant only those midsize and small English In my garden, for instance, the roses just roses that grow modestly and repeat their mentioned blossom in early summer as bloom to an acceptable degree. though they were hybridized with Petaluma, Although I'm not certain what I'll ulti­ California, in mind. The outrageous show mately decide, many Austin roses are lasts a good six weeks. Then plants seem to growing in my garden for good. say, "Okay, that's it for blooming for a while, let's vegetate." Bushes then spend a good Rayford Reddell of Garden Valley Ranch portion of each summer growing like they in Petaluma, California, is the author of never imagined so much warm sun and Growing Good Roses, available from the haven't figured out how to respond to it AHS Book Program for $24.75 plus $2.50 modestly. For these aggressive varieties, .e­ for shipping and handling. peat blooming is skimpy and fall's show is a relative dud. In England, on the contrary, these varieties seem perfectly at home repeat­ SOURCES ing their blooms as advertised. So why the overwhelming success of Horrico Inc., 723 Robson Road, David Austin's roses in America? In retro­ Waterdown, ON LOR 2Hl, (416) 689- spect, I think it was inevitable. Another 6984. Catalog $3. rose revolution like the one staged early in Pickering Nurseries Inc., 670 Kingston the nineteenth century by Empress Jose­ Road, Pickering, ON LlV lA6, (416) phine, who grew every then-known variety 839-2111. Catalog $2. and species at her chateau at Malmaison, Rose Acres, 6641 Crystal Boulevard, Dia­ near Paris, was long overdue. mond Springs, CA 95619, (916) 626- Also, since the first hybrid tea was intro­ 1722. SASE for catalog. duced, old-fashioned varieties have wan­ Roses of Yesterday and Today, 802 dered in and out of vogue every few decades, Brown's Valley Road, Watsonville, CA and here were roses that not only looked 95076-0398, (408) 724-3537. Catalog like antiques, but rebloomed as well! $3, deductible.

AM ERI CAN H ORT ICULTURIST 3 I

Just Dandelions Before you pluck that common weed, take a closer look.

B y M A R ( A B o N T A

e careful! Those dandelions United States has between 100 and 150 you destroy in your garden introduced European species. may not be the weeds you During a 1990 visit to Lundevall's home think they are. Most of us in Lidingo, near Stockholm, I was en­ think only of the "common" thralled by his tales of the dandelion's great dandelion,B brought over by European set­ age, diversity, distribution, and uses. We tlers. But thousands of years before the spent hours poring over his approximately European discovery of North America, 15,000 herbarium specimens, and I came other dandelions arrived on their own. away convinced that the world of dandeli­ They came the same way the first humans ons was far more complex than I had did, over the Bering Sea land bridge, the thought. neck of land that once joined eastern Sibe­ Most of us have memories from child­ ria to Alaska. From there they spread hood of picking a dandelion gone to seed eastward to Hucisow,i3'ay-,n;rd.-sourhward and blowing those wonderfully buoyant along the Rocky Mountains to Mexico and seeds into the air. But whenever I did this South America. A quarter of a million my father or some other gardening adult years ago, dandelions had already arrived would protest. By air-lifting seeds so light on this continent, accordirrgto the Swedish it takes 35,000 to make an ounce, I was dandelion expert Carl-Fredrik Lundevall. irresponsibly spreading a pernicious The dandelion genus Taraxacum is as­ weed-a weed that was preventing their signed to the Cichorium tribe of Com­ lawns from looking like perfect green car­ positae, the huge composite or sunflower pets. Even then, I thought its yellow flow­ family (sometimes called Asteraceae). ers were beautiful and, like most people, I Eighty-five native Taraxacum species have assumed all dandelions were yell ow. been identified in North America. There Not so, Lundevall assured me, as he are thirty-four in Alaska and Canada, and showed me one white-blossomed Arctic eighteen in the lower forty-eight states, species after another. Some Alaskan dande­ Opposite: A dandelion from Alaska, including Colorado's T. fasciculum, lions, like T carneocoloratum, have flesh­ Taraxacum carneocoloratum. Washington's T olympicum, Oregon's T colored flowers. In China, there are reddish Above: Swedish dandelion expert paucisquamosum, and Pennsylvania's T species, like T aurantiacum. Still others, Carl-Fredrik Lundevall displays one sylvaticum, which was named as recently like T albidum from Japan and T arcticum of his 15,000 specimens. as 1977. In addition to the natives, the from Greenland and Siberia, have white

AMERICAN HORTICULTURI ST 33 Dandelions thrive on disturbance. Above, the common dandelion, in Taraxacum section Ruderalia, will grow practically underfoot, as at this roadside. At right, a recent forest fire has not discouraged these members of section Erythrosperma.

petals with a purple stripe underneath. delion species. So is the other end of Eura­ Taraxacum, you first break it down into Their blossoms have a bluish cast. sia. In the Czech and Slovak republics and "sections"-an intermediate category be­ The leaf shape varies too. Some species, for southern Russia, scientists have found the tween genus and species. Each section is instance, lack that jagged leaf edge that prob­ oldest known remains of dandelion then assigned a set of closely related spe­ ably gave the dandelion its common name­ achenes (the plant's fruit), believed to be cies. To see how far the splitting has gone, from the French dents de lion, or "lion's ten to twenty million years old. Northern consider the common dandelion, T teeth." Leaf shape varies so greatly that it Europe is also fertile ground for dandeli­ officinale. Once regarded as a single spe­ alone has been used to define some species. ons. Farther north and west, Greenland cies, it has now been assigned to the section Such diversity has made it difficult to has yielded thirty species. On the other side Ruderalia, and reclassified into some 1,500 sort out the taxonomy of the genus. of the world, Australia and New Zealand different species. Ruderalia is the most Linnaeus, the Swedish botanist who have seven native dandelions. Central widespread section, but more than forty founded modern taxonomy, classified the America has six, and another thirteen are others have been recognized, and there are dandelion as a single species, which he native to South America. perhaps another fifteen undescribed ones, listed as Leontodon taraxacum in his Spe­ Dandelions have colonized a wide range mostly in central Asia. cies Plantarum, published in 1753. Today, of habitats, including desert, fen, wood­ What are the Europeans looking for when about 3,000 species have been described, land, and tundra. All told, dandelions are they split? Of course, they consider differ­ according to the Index Kewensis, a repos­ native to six continents and to all major ences you can see with the naked eye-vari­ itory of flowering plant names published climatic zones except for the tropics and ation in leaf form, for example. But they also by Kew Gardens. subtropics. (The central and south Ameri­ make finer distinctions. For example, The genus Taraxacum probably can natives all occur in temperate regions, Lundevall and his colleagues have used scan­ emerged seventy or eighty million years like Patagonia, or in montane areas.) ning electron microscopes to detect differ­ ago in the western Himalayas, since the But opinions differ on how significant all ences in pollen structure and chromosome most primitive forms are found in that this dandelion diversity is. North American count. They are also studying the embryol­ region today. From there, the genus spread students of Taraxacum have tended to ogy of Taraxacum species and working on west to the Mediterranean and east "lump" many forms into the same species, various methods of chemical analysis. throughout Asia. Today its distribution is while the Europeans, who dominate the The European splitting is perhaps under­ practically world-wide. China, Japan, field, have tended to "split" them into dif­ standable since European dandelions are Korea, and eastern Siberia are rich in dan- ferent species. To split a complex genus like much more diverse than their American

34 JUNE 1993 cousins, but many North American bota­ directly from maternal tissue, without fer­ able identification key, and then only under nists still think the Europeans are cutting it tilization. A seedling will therefore have a ideal conditions. Ideal conditions cannot pretty fine. This is "taxonomic hairsplit­ genetic complement identical to that of its be found in mowed lawns or grazed turf, ting," according to Daniel Brunton, an in­ parent, just as a clone would. An but only in a carefully cultivated dandelion dependent ecologist in Ottawa, Ontario. agamosperm that is well adapted to its garden. All dandelion taxonomists have "The feeling seems to be that the Europe­ environment will reproduce itself exactly, one. Lundevall has two--one at his coun­ ans have gone way overboard in naming so generation after generation. The result is a try home in Huddungeby, a town west of many minor taxa, a great many of which vast number of genetically identical Uppsala, and another in his suburban are known from a single or few locations plants-in effect a "microspecies" that dif­ Lidingo back yard. Such gardens are basi­ and only barely satisfy the literal, academic fers consistently, if only slightly, from other cally research plots. In his smaller Lidingo definition of a species." Whether their microspecies. And with many microspec­ garden, Lundevall keeps many of his plants splitting is useful or not, Lundevall and his ies, each pursuing its own, slightly different potted. Labels indicate their sections, hab­ Nordic colleagues may be reshaping the evolutionary tack, an agamosperm can be­ itats, and so forth. His larger Huddungeby taxonomy of the gen us: the Kew index puts come a taxonomist's worst nightmare. garden is a haze of yellow when it is in full the number of Scandinavian dandelions at Agamospermy, incidentally, is not limited blossom. 1,089-fullya third of all the species listed. to dandelions; it occurs in plant groups as There are practical reasons for dandelion The experts may not be able to agree on di verse as mustards, cinq uefoils, and research. In Finland, for instance, Arne a number, but there are clearly a great pussy toes. Ronsi, a botany professor at the University many dandelion species. Why should there As taxonomists continue to struggle with of T urku, has a government grant to find a be so many? Scientists believe that the ex­ Taraxacum, they depend heavily on such dandelion that could serve as a lettuce sub­ planation lies in the way the plant repro­ excellent herbarium collections as Lun­ stitute in cold climates. Europeans have duces. The earliest dandelions are believed devall's and others at Leiden, Stockholm, been consuming the dandelion for centu­ to have reproduced sexually, and some Copenhagen, and Helsinki. But living col­ ries. It was prized by the Greeks and Ro­ modern species still do. But as the genus lections are also important. Section mans as a salad green and potherb. The spread out from its Himalayan homeland, Ruderalia, for instance, produces a wide Celts taught their Roman conquerers how it evolved a reproductive strategy called variety of leaf shapes during its life cycle. to make a superior wine by fermenting agamospermy, which most modern dande­ Only during the main flowering period dandelion flowers-a tradition still hon­ lions employ. Agamosperms produce seed (usually April to May) is leaf shape a reli- ored in country households all over Europe

Taraxacum albidum, left, is readily distinguished from the common dandelion by its pale blooms. The two flowers at right are standard yellow but different in form. The bloom with the sparser cluster of petals comes from what is com­ monly called the mountain dandelion, a little-studied set of microspecies from the far north. The fuller flower belongs to T. ostenfeldii, a common dandelion.

AMERICAN HORTICULT URIST 35 and America. And the French actually eat the including the sara orangetip, red admiral, flowers, dipped in batter and deep fried. and comma, frequent the yellow flowers as The European dandelion is an ancient well. Some birds may also profit from the medicinal herb as well. In Britain, the dandelion's success. My own lawn is at its Anglo-Saxons prescribed it for scurvy and most beautiful when it's carpeted with as a laxative and diuretic. The latter use led golden dandelions and patronized by gold­ to the inelegant English nickname "piss-a­ finches and indigo buntings. bed. " Intentionally introduced to North Whether you have a use for them or not, America, it came to be known here as the Ruderalia dandelions and those of the "pee-the-bed" and in French Canada as reddish-fruited section Erythrosperma are "pissenlit." (More polite names included now abundant over most of North Amer­ blow ball, lion's tooth, peasant's cloak, ica. But what are your chances of finding a yellow gowan, priest's crown, Irish daisy, new species or even a section? On this and monk's head.) The dandelion was also continent, the best prospects for discover­ used to treat rheumatism, liver ailments, ing a native are in California, the Rocky and gallstONes. Modern herbalists usually Mountains, or in the Arctic. According to make less sweeping claims for it, but they Lundevall, there is a strong possibility of consider it safe even in large doses, and discovering new species across the entire they continue to prescribe it for liver com­ northern rim of the world. Some of these plaints, as a diuretic and a laxative. Nutri­ could be quite rare: Norway, for instance, tionists have discovered that the dandelion has an endangered dandelion-T. dovrense. is high in calcium, potassium, vitamin A, And just about anywhere in North thiamine, and riboflavin. America, you might discover a species During the Civil War, Southerners found newly arrived from Europe. In 1983, Dan­ another use for what the Chinese call the iel Brunton and his wife Karen McIntosh dandelion's "earth tail"-the long taproot were the first to find the marsh dandelion, so despised by gardeners. When ground T. cognatum, in North America. Originally and roasted it made a passable coffee sub­ from central Europe, this species belongs stitute. During both world wars, home­ to the section Pal ustria, which had not been Can you tell the difference? Section grown dandelions provided Europeans known to occur outside of Europe and Ruderalia, the common dandelion, with food, drink, a tonic, and a laxative. Turkey. Brunton says the marsh dandelion contains both striking and subtle During World War II, the Russians discov­ caught their attention because of its erect, variation. At top, the flower of ered that the root of one of their dandeli­ narrow, widely serrated leaves, which Taraxacum speciosum, right, is ons, T. kok-saghz, produced abundant looked quite different from the deeply cut, unusual for Ruderalia, while that of latex, a raw material for rubber. reflexed leaves of most introduced dande­ its cousin, T. valens, is typical. Less There seems to be no end to the uses lions. T. cognatum prefers wet soils with obvious is the difference between the humanity can find for the ubiquitous dan­ calcareous gravel or clay on limestone or two buds, above. In T. pallidipes, delion. In her book Green Immigrants, marble bedrock. The first specimens were left, the outer involucral bracts Claire Shaver Haughton recounts the re­ found in a roadside ditch near Ottawa, underneath the bud glisten slightly search of scientists who discovered that Ontario. But once the dandelion hunters and have a narrow, almost dandelion blossoms exude ethylene gas at knew what to look for and where, they transparent border. In T. lingulatum, sunset. Since ethylene hastens the ripening found their plant in many areas of south­ right, the bracts are duller green and of fruit, some commercial orchards have eastern Ontario, northern New York, and have no border-a small but resorted to mass plantings of dandelions. southern Quebec. This salt-tolerant species consistent difference. The late farmer and writer Louis Bromfield is spreading rapidly along roads, Brunton explained in his book Malabar Farm that believes, because it is hitchhiking on cars, he encouraged dandelions in his lawn: he snow plows, and grass mowers. "It's so argued that their long taproots bring valu­ rare where it occurs naturally," Brunton able elements up from depths that short­ says, "yet here it's a weed." rooted grass cannot reach. Scientific Since most of us are not trained bota­ support for that belief comes from Lun­ nists, no doubt some undiscovered dande­ devall and other scientists who have ana­ lions will continue to flower unnoticed, lyzed trace elements in various dandelion amid their cousins' familiar yellow bloom. species. In one specimen they found traces But it's humbling to find such complexity of sixty-two elements. in the natural hi story of even the common­ Some gardeners even see a wildlife value est dandelion. in the dandelion. In urban areas, they argue, dandelions may be among the few Marcia Bonta, a fr equent contributor to flowers from which wild bees can gather American Horticulturist, is the author of nectar. And a number of native butterflies, Women in the Field.

36 JUNE 1991 The Moonlight Garden The night's silver orb inspires romance, myth, and all-white borders.

B Y PET E R LOEWER

n the middle of our wall ed garden there is a simple concrete stand ex­ actl y twenty-o ne in ches hi gh that ho lds a silver gazing glo be. The glo be is fourteen inches in d iameter Iand made from hand blown glass. Way back in the 1600s, any fas hionable Dutch garden had a gazing globe. In The Story of Gardening Richardson Wright wrote: "[Around] 1694 small Dutch gar­ dens began sprouti ng queer-s haped trees and from then went o n to making those toy ga rdens, some of whi ch exist eve n today­ gardens with mini ature bridges ana cana ls and gazing globes and fantasti c topi ary work and tiny pa inted garden figures." Although that descriptio n sounds like a miniature golf course, the gazing globe has much more cachet. It 's a p iece o f ga rden nosta lgia that has a specia l place in the evening garden-and is especia ll y wonder­ ful w hen used to view the ga rden under moonlight. I grew up with a love of the moon. The affectio n was partly scientific since I've always had a telescope of one so rt or an­ other and, as a re ult, have looked at the moon's craters, when young in hopes of finding a rocket ship (not from ea rth ), and when older for the sheer bea ut y of the lunar landscape. And that affec ti on fo r the moon (a nd its effect on the imagin ati on ) has also been rooted in my oft-noted love of the o ld bl ack-a nd-white horror films. This, too, is wedded to my youth since moonli ght never looks authentic in the typical colo r films of today's H ollywood : the moon is a sickl y ye ll ow and the ni ght sky is never rea ll y black. If you don't beli eve me, rent the video for RK O's 1943 "I Walked With a

A ~ I E R1 CA" HORTICULf URIST 37 Zombie" and watch the real power of the The Rev. Timothy Harley, in his 1885 moon. There, on a remote island in the book, Moon Lore, quotes an old English Caribbean, a zombie follows two women gardener as saying: "And when the light of across the canebrakes of a sugar planta­ the moon waxes warmer, golden-hued The reflection of the tion. Moonlight makes the shadows seem plants grow on from the earth during the a mile long and wisps of clouds slowly pass spring," and "cucumbers and radishes, over that silver orb above. turnips, leeks, lilies, horse-radish, saffron, moon in a gazing globe Thoreau loved the moon. "Now we are and other plants, are said to increase dur­ getting moonlight," he wrote in volume ing the fullness of the moon; but onions, on two of his journals, "we see it reflected the contrary, are much larger and are better attracts a luna moth. from particular stumps in the depths of the nourished during the decline." darkest woods ... as if it selected what to Edith Sitwell, writing in her 1957 classic shine on-a silvery light. It is a light, of English Eccentrics, says that Pliny believed The flower is one of the course, which we have had all day, but that the fourth day of the moon determines which we have not appreciated, and proves the winds for that month, and the ants night-flowering gourds. how remarkable a lesser light can be when never work when the moon is about to a greater has departed. How simply and change. She writes that the growth of the naturally the moon presides!" moon will enlarge the eyes of cats and that On the covers of old-time sheet music, onions will bud while the moon wanes and the moon is often so large that it encom­ wither when it waxes. passes a kissing couple and most of a title Percy Bysshe Shelley was more than a like "Shine On Harvest Moon." While it's poet, he was a political radical of the nine­ true our official satellite is sometimes teenth century. He was known to be a larger and sometimes smaller thanks to its professional agitator and while in Dublin elliptical orbit around the earth, it's the in December of 1812, he went out at night moon's illusion that makes it appear to be to talk to the poor laborers who worked so large at moonrise. Even today this phe­ the entire day and were forced to garden nomenon has not been completely ex­ little vegetable patches under moonlight in plained and is usually written off to a visual order to feed their families. effect supposedly caused by the moon's " It has come under the author's experi­ proximity to terrestrial objects on the ho­ ence," he wrote, "that some of the work­ rizon. Perhaps, but why then is the moon men on an embankment in North Wales, equally large when rising over the moun­ who, in consequence of the inability of the tains or looming over the flatness of the proprietor to pay them, seldom received prairie or desert? their wages, have supported large families What of blood on the moon? Or honey­ by cultivating small spots of sterile ground moon? These salutes to heavenly drama by moonlight." are all caused by the atmosphere of Earth. Today gardening by moonlight is not by The warming air of late spring stains the misfortune but by choice. And moonlight moon with a honey color (just happening gardeners plant their seeds according to the to coincide with June), while the thickening phases of the moon because they believe summer haze often turns the orb to orange that the same action that the moon directs or red. Then in winter the moon appears to towards the tides also applies to the water be brighter than ever because the air is cold in the ground. Vegetables and flowers that and dry. open to the air should be planted from the The full moon nearest to the autumnal new moon to the full moon while root equinox is called the harvest moon. For vegetables should be set out during the dark several nights it rises shortly after sunset, nights of the moon, from full to new. And its light enabling farmers to continue gath­ nothing should be planted on the exact day ering the crops without the aid of artificial of the new moon or the full moon. light. The reason the harvest moon luckily The Old Farmer's Almanac not only appears for the harvest is the tilt of the gives directions for planting thirty-two earth's axis. At that time of the year, the vegetables by moonlight, but also advises moon's orbit is just below the eastern hori­ that flowering bulbs need to be planted by zon and it rises just in time to flood the the dark of the moon and all other flowers fields as in a Samuel Palmer painting. at the time of the new moon. Gardening at night is nothing new but But planting isn 't the only gardening until the leisure world of the twentieth activity for moonlight. Recently Avant century, advice on the topic revolved Gardener reported that two German scien­ around vegetables rather than flowers. tists found that weeding by moonlight re-

38 JUNE 1993 cr w I;j a.

AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST 39

~~-- suited in fewer weeds during the daytime. and there were white-flowered shrubs of local account reported there were white Test plots cultivated at night had forty spring, the earliest Spiraeas and Deutzias; peacocks on the garden walls, but these times fewer weeds than those plots culti­ the doubled-flowered Cherries and Al­ reports were discounted. vated by da y. The theory is that the tiny monds and old favorites, such as Peter's The Sissingh urst garden, created by amount of light a weed seed receives when Wreath (Spiraea prunifolia), all white and Sackville-West and her husband, Nigel exposed to the sun before it goes under the wonderfully expressive of a simplicity, a Nicolson, was planted between 1949 and earth again is enough to trigger sprouting. purity, a closeness to nature." 1950. The first plant was a silvery willow­ In 1904 Alice Morse Earle wrote Old Poore's garden featured a magnificent leaved pear that was moved from the Rose Time Gardens, a wonderful book full of double flower border over 700 feet long. A Garden. The total cost of the plants was chatter about gardens and gardeners. "I broad straight path edged with trimmed exactly £3 since most of the stock came plant a garden like none other," she writes, boxwood ran down through the center from cuttings and seedlings. Purchased "not an everyday garden, nor indeed a with twelve-foot wide flower borders on plants were Crambe cordifolia and Gyp­ garden of any day, but a garden for 'brave each side. "It do swallow no end of plants," sop hila 'Bristol Fairy'. moonshine,' a garden of twilight opening the gardener is quoted as saying. One of the features of the White Garden and midnight bloom, a garden of nocturnal Interestingly, this American garden was is a claire-voie. This is a large round hole blossoms, a garden of white blossoms, and begun jn 1833-over 100 years before Vita cut in a hedge of clipped cypresses that the sweetest garden in the world." Sackville-West thought of planting the now gives a view to the gardens beyond-in One of the most unusual gardens she famous White Garden at Sissinghurst. In­ essence a window to another room. It's described was Indian Hill, Ben Perley dian Hill was laid out and planted by often found in older French gardens-and Poore's white moonlight garden in New­ Poore's parents, after they returned (it must a few American gardens as well-where buryport, Massachusetts. During Poore's be admitted) from an extended tour of the opeHing has been located to give a view lifetime the garden had extraordinary England, no doubt under the influence of of the rising moon. In China they have the charms. "On every side," wrote Earle, the English flower garden. di xue, meaning moon door or, literally, "were old terraced walls covered with On the hillsides around the farm, Poore ground hole. Here, too, these are decora­ roses and flowering vines, banked with grew every variety of native tree that would tive openings in various garden walls not shrubs, and standing in beds of old-time survive a New England winter. Then, to only to give mysterious views to other parts flowers running over the lovely hillside, carryon the theme of white, there were vast of the garden but often so situated that the was the Garden, and when we entered it, herds of snow white cows, flocks of white moon is visible as it rises in the evening. lo! it was a White Garden with edgings of sheep, and all the oxen were white. Then America has been blessed with a number pure and seemly white Candy tuft from the adding white to white, white pigeons cir­ of garden writers who have known of the forcing beds, and flowers of Spring Snow­ cled the air above white dovecotes, and the beauty of evening gardens and the special flake and Star of Bethlehem and Jonquils; farmyard poultry were also all white; one fascination of white flowers: Earle is one,

The six-inch sweet-scented white blooms of the moon flower appear at twilight and remain open until morning light.

40 JUNE 1993 Neltje Blanchan is another, and Louise Beebe Wilder is a third. Wilder dreamed for years of having a white garden. In the 1918 Colour in My Garden she wrote: "Some day I should like to plant a garden to the night, to be fre­ quented only at dim twilights, by moon­ light, or when there is no light save the faint luminousness of white flowers. There should be somber evergreens for mystery, an ever-playing fountain to break the tense­ ness, a pool for the moon's quaint artistry, and a seat." She went on to describe a garden of wraithlike shadbush, cherry trees to "hang like ghostly balloons among the shadows," white roses, scented pinks, and great white peonies. In 1935 in What Happens in My Gar­ den, she wrote again about her dream: "I never have come anywhere near to realiz­ ing this dream, never had space enough to be anything so special" but she did see a white garden of "such stuff as dreams are made on," on an estate in Wales, on the river Ely, not far from ancient Llandaff. Like Sissingh urst, the garden was en­ closed by stone walls of a warm pinkish gray, the curious hue of the stone making a wonderful background for the pale and white flowers. The Wilders saw the garden were phloxes, tall and short; white sweet at twilight, after a gray and cloudy day, the peas that were supported on trellises at the best time to view a white garden. They back of the border; gladioli and dahlias; were welcomed by a clematis with white and a number of different annuals. The blooms that wound around tall iron gates. borders were edged with stone, and spilling The brilliant white, "It is impossible to describe its beauty at over out onto the lawn were masses of this dim hour-so soft, so ethereal, so mys­ white annual pinks, Phlox drummondii, terious, half real it seemed," she wrote. "At petunias both frilly and plain, verbenas, satiny petals of an twilight, of course, it seemed a little unreal, pale yellow and white California poppies, but isn't that true of almost any garden at sweet alyssum, Carpathian harebells, oriental poppy cultivar, this hour when the hand of man is less white coralbells, and more. apparent and mysterious agencies seem to Finally Wilder described the garden at have brought it into being? " dusk, when the fragrance from the white 'Perry's White', glow in The shape of the garden was a large tobacco, stock, lilies, masses of white he­ rectangle and at the back was a raised stone liotrope, tuberoses, and petunias filled the pool lined with the palest of sea blue tiles. night garden with sweet perfumes. the moonlight. From a spout in a frame of carved lilies, a But the moonlight gardener should re­ jet of water rose high in the air, swaying in member before trudging down the silvery the wind, then falling back with a sigh to path to the garden, that-according to Sit­ the clear waters of the basin. On either side well-a person falling asleep under the full of the pool were tubs filled with white moon's light will grow even drowsier than lilies-of-the-Nile. usual, and if care isn't taken, might not A four- or five-foot border la y against wake in time to greet the morning sun as it the enclosure's wall and all the flowers shines upon the garden. So moonlighting were planted there; the gateway was seven gardeners had best take care ... feet wide. The rest of the garden was cut grass, unbroken except for a very old thorn This article is adapted with permission from tree that spread its crooked branches and Peter Loewer's most recent book, The Eve­ its shadow over a small iron table and a ning Garden (Macmillan, 1993), available few comfortable garden chairs. from the AHS Book Service for $21.25 plus The flowers that bloomed in this garden $2.50 for shipping and handling.

AME.RICAN HORTICULTURIST 41 Letters Continued from page 5 Refreshing Philosophy I just read Elisabeth Sheldon's refreshing encourage expanded root growth. Then in piece in the "Offshoots" department. another drought, the plant would be better ("Help," February.) How good to hear prepared to survive. Bob Danik from a world-class gardener that I needn't MOVING? Valencia, Pennsylvania consult a color wheel nor be fanatical about soil for bulbs. Certainly she is right Robert Kourik responds: Daily irrigation when she says, "Gardening is supposed to is merely one of the many options that I be fun." American Horticulturist is adding discuss in my book, from which the Amer­ to the fun by printing personal and wide­ ican Horticulturist article was adapted. ranging observations like Ms. Sheldon's. In DON'T LEAVE YOUR Plants get most of their growth-promot­ addition to the articles on plants, we need AMERICAN ing water and nutrients from the top one philosophers and humorists to enrich our HORTICULTURIST to two feet of soil. "Deep watering" does gardening lives. Lucy Fuchs BEHIND not encourage a "more expanded root sys­ Ambler, Pennsylvania tem, " but wastes water that drains below the most efficient roots. Corrections Send us an old address label and your No single watering method is appropri­ Due to an editing error, two reblooming new address and we'll make sure you ate for all settings, and every watering op­ iri ses were incorrectly described in "Irises don't miss a single issue. tion has different pluses or minuses. for Autumn" in April. 'I Bless' is a creamy Around my home, in a completely rainless white intermediate iris produced by Lloyd Send address and name changes to: summer climate, there are landscaped areas Zurbrigg in 1985. It is an offspring of that have never been irrigated since they 'Baby Blessed', a yellow fragrant dwarf American Horticultural Society were fall-planted, sections on monthly and that won the American Iris Society's Cook­ bi-monthly irrigation schedules, and con­ Douglas Award in 1989. Address Change Department tainer plants that are watered daily. There's The entire breeding program for the yel­ 7931 East Boulevard Drive a rationale for every irrigation possibility. low African violet, developed by Nolan Alexandria, VA 22308-1300 I would suggest, naturally, that you read Blansit ("Pursuing the Yellow Violet," Feb­ Fax: (703) 765-6032 the extended rationale that I layout in my ruary), has been sold to Lyndon Lyon drip book for daily irrigation although Greenhouses, Inc., 14 Mutchler Street, again, I do not present it as the only ap­ Dolgeville, NY 13329. This company has proach. (Editor's note: Kourik's Drip Irri­ all of Blansit's records and srock and will gation for Every Landscape and Al l continue Blansit's breeding work. A color Climates is available through the AHS catalog supplement that includes five vari­ Book Service for $10.75 plus $2.50 for eties available this year is $2, refundable shipping and handling.) with the fi rst order. Give Yourself Extra Clout With The American

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CLASSIFIEDS Gardener's Pin actual size The classic English wa tering can in sterling silver, $95 . 14K gold, $425. $4 shipping. In Classified Ad Rates: $1 per word; mini­ DIANTHUS SOCIETY NY add tax. ~~~~~3r mum $20 per insertion. 10 percent dis­ Catalogue on request LOVE PINKS, CARNATIONS, SWEET WIL­ VISAIMCI AMEX: count for three consecutive ads using same LIAMS? Join THE AMERICAN DIANTHUS 516-734-4002. Or send c hp,r k " __ copy, provided each insertion meets the SOCIETY! Info: $.52 stamp to Box 22232, EAST END SILVER $20 minimum after taking discount. Copy Santa Fe, NM 87502. Dept. A6, P.O. Box 151, New and prepayment must be received on the 20th day of the month three months prior EDIBLE FLOWERS to publication date. Send orders to: AHS NEW METHOD for candying edible flow­ CREATIVE GARDEN TOURS erslherbs. Kit with list of ed ible flowers, 4-step An unforgettable experience awaits! Advertising Department, 7931 East Bou le­ instructions and all re-useable materials. Fea­ vard Drive, Alexandria, VA 22308-1300. We custom-design unique flowet and tu~ed in BON APPETIT. $22 ppd. Checks to: garden tours worldwide for Horticultural SUDDEN ELEGANCE, LTD., 3724 Cedar Societies, Garden Clubs, professional and Drive, Ba ltimore, MD 21207. Shipped non-profit organizations. Call us now to promptl y. T HE AVANT GARDENER plan a special trip for your group. FOR THE GARDENER WHO WANTS MORE 1-800-262-9682 FROM GARDENING! Subscribe to THE EMPLOYMENT ----- X.O. Travel Consultants Ltd . AVANT GARDENER, the liveliest, most useful PROFESSIONAL CARETAKER AVA ILABLE. x.o. TR AVE L 38 West 32nd Street, Suite 1009 of all gardening publications. Every month this Expert property care. Horticultural expertise. New York, NY 10001 unique news service brings you the newest, most Upkeep and improvement ski lls. Estate, farm, or CoNSL'LTA\TS, LTD. Telephone: (212) 947-5530 practical information on new plants, ptoducts, ranch position sought in Rural West or Rocky .l'!fIIIII!I_~ Telex:4955784 ....~ FAX: (212)971-0924 techniques, with sources, feature articles, spc:cial Mountain States. L.S., P.O. Box 761, Ojai, CA issues. 25th year. Awarded Garden Club of 93024. America and Massachusetts Horticultural Soci­ ety medals. Curious? Sample copy $1. Serious? Garden Center Manager with over 20 years $12 fu ll year (reg. $18). THE AVANT GAR­ experience in British Garden Centers would like DENER, Box 489M, New York, NY 10028. similar position in USA. Call Lawrence Coker EASY COMPOSTI NG- BOOKS # 011 4451 6525196. WITH THE EASY COMPOSTER HORTICA- AII -Color Cyclopedia of Garden Flora, with Hardiness Zones, also Indoor Plants, Fu ll-time Assistant EdClcation Coordinator to Ates ted favorite of the 8,100 photos, by Dr. A. B. Graf, $238. coordinate educational programs for kindergar­ TROPICA 4 (1992) 7,000 Color photos of ten through co llege and general public. Respon­ AHS Not ional Home plants and trees for warm environments, $165. siblc: for training and supervising horticultural Composting Pork, the EXOTIC H OUSE PLANTS, 1,200 photos, 150 and botanical in terns. Must prepare educational Easy (omposter is in color, with keys to care, $8 .95. Circulars literature and brochures. Responsible for com­ one of the least expen­ gladly sent. Shipping additional. ROEHRS CO., puter programming, data entry, and computer Box 125, East Rutherford, NJ 07073. (201) mapping and cataloging plant co ll ections. Re­ sive compost bins 939-0090. sponsible for plant propagation, acquisition and available anywhere! Readily assembled in cu lture. Must have a Bachelor's degree with BULBS major field of study in biology. Bachelor's degree minutes, it holds up to 22 cubic feet of yard Dutch bulbs for fa ll planting, 12cm Tulips, DN1 coursework must have a minimum of ten quar­ trimmings. The sturdy one-piece design fea­ Daffodils, Hyacinths and miscell aneous. Cata­ ter hours of botany, including senior level field tures attractive green polyethylene to blend log $1. Paula Parker DBA, Mary Mattison van botany coursework, and coursework in horti­ Schaik, IMPORTED DUTCH BULBS, P.O. Box culture, including horticultural propagation into your landscape, with ultraviolet inhibitor 32AH, Cavendish, VT 05142. (802) 226-7653. techniques, horticultural disease and pest con­ for years of use. Easy to use as a turning unit SOUTH AFRICAN BULBS: A new and useful trol, horticultura l and environmental education, by simply lifting it off the pile like a gelatin­ co llection for containers, rock gardening, and and green house management. Salary mold and turning the materials over while naturalizing in dry summer areas. 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AMERICAN H ORTICULTURIST 43 resumes and cover letters of individuals seeking GARDENING NEWSLETTER NURSERY STOCK job changes and employers seeking candidates. ALLEN LACY'S H OMEGR OUND , a new All responsibility for checking references and Choose fro m 1,500 va rieties of exciting and quarterly newsletter, offers gardening essays, hardy pl ant varieties. M any exclusives. Rhodo­ determining the appropriateness of both posi­ personal assessment of plants, products and azaleas, conifers, shrubs, trees, peren­ tion and candidate rests with the individuals. dend rons, books. $38 a year. Box 271, Dept. AH, Lin­ nia ls and much more. M a il order ca talog $3. AHS's participation in this acti vity is only to wood, NJ 08221-0271. serve as a connecting point for mem be rs of the ROSLY N NURSERY, Dept. AH, Box 69, Ros­ lyn, N Y 11576. (5 16) 643-9347. Society. In quiries and informatio nal materials HERBS sho uld be sent to H O RTICULTURAL EM­ Herbs, extensive collecti on. Perennials, sed urns, PERENNIALS PLOYMENT - A MERICAN HORTI CUL­ scented geraniums, display gardens. Li ving HOSTA ... Over 300 varieties to choose from T UR AL SOCIETY, Dept. 693, 7931 East room gift sho p. Catalog $2. Wholesale li st in o ur 1993 FREE catalog. From dwarf to giant. Bo ulevard Dr., Alexandria, VA 22308-1300. SASE. WRENWO OD, Rt. 4, Box 361, Berkeley Great for shady areas of the garden. Wri te: Springs, WV 25411. (304 ) 258-3071. SILVERMIST, 1986 H arri sv ill e Rd., Stoneboro, GARDENING ARTIST HOUSE PLANTS PA 16153. "SIM PLE" The Roving Gardening Artist. Spe­ OR C HIDS, G ESNER l A D S, BEG O N IAS, PLANTS (UNUSUAL) cializi ng in H o rticultu ra l Art, Garden Illusion, CACTI & SUCCULENTS. Visitors welcome. Unique and unusual perennials and native Facade, Topiary, Trompe l'oeil, Espali er, Trell is­ 1993 catalog $2. LAURAY O F SALISBURY, plants. Catalog $1, refundable. JOY CREE K work, Personalized Teaching and Tra ining. Box 432 Undermountain Rd., Sal isbury, CT 06068. NURS ERY, Bin 2, 20300 N .W. Watson Rd., 69AH, H oney Brook, PA 19344. (203) 435-2263. Scappoose, O R 97056.

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44 JUNE 1993 PLANTS (UNUSUAL) OVER 2,000 KINDS of choice and affordable plants. Omstanding ornamentals, American rna­ tives, perennials, rare conifers, pre-bonsai, wild ­ The Cactus & life plants, much more. Descriptive catalog $3. LET'S FORESTFARM, 990 Tetherow Rd., Williams, Succulent Society of OR 97544-9599. GROW' America PRESSED FLOWERS Invites You to Join! Real pressed flowers for crafts, pictures, cards, As a member, you will be part etc. For price list send SASE to: PRIDE'S FARM, of an international Society R.R.2 Box 389, E. Lebanon, ME 04027. TOGETHER founded in 1929 to promote a better understanding and ROSES appreciation of cacti and HORTICO ROSES: Antique roses; Erng lish succulents. The Society is also roses; hardy Explorer, Parkland, and Pa vement dedicatea to the protection and roses. Over 600 varieties to choose from, includ­ preservation of these most unique ing: Ace of Hearts, Ave Maria, Bambey, Brides creations of nature. Dream, Blue River, Loving Memory, Canadian White Star, Dr. Dick, Dutch Gold , Felicity By joining you will enjoy many Kendal, Herfla, Keepsake, Liebeszauber, Lin­ benefits, including: coln Cathedral, Maid of Honour, McCartney ./ A Subscription to the Cactus Rose, Elina (Peaudouce), Pinta, Savoy Hotel, and Succulent Journal. A Schwartze Madonna, Stephanie Diane, Sunsa­ bi-monthly pUblication fea­ tion (Ve ltfire), Tifton, Wimi. Rennie's new min­ turing a balanced presentation iatures: Blushing Blue, California Sun, Innocent Blush, Silver Phantom, and Surfer Girl. Catalog of scientific and cultural $3. HORTICO INC., 723 Robson Rd., articles. Advertisers in the Waterdown, ON LOR 2H1. (416) 689-6984, Journal offer a wide variety of Fax: (416) 689-6566. plants, seeds, literature and SPREAD YOUR JOY OF supplies. GARDENING TO OTHERS. ./ Membership Voting SUCCULENTS Privileges SEMPERVIVUMS! Colorful, hardy succulent GIVE A MEMBERSHIP IN ./ CSSA Newsletters rosettes. Ten variety collection. $12 check or THE AMERICAN money order, or send SASE for complete descrip­ ./ Opportunity to obtain rare tive list. STRONG'S ALPINE SUCCULENTS, HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. seeds at a nominal cost P.O. Box 2264-C, Flagstaff, AZ 86003-2264. Share the unique range of AHS member­ Annual Dues: $30--U.S.A., Canada & Mexico TOURS ship benefits with your family and $35--0ther Countries IRELAND'S GLORIOUS GARDENS: Fa ll friends: Ameri€on Horticulturist maga­ (surface mail) 1993. Leisurely, escorted tour with specia l gar­ $55--0ther Countries (ainnail) den and castl e visits. $2,800 includes land, most zine and News Edition, toll-free Journal subscriptions commence with meals, charming hotels. Call XO TRAVEL Gardeners' Information Service, Annual CONSULTANTS for brochures: (800) 262- the first issue of each year. 9682 or (212) 947-5530. Free Seed Exchange, Educational Pro­ To begin your membership, grams, Horticultural Employment Ser­ send your name, address, and a check or money order in U. S. WATER LILIES vice, Horticultural Book Program, dollars drawn on a U.S. bank to: THE INTERNATIONAL WATER LILY SOCI­ Environmental and Conservation Pro­ ETY Symposium July 29 thru August 1, 1993. CSSA, Inc. Rye Town Hilton Hotel, Rye Brook, NY. 1274 grams, Official AHS Membership Card, Governor's Bridge Rd. , Daviclsonville, MD special events at River Farm, our Society's P.O. Box 35034 21035. Phone: (410) 798-0231; Fax: (410) 798- Des Moines, IA 50315-0301 5314. headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia, and U.S.A. much more. Plus New Member Dues are Embroidery ~tudio discounted to only 535! Offering a unique collection of totes, T-shirts, Affiliated Clubs sweatshirts , and turtlenecks with embroidered botanical designs. Send $1 for a color btochure. It's so easy to give an AHS membership! There are more than eighty Simply call our Membership Depart­ affiliated organizations located P. O. Box 5729, Greensboro, NC 27435 throughout the United States, Phone/Fax (9 19)273-8941 menttoll-free at (800) 777-7931 to Canada and other countries. For place your gift membership orders. more information on organizing an affiliate club, or on the location of a club near you, write £;' . . ComputerizedCHII\ Horticultural to : Information Planner AffLIiate Committee Call or write: PH/FAX: 1·800·544·2721 c/o Mary Jo Gussett - or PH/FAX: 516·324·2334 11807 Dover PARADISE INFORMATION, INC. P.O. Box 1701 , East Hampton, NY 11937 Houston, TX 77031

AMERICAN HORTICU LTURIST 45 PRONUNCIATIONS

Acer circinatum AY-ser sir-sih-NAY-rum A rubrum A. ROO-brum Ailanthus ay-LAN-rhus Aquilegia canadensis ah-kwi-LEE-juh kan-ah-DEN-siss Armeria ar-MEER-ee-uh Aster divaricatus ASS-rer dih-vair-ih-KAY-tus A novae-angliae A. NO-vee-ANG-lih-ee A novi-belgii A. NO-vih-BEL-jee-eye Betula nigra BET-yew-Iuh NY-gruh Ceanothus impressus see-ah-NO-rhus im -PRES-us Commelina kom-eh-LEE-nuh Coreopsis verticillata koh-ree-OP-siss ver-rih-sih-LAY-tuh Comus florida KOR-nus FLOR-ih-duh C. nuttallii C. nut-AL-ee-eye Crambe cordifolia KRAM-bee kor-dih-FOE-Iee-uh Fremontodendron califomicum is an evergreen shrub hardy in USDA Zones 8 to 10. Crataegus phaenopyrum krah-TEE-gus fee-no-PIE-rum Lonicera sempervirens lah-NISS-er-uh Smilacina racemosa smy-Iah-SIGH-nuh Darmera peltata DAR-mer-uh pel-TAY-ruh sem-per-VY-renz ras-eh-MOH-suh Dicentra formosa die-SEN-rruh Lysichiton americanum Spiraea prunifolia spy-REE-uh for-MOH-suh ly-sih-KITE-on ah-mer-ih-KAY-num prew-nih-FOE-Iee-uh Dodecatheon doh-deh-KATH-ee-on Magnolia grandiflora mag-NOH-Iee-uh S. tomentosa S. toh-men-TOH-suh Echinacea purpurea ek-ih-NAY-see-uh gran-dih-FLOR-uh Stewartia malacodendron per-PER-ee-uh M. virginiana M. vir-jin-ee-AN-uh stew-AR-tee-uh mal-ak-oh-DEN-dron Erythronium revolutum Mimosa sensitiva mih-MOH-suh Taraxacum albidum tah-RAKS-ih-kum air-ih-THROW-nee-um reh-voh-LOO-tum sen-sih-TY-vuh AL-bih-dum Erythrosperma air-ih-rhrow-SPUR-muh Monarda didyma moh-NAR-duh T. arcticum T. ARK-rih-kum Euonymus fortunei yew-ON-ih-mus DID-ih-muh T. aurantiacum T. ar-an-ree-AY-kum for-TOON-ee-eye Oenothera biennis ee-no-THEE-ruh T. carneocoloratum T. kar-nee-oh-kul-Ier-AY-rum Franklinia alatamaha frank-LIN-ee-uh by-EN-iss T. cognatum T. kog-NAY-tum ah-Ia-ra-MAH-hah O. speciosa O. spee-see-OH-suh T. dovrense T. dov-REN-see Fremontodendron californicum Palustria pah-LOOS-tree-uh T. fasciculum T. fas-SIK-yew-Ium free-mon-toh-DEN-dron Phlox drummondii FLOKS drum-MON-dee-eye T. kok-saghz T. KOK-sah-giz kal-ih-FORN-ih-kum P. subulata P.sub-yew-LAY-tuh T. lingula tum T. ling-yew-LAY-rum Fritillaria biflora frir-ih-LAIR-ee-uh Picrasma ailanthoides pih-KRAZ-muh T. officinale T. oh-fiss-ih-NAL-ee by-FLOR-uh ay-Ian-THOY-deez T. olympicum T. oh-LIM-pih-kum Gypsophila jip-SOF-ih-Iuh P. quassioides P. kwahs-ee-OY-deez T. ostenfeldii T. ah-sren-FEL-dee-eye x Heucherella alba hyew-ker-EL-uh AL-buh Platanus occidentalis PLAT-uh-nus T. pallidipes T. pal-LID-ih-payz Ilex verticillata EYE-leks veF-rih-sih-LAY-tuh ahk-sih-den-TAL-iss T. paucisquamosum Juniperus communis joo-NIP-er-iss P. orientalis P. oh-ree-en-TAL-iss T. paw-sih-skwaw-MOH-sum kom-YEW-niss P. racemosa var. wrightii T. speciosum T. spee-see-OH-sum Kalmia latifolia KAL-mee-uh P. ras-eh-MOH-suh var. RIGHT-ee-eye T. sylvaticum T. sil-VAT-ih-kum lar-ih-FOE-Iee-uh Pinus aristata PIE-nus ar-iss-TAY-tuh T. valens T. VAL-enz Lewisia rediviva loo-ISS-ee-uh P. sylvestris P. sil-VES-rriss Taxus baccata TAK-sus bak-AY-tuh reh-dih-VY-vuh Polystichum lonchitis poh-LISS-rih-kum Tradescantia virginiana rrad-es-KAN-ree-uh Liquidambar styraciflua lik-wid-AM-ber lon-KITE-iss vir-jin-ee-AN-uh sry-rass-ih-FLEW-uh Prunus subhirtella PREW-nus sub-her-TEL-uh Trillium grandiflorum TRIL-ee-um Liriodendron tulipifera Rhododendron atlanticum gran-dih-FLOR-um leer-ee-oh-DEN-dron too-lih-PIH-fer-uh roh-doh-DEN-dron ar-LAN-rih-kum T. grandifolium T. gran-dih-FOE-Iee-um Lobelia cardinalis low-BEEL-yuh R. viscosum R. viss-KOH-sum T. ovatum T. oh-VAY-rum kar-dih-NAL-iss Rosa laevigata ROH-suh lee-vih-GAY-ruh Viburnum lentago vy-BER-num len-TAY-go L. vedrariensis L. ved-rah-ree-EN-siss Ruderalia roo-der-AL-ee-uh V. sargentii V. sar-JEN-tc:e-eye

46 JUN E 1993 © THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY

© THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY © THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1993 ANNUAL MEETING. OCTOBER 8TO 11

DISNEY'S VILLAGE RESORT .... EPCOT ®Center will be our living classroom during o Yes ! I'minte restedi n attending the 1993 Annual Meet­ LAKE BUENA VISTA, FLORIDA the "Gardens of the World " Program . Horticulturists ing at Disney's Village Resort. will highlight specific plants and gardening techniques o I'm interested in information about the AH S Young Our Annual Meeting is AHS's event of the year, when and explore the impqrtance of landscape themes Peopl e's Program at the Annual Meeting. we honor our Annual Award winners, undisputed lead­ during this 3l;2-hour walking field trip. Nome: ______ers in horticulture from across the country. Chosen for Address: ______high achievement in plant breeding and develapment, .... During "Planting Ideas: The Art and Science of landscape design, horticultural therapy, communica­ Gardening at the WALT DISNEY WORLD Resort," we'll City: tions, plant conservation, and new technologies, this explore the 120-acre WALT DISNEY WORLD Nursery Sta te: ------year's winners will present a series of lectures during and Tree Farm for an up-clo se look at the extensive Zip: ------our 48th Annual Meeting at Disney's Village Resort. horticultural operations at MAGIC KINGDOM®Park . Daytime Phone: ______

Our 1993 Program, designed especially for AHS We expect agreat deal of interest in thisyear 'sAnnual m members, also includes two special horticultural tours Meeting. If you're planning to attend, please fill out MAIL TO : 1993 AHS Annual Meenng, Dept. M, 79 31 at the WALT DISNEY WORLD®Resort: the coupon at right and mail it as soon as possible . Ea st Boulevard Drive, Ale xandria, VA 223 08- 1300.