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(Acacia Mangium) and Sengon (Falcataria Moluccana) Smoked Wood1

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(Acacia Mangium) and Sengon (Falcataria Moluccana) Smoked Wood1 J. Korean Wood Sci. Technol. 2020, 48(1): 1~11 pISSN: 1017-0715 eISSN: 2233-7180 https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2020.48.1.1 Original Article Color Change and Resistance to Subterranean Termite Attack of Mangium (Acacia mangium) and Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) Smoked Wood1 Yusuf Sudo HADI 2,†⋅Muh Yusram MASSIJAYA2⋅Imam Busyra ABDILLAH2⋅ Gustan PARI3⋅Wa Ode Muliastuty ARSYAD3 ABSTRACT1) Indonesian log production is dominated by young trees harvested from plantation forests. The timber contains of sapwood and juvenile wood, which are not resistant to termite attack. Smoking treatment can enhance wood resistance to termite attack, but it also changes the color. Specimens of mangium (Acacia mangium) and sengon (Falcataria moluccana) wood were exposed for 1, 2, and 3 weeks to smoke produced from the pyrolysis of salam (Syzygium polyanthum) wood. The color change of the wood was measured using the CIELab method. In addition, wood specimens were exposed to subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) under laboratory conditions. Untreated and imidacloprid-preserved wood samples were also prepared for comparison purposes. The results showed that the color of smoked wood differed from that of untreated wood, and the color change for sengon was greater than for mangium. In addition, the 1-week smoking period changed the wood color less than the 2- and 3-week periods, which did not differ. Imidacloprid-preserved wood had distinctive color changes compared to untreated wood. Untreated mangium wood had moderate resistance to subterranean termite attack (resistance class III), while sengon had very poor resistance (resistance class V). Salam wood smoke enhanced wood resistance to termite attack, and smoke treatment of 1 week for mangium and 2 weeks for sengon resulted in the wood becoming very resistant (resistance class I). Both types of smoked wood were more resistant to subterranean termite attack than imidacloprid-preserved wood (average class II resistance). Keywords: smoked wood, wood color change, subterranean termite attack, termite resistance class 1. INTRODUCTION Fast-growing tree species,such as mangium (Acacia mangium) and sengon (Falcataria moluccana), are The Indonesian wood industry processed 43 million commonly planted to achieve a short cutting rotation, m3 of logs in 2017, and 87% of the wood was harvested typically only 6 to 10 years. Fajriani et al. (2013) from plantation forests with a total area of 11.1 million reported that wood from young plantation forests was ha (Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2018). dominated with sapwood and containing juvenile wood, 1 Date Received May 12, 2019, Date Accepted August 28, 2019 2 IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor 16680, Indonesia 3 Forest Products Research and Development Centre, Bogor 16610, Indonesia † Corresponding author: Yusuf Sudo HADI (e-mail: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-2212-4501) - 1 - Yusuf Sudo HADI⋅Muh Yusram MASSIJAYA⋅Imam Busyra ABDILLAH⋅Gustan PARI⋅Wa Ode Muliastuty ARSYAD which have low physical-mechanical properties and low 2005). Ishiguri et al. (2001, 2003) applied hot smoking resistance to bio-deterioration due to attack by insects to wood, which resulted in changes to color and moisture and other organisms. Production of better physical- content and also produced surface checks on the wood mechanical properties and resistance to bio-deterioration when the process extended over a long period. The by organisms, including termites, requires ongoing color change usually resulted in darker wood, as reported development of methods to improve wood quality. by Hidayat et al. (2017). In their study, heat treatment Previous investigations have explored quality of Korean white pine and royal paulownia wood resulted improvements of wood from young forest stands. To in darker colors compared with untreated wood, and improvephysical-mechanical properties, wood has been consumers preferred the darker shades over the lighter used to manufacture glued laminated lumber (glulam) color. In terms of tar, the substrate occurs as a byproduct (Komariah et al., 2015; Lestari et al., 2018), laminated in charcoal kilns (Yang et al., 2017) and it could give composite panel (Hendrik et al., 2016), and methyl wood a black color, but the color change would not methacrylate impregnated wood (Hadi et al., 2013; be appealing for furniture components. 2019). To lengthen the service life of wood or make To determine the effect of smoke on wood resistance it more resistant to bio-deterioration attack without to bio-deterioration attack, cold smoking was more preservative agents, chemically modifications have been sharply giving needed information. This work was used to produce furfurylated wood (Hadi et al., 2005) undertaken by Hadi et al. (2010, 2016a) on mindi (Melia and acetylated wood (Hadi et al., 2015). In addition, azedarach), sengon (Falcataria moluccana), sugi impregnating plastic into wood void has yielded (Cryptomeria japonica), and pulai (Alstonia sp.) wood polystyrene-impregnated wood (Hadi et al., 2016b), as well as glulam from fast-growing wood species. methyl methacrylate-impregnated wood (Hadi et al., Overall, the results showed that cold smoking improved 2018), and acetylated rubber-wood flakeboard (Hadi wood resistance against termite attacks. Furthermore, et al., 1995). Hadi et al.(2016a) reported that smoke from mangium Smoke treatment of wood has also been investigated wood contains chemical compounds such as acetic acid, to preserve both wood (Hadi et al., 2012) and glulam cyclobutanol, phenolic compounds and other polycyclic (Hadi et al., 2016a). Smoking has long been used in aromatic hydrocarbons. Smoke produced from other the food industry to extend product shelf life, provide wood species may have different chemical compounds flavor, and change the color of food products (Toledo, (Toledo, 2008). 2008). Smoke from wood contains a large number of Salam wood (Syzygium polyanthum) has a medium polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are pre- specific gravity and a high number of chemical dominantly phenols, aldehydes, ketones, organic acids, compounds, especially extractive (Martawijaya et al alcohols, esters, hydrocarbons, and various heterocyclic 2004 did not say the volatile substance, but the extractive compounds (Stołyhwo and Sikorski, 2005). only) substances (Martawijaya et al., 2004). It can be Various techniques exist for smoking products. Hot processed for charcoal production, and the smoke smoking combines drying and smoking by holding the produced as a byproduct could be used in the smoking temperature in the chamber at 55–80 °C, while cold process of wood. The purpose of the current study was smoking and warm smoking are single purpose pro- to determine how does salam wood smoke change the cesses with the chamber temperature held at 15-25 °C color of mangium and sengon woods after one-, two-, or 25-45 °C, respectively (Stołyhwo and Sikorski, and three-week smoking treatments, and also the - 2 - Color Change and Resistance to Subterranean Termite Attack of Mangium (Acacia mangium) and Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) Smoked Wood resistance of smoked woods to subterranean termite values of L*, a*, and b* from a photograph (which attack. Imidacloprid-preserved wood was also prepared was obtained from scanning with CanonScan 4400F) for comparative purposes. of the wood sample with the Adobe Photoshop CS5 application. L* indicated lightness, with a value of 0 2. MATERIALS and METHODS to 100 (black to white); a* indicated colors from green to red, with +a* from 0 to 80 corresponding to red 2.1. Wood preparation and –a* from −80 to 0 corresponding to green; and b* indicated color from blue to yellow, with +b* from Mangium and sengon were harvested in Bogor, West 0 to 70 corresponding to yellow and −b* from −70 Java, Indonesia, and wood samples were used for to 0 corresponding to blue (Christie, 2007). Each sample smoked wood experiments. The densities of mangium was assessed at five points, and the average values and sengon wood were 0.56 ± 0.02 and 0.36 ± 0.03 were used in the analysis. The color change (ΔE) was g/cm3, respectively. The measured responses were color calculated regarding to CIELab (Hunter Lab, 1996), changes according to Hunter Lab (1996) and resistance using the following equation: to subterranean termite attack in laboratory tests ac- cording to Indonesian standard SNI 7207-2014 (SNI, (1) 2014). Wood was cut into specimens of 0.5 × 2.5 cm in cross section by 2.5 cm in the longitudinal direction where for the testing. Wood specimens were divided into three = color change categories: untreated wood, smoked wood, and imida- = difference in L values between compared samples cloprid-preserved wood. Salam wood was pyrolyzed = difference in a valuesbetween compared samples to produce charcoal, and the smoke released as a by- = difference in b values between compared samples product was used for the smoking process, which lasted 1, 2, and 3 weeks (Hadi et al., 2010). According to Hunter Lab (1996) and Hrčková et For analysis of the chemical compounds of the smoke, al.(2018), color change can be classified as shown in condensed smoke, or wood vinegar before entering the Table 1. smoking chamber, was analyzed by gas chromatography –mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For purposes of com- Table 1. Color change classification parison, wood preserved with imidacloprid 3% was also Class Color difference Color change effect prepared. The samples were dried to reach 12% moisture 1 < 0.2 Invisible changes content,
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