(Acacia Mangium) and Sengon (Falcataria Moluccana) Smoked Wood1

Home , Liquid smoke

J. Korean Wood Sci. Technol. 2020, 48(1): 1~11 pISSN: 1017-0715 eISSN: 2233-7180 https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2020.48.1.1

Original Article

Color Change and Resistance to Subterranean Termite Attack of Mangium (Acacia mangium) and Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) Smoked Wood1

Yusuf Sudo HADI 2,†⋅Muh Yusram MASSIJAYA2⋅Imam Busyra ABDILLAH2⋅ Gustan PARI3⋅Wa Ode Muliastuty ARSYAD3

ABSTRACT1)

Indonesian log production is dominated by young trees harvested from plantation forests. The timber contains of sapwood and juvenile wood, which are not resistant to termite attack. Smoking treatment can enhance wood resistance to termite attack, but it also changes the color. Specimens of mangium (Acacia mangium) and sengon (Falcataria moluccana) wood were exposed for 1, 2, and 3 weeks to smoke produced from the pyrolysis of salam (Syzygium polyanthum) wood. The color change of the wood was measured using the CIELab method. In addition, wood specimens were exposed to subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) under laboratory conditions. Untreated and imidacloprid-preserved wood samples were also prepared for comparison purposes. The results showed that the color of smoked wood differed from that of untreated wood, and the color change for sengon was greater than for mangium. In addition, the 1-week smoking period changed the wood color less than the 2- and 3-week periods, which did not differ. Imidacloprid-preserved wood had distinctive color changes compared to untreated wood. Untreated mangium wood had moderate resistance to subterranean termite attack (resistance class III), while sengon had very poor resistance (resistance class V). Salam wood smoke enhanced wood resistance to termite attack, and smoke treatment of 1 week for mangium and 2 weeks for sengon resulted in the wood becoming very resistant (resistance class I). Both types of smoked wood were more resistant to subterranean termite attack than imidacloprid-preserved wood (average class II resistance).

Keywords: smoked wood, wood color change, subterranean termite attack, termite resistance class

1. INTRODUCTION Fast-growing tree species,such as mangium (Acacia mangium) and sengon (Falcataria moluccana), are The Indonesian wood industry processed 43 million commonly planted to achieve a short cutting rotation, m3 of logs in 2017, and 87% of the wood was harvested typically only 6 to 10 years. Fajriani et al. (2013) from plantation forests with a total area of 11.1 million reported that wood from young plantation forests was ha (Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2018). dominated with sapwood and containing juvenile wood,

1 Date Received May 12, 2019, Date Accepted August 28, 2019 2 IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor 16680, Indonesia 3 Forest Products Research and Development Centre, Bogor 16610, Indonesia † Corresponding author: Yusuf Sudo HADI (e-mail: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-2212-4501)

- 1 - Yusuf Sudo HADI⋅Muh Yusram MASSIJAYA⋅Imam Busyra ABDILLAH⋅Gustan PARI⋅Wa Ode Muliastuty ARSYAD which have low physical-mechanical properties and low 2005). Ishiguri et al. (2001, 2003) applied hot smoking resistance to bio-deterioration due to attack by insects to wood, which resulted in changes to color and moisture and other organisms. Production of better physical- content and also produced surface checks on the wood mechanical properties and resistance to bio-deterioration when the process extended over a long period. The by organisms, including termites, requires ongoing color change usually resulted in darker wood, as reported development of methods to improve wood quality. by Hidayat et al. (2017). In their study, heat treatment Previous investigations have explored quality of Korean white pine and royal paulownia wood resulted improvements of wood from young forest stands. To in darker colors compared with untreated wood, and improvephysical-mechanical properties, wood has been consumers preferred the darker shades over the lighter used to manufacture glued laminated lumber (glulam) color. In terms of tar, the substrate occurs as a byproduct (Komariah et al., 2015; Lestari et al., 2018), laminated in charcoal kilns (Yang et al., 2017) and it could give composite panel (Hendrik et al., 2016), and methyl wood a black color, but the color change would not methacrylate impregnated wood (Hadi et al., 2013; be appealing for furniture components. 2019). To lengthen the service life of wood or make To determine the effect of smoke on wood resistance it more resistant to bio-deterioration attack without to bio-deterioration attack, cold smoking was more preservative agents, chemically modifications have been sharply giving needed information. This work was used to produce furfurylated wood (Hadi et al., 2005) undertaken by Hadi et al. (2010, 2016a) on mindi (Melia and acetylated wood (Hadi et al., 2015). In addition, azedarach), sengon (Falcataria moluccana), sugi impregnating plastic into wood void has yielded (Cryptomeria japonica), and pulai (Alstonia sp.) wood polystyrene-impregnated wood (Hadi et al., 2016b), as well as glulam from fast-growing wood species. methyl methacrylate-impregnated wood (Hadi et al., Overall, the results showed that cold smoking improved 2018), and acetylated rubber-wood flakeboard (Hadi wood resistance against termite attacks. Furthermore, et al., 1995). Hadi et al.(2016a) reported that smoke from mangium Smoke treatment of wood has also been investigated wood contains chemical compounds such as acetic acid, to preserve both wood (Hadi et al., 2012) and glulam cyclobutanol, phenolic compounds and other polycyclic (Hadi et al., 2016a). Smoking has long been used in aromatic hydrocarbons. Smoke produced from other the food industry to extend product shelf life, provide wood species may have different chemical compounds flavor, and change the color of food products (Toledo, (Toledo, 2008). 2008). Smoke from wood contains a large number of Salam wood (Syzygium polyanthum) has a medium polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are pre- specific gravity and a high number of chemical dominantly phenols, aldehydes, ketones, organic acids, compounds, especially extractive (Martawijaya et al alcohols, esters, hydrocarbons, and various heterocyclic 2004 did not say the volatile substance, but the extractive compounds (Stołyhwo and Sikorski, 2005). only) substances (Martawijaya et al., 2004). It can be Various techniques exist for smoking products. Hot processed for charcoal production, and the smoke smoking combines drying and smoking by holding the produced as a byproduct could be used in the smoking temperature in the chamber at 55–80 °C, while cold process of wood. The purpose of the current study was smoking and warm smoking are single purpose pro- to determine how does salam wood smoke change the cesses with the chamber temperature held at 15-25 °C color of mangium and sengon woods after one-, two-, or 25-45 °C, respectively (Stołyhwo and Sikorski, and three-week smoking treatments, and also the

- 2 - Color Change and Resistance to Subterranean Termite Attack of Mangium (Acacia mangium) and Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) Smoked Wood resistance of smoked woods to subterranean termite values of L*, a*, and b* from a photograph (which attack. Imidacloprid-preserved wood was also prepared was obtained from scanning with CanonScan 4400F) for comparative purposes. of the wood sample with the Adobe Photoshop CS5 application. L* indicated lightness, with a value of 0 2. MATERIALS and METHODS to 100 (black to white); a* indicated colors from green to red, with +a* from 0 to 80 corresponding to red 2.1. Wood preparation and –a* from −80 to 0 corresponding to green; and b* indicated color from blue to yellow, with +b* from Mangium and sengon were harvested in Bogor, West 0 to 70 corresponding to yellow and −b* from −70 Java, Indonesia, and wood samples were used for to 0 corresponding to blue (Christie, 2007). Each sample smoked wood experiments. The densities of mangium was assessed at five points, and the average values and sengon wood were 0.56 ± 0.02 and 0.36 ± 0.03 were used in the analysis. The color change (ΔE) was g/cm3, respectively. The measured responses were color calculated regarding to CIELab (Hunter Lab, 1996), changes according to Hunter Lab (1996) and resistance using the following equation: to subterranean termite attack in laboratory tests according to Indonesian standard SNI 7207-2014 (SNI,       (1) 2014). Wood was cut into specimens of 0.5 × 2.5 cm in cross section by 2.5 cm in the longitudinal direction where for the testing. Wood specimens were divided into three  = color change categories: untreated wood, smoked wood, and imida-  = difference in L values between compared samples cloprid-preserved wood. Salam wood was pyrolyzed  = difference in a valuesbetween compared samples to produce charcoal, and the smoke released as a by-  = difference in b values between compared samples product was used for the smoking process, which lasted

1, 2, and 3 weeks (Hadi et al., 2010). According to Hunter Lab (1996) and Hrčková et For analysis of the chemical compounds of the smoke, al.(2018), color change can be classified as shown in condensed smoke, or wood vinegar before entering the Table 1. smoking chamber, was analyzed by gas chromatography –mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For purposes of com- Table 1. Color change classification parison, wood preserved with imidacloprid 3% was also Class Color difference Color change effect prepared. The samples were dried to reach 12% moisture 1  < 0.2 Invisible changes content, weighed, and then placed under vacuum at 2 0.2 <  < 2.0 Very small changes 5 atmospheres for 30 minutes and pressure at 5 3 2.0 <  < 3.0 Small changes (color atmospheres for 30 minutes (Hadi et al., 2018). The changes visible by samples then underwent conditioning for 2 weeks. Five high-quality filter) replications were done for each treatment. 4 3.0 <  < 6.0 Medium (color changes visible by edium-quality filter) 2.2. Wood color change determination 5 6.0 <  < 12 Big (distinct color The CIELab method was using to determine wood changes) color. This method involved directly measuring the 6  > 12 Different color

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2.3. Subterranean termite test Table 2. Resistance class against subterranean termite

The laboratory subterranean termite test was based Resistance class Sample condition Mass loss (%) on Indonesian standard SNI 7207-2014. Each test I Very resistant <3.52 specimen was placed in a glass container with 200 g II Resistant 3.52–7.50 of sterilized sand, 50 mL of water, and 200 healthy III Moderately 7.50–10.96 and active workers of Coptotermes curvignathus resistant subterranean termites from a laboratory colony. The IV Poorly resistant 10.96–18.94 containers were put in a dark room at a temperature V Very poorly >18.94 resistant of 25 °C to 30 °C and 80% to 90% relative humidity for 4 weeks and weighed weekly. If the moisture content of the sand decreased by 2% or more, water was added 2.4. Data analysis to achieve a 25% moisture content. At the end of the To analyze the effect of treatments upon all responses, 4-week test, the wood samples were oven-dried. Wood i.e. color change, weight loss, mortality, and feeding weight loss and termite mortality were determined using rate, a 2 × 5 factorial in completely randomized design the following formulae: was used for data analysis. The first factor was wood

species (mangium and sengon), and the second factor Weight loss (WL) = (W1 − W2)/W1 × 100% (2) was treatment (untreated, smoke 1 week, smoke 2

weeks, smoke 3 weeks, and imidacloprid preservation). where W1 is the weight (g) of oven-dried samples before Duncan’s multiple range test was used for further the test, and W2 is the weight (g) of oven-dried samples analysis if a factor was significantly different at p ≤ after the test. 0.05.

Termite mortality = (T1 − T2)/T1 × 100% (3) 3. RESULTS and DISCUSSION where T1 is the number of live termites before the test, and T2 is the number of live termites after the 3.1. Chemical compounds in salam liquid test. smoke We assumed that termites died linearly with time, The GC-MS analysis showed that the dominant and we calculated the feeding rate according to the chemical compounds of salam liquid smoke were acetic following equation: acid, followed by phenol, ketone, benzene, aldehyde,

and other compounds. Compared with the findings of Feeding rate (FR) (μg/termite/day) (4) Hadi et al. (2016a), the dominant chemical compounds = (weight of wood eaten; μg)/ and their relative percentages differed from those of (average number of living termites)/ mangium smoke, which consisted of acetic acid, cyclo- (number of days in the test period) butanol, acetone, and phenol. These results indicate

Wood resistance class against subterranean termites that different types of wood produce different smoke was determined by referring to SNI 7207-2014 as shown compounds, confirming results reported by Toledo in Table 2. (2008). Both types of smoke had similar dominant com-

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Fig. 1. The color of wood specimens before and after smoking or imidacloprid preservation. pounds, however, particularly acetic acid, phenol, and acetone. Phenolic compounds and acetic acid were pre- viously shown to be effective as wood preservatives against termite attack (Yang et al., 2016), and it was also reported that smoke can be utilized to protect wood against attack by fungi, termites, and bacteria.

3.2. Wood color change

The colors of mangium and sengon wood that was Fig. 2. The L* (lightness) values of mangium and untreated, smoked 1, 2, or 3 weeks (1 W, 2 W, 3 W, sengon woods. respectively), or preserved with imidacloprid are shown in Fig. 1. The values of L*, a*, b*, and ÄE are presented in Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, with the legends Smoke-1W means smoking process for 1 week, Smoke-2W means smoking process for 2 weeks, Smoke-3W means smoking process for 3 weeks, and Preserved means preservation with imidacloprid . As shown in Fig. 5, the color change (∆E) values of smoked wood were more than 12 points and con- sequently indicated that the wood was a different color Fig. 3. The a* (red-green) values of mangium and from untreated wood (Table 1). The color change values sengon woods. of imidacloprid-preserved wood were between 6 to 12 points, indicating distinct color changes from untreated treatment, and interaction of both factors. Further data wood. Based on analysis of variance in Table 3, color analysis of interaction factor (Duncan’s multiple range change was affected very significantly by wood species, tests) for color change is shown in Table 4.

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Table 3. Variance analysis of color change, weight loss, mortality, and feeding rate

Color Weight Feeding Source Mortality change loss rate Wood species ** ** ns ns Treatment ** ** ** ** Interaction ** ** ns ns **p < 0.01; ns, not significant.

Fig. 4. The b* (yellow-blue) values of mangium and smoking periods. The samples from the latter two sengon woods. periods did not differ from each other but had darker colors than the 1-week samples, as indicated by the lower L* values. In terms of wood species, the color change of sengon wood had a higher value than mangium for the smoking process, but the two types of wood did not differ in color when preserved with imidacloprid. According to Toledo (2008), smoke could cause color changes because of the presence of phenol compounds that can react with carbonyls.

3.3. Wood resistance to subterranean Fig. 5. The ∆E (color change) values of mangium and sengon woods. termite attack 3.3.1. Weight loss Based on data present in Table 4, smoked wood had Results for weight loss (WL) of wood samplesis a greater color change than imidacloprid-preserved shown in Fig. 6. Untreated mangium wood was more wood. It was a darker color as indicated by the much resistant than untreated sengon wood as indicated by lower L* values. Among the smoked wood samples, the lower WL and higher resistance class of mangium. the color change associated with the 1-week smoking Mangium wood had a higher density (0.56 g/cm3) than period was different from that of the 2- and 3-week sengon wood (0.36 g/cm3), resulting in mangium

Table 4. Duncan's multiple range test for color change, weight loss, mortality, and feeding rate

Respond Wood species Untreated Smoke 1 Smoke 2 Smoke 3 Imidacloprid Mangium No change 23.68b 33.52c 35.24c 9.27a Color change Sengon No change 35.18c 44.75d 45.39d 7.20a Mangium 10.86d 2.90ab 2.63ab 2.12a 2.93ab Weight loss Sengon 19.32e 5.01c 3.24abc 2.06a 4.59bc Mortality 20.62a 100b 100b 100b 100b Feeding rate 41.96c 21.18b 16.03ab 12.39a 20.89b Note: Values followed by the same letter in a column are not statistically different.

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resistant, based on the WL values. However, untreated sengon wood was class V, or very poorly resistant to subterranean termite attack. For mangium wood, all smoking periods resulted in class I resistance, or very resistant, but sengon wood required at least 2 weeks of smoking to get the same results. In other words, a 1-week smoking period for mangium and a 2-week smoking period for sengon were sufficient to obtain the best results. These results were better than those Fig. 6. Weight loss of mangium and sengon woods. found for imidacloprid-preserved wood, which obtained resistance class II, or resistant to subterranean termite potentially being more resistant than sengon. In a attack. previous study, Arango et al. (2006) analyzed six hardwood species and found that wood with a higher 3.3.2. Mortality speciﬁc gravity had more resistance to Reticulitermes Result for termite mortality is presented in Fig. 7, ﬂavipes Kollar termites. Mangium and sengon wood the termite mortality was much lower for untreated in the current study had similar resistance classes as wood, with a rate that was approximately one-fourth found by Arinana et al. (2012). With regard to retention that found for treated wood. These findings indicate of the imidacloprid preservative, mangium reached that both the smoking treatment and imidacloprid pre- 6.12 kg/m3 and sengon 7.89 kg/m3. With its lower servation were effective in enhancing wood resistance density, sengon is usually more easily penetrated by to subterranean termite attack. According to the analysis a chemical solution because there is more void space of variance in Table 3, only treatment factor affected in its structure. termite mortality, and the other factors did not. The analysis of variance in Table 3 shows that wood Furthermore, based on Table 4 both of smoke and species, treatment, and the interaction of both factors preservation treatments resulted in all the termites dying. highly affected WL. Based on Duncan’s multiple range This result is in agreement with Hadi et al. (2012), test of WL in Table 4, the untreated mangium and who found that smoke treatment applied to sengon, sengon wood had the largest WL values compared to sugi, and pulai wood for 2 weeks resulted in 100% treated wood, and they were significantly different from all treated wood. These results indicate that all treatments significantly enhanced wood resistance to subterranean termite attack. Furthermore, the results show that all mangium wood samples were not significantly different from each other. In the case of sengon wood, the 3-week smoking period was associated with the lowest WL, but it was not significantly different from the 2-week smoking period. With reference to Table 2, untreated mangium wood Fig. 7. Termite mortality of mangium and sengon was classified as resistance class III, or moderately woods.

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Table 5. Wood loss, resistance class, mortality, and feeding rate for mangium and sengon wood

Feeding rate Wood species Treatment WL (%) Resistance class Mortality (%) (μg/termite/day) Untreated 10.86 (3.78) III 23.9 (9.2) 41.8 (13.3) Smoke 1 W 2.90 (1.33) I 100 (0) 18.9 (9.4) Mangium Smoke 2 W 2.63 (1.25) I 100 (0) 16.6 (8.0) Smoke 3 W 2.12 (0.85) I 100 (0) 14.7 (5.9) Preserved 2.93 (0.97) I 100 (0) 18.8 (6.1) Untreated 19.32 (3.91) V 22.3 (7.2) 42.11 (6.7) Smoke 1 W 5.01 (1.90) II 100 (0) 23.5 (7.8) Sengon Smoke 2 W 3.24 (1.10) I 100 (0) 15.2 (5.1) Smoke 3 W 2.06 (0.72) I 100 (0) 10.1 (3.6) Preserved 4.59 (1.98) II 100 (0) 23.0 (10.7) Notes: Values in parentheses are standard deviation. termite mortality at the end of the experiment. The According to the analysis of variance in Table 3, only presence of acetic acid and phenolic compounds in the the treatment factor affected the termite feeding rate; smoke has been suggested to increase wood resistance the other factors did not have an effect on it. Based to subterranean termite attack (Oramahi et al., 2014). on the Fig. 8, it could be mentioned that both of smoke and preservation treatments substantially reduced the 3.3.3. Feeding rate termite feeding rate. Untreated wood clearly had the The daily termite feeding rate or daily wood highest daily feeding rate, while wood smoked for 3 consumption of each termite is shown at Fig. 8. The weeks had the lowest. The rates for other samples were daily termite feeding rate reached 41.82 ± 13.29 μ between these extremes. The daily feeding rate was g/termite for untreated sengon, which was lower than determined by mass (g) loss and the number of living for untreated mangium, with 42.11 ± 6.66 μg/termite. termites, with the assumption that the termites died These results were similar to those of Arinana et al. linearly over time. However, this assumption was not (2012), but lower than those of Hadi et al. (2014). based on observation, and for future research, methods are needed on how to recognize living termites at any time during an experiment.

4. CONCLUSION

Based on the ﬁndings in this work, we were able to make the following conclusions:

1. The main chemical compounds of salam liquid smoke were acetic acid, phenol, ketone, benzene, Fig. 8. Termite feeding rate of mangium and sengon and aldehyde. woods. 2. Compared to untreated wood, smoked wood was

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a different color (∆E>12) and imidacloprid- Biodegradation 57(3): 146-150, preserved wood showed a distinct color change doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2006.01.007 (6<∆E<12). In addition, a longer smoking period Arinana, A., Tsunoda, K., Herliyana, E.N., Hadi, Y.S. resulted in darker color of wood, as indicated by 2012. Termite-susceptible species of wood for the lower L* values. The 2- and 3-week smoking inclusion as a reference in Indonesian standardized periods yielded similar colors, which were signi- laboratory testing. Insects 3(2): 396-401, ficantly different from the lighter colors associated doi: 10.3390/insects3020396. with the 1-week smoking period. Christie, R.M. 2007. Colour Chemistry. The Royal 3. Untreated mangium wood, with a density of 0.56 Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. 3 g/cm and resistance class III, was more resistant Fajriani, E., Rulle, J., Dlouha, J., Fournier, M., Hadi, than untreated sengon wood, with a density of Y.S., Darmawan, W. 2013. Radial variation of wood 3 0.36 g/cm and resistance class V. properties of sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) 4. Smoking treatment enhanced wood resistance to and jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba). Journal of the subterranean termite attack. A smoking period of Indian Academy of Wood Science 10(2): 110-117. 1 week for mangium and 2 weeks for sengon Hadi, Y.S., Darma, I.G.K.T., Febrianto, F., Herliyana, resulted in resistance class I wood, that is, very E.N. 1995. Acetylated rubber-wood flakeboard resistant to subterranean termite attack. These resistance to bio-deterioration. Forest Products results were better than those for imidacloprid- Journal 45(10): 64-66. preserved wood, which was in average resistance Hadi, Y.S., Westin, M., Rasyid, E. 2005. Resistance class II, or resistant to subterranean termite attack. of furfurylated wood to termite attack. Forest

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