itiiliitiAA AA AAi*?! itiiffulnTiiTi ••,,>i.,ft.-'>-i>--*--<»--*--*--<*--'*--o--*--'»—'>--'*--*-<*- 4> ILLUSTRATED * Centennial Souvenir t

X Block House Number of the Richland Gninty Historical X J' Sodet/s Publication, Gnnpiledl by the Secretary. ^ I t i 4»

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4» I MANSRELD BLPOli HOUffS.

$ Mansfield, Richland County, Ohio t

T Published by the Society. J907. J HON. HUNTINGTON BROWN, President Centennial Commission. ILLUSTRATED Centennial Souvenir

Block House Number of the Richland County Histdrical Society's Publication, Compiled by the SecretarA

MAN8FIELO BLOCK HOUSE.

Mansfield, Richland County, Ohio

Published by the Society, 1907. Proceedings of the Richland County Historical Society.

Thq Richland County Historical Society lield its eiglitti annual meeting in tlie G. A. R. rooms of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial building, on Thursday, June 28, 190G. The following from the Mansfield News ot that date gives such a correct account of the meeting that it- is copied here, hu follows: Thursday afternoon at 1 o'clock the eighth annual meeting of the Rich­ land County Historical Society was cftlled to order by its president, Gen. R. Brinkerhoff. The meeting was opened with prayer by the Rev. Father Schreiber, of St. Peter's Catholic church. Following this there was an excellent pro- gramme^ made up of a number of ten-minute addresses, among other speak­ ers being Edwin Mansfield, the Rev. Mr. Crawford, of Nashville, Tenn., and Gen.' R. Brinkerhoff. Following is the address delivered by the last named gentleman: /

PRESIDENT BRINKERHOFF'S ADDRESS. Today we hold the eighth annual meeting of the Richland County His­ torical Society and it is my pleasant duty, as its president, to extend a cordial welcome to all who have honored us with their presence. While this Society, as now organized, is only eight years old, yet it is the lineal successor of the first historical society in this county, organized at Hemlock Falls, near Newvllle, 50 years ago, and which, with various inter- ruiitions, has persevered until the present day, and has succeeded, I think, in preserving In various publications, the pioneer and current history as fully, with a few exceptions, as any other county in the state. It is true, we have not kept pace with Huron and Erie, to the north of us, where the peo- (lio generally are interested in such matters, and where the Firelandp His­ torical Society has published an annual volume for many years and where a building has been erected at Norwalk for its meetings and historic ac­ cumulations.' However, I have the faith to believe that our fellow citizens of Richland County appreciate our work more fully than heretofore and we are encouraged for the future; What we need Just now, more than anything else, is a building for our historic arcbaelogical and geological collections, which I am very sure are unsurpassed and I doubt it they are equaled by .any other county in the State of its size. Soon after completion of this Memorial building, its third story was assigned to this collection and its care was provided for by the OFFICERS RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

GEN. R, BRINKERHOFF. Preside M. B. BUSHNELL, Vice President.

A. J. BAUGHMAN, Secretary. W. S. CAPPELLER. Treasurer.

PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 3

city board of education for a number of years, by the employment ot our elflc'ent curator, Edward Wilkinson, and its value was fully Indicated al­ though the space for its i)roper display was entirely insufficient. The ottly essential for its i)roper development would be the employ­ ment of a'Competent curator Ifke Mr. Wilkinson, whose salary, I think, could bp provided without much trouble. Our city board of education has already indicated its willingness to contribute one-half of such expenses in return for the educational advantages It will afford to the various schools, and es­ pecially to its classes in geology, botany and history and if the city and township authorities will co-operate, we will have an institution which will bo an honor to our county and of great educational value, not only to our schools but t^ ail of our cItlzenS. .The law authorizing the erection of this memorial building provides (Ohio Laws Vol. 84, Page 345) that it shall con­ tain "an assembly room for the use of the Grand Army of the Republic, free ot rent," "library rooms for the public library," and also "memorial room or rooms for the preservation offlags, document s and relics of the several wars und of the early settlement of Ohio. It will be noticed that the three uses for which it is authorized are, the soldiers' memorial rooms, the memorial library and a memorial room for rel'cs, and, therefore, if the Library should lie removed, the space vacated can very properly be occupied by a memorial '.iiuseum and would In a few years be fully occupied.. Clearly,, I think, the trustees of the Memorial Building have the authority to make such an as- s'gnment. Possibly they may also have pcwer to provide for its proper care; l.ut.if not, legislation could doubtless be secured for that purpose at the next meeting of the legislature. Last year we published a report of our ^proceedings for the preceding seven years, copies of which were furnished to all our members and which Ciin be frnished to all new members, of whom we would be glad to welcome a goodly number. Membership is not llm'ted to the descendants of pioneers, but every one is welcome, who is interested in preserving history whether nast or present and who is willing to contribute a membership fee of one dollar and annual dues of the same amount. We ought to have a member­ ship sufficiently large to authorize the iiublicat'on of an annual report. The programme was pleasingly interspersed by several vocal selections by Mrs. W. G. Gilger, of Ncrwalk, the iiiano accompaniment being by Miss Charlotte Anderson. One of the most charming of the numbers rendered was "Years Touch Not the Teart." There were present at this meeting apout thirty members of the Craw­ ford County Pioneer Society and during the morning this party visited the (Children's Home, accompanied by a local committee. Mrs. T. J. Wilson and Mrs. S. M. Morgan acted as a reception com- I'littee. >' The officers of the Richland organization and invited guests to the num­ ber of 28 took dinner at Keirschbaum's. ^ 4 PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COtJNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

Among the out-of-town people present at this meeti'ng^ were Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Gilger, ot Norwalk; Dr. Sheldon, of Norwalk, secretary of the Pire- lauds Historical Society, accompanied by his wife and daughter; Mrs. Buck- cnberger, of Bellville, who acted as stenographer at the meeting; the Rev. .Joshua Crawford, of Nashville, who is a kinsman of Col. William Crawford, T.'ho was burned at the stake by the Indians. On display at the meeting there \*'a8 a sword which was carried by one of the officers of the Crawford expedition and which was found after having been buried for 13C years. It is now the property of Ira Pinfrock. M. B. Bushnell is vice president of the Organization, and A. J. Baugh- man, secretary.

A Centennial Commission Created/

Former Mayor Huntington Brown was called upon to tell 6f the Salem Centennial which be attended recently. ^T. Brown gave a comprehensive outline of the Centennial and told of how successful' it was. It was a great home coming and one of the Unest events ever held in that little city. He told of the elaborate entertainment the processions and the social events, the addresses by prominent people from various parts of the contry and going into detail he explained how the Salemltes had gone about the enter­ prise. Some months ago in the Shield the suggestion was made by A. J. Uaughman in an ajticle that Mansfield ought to celebrate its Centennial lT/o years h(ence and this has been followed from time to time by'other items along the same line and editorial mention. The Shield is glad to see that Mansfield is to have a centennial—a great home coming of the former Mansfield people and their friends. Secretary Baughman, at the conclusion of Mr. Brown's speech called upon Father Schreiber for remarks) Mr. Baughman mentioning that he knew of no one who takes a greater interest in Richland County history than does Father Schreiber. Father Schreiber in his Impromptu remarks gave the project his hearty endorsement. He spoke of what a splendid thing it is to commemorate the founding of our city. His remarks were very greatly appreciated. Capt. T. B. Martin endorsed what had been said in behalf of the enter­ prise and made a short address. He presented a resolution that a Mansfield Centennial Commission be created, with the Hon. Huntington Brown as chairman and with power to select the members of his cabinet, to consist of from 7 to 9 members as he should deem best. This resolution was carried unanimously and Mr. Brown in accepting stated that he thought two years was none/too long for the accomplishment of all that there is to be done. He announced that he would elect A. J. Baughman as secretary of the commission and would name the others in a short time. PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 6

The selection of Mr. Brown wili meet with the hearty approbation df the people of Mansfield at large. He has the time and the ability and the lucl'natiqn for this work and thef' selection of Mr. Brown for chairman in- siues at the outset of the'undertaking that the Centennial in 1908 win be one ef the greatest events in the history of Mansfield,' a celebration to look forward to and one which when over will hold for our citizens and all who shall come here during the week of the Centenniali celebratioh the most de­ lightful of recollections. No man In R'chland County is so well acquainted with its history as is .-\. J. Baughman, the secretary of the conmiission, and Chairman Brown cer- ta'nly made a wise selection in choosing him for the place. Dr. A. Sheldon, o^ Norwalk, secretary of the FIrelands Historical Society, delivered an address before the society. In endorsing the Mansfield Cen­ tennial project Dr. Sheldon stated that by the time the fenlennial is held Norwalk will be connected with Mansfield by two electric lines and the Huron County people will come down here by the car load to swell the crowds. Others of the visitors expressed their pleasure that this enterprise is to be taken u|). The intention Is to have the celebration begin on Monday, .Tune 9, 1988, and continue a week. A full week of celebrating the 100th anniversary of the plating of the town ot Mansfield. There will be one of the biggest days of (he celebration week that being the 100th anniversary of the surveying party beginning their work of platting the town of Mansfield. Ulefore that there had been a leg house on the site of Reed's corner but the platting of the town began on the date above mentioned. f, PROC'KIODINCS OF UICHKA.N'O COl'X'l'V IIIS'I'OUK'AL SOCIETY.

HON. JOHN SHERMAN.

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•^^•"' " „Ay^fi|ibKd "'^W _. .^^JLL.^: , THE JOHN SHERMAN HOME.

CAPT. JAMES CUNNINGHAM.

MISS SADE BAUGHMAN. PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 7 _ -^ A CENTURY IN RICHLAND COUNTY.

By Sads E. Baughman.

Standing almost upon the threshold of another century in the history of Mansfield, a retrospective glance at the progress made in Richland Coim- ty in the hundred ^ears past, reveals achievements of which thefirst set­ tlers never dreamed. We are blessed with natural resources, with a health­ ful climate and a fertile so 1, which combined with the industry and activity of an cnterpris'ng people made our success and prosperity go steadily for­ ward. It is a surprising fact this beautiful city of Mansfield—Richland's ('ounty seat—with a population of nearly twenty-flve thousand—less than a century ago had neither habitation nor name, and its site was a part of that vast, unexplored territory, whose western boundary was supposed to be lost in the golden twilight cf the setting sun, and whose wild domain seemed Jestined to remain forever hushed In the silence of its solitude, save when awakened here and there by the dismal howl of the wolf, or the fearful whoop of the savage. Into the'depth of the vast forest came the Richland County pioneers and their advent marked a period in American history of absorbing interest alike to old and young. It is proper that it should be so. These hardy^plo- neers coupled virtue with courage, humanity and love' of country with the stern duties and hard battles of frontier life, and the example of their lives net only interests but strengthens cur faith and admiration in human courage and unselfish purpose. . ' A large portion of the first setters of Richland County came from Penn­ sylvania, but no matter where they came from, they were a superior class of men who tint traversed our hills and valleys, by dimly marked and windr Ing paths. The first settlements were largely made along the branches of the Mohican. None can now correctly imagine nor portray the features of this wild country at the time thefirst cabins were built. Then there were dangers to be encountered and numerous difficulties to overcome. The gigantic forest had to be cleared, and the work was so enormous that only the strcngest, the bravest and the most courageous dared to attempt lu accomplish It. But the pioneers transformed the dense woodlands into fertilefields, and made the waste places blossom as the rose. As the roads were mere bridle paths, the people walked or rode on 'lorseback. The cabins were built of logs, and thefirst ones had greased paper windows. The chimneys were on the outside and were made of Hticks and mortar. Thefloors wer e of puncheon. Thefireplaces wer e large enough for "back-logs" and "fore-sticks." Very few families had clocks. They guessed the hour of noon, or ascertain^ it by the creeping of the sunlight up to the "noon mark" drawn upcn the floor. The furniture of a f PROCEEDINGS OP RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

cabin was usually a few chairs, a plain table and a bedstead. The bed­ steads were made by poles being crossed and stuck into t^e wall at one end and resting on Y sticks at the other end. A little later came the trundle-bed, which was low and was pushed beneath the other bed during the day. There were no carpets upon these cabinfloors, an d a set of dishes consisted of six plates and six cups and saucers, and happy was the house­ wife who possessed these luxuries, for many families had only a few pew­ ter plates which they brought with them. The cooking utens'ls were a tea­ kettle, an iron pot and a skillet, also brought from the other side of the mountains upon the backs cf horses. They grew gourds and hard-shell squashes, from which they made bowls and dippers. Salt had to be brought from the East until a road was opened to the Lake, and the supply often became exhausted, and its scarcity was a great i)rlvation to the flrst settlers. "Johnny cake" was the |)rinclpal form of bread for breakfast and pone for dinner, with wild game, hominy and honey, while the standard dish for supper was mush and milk. Log-rollings, house raisings and wood-chop|ping were big occasions then, and dinners of "pot-pie" were served. Corn- huskings were also great events, arid- nearly all the pioneer gatherings would wind up with a dance after supper, in which all present Joined. In the absence of a fiddle, the music was furnished, by some one whistling or blowing on a leaf. For lighting purposes there was the "lard lamp" and later the "tallow dip." The bible and the almanac, with perchance a book or two brought with them from their former home, often constituted the reading matter of a family. If the flre went out upon the hearth, it was rekindled by strik­ ingflint, or by a coal from a nel^libor's hearth, which gave rise to the old saying, "Did you come for flre?"

The cabin homes of old Richland, Some still are left today. In shady nooks b\- winding brooks. And on the great highway.

The method ot milling in those times was to balance two or three bush­ els of grain on the back of a horse and then mount a boy upon It, who had to wait at the mill for his turn and return home with the grist. Farm labor has been rendered easier and more agreeable by the use of machinery and improved* implements. Grain which was cnce sown from bags swung from the farmers' shoulders, Is now drilled in by machinery. With sickle or cradle the farmer once cut his ripened grain, and raked and bound it by hand. Now farmers ride on the cushioned seats of readers and and binders, watching the waving grain cut and gathered up by well- adjusted attachments. Even the clatter of theflail has been hushed by the rattling thresher, which not only separates the seeds, but bags them for the market. o m 33 O O ?;

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PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAl^ SOCIETY. 9

In the early days a tavern was a prominent factor-in a community, and they were interspersed here and there along the roads leading to the Lake. It was a place where every traveler who came along sought rest and refreshments for himself and h's tired horse. The taverns were also the stopping places of the freight wagons and the stage coaches, and the arrival and departure of these were great events in the life of the rural communities. These taverns had large flreulaces, which in winter were kept wellfilled with wcod, and they were of siuScient capacity to heat and light the house. There was no market tor timber in those days of clearing the forest, and the only cost of fuel was the cutting of the wood. Around these great fireplaces the travelers gathered, and their conversa­ tion gave the settlers glimpses of other parts of the country of which they knew little, and at bed-time the weary sojourners would spread their blank­ ets near the blazing flre and retire to rest and sleep. But the tavern with its old-fashioned life has gone with the stage. The Mansfleld hotels of today—the Vonhof and the Southern—with their conveniences and fine equipments, are like royal palaces when contrasted with the little log cabin in which Capt. James Cunningham boarded the surveyors who platted the town of Mansfleld, in .Tune, 18018. A century ago, Abraham Baughman and John Davis came to the Black- fork valley. They were the flrst white settlers there and located near the Indian village of Greentcwn, which in the flrst formation of counties was in Richland. My father, Jacob Baughman, then a boy in his teens, would walk to Wooster—a distance of thirty m'les—once a month for their mail; that being their nearest postofflce. The flrst mail brought to Mansfleld was by carriers, on foot, cnce a week, and was distributed from a log in the public square—now our beautiful Central park. At the present, thirty- ihree malls are received daily at our city postofflce and delivered at the homes of not only the residents of Mansfleld, but are carried by the Rural Free Delivery system to the farmers of the county. The spinning wheels of the pioneer period, what few are yet left, are cherished as heirlooms by thoir fortunate possessors. There was the large wheel for wool and the small one for flax. Flax was a necessity. A clear­ ing was made in the winter and in the spring the flax seed was sown, which grew and was harvested. It was spread on the ground to receive the au­ tumnal rains and early frost, which was necessary to prepa;-e it for the breaking, the scutch'ng and the hackling. The tow was then separated from the flax and both were In readiness for the spinning. The hum of the spin­ ning wheel and the reel was the piano music of the pioneer home; and, when echoed by the loom with its quick-moving shuttle, furnished the tow cloth and the linen so useful in those early times, when calico was a dollar a yard, and money was very scarce. The wool and the linen and cotton used for clothing had to be colored by the housewife to suit the tastes of the family. The dyes usually used were copperas, butternut, madder and walnut. But the men clad in linsey-woolsey or tow pants and home-made linen shirts laid broad and deep the foundations of social, moral, indus­ trial and religious life, which have been preserved by their descendantn •>« a priceless Inheritance. 10 PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIE'TY.

An affectionate veneration should be manifested for the pioneer woman, who shrank from no dangers, shunned no hardships, endured great priva­ tions, and in their homes cultivated social and domestic virtues. These strong and brave mothers, who tolled by their husbands' sides in life's hot noon, and went hand in hand with them down the dusky slope of the even­ ing of an eventful, busy life, have like their companions, folded their arms to rest. A Just need of praise should be given the pioneer preachers, who amid all difficulties, dangers and hardships, ministered to the early settlers of the county, and materially aided in laying the moral sehtlment, which has broadened and deepened with the advancing years. It was a labor ot love to them and they endured privations .that few of today know anything about The oratory and eloquence of these preachers made many converts, and much could be written favorably about them, many of whom were scholarly men. They appealed to the holiest and most sacred Impulses of the heart, and wove the loveliness of their teachings into the lives of their hearers. In the long ago, places for religious worship were few, and camp- meetings were frequently held, and were very popular. At these meetings, hymns of sincere praise were sung, and never could they have sounded more expressive and sacred than upon these open-air occasions. And mention of the singing schools of that period must not be omitted, as they were important factors in the musical education and social enjoy­ ment of the people. Sing'ng schools were held at intervals In every school house, and the "singing master" was a weighty personage in a community. The flrst school house built in Mansfield was a frame building, paid for by subscription, and cost two hundred dollars. It was situate on East Fourth street near the big spring. This was in 1818. What a change be­ tween then and now. Mansfleld now has ten school buildings,, containing two hundred and ten rooms, with a valuation of $449,310. Life was all real to the people of the backwoods one hundred years ago. The world moved slowly then and the people were not made world weary by the rush of affairs and the killing pace for supremacy in the race for wealth. But the ring of the wocdman's axe in time gave place to the hum of machinery. The log cabins of our forefathers have vanished into the storied years, and stately mansions have risen in their places. The log school houses only remain as a memory, and have been replaced by fine temples at learning. Richland County has achieved much, acomplished much. In times of peace she has contributed her share of the honored statesmen of the coun­ try; in times of war, her sons have shown their patriotism and valor upon mtmy a bard-fought field of battle. In the professions, in the arts and in the sciences, many Richland County boys have attained distinction and honor. o r o < rm 3) r a

3 X- o -1 3- O ft V >u < n

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PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 11

Mansfleld was platted and first settled in 1808. The growth of the town at first was slow, but it was sure. The enterprise of its citizens was felt from the beginning, and wonderful developments and achievements have followed. In time small Industries were started, which attracted others of various varieties, until today Mansfield is a great manufacturing and indus­ trial center, upon lines of a net work of railroads spanning the continent, and carying the output of our shops to all the nations of the earth. Cars propelled by electricity traverse our streets, and suburban lines bring us Into close touch and communication with other towns in this and adjoin­ ing counties. The city of Mansfield is compactly built on a commanding elevation, in the midst of a fertile and prosperous region, sixty-five miles from the state capital and fifty miles from the lake. The city is well laid out, with broad and well paved streets, lighted by electricity. It has a number of handsome public buildings, and outside the business portion, the streets are lined with elegant residences, many of which are surrounded by, beau­ tiful and well kept lawns. S'tuate near the center is a beautiful park, which was formerly the site of the two block houses and later of the flrst court house. A large and handsome fountain is near the center; to tho west is a soldiers' monument, and to the east is a pyramid of cannons. Seats are here and there found in the shady nooks, affording rest and comfort from the heat of a summer day. Mansfleld has another pnrl;--a larger one— located In the western part of the city, and is nearly a "mile in length. This park has many natural advantages. A ravine runs the entire length, and through it passes a little stream of water. The north part has been improved and is an attractive place, with various places of amusements. The south part is a forest, and shade trees of different kinds abound, mak­ ing it delightful for picnic and pleasure parties. Both as a residence city and a commercial center Mansfleld cannot be excelled by any city of Its size in the state. With due respect for the things of the past, we gratefully accept the bettered conditions of the present.

The Historical Society was addressed byi Attorney Edwin Mansfleld, of Shelby, who made a most excellent speec^, which elicited many favor­ able comments. The singing by Mrs. W. G. Gilger, of Norwalk, was very greatly appre­ ciated. She has an excellent voice and thd| selections were exquisitely ondered. A number ojf other people were called uponl and made brief remarks in­ cluding Hiram ^. Smith, who gave reminiscences; the Hon. J. M. Hunter, of Shiloh, formerly Richland County's Repres^tatdve in the Legislature; R. W. Knisely, of Bucyrus, president of the Crawford County Historical Society, and others. It was a day long to be rei^embered. 12 PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

A few days after the Historical Society meeting, Mr. Brown, as presi­ dent, of the commission, anriounced the appointment of the Centennial Board, ae provided for by the resolution, as follows: Rev. F. A. Schreiber, Hon. M. B. Bushnell, Mr. C. H. Voegele, Capt. A. C. Cummins, Mr Peter Blssman, Mr. R. G. Hancock and Capt. T. B. Martin. At theflrst meetin g of the board Charles H. Voegele was elected treas­ urer of the commission.

CENTENNIAL COMMISSION

Selected by Chairman Huntington Brown—Representative Citizens and All Good Workers.

\t the meeting of the Richland County Historical Society held last v%eek, a Centennial Commission was created to make arrangements for a glorious andfltting Centennia l of Mansfield's Centennial in 1908. Hon. Hunt'ngton Brown was made chairman of this commission and given power to apiwint a committee cf from 7 to 9 persons, including a commission sec- lotary, to assist him in the work. Today Mr. Brown made known his ap­ pointments as follows: A. J. Baughman, secretary; Rev. Father F. A. Schreiber, Capt. A. C. Cummins, R. G. Hancock, M. B. Bushnell, Chas. H. Voegele, Peter Blssman, '•:. B. Martin. Two others will be appointed later, completing the com­ mission. The appointments made by Mr. Brown are most excellent ones, includ­ ing as they do, representative business and professional men of the city, and it is safe to say that with such a capable committee as this in charge t'.iere will be effective wcrk done and that the celebration will be a success. It remains for the c'tlzens ot Mansfield to put their shoulders to the whell and assist the committee In making the celebration of Mansfield's centen­ nial such an event as will be remembered till the time roHs round for the celebration of the second centennial, in 2008. The Mansfleld News.

The Centennial Commission obtained a lease of the County Commis- sicners, of the land lying between the Court House and the Jail for the purpose of re-erectIng the old block house upon the same, which they had previously bought ot Peter Dorman, (the consideration being $125.) Find-

PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 13

ing that there was not enough of timber in the old block house to restore it to its original size and appearance, a trip was made to the southern part of the county to get extra logs. The Daily Shield gave the followhig ac­ count of this trip:

FROM MANSFIELD TO NEWVILLE AND RETURN.

Hon. Huntington Brown, M. D. Frazier, Joseph S. Gardner and A. J. Baughman made an automobile trip Thursday of about forty miles, visiting many interesting places in the Clearfork valley between Lexington and Newvllle. The party left the Shield office in Mr. Gardner's fine automobile St 10 a. m. and went out the Lexington-Bellville road to Sonar's, thence down the cut off to the Lexington-Bellville road and down the valley through the great potato region, where annually about two hundred acres of land are planted-In potatoes, yielding each year about five thousand bushels of the best potatoes in the world. The party passed through the beautiful valley of Bellville, which nestles so lovingly amid the environing hills. Passing up the the main street ot the town, they saw the campus where thousands of people had gathered two days before in a great home-coming celebration. Turing east from Main street to Durbin avenue, they passed the beautiful cottage where the late Capt. D. W. Wilson so often'royally entertained his Mansfleld friends. Thence continuing down the valley by Gatton's Rocks, that look like a for- ^ifled castle guarding the valley. They gilded by the Lanehart well in which so much interest was felt during the drilling, but failed to fulflill the an­ ticipations of the promoters; Butler was passed without a halt and Ham- nion's was soon reach6d, where the party received a friendly greeting. The TIammon brothers—John and George—own over six hundred acres of land in a body, all under a high state cultivation. Each has a flne home and an interesting family. The aged mother makes her home with her son George. She is well advanced in years, but still takes pleasure in extending old-time hospitality to her friends. Accompanied by John Hammon, the party next visited the old-time home of Capt. James Cimningham, less than a mile distant, which was the object point of the visil, in view of the coming Centennial Celebration. Here a picnic dinner was partaken of, during which historical reminiscences were recalled of events in Capt. Cunningham's life, who was theflrst residen t of Mansfield. Returning to the Hammon residence, good-byes were said, after which the auto party left for Newvllle, passing town the river road, through the rocky defiles amid the wooded hills, and glancing askance at the ominous looking entrances of the caves and caverns in that famous locality. No halt was -made at Newvllle as time was pressing. Onward thejr went, and turning at the Calhoun corners, Pleasant valley was reached, up which the homeward Journey was made, passing Pipe's Cliff and Green Gables, andfinally Mansfleld was reached, with many thanks to genial Joe Gardner for the trip. 14 PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

The Mansfield Shteld of the following day, Friday, gives an account of the latter part of the session, and of the creation of the Centennial Commis­ sion, and is copied in full, as follows: TO CELEBRATE CENTENNIAL.

Preliminary Steps Taken Towards Commemorating the Founding of the City—A Most Interesting Meeting.

The Mansfleld Centennial Commission, to make arrangements for the celebration of the 100th anniversary ot the founding of Mansfield to be held in June, 1908, was authorized at the meeting of the Richland County Historical Society, Thursday afternoon, at the G. A. R. hall. Former Mayor Huntington Brown was selected as president of the commission with power to select the members of his cabinet. The commission will consist of from T to 9 members and Chairman Brown kfter accepting the honor bestowed upon him announced as secretary of the commission, A. J. Baughman, the well known historical writer and will name the other members'of the com­ mission shortly. Thus the preliminary steps have been taken toward com­ memorating in a fltting manner the beglniiing of Majisfleld, the founding dating from the 11th of June, 1808, when the surveying party began its v.'ork of plating the town. The Richland Historical Society meeting yesterday was one of the most interesting ever held in Mansfield. Quite a number of visitors were here from surrounding counties and there were interesting addresses and reminiscences. PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 15

H T m z o > z < r r > o m o •T1 a D

0m0 mro Hz O 0H0 oro ? z n'e PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTX HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

The Mansfield News of Saturday, September 8, 190G, contained the following: RELICS OF "YE OLDEN TYME."

Gathered for Exhibition at the Mansfield Centennial Exhibition.

As stated in the News some time ago the Centennial Commission has purchased the old Mansfield block house and will remove It to the lot south of the Richland County Court House where it will be rebuilt and put in shape to duplicate the original Mansfield block house and Court House as near as possible. In order to make the building as near like it was when the firstbloc k house was used as a Court House the commission purchased an ancient log cabin which has stood for many years on the farm of Capt. James Cunning­ ham, in Worthlngton-township. At present the Cunningham farm and with other lands aggregating COO acres In Worthington township are owned by George and John Hammon. The cabin on the old Cunningham farm when taken apart was found to be in a flne state of preservation so far as the hewn logs are concerned. It is stated that they will replace the second story )t the block house in flrstclas s shape. The hewn timbers of the Cunningham log cabin were loaded on six two- horse wagons Friday and hauled to this city Saturday morning. A seventh wagon hauled by four horses had perched oh top of it an old time worn freight or mountain wagon which was built more than 100 years ago. This wagon came originally from Maryland over the mountains to this section of the country in 1812. This old curiosity was also acquired by the Centennial Commission and will probably be kept in the block house. When the seven teams with the cabin logs and the old fashioned moun­ tain wagon aboard arrived on the east side of the public square Saturday morning a large number of people gathered to see the outflt. E. J. Potter, the photographer, was sent for and took pictures of the stuff, the teams be­ ing drawn up in front of the Court House in a semi-circle. Ex-Mayor Huntington Brown and A. J. Baughman, president and secretary of the Cen­ tennial Commission, as well as several newspaper men were photographed along with the loads of hewn timbers and the mountain wagon. After the pictures were taken the wagons were unloaded south of the Court House where the old Mansfleld block house will be rebuilt.

c E c 3 o

a PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 17

The following is from the Mansfleld News of September 13, 1906: LOG HOUSE ERECTED IN 1821.

Brought to Mansfield by the Hammon Brothers—Will be Used in Restoring the Old Blockhouse.

The Captain James Cunningham log house, erected in 1821, and used by Captain James Cunningham as his home from the time he took up the land 85 years ago until the time of his death in Augst, 1870, and afterward by his widow until 'her death, was brought to this city this morning by the Hammon,brothers, the owners of the 100-acre farm on which the old cabin stood. The cabin stood about half way between Newvllle and Bellville. TIammon brothers and some of their neighbors from Worthington township— six wagons arrived in the city about 10 o'clock. On the flrst wagon was an old time Maryland freight wagon such as were used in the early days. This wagon is about a hundred years old and was used by one of the early settlers when he came to Ohio when this state was yet a wilderness. Hammon brothers have had the old wagon for a number of years and they secured it from one of the Garbers near Bellville. ITntil the wagon was gotten out it was thought that it would be all right to run but it was found to be too frail so It was put on a hay rigging and brought up in state. The teams with the loads of logs were lined up on Diamond street in front of the Court House, the wagon with the old Maryland freighter being first, and E. J. Potter took a picture of the procession. In the picture were President Huntington Brown and Secretary A. J. Baughman, of the Mans­ fleld Centennial Commission, and a number of other people. After the picture had been taken the logs were unloaded on the Court House grounds. Most of the logs are in a splendid state of preservation, as strong as when 85 years ago they were hewn froni the forest primeval. They are massive oak, ash and sugar logs for the most part and will last for a great many years yet. They call up many reminiscences of early days in Richland County. Next week will begin the work of restoring the old blockhouse which stood on the square and was theflrst Cour t House Richland County had. The old block house will be moved to the Court House grounds and the logs from the Cunningham cabin will be used in restoring the second story of the block house. It is- the intention to have the old block house as it was back in 1812. In the party which brought the Cunningham log cabin to Mansfleld this morning from Worthington township were John and George Hammon, C. B. Forbes, William Byerly, David McMlllen, William Worley, Hilman Ham­ mon, Lee Hammon and William Spohn. 18 PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

The tollowlng sketch is copied from the Mansfleld Shield: BLOCK HOUSE ARCHITECTURE.

There never was an arbitrary style of block house architoeliire. Bloclc houses were built quickly and cfllciently, and the pioneers knew no law governing their construction except that ot making them able to resist the attacks of assaulting foes. Tliere were similarities about the most of them iu that they were built of logs, ship-lapped, and about six feet from the

BILLY BUNTING CAPTURED BY INDIANS. ground the walls on the four sides were projected outward several feet to prevent scalling by an attacking enemy. This made the upper story larger than the lower story. Tiny were covered in the hip-roof style generally, :;nd I lie roof as well as the sides of the building were made l)ulle( proof as far as possible. This will explain why the block house recently erected-l)y tlie Centon- niiU Commission has a hip roof, which some have thought is too much in the hodiernial style, but such is not the case. There was but one block house, so far as the Historical Society has been Informed, that was covered with a comb roof, and that was the Syninies bloclc house near Noiili Rend, IC PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 19

miles below Court House lawn as a memorial to the pioneers. The building has been put up as nearly as possible after the "fashion and similitude" of the block houses th^t were built in Richland County during the war of 1812. A. J. BAUGHMAN.

CAPT. JAMES CUNNINGHAM

Pioneer Citizen and School Teacher of Richland County— Commanded Company in War of 1812.

The large impromptu gathering at the southeast corner of Central park, Saturday morning to witness the arrival of the procession of the Hammon brothers teams from Worthington township, loaded with the logs of the late Cunningham house, recently bought by the Centennial Commission, evinced the interest felt in the rebuilding of the old block house and the coming Centennial. When the Centennial Commission bought the old block house it was found necessary to get other material to restore the building to its original form and size of two stories. To do this, other logs must be secured as nearly the size and age of the bloc'{ house as possible. But that was not all, for historical associations must also be maintained. After having had a number of buildings offered for that purpose, a trip was made to Worthing­ ton township and a consultation held with the Hammon brothers, whose farm of over six hundred acres includes that of the late Capt. James Cun­ ningham. The large hewed log house built by the Captain in 1821, was to PROCEEDINGS OP RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. viewed and found to be exactly what the commission wished, both in mater­ ial and associations. The Hammon brothers were at flrst reluctant to part with the old land-mark, butfinally conclude d to do so to further the interests of the Centennial, and according to agreement the logs were delivered here last Saturday, as before stated. To show the historical associations, the following brief sketch is given of Captain Cunningham and his connection with the early history of Rich­ land County and the founding of the town of Mansfield. Capt. James Cunningham, a son ot John and Elizabeth Cunningham, was borD' in Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1781. His father was a soldier in the war of the Revolution and was wounded in the battle of Brandywlne, September 11, 1777. John Cunningham was born in Ireland, where the family owned land estates, and the family coat-of-arms will be exhibited at the coming Centennial. To Captain Cunningham'sfirst marriage , one child was born, a daughter, named Elizabeth. When Elizabeth was in her IGth year she came to her father's cabin home and became a Richland county pioneer. In 1825, Eliz­ abeth Cunningham became the wife of Jacob Baughman, and they were the parents of A. J. Baughman, the secretary of the Mansfleld Centennial Commission. James Cunningham was educated in Baltimore, and later went to Vir­ ginia and taught school. In 1804, he married Miss Hannah Stateler, one of his pupils. Soon after his marriage, he removed with the Stateler family to Licking County, Ohio, and settled near the Black Hand. In the fall of 1805 his wife died, and In a few years the Captain re-married and removed to Richland Conty, and located at the Beams Mills settlement, where he built the third or fourth cabin in that prospective county-seat town. But the Beams Mills location was soon abandoned and the present site of Mansfleld selected instead. The first house in Mansfield was a log cabin and stood on the northwest corner of the public square, now known as Reed's corner. This cabin was first occupied by Samuel Martin, a trader, which at that time meant both hotel-keeper and store-keeper. Martin was soon accused of selling whisky to the Indians, and left the place to avoid arrest. The proprietors of the town-site then induced Captain Cunningham to remove from Beams' Mills to the Martin cabin and board General Mansfield and party while they were making a survey of the town, and also to entertain persons who were looking for locations and to buy town lots. Captain Cun­ ningham mofved into the Martin cabin in May, 1808, and occupied it for sev­ eral years. When Captain Cunningham removed into this cabin it was the only house in the place, and the family's nearest neighbor was at Beams' Mills. Ere the summer closed other cabins were erected and other fami­ lies came. The original act for the creation of Richland County was passed by the General Assembly, January 16, 1808. By this act Richland was placed under the Jurisdiction of knox County, "until tho Legislature may think proper to organize the same." On June 9, the commissioners of Knox County de- JUDGE EDWIN MANSFIELD.

REV. W. H. DRESEL.

PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COIINTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 21

tlared "the entire County of Richland a si>i)arate township, which shall be railed' and known by the name of Madison." Under this jurisdiction, .Tames I'tmningham was tiiefirst consta b (> of Madison township, which was equiva­ lent to licing the first sheriff of the county. The county did not assume its (inclal function as such until (lie 7th of ,luno, ISK!. Captain Cunningham took an active part in the war of IS 12. His com- Ijany was at one time encampid on I lie public square, and the incident was recalled last Saturday when the logs of his old home were delivered on tlie Court House lawn. An exciting incident of tho Captain's army life occurred v.'hcii he was encamped with Colonel Kratzer. on Alum creek, near Berk­ shire, Delaware County, in August, IS\'2. One da.v three susi)icious looking soldiers made their appearance on parade ground and were immediately ar­ rested, chari;('(i with being deserters. They protested their innocence, and

Public Spuare, Mansfield, n sketcii ri b/ Heriy How in 11', stated that they had been out on duty as a fatigue party imder Colimel Root, and that liaving heard of General Hull's surrender (August IG,) they de­ termined to make good tiic'r escape. fc:iring eaptiire by the Indians or Brit­ ish. Colonel Kiiitzer had not i)reviously heard of Hull's surrender, frr even bad news traveled slowly in those days. Telegraphs and to'ephones were then unknown. Colonel Root was stitioned at that time ab:iHt nine miles distant from Brksliire, and Colonel Kralzer desired to send tlie news he had I ceived at cnce to Colonel Root. But night was coming on and Alum creek \'.as on one of llie big booms for which it was then noted. 'I'bere had been l,»avy rains and the water overflowed the banks and the dirftwood was ^oatlIlg down on the swiftly moving current. To reach Coldiiel R(X)t, this I'.addoned stream must be cro.ssed and Colonel Kratzer asked for a volunteer to carry the message. A number of soldiers volunteered to make the trip and several mounted their horses and plunged into tiie stream, where float- 22 PROCEEDINGS OP RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. ing timbers forbade their advance. Without venturing far, they returned, declaring that no man could cross the stream. Thereupon Captain Cunning­ ham volunteered to act as messenger, and receiving the message from Col­ onel Kratzer, he mounted his horse and plunged into the flood, and crossed lu safety, and from the other shore heard the applause of his comrades-in­ arms. After riding nine miles through the wilderness and darkness of the night, he delivered the message to Colonel Root, who verified the statement of the soldiers that Hull had surrendered. The next morning he returned to the camp on Alum creek, and for having rendered such brave and valuable services received mention in military orders from his commanding officers. Captain Cunningham had charge of the troops at the burial of the Zeim- ors and Ruffner. He at once dispatched couriers in all directions to inform the settlers of what had occurred and to advise them to go toi the block house for protection. Captain Cunningham took in situations intuitively and was prompt and fearless in action. He was never unmindful of the fact that he was the son of an Irishman, who had served as an American soldier in the war of the Revolution and had helped to consecrate the battlefield of Brandywlne with his blood. After the close of the war of 1812, Captain Cunningham removed to the southern part of the county where he engaged in schqol teaching for some time, but later gave his attention exclusively to farming. As nearly as the date can be ascertained, he built the house, the logs of which are now the property of the Centennial Commission, in 1821—86 years ago. The fact that Captain Cunningham removed from Mansfleld before it had taken a prominent place among the towns of the state, made him almost unknown in the later-day history of the city. Had he remained here and rought preferment,- his ability and education would doubtless have given' him a high place among his fellow men. And now, in view of the fact that Captain Cunningham was the first resident of Mansfleld, and was for' a number of years closely connected with its history and growth, and as­ sisted in erecting its block house, it now seems very meet and proper that the timbers of his old home, in which he had passed nearly half a century, should be used in the rebuilding of the old-time block house. In about 1830, there was a reli^ous movement, quite general in Eastern Ohio, for what was termed "A restoration to primitive Christianity," In which Alexander Campbell was the principal leader. At a camp meeting held by these people on what is now known as the Brinkerhoff farm, in Washington township, Captain Cunningham was baptized in the Bentley run, by Elder James McVey, and became one of the staunch members of that denomination. The remaining forty years of his life were lived in that faith and he died in its fellowship and communiqp. & In the winter of 1856-6, Captain Cunningham had a severaillness from which he never fully recovered, and the remaining years ot^s life were- passed in the retirement of his home. He bore his afflictions with soldier-

3 O I -'•'• .:. ' •! «^*^'

^ PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 28

like fortitude and Chrlstlan-like submission, as he patiently awaited the final call of his Savior whom he loved and in whom he so implicitly trusted und believed. Captain Cunningham died in August, 1870, aged nearly ninety years. His earthly remains lie in the Easterly cemetery, and a marble slab is at the head ot his grave, and a marker attests the fact that he who is burled there did a soldier's duty in his day and generation. A. J. BAUGHMAN.

The following is from the Mansfield Daily News ot September 18. THE OLD BLOCK HOUSE.

The Laying of the Corner Stone for the Pioneer Structure.

The ceremonies in connection with the laying of the corner stone for th« rebuilding of the old block house Just south of the Court House, were con­ ducted at 10 o'clock Tuesday morning. The corner stone laying was under the direction of A. J. Baughman, sec­ retary of the Mansfield Centennial Commission. A number of interested fpectators were gathered at the scene and listened to the brief address Vbich was delivered by Huntington Brown, president of the Centennial Commission. Mr. Brown spoke of the purpose of rebuilding the block house being that the structure might stand for many years as a memorial to the brave pio­ neers who by their efforts in the early days laid the foundation stones of what Is now the City of Mansfield. The rebuilding of the block house is practically thefirst ste p prepara­ tory to the Centennial Celebration of next year and from now on a continu­ ous effort will be put forth by the commission to make that an event of im­ portance in the history of the city. In addition to the timbers which were used In the construction of the original block house, there will be used In the rebuilding some timbers taken from the cabin which was the home of Capt. Cunningham, who served aa captain in the war cf 1812, and who was thefirst sherif f of what is now Richland County. After the Centennial of 1908, the block house will be presented to the Park Commissioners and will then be i>ermanently located on some park t.ite which will be selected later. It is expected that the rebuilding of the block house will proceed so rapidly that the building can be dedicated in about a month. A detachment from Co. M, in charge of 'Sergt. W V. Hartman, was present during the laying of the corner stone. 24 PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

CORNERSTONE LAID.

Appropriate Ceremonies Attended the Commencement of the Restoration of the Old Blockhouse.

The cornerstone of the old block house which is being restored on the Court House grounds was laid this morning at 10 o'clock with quite a num- lier of people present. President Huntington Brown and Secretary A. J Baughman, of the Mansfleld Centennial Commiss'on, were in charge of the exercises. A squad from Co. M, in charge of Sergeant William V. Hart- man, quartermaster of Co. M, Eighth regiment O. N. G., was in attendance and stood at "present arms" when the cornerstone was laid by President Brown, who, in a very neat speech reviewed the history of the old block house, which back in 1812, stood in what is now Central park, how it was first a fort, then the first Court House and Jail, and in conclusion men­ tioned something of the purpose of the Mandfleld Centennial Commission, what it hopes to accomplish, perpetuating the memory of the early settlers, and preserving the historical landmarks of Mansfield and Richland County. These old landmarks will be appreciated more in years to come tban they are now. The old logs of the block house are In a splendid state of preservation as are also the logs from the Capt. James Cunningham cabin which arc be­ ing used in the restoration. After the block house 's flneshed there Is no reason why it should not stand for a great many years connecting the past und the present of Mansfield. E. J. Potter took a picture of the cornerstone laying and these pictures which have been taken and which will be taken will form a valuable collec­ tion of photo^aphs. After the block house is finished which will be within the next month it is the intention to have formal dedicatory services and on this occasion it is expected that some very prominent pec pie of the state will be present. It is the intention to make it quite an occasion of historic interest.

NATIONAL ROAD FREIGHT WAGON.

urst Locomotive and Passenger Train Run in Ohio. PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 25

The following sketch is from the Mansfield Dally Shield of Octo­ ber 23, 1906: MOUNTAIN FREIGHTER. A Relic of Pioneer Days in Ohio—To Be Exhibited at Mansfield Centennial.

The old freght wagon given the Centennial Commission by the Ham­ mon brothers, of Worthington township, has assisted in creat'ng a lively interest in the coming Centennial Celebration. The wagon is of the old style, usually drawn by from four to six horses, it is called a "Maryland freighter," and it made dozens of trips over the mountains between this county and Baltimore, Md., before railroads were built. The wagon was flrst owned by George Hammon, the grand father of John and George Hammon, who removed from the Shenandoah valley, Vir­ ginia, to Richland County, Ohio, in 1826, eight years after the National Road was completed from Cumberland to the Ohio River. The age of the wagon is not deflnitely known, but it is thought to be over a hundred years old, and is still in a fair state ot preservation and will be in the grand pro­ cession of the Centennial parade. A prominent mercantile flrm of Mans­ fleld has sent to Munich, Germany, to have post cards made from a photo­ graph of the wagon taken by Mr. Potter the day the wagon and the Cun­ ningham logs were brought to Mansfleld. A number of persons looking at the wagon pronounced it a "prairie t-chooner," but those who have seen both I'schooner" and "freighter" fail to see similarity between them. Each, however, has gone out of commis­ sion and can only be seen today as relics of an age gone by. Ohio had at the close of the fiscal year, June 30, 1899, 8,767 miles of lailroad, main lines, with 4,619 miles of all other tracks, making a total of lu,386 miles, giving facilities for trafic and transportation undreamed ot when the National Road was made. When the National Road was opened to the Qhio river, 'In 1818t wagons of all descriptions^ from the smallest to the great mountain freighters, like the one now owned by the Centennial Commission, were driven along the new roadway to Ohio, which was then considered the garden spot of the V'CSt. Gay stages—passenger coaches—also traversed the road, conveying passengers to and fro between the east and the west. The means of transportation—both of passenger and of freight—have undergone such marvelous changes in the eighty-eight years since the Na­ tional Road was opened, that we are slow to realize the importance of that onterprise, and are apt to forget the strength of the patriotism which made that road a reality. Over the beginnings of many great historical move­ ments and enterprises there often bangs a cloud of mist, but over this heroic und successful attempt to make a young republic strong though unity, there Is no obscurity. Besides the utility of the road in transportation and traffic, it united the west to the east in ties of Interest as weil as those of latriotism. 2C PROCEEDINGS OF RICHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

The Centennial's Maryland freighter, like other wagons of its kind, Is a large, heavy vehicle, with large wheels and broad tires, and its box or bed has a body of frame work mortised together, the slats, both horizontal and perpendicular, conform In curve to their resjiective body-jiioces and standards in that they increase and make the top ends of the body to be higher and longer than Is the botom of the foundation. Formerly it was ITOvlded with bows and covered witii sail-cloth, as protection against rain. The wagon had what was called a patent lock, now so common as to have lost the terms "patent" and "lock," and is simply a "break." The handle of the lock was managed by the driver from the ground. Sometimes it swung back and forth over the near hind wheel and was jiulled down by the weight ot the driver and fastened with a chain to a hook, or held In place hy a rachet. The pole or tongue of this wagon is known as "stiff," and Is fastened solid into the front hoimds. It needs no support from the horses' necks. The pole is only used to steer tlie wagon and to hold it back, for \,hich purposes, when used, long chains are fastened to the end attached by lireast-chains to tho hames. The body of the wagon is set on bolsters with­ out springs. The curve of the bed brings it low in the center. The driver of the four and six horse teams that were usually hitcl'cd to freighters used but a single line in driving and it was fastened to tlie bridle rein of the near lead horse. The left hand side was the "nea'" si ie, the other the "off" side. The near wheel horse carried the saddle for the driver. When the driver wanted the team to go to the right, he called "gee," and gave the line several quick jerks. If he wanted the team to go to the left, lie called "haw," and inilled on i\\f l'r,e. Considering the interest now taiion In liii- .Maryland Ireii^litc-. it '.ill be a prominent i.nd taking' feature 'n the Centennial jiar.ide at the com­ ing celebration. A. J. BAUGHMAN. re MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 27

Dedication of Block House.

The Dedicatory Exercises at the Old Block House on the Court House Lawn.

IN MEMORY OF THE PIONEERS.

interesting Exercises in Connection with a Local Event that Is Commem' orative of the Days of the Early Residents, the Dangers and Hard-< ships That Were Theirs, the Indians and the War of 1812—^The Pro­ gramme of the Afternoon.

Thursday afternoon marked the formal dedication of the old block house, which was recently reconstructed on the south court house lawn and which will be ope of the attractions at the Mansfield Centennial Celebration in 1908. Much interest has been manifested in this relic of the early days of Richland County and there was a good sized crowd present when the dedi­ catory exercises were started. After a brief programme, which was carried out on the court house lawn, the crowd adjourned to the Memorial Opera House, where a mdre extended programme of music and addresses was given. The introductory address at the block house was delivered by Gen. R. Brinkerhoff, president of the Richland County Historical Society. Gen. Brinkerhoff spoke in an interesting manner of the early history of the county, itsflrst whit e settlers, the first settler of Mansfield and the ?ayiuK out of the city. He told of the erection of the two block houses on the public square of Mansfield as a protection against the Indians and how one of these later became the court house, the upper fioor for the court and the lower as a Jail. Bids were received for the alterations necessary in converting the block house into a court house and the bid on which the contract was awarded was fiO, with an addition of |.2 for a handrail for the outside stairway. Later requirements demanded a more, commodious court house and the old block house was sold at public auction and removed to 28 MANSFIELD' CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

Virgin alley, now known as Center street, where it remained until recently purchased by the Centennial Commission. The second Richland County Court House was also built of hewn logs, and in addition to answering the purposes of a court house and Jail was used for religious meetings. In 1827 a third Court, House was built at a cost of about $3,000 and this with occa­ sional improvements, lasted nearly 50 years, when the present Court House was built. Following the address of Gen. Brinkerhciff came the formal dedication of the block house by the Hon. Huntington Brown, president of the Cen­ tennial Commission. A detachment ot soldiers from Co. M was present at the dedication and lent a military touch to the exercises. There was also a large attendance of school children at the exercises, particularly from the classes engaged in the study of United States history, seats at the opera house having been reterved for the delegation of school children and for the ladles of Mans­ field Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, which organization attended in a body.

AT THE OPERA HOUSE. The programme at the Opera House was a very entertaining and in- sirUctive one, being of particular interest to those who had g'ven any time to the study of the history of Mansfield and Richland County. During the course of the iirogramme several fine seiecticns were rend­ ered by a chorus ot 50 voices under the direction of Professor Belllngham, und made up of pupils of the public and parochial schools. Solos were also sung by Miss Irene Carroll and Miss Minnie Martin, all of the musical num­ bers for the occasion being along patriotic lines.

After the invocation, which was by the Rev. F. A. Schreiber, the city's greeting was extended by Mayor W. P. Voegele, Jr. ADDRESS OF MAYOR VOEGELE. In speaking of the purpose of the Centennial Commission In bringing about the rebuilding of the block house Mayor Voegele said that it was sim­ ply preparatory to the Centennial Celebration of next year and went on to cay: "This old block house is the visible monument erected to the respect, honor and glory of those wjto first laid the broad foiindat'.on for this beau­ tiful city and whose frugality and enterprise has been felt In each succeed­ ing generation through, lo, these many years. It Is, therefore, especially fitting that we shcul4.'vassemble on an occasion of this sort to pay tribute 10 the pioneers of this county; to show our sympathy for their sufferings in­ curred through the violence of savages and from the devastation of disease and famine, incident to those days in the wilderness; and to record our ^^^^^^^^ir^ pi -^V

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MISS IRENE CARROLL, a Pupil of the Parochial School- -Her Mother Is a Cousin cf Gen. Phili. Sheridan1 .

MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 29 gratitude for their labors, for they bullded better than they knew. It gives me pleasure to publicly express my sincere appreciation to the Hon. Hunt­ ington Brown, president, and the members of the Centennial Commission who have given so largely of their time in order that the one hundredth anniversary of the foundation of our city might be properly celebrated and that these exercises might go down in the history of this county as a fitting tribute. This service is proof to the generations which are to follow that we hold the blessings and privileges transmitted from our fathers in Just estimation. I wish also to thank the committee for the pleasant duty as­ signed to me on this occasion, that of extending the city's greeting to our distinguished guests, for I assure you that I deem it most pleasant and a high honor. We appreciate, kind friends from abroad, the interest mani­ fested by you in these ceremonies. "Therefore, as the chief executive of the city of Mansfleld and in be­ half of its citizens, generally, I extend to each one of you, a most happy greeting and a city's gratitude."

The address of greeting was briefly responded to by the Hon. Hunting­ ton Brown, who spoke in behalf of the Centennial Commission. PRESIDENT BROWN'S ADDRESS. Members of the Centennial Commission. Ladies and Gentlemen: During a visit to Salem, Ohio, last summer, it was m'y privilege to be present during the celebration of their Centennial, and I become very much interested in these ceremonies, so much so that upon my return home I mentioned to some of our citizens what I had witnessed, and that an effort should be made by the citizens of Mansfleld to celebrate Mansfleld's Cen­ tennial. Shortly after, there was a meeting of the Richland County His­ torical Society and I was Invited to attend their meeting, and state to those assembled, what I had seen at Salem. The result was that the Richland County Historical Society concluded to make the effort, and at this meeting decided to celebrate Mansfleld's Centennial, which will occur in June, 1908, rnd in order to make due preparation, for this observance, a Centennial Commission was created consisting of the following citizens of Mansfleld, Mr. R. G. Hancock, Capt. A. C. Cummins, Mr. M. B. Bushnell, Mr. Peter Ilissman, Mr. A. J. Baughman, Mr. T. B. Martin, Mr. Charles H. Voegele, Rev. Father P. A. Schreiber and myself, with the intention that these gen­ tlemen would co-operate with other committees to be hereafter created, and with the citizens in general, so that a complete and worthy observance would be accomplished. Shortly after the creation of this commission we were appraised of the existence of a portion of the original block house erected in the public square of Mansfleld, in 1812, for the protection of the pioneera of that time frcm the attacks of the Indians, and it served its day for that purpose and so MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. could these old logs speak, they could tell ot many, many desperate battles with the Indians. After the Indian troubles bad subsided, this block house was used as theflrst county Jail, and court house, the ground or lower por­ tion being used for Jail purposes, and the second story for the court house. This portion of the old block house that was used as a Jail, and which the Centennial^ Commission purchased, was standing on the lot owned by Mr. Peter Dorman, on East Second street, where it had been ever since it was sold to the original purchaser in 1816. To complete this old block house as it originally was, it was necessary to procure hewed logs from some old cabin that was erected at about the same time, and it was through our v'orthy secretary, Mr. A. J. Baughman, that we were enabled to do ao, an/ we purchased the logs from the log cabin erected by Mr. Banghman's grand father, Capt. James Cunningham, in 1820, on his farm located in Worthing­ ton township, and now owned by the Hammon brothers, and had the logs taken from this old cabin brought to Mansfield, and with these erected the ijlock house as it was originally on the lot belonging to the present court house, and immediately north of the present Jail, where it now stands, and which we formerly dedicated thisfifteenth da y of November, 1906, to the memory of the pioneers and the soldiers and sailors of 1812. You have assembled here today for this purpose and we trust that you will be so impressed by our ceremonies that each and every one of you will assist the centenial commission in arranging for a proper celebration of our Centennial in June, 1908. It seems to me that at the present time we are all too prone to over­ look the hardships, trials, the sacrifices of life, and of personal interests made by the pioneers of Richland County, and I might say of our entire slate, and it is therefore becoming of us to honor the pioneers of this coun­ ty at our Centennial. It is a duty that we owe them, who made these sac- riftces, and made it possible for us of the present time, to reap the benefits of their work, and It will tend to infuse Into the youths of today, and of future generations, that patriotism that enters into the character of the true and loyal American citizen. I therefore say, is it not your duty, and that of all ot our citizens to aid Us in the celebration of bur Centennial in Jime, 1908, and we trust that during the intervening time you will assist us in person, and in a financial way, to make Mansfleld's Centennial a feature that we may feel proud of, and one that will stand for years to the credit of the citizens of Mansfleld in honoring the memories of the pioneers and the soldiers and sailors of 1812. May we further trust that this Centennial Celebration will emulate those who will be here one hundred years hence, to still honor the mem- cries of the pioneers who laid the foundation of what Is now, and will be then the greatest nation on this earth.

The next address on the programme was that of A. J. Baughman, sec­ retary of the Centennial Commission, who spoke in part as follows: MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 81

ADDRESS OF A. J. BAUGHMAN.

Mr. President: Our meeting today is commemoratory of the founding of Mansfield and inauguratory of the proposed celebration to be held on the Centennial an­ niversary of that event June 19, 1908. The successful ciunpaign of "Mad Anthony" Wayne against the Indians, In 1794, followed by the peace treaty at Greenville, in 1795, secured, it was thought, comparative safety on the frontier, and immigration, which had been temporarily checked on account of Indian outbreaks, beg^n again to move west ward in obedience to that world-propelling plan by which people have been driven westward in the way of destiny. In this great westward march of civilization, people came to Ohio, some of, them to Richland' County, and in 1807 a little settlement was formed three miles southeast of Mansfield. It was known that a new county would f:oon be erected, and land owners in looking around for a location for a ccunty-seat town selected the site where the City of Mansfield now stands, iind in June, 1808, a plat was surveyed and the prospective town was named Mansfleld, in honor of Col. Jarad Masfleld, the surveyor. Four years after its founding, and while the town had not over a hundred inhabitants, the T'nited States engaged with its second war with Great Brittian, known in history as the war of 1812. During that war, forts and block houses became necessary to protect the settlers from the assaults of the Indians, for the ravages in this war, as in the war of the Revolution, were the allies of the British. For a few years after Mansfleld was founded, the pioneers got along leaceably with the Indians, and it was not until after Hull's surrender, August 16, 1812, that the settlers began the erection of block houses, into which they could retreat for safety when outbreaks were impending. The state militia was caled out, and the flrst companies that came to Mans­ field built two block houses on the public square, one of which we recently re erected and have today dedicated. After the battle of the Thames, October 5, 1815, block houses, as a rule, went out of commission. A few months prior to this, Richland County had been formally organized under the legislative act of January 7, 1813, and on the 24th of July of that year, the commission contracted for certain altera- tlcns in the hewed log block house to make it suitable for a court house and n Jail, and as such it wasuse d until 1816, when another ccurt house was built. At the last meeting of the Richland County Historical Society, a Cen­ tennial Commission was created, of which the Hon. Huntington Brown Is president, and the flrst work of the commission inauguratory ot the cele­ bration of our coming Centennial Celebration, was to purchase the hewed log block bouse, that had been used as the first court house of the county, aud re-erect the same on the court house lawn where it now stands. S2 MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

As the upper story of this block house-court house was not available, the commission purchased the logs of the Captain Cunningham house and used enough of the same to restore the old building to its original appear­ ance, so far as was practicable. In getting the Cunningham logs, historical associations were maintained, for Captain Cunningham boarded Colonel Mansfield when the town of Mansfleld was surveyed; he helped to build the block house; he was a soldier in the war of 1812, as his father had been In the war of the Revolution. Ohio was the battle ground where the savages tried to stop .the tide of civilization in its westward course across the American continent, and Rich­ land County was the stage on which some of the bloody tragedies of that rtrife were enacted. It was a confiict between civilization and barbarism, and the former conquered and in its course have arisen the splendid monu­ ments of civilization we see today. It has been said that the ear pressed close to the read earth in winter hears the million wheels on which'spring is coming. By faith the pioneers heard the wheels on which a new era of civilization was c6ming—the dvi- lization that has made Mansfield the city it is today. The early history of Rome is shrouded in myth and fable, but the pio­ neer history of Richland County is an open book. It is interesting to trace u country's history from its beginning and follow society in its formative state and note its material developments and scientific achievements. The pioneers of Richland County have passed away, and we today en- Icy many utilities that have been brought about since their day and gen­ eration. We are benefitted by the fruits of their labor and seek to com- laeinorate their great work by celebrating the Centennial anniversary of the city they founded. And also to commemorate the services and brave Oeeds of the soldiers of the war of 1812, who won victory over their dual foe—the British and the Indians. The location of Mansfield, both topographically and geographically, is an admirable one. Situated upon the crest of the "Divide," it has an alti­ tude of 700 fee above Lake Erie and of 1,000 feet above the sea, with a roll­ ing, hilly surface, conducive to its sanitation, as well as giving the city a picturesque appearance. And its geographical location has caused three trunk lines of railway to pass through the city spanning the continent. As Tadmore was to the Syrian Desert, so is Mansfleld to the eastern part ot the great valley of the Mississippi, an important station on lines of travel and traffic. Mansfield may be said to be in the Isthmian Way between the ast and the West. The climate of Mansfield, all things considered, is one of the finest in the country. Its extremes of heat and cold are less than any other place in or near the same latitude, and it la effected but little with wet or dry seasons. These modifications are due to its high altitude and to its prox­ imity to Lake Brie. There are those equable conditions—mediums between extremes—that make each season enjoyable. MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 33

It has been said that the ear held close to the dead earth in winter, bears the million wheels on which spring is coming. So with the pioneers. By faith they heard the wheels on which a new era of civilization was com­ ing—the civilization that has made Mansfield the city it is today. During the year of 1812, Mansfleld was a small town on the frontier and a number of its citizens were murdered by the Indians. But the patriotism and hero­ ism of its people never faltered. The town has always been progressive. Its progresss at times has been slow, but it was always sure. There was always constant Interior activities and constant exterior changes, ever keep­ ing step with the march of the age. Ohio was the battle ground where the savages tried to stop the tide of civilization In its westward course across the American continent, and Rich­ land County was the stage upon which some of the bloodiest tragedies of that terrible strife were enacted. It was a conflict between civilization and barbarism, and the former conquered, and the latter receded in obedience to that world-propelling plan by which people have been driven westward in the ways of destiny. Millions of people have been hurrying westward over since the dawn of time—even before Abraham took up his Journey from Haran unto Canaan. In this great movement of immigration all the nations of the earth have taken part; and in its path have arisen all the Eiplendid monuments of civilization. External motives, whether of propul­ sion or attraction, will not account for all the migrations of people. There are many' forces by which the tides of civilization are controlled. Yet over all, and harmonizing all and bringing order out of them, is the plan of the Ruler of the Universe, who makes even the wrath and folly of men to serve and to praise Him. Ohio was settled by pioneers. Other countries have been peopled by men moving in large bodies from one country to another. 'Whole tribes would move enmasse and over run, or extinguish the original inhabitants of a country and occupy their territory. But the pioneers did not come in columns and platoons, but came singly or in small groups and became set­ tlers. When the white men came the Indians had to leave because the con­ flict between the two was irrepressible. Casuists claim that the deer were made for the thicket, that the thicket was made for the deer, and that both were made for the hunter. And further correlations state that the soil was not only intended for those who would cultivate it, but that If the valley produces com and the hillside grapes, people suited to the cultivation of such products take possession of these localities on the theory of the eternal fitness of things. In 1809 the legislature provided for the location of the county seat tor the new county of Richland, which the commissioners located at Mansfleld. By this act, Richland had a seat of Justice ready whenever the legislature should think proper to organize a county. The organization, however, was not made until January 7, 1818. Upon request of the village council, Mans­ fleld having attained a population of 5,121, Salmon P, Chase, then Governor of Ohio, issued a proclamation declaring Mansfleld, a city. This was done in 1857. In the intervening years between then and now, Mansfleld has in- 21 MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. creased nearly twenty thousand in population and is conceded to be one of the most substantial and progressive cities of its class in Ohio. Living Issues and present conditions so fully occupy the attention of the people of today, that the history ot other years is often relegated to the shadows of the past, although that history supplies one of the chief needs of the highest civilization, and the character and culture of the people ot a county as well as those of a nation are estimated and measured by their literature and published records. Local history stimulates public pride—a pride which is a bond of union and of sympathy in communities—and the surest safeguard ot liberty and the staunchest champion of justice and light. The history of Rome is shrouded in myth and fable, but the history of Richland County is an open book. No fables, no mythical legends, no exag­ gerated stories are told of the Richland County pioneers, for their acts, their lives and their accomplishments are In the full light of open history.

SCENE ON THE ROCKYFORK BELOW BEAM'S MILLS.

MRS. LYMAN A. STRONG. MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 86

The part that the woman of pioneer days played hi the great drama of American history has in many instances been touched on but lightly. The subject. Pioneer Women, was treated interestingly in the address ot Mm. Lyman A. Strong, of which the following is a part: ADDRESS BY MRS. STRONG. What of the women of pioneer days—they seem to have been forgotten, so little is written now of their noble deeds and dreadful sacrifices for their loved ones. A few, perhaps, have received the notice due, but what is that in comparison with the pages devoted to the men of pioneer times? Shall we let the block house, as being the only surviving witness of the horrors of those times, tell us a little story of personal experience and ob­ servation? And this is what it says to us—"in this peaceful spot I trust,to have come to rest until the end of my days, and as it is ever with the old, comes back to me the memory of other days." My flrst recollections are of opening my eyes on a vast forest surround­ ed by lurking dangers, seen and unseen. Many friends flocked about me, r.nd together wo braved the frightened dangers we knew were in store for us. Days and nights there were when was heard the growl of the bear, the snarling cry ot the wolf and the screech of the wildcat; but sure of safety from all these fierce creatures, we slept in peace until high over all sounded the blood curdling war whoop of the dreaded Indian. Then wild confusion reigned. Did these pioneer women sit down and weep, or were they up and doing? Busy hands, with incredible speed, loaded heavy guns and many times, with steady aim sighted and killed the invader. Wounds were dressed with gentle hands and breaking hearts, for, perhaps, mangled and dead by her side lay her dearest, and in her "heart the fear of her own dreadful fate. If, in the providence of God, she was spared to see the breaking of day end the horrors of the night and returned to her cabin what comfort had she there to rest her tired frame and anxious mind. There was the breakfast to prepare for famished men and children; a dead log in a cold fireplace to coax with infinite patience into flame—not the quick heat of the gas Jet at her instant convenience. Water must be had only by a rush to the spring with danger at every step—not had as now in steady stream by the turn ot the hand. Com must be sent on the back of a horse to the rude, little mill and quickly retumed in meal for the great Dutch oven will be heated and ready for the unbaked staff of life, for no cart with tinyling bell will stop before her door to hand out the brown loaf; and when the dreaded night appears, no dazzling light illumes her home with the magic touch of a button, but only a little pan with a lump of grease and rag for wick, giv­ ing about as much light as a lightning bug, must suffice for her work on the spinning wheel. Her "club" was composed of a distaff and flcik and her ''prize" a fine hank of yam which, when knitted with tired fingers, furn­ ished the family with necessary footwear for the hard winter season. Every article of clothing was spun, woven and made by the mother's own hand. 3G MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

Nowadays, with fashion's changing styles, almost in pace with the moon, there, perhaps, would be some criticism on the hang of the skirt, the fit ot the waist and the absence ot the crease on the unmentionable worn by the men, but when "Ignorance is bliss, etc.," and the garments were accepted, the pioneer woman tailor was never "held up," except for "re­ pairs." Later came the sewing machine and then the "father of all evil j.ive to suffering humanity, his masterpiece, the "sweat shop."

COL. JARAD MANSFIELD, WHO SURVEYED MANSFIELD AND IN WHOSE HONOR THE TOWN WAS NAMED. What would have been her deliK'tit, if, at tiie ring of a bell, the voice cf her dearest friend and nearest neighbor a mile away in the howling wil­ derness should have sounded In her ear for a few moments of gossip on family or social affairs, but all this was reserved with the germ of the tele­ phone in the brain of her boy for her sister of a later day. Bad Indians there \vei(> in those days and some good ones. It was said, hut this Is a matter of considerable doubt. MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 37

We may find many, many Instances illustrating the bravery of the pio­ neer women and their resourceful character in bold acts of heroism equal to that displayed by the bravest men of any time. The block house says there were many lives lost before my door and within my friendly walls three babes opened their eyes on the sorrows and troubles cf those times, descendants of whom are citizens of Mansfleld now. More adventurous souls came to the little settlement; more cabins were built; more clearings made and flelds cultivated and gradually there grew around me a larger band of brave and true men and women. Soon, the little school house was built and the merchant came with his wares and goods, but the bicck house was still the refuge and protector of the feeble cettlement, and, when in later times the necessity of using my shelter passed nway, and I was called upon for assistance in dispensing Justice, I gave .the best accommodations I had which, in comparison with my towering green and red neighbor of today, were limited and very humble, but I can in good faith affirm that the learned justices of my day never misread the law, Juries never disagreed and law and other leagues were unknown. We have tried to picture tho life of the pioneer woman and what she aoconipiished unassisted in her fight with her surroundings but after all, little do we realize her sacrifices and the bitter struggles she endured. The various accomplishments of the very much emancipated wom.nn of this age are so well written up that further comment seems out of place, but we can dream of the women of the years to 'Come, for we who are now here, will, without doubt, be with them in some shape, not revealed to mortal eyes nnd rejoice over their grand achievements and sorrow over failures. What a blessing it w'll seem to housekeepers to know that the dear man has his dinner in his vest pocket—or perhaps in a small, tin box Just at present, but when Christmas comes, he is to have a beautiful gift ot silver or gold with his monogram. The day of washing will have lost all its terrors, now that it is only to open a door and place the garment in the chamber of com­ pressed air. This same current will with noiseless, unseen brooms, oblit­ erate all particles of dust from carpets and furniture. All will share alike In the bounty of heaven. There will be no vaults filled from floor to ceil­ ing with gold which the owners never see(Or need. A universal style In all things will be adopted, therefore, no incentive for competition in owning flue outflts of any description. The atmosphere will be so highly impreg- ruted with the elements of knowledge, wisdom and experience that the child will absorb from the mother, and come into the world with a mind full-fledged, so no school houses will be needed and the funds which in this day are required for their erection and maintenance can he used, we will say, to build hospitals (for by that time the world will be fully supplied with Carnegie libraries.) If hospitals should still be needed, which might be a question, as with other improvements, good health will probab'.y have been taken into consideration as an important factor in the revised edition of the higher life. Query—How will th«" woman of the future occupy her time? MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

REV. FATHER L. W. MULHANE, of Mt. Vernon.

REV. FATHER F. A. SCHREIBER, Pastor St. Peter's Catholic Church. MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 89

ADDRESS OF REV. FATHER L. W. MULHANE. THE SOLDIERS OF 1812. Appropriate and interesting though the occasion be which calls us to­ gether today, there is also a pleasure we must needs feel in looking back a hundred years and considering the men and women who on this spot began a new home and planted the outposts of a new civilization. Nearly a hundred years ago, by act of the General Assembly of Ohio, Richland was placed under the jurisdiction of Knox County, "until the leg­ islature may think proper to organize the same." A few months later the officials of Knox County declared the entire county ot Richland a separate township. I bring you greetings from all Knox County—greetings from mother to daughter. It is fortunate that you have men and women among you who have the inclination to devote their time to picking up here and there the threads ot local history and to weave them into splendid pages of Ohio history. The hardy pioneers who came into this wildemess hardly realized Ita immensity, with no conception of its great future, must look down and re­ joice today at the smiling abundance of the land. The wigwam has given way to the modem home and its smoke is replaced by the smoke of the mill and foundry. , These hardy pioneers, many of whom had seen service in the war of the Revolution, were animated by the old continental spirit of 1776. They believed that the torch of liberty is kindled most quickly by the fireside and so into the rude log cabin they carried these animating convictions and when they faced the rude savage, they had but to glance back over their should­ ers and see the face of wife and little ones at the cabin door. It is but meek that now and then we should stop and commemorate their deeds and recall their names. It is a happy thought to rebuild, as you have done, the old block house—to put into it timber from the log cabin of a faithful old soldier of 1812—Capt. James Cunningham—it stands there as an exemplar of those early days and crade ways of living—an exemplar to young and old of what the pioneers were compelled to undergo in plant­ ing in the forest the seeds of liberty and civilization—for as Burke says: "Example in the school of mankind, and they will leara at no other." It is but proper then that today we give at least a passing thought to the old hero-soldiers of 1812, who erected these early block houses. Eng­ land in the early years of last century declared that no American ves­ sels should enter her ports. France had likewise ordered. England smart- iitg under the defeat of a quarter of a century previous was anxious to drive from the sea the growing power of America's young Republic. Along the frontier here In Ohio the Indians were induced by English bribes and threats and promises to attack and harrass the outposts ot the pioneers, and hence war was the inevitable result. For a year our country had submitted to the dictates of England and France, but now patience ceased to be a political virtue and the honor of the nation must be preserved ^0 MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. en sea as well as on land. Old Josiah Quincy in January, 1812, on the floor ot Congress put it weil when he said: "A flag .is the evidence of power. A land flag is evidence of land power—a maritime flag is evidence of mari­ time power. You may have a piece of bunting upon a staff and call it a flag,

but if you have no maritime power to maintain t, yon have a name and no reality—you have the shadow without the substance—you have the sign of the flag, but in truth you have no flag." Ohio, then a young state, hadsome 2,000 men in the fleld. They have left their names and deeds on the pages of our history—at Kenton and Flndlay and Fremont, at Perrysburg and Put-in-Bay. All along this north­ ern frontier the flres of war were kindled, the old spirit of 1776 was again MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 41

eroused and the pioneer went forth to defend his home and his family. With squirrel rifle and coon-skin cap, with his rations of a pint cup full of parched com; and a bit of venison, he trod the forest, waded the streams and followed old Gen. Harrison, of Tippecanoe fame, to victory. On Lake Erie Perry swept the British ships from our lakes forever. It is but proper we should recall the soldier of 1812 today. He built the block houses and today we say Hail to his memory. Their bones rest on hillside and in valley up and down this region. The snows of many winters have mantled their graves. The daisies, and violets of many a spring have bloomed high above mounds. The grass of many a summer has grown over their last resting place and the leaves of many an autumn have fallen over these hillocks, but we have today proclaimed that their fame is as white as the winter's snow. Their deeds as sweet as the daisies and violets of spring; their memory as green as the verdure of sum­ mer, and today we bend low to drop upon their graves the autumn leaves of blessing and benediction. We cry out to them to—all hall—we salute them with the heroes of 1776 and 1861—they are ours—ours to salute and lemember—Ohio's pioneers and soldiers. All hail to their memory today— splendid old warrior heroes of a century ago. We are proud to do you honor. And n6w, my fellow citizens, have we no duties, we who stand on the threshold of this mighty 20th century—we who are enjoying the fruits of the tolls and victories of our warriors of old? Yes, peace has her duties as weil as war, peace and patriotism are twin sisters. No citizen can shift the burden of civic responsibility—no child of the great state of Ohio can forget that written In indelible characters on the pages of our history are the words of the crdlnance of 1787. "Religion, morality and education are necessary for good government and the happi­ ness of man. This trinity of necessities will conduce to good government. Hence let Is here and now, while we "recall the memories of brave men and women of the past, while we chant their deeds in grateful song, on the his­ toric spot and on this to-be-historic day, renew our loyalty and fealty to our grand old state; let us aid in furthering all righteous movements for civic honesty and civic virtue, for better citizenship. Let us remember that in sailing the ship of state, we .need a mariner's compass to point north, south, east and west, and what better can symbolize these cardinal points— than the Immortal. Declaration of Independence, The Articles of Confederation, The Ordinance of 1787, And the Federal Constitution. These are the guiding points of all American history. They have led us for more than a century. They are good enough to lead us for many more. Let us not forget the throes of war through which these now immortal doc­ uments were dragged and out of which they came clean, and full of life—thanks to the valor and bravery of American soldiers and sailors. The American soldier, who can tell of his valor-where are the lips eloquent enough to speak fully of his giory—where the poet gifted enough •r> MANSFII'^I.D CENTi:NKIAI> COM .MISSION.

to sing a full song of liis bravery? Were I a sculptor, I would like to carve out ot the beautiful marble, my ideal of an American hero—iiiid I would chisel on the statue the words— "An American Soldier." Weie I a painter, I would want to fling upon the cinvass some historic Ijiitllc like Tippecanoe or I'crry's vic^lory on Lake Erie, and I would paint above it—"Tlie American Soldier and Sailor to his Country." Were I a poet, I would want to chant a song that would thrill •ill the world with the flre of its love for lilierty and the melody of its pat­ riotism, and I would dedicate it—"To the American Volunteer;" and I would incorporate in the poem the words: "A union of lalrcs and a union of lands, A union of states none can scn'oi'; A union of hearts and union of hands. And the flag of our union foicvcr." And above and beyond ail I would iiave sculptor, and iiaintor, and poet, and orator cry out in unison—"(;(.d sav(> the comnionwealth of Ohio;" "God save the union of states"—one and inse|)aral)le—now and forever.

FATHER SCHREIBER'S ADDRESS.

Following I'"'ather Scliicilier's introductio'i ti) llie audience by l''(s dent Brown, he Kav(> the ('(Milennial iniiji'd his hearty indorsement and spoi;e ot tho importance of observing anniv ersarles. He iiaid a fine tribute to the pioneers of Richland County and said tlie coming Centennial anniver­ sary should be observed to memorialize the great work accomplished by them. HON. W. S. CAPPELLER.

Mr. Cappoller's tlieme was Ohio, and lie gave a poem on "Beautiful Ohio." This was the "taking" numlier on tiie program, and the audience showed its appreciation of the poem and its hap|)y style of delivery by rounds of applause. MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 43 PETER BISSMAN. Mr. Blssman spoke of "Fifty Years in Richland County," and his ad­ dress was along the line ot the practical good sense for which he is noted. HON. C. E. McBRIDE. Mr. McBride's topic was local history, a subject upon which he is well informed and which he presented in a pleasing and interesting way. PROFESSOR VANCLEVE. Prbf. Van Cleve spoke on American history, and concisely presented the same in a manner intructlve to he young and interesting to all, AMERICAN HISTORY. Remarks ot Prof. C. L. VanCleve at the Opera House Meeting: My feeling, Mr. Chairman, regarding such exercises as these and such others as are in the mind of the Centennial Commission for our future en­ joyment and ediflcation, is that they are more profitable to the young than to any other class of our citizenship. The boys and girls of this generar tion, who do not know the luxury of piling out of a warm feather bed in the dim gray of a morning to milk the cows or split wood for the breakfast flre, who do not even know the privileges of preparing kindling or bringing in coal are in imminent danger of never leaming at flrst hands the dignity ot physical labor. It is very fltting, therefore, that the youth ot today should leara the story from the lips of those who yet remain, how the forest was subdued, the savage driven back, the complex agencies of civilization of the present time slowly evolved from primitive elements of social life and the whole fabric of modern society woven from the warp and woof of past experience. There can be no doubt in the mind of thinking men that we are too careless of the past. We refuse to leara many of its lessons, we disregard its meanings and we neglect its plain prophecies. We make too little of pioneer heroism in the dazzling successes of the present prosperity and the rising generation will doubtless have little conception of the way we have come as a nation and as a community unless we~ more strongly endeavor to teach them by such exercises as these and the others to come how glor­ ious is our heritage, how priceless the privilege we now so carelessly enjoy. It will be a lesson of surpassing historical advantage to our children to look at yonder block house an^ contrast its meager proportions with the spaciousness and grandeur of modem civic structures; it will be a thrill­ ing experience for the youth of today to hear from the lips ot living wit­ nesses the tragic and pathetic struggles of pioneer fathers and mothers to make in the wildemess a home for their children and children's children and I for one, welcome this coming Centennial as an important factor in the work to which I have more speciflcally devoted myself and I shall deem it a privilege to take part in the exercises of the formal program in any form that will most surely conduce to the educational puri>oses wbi^ I belive the Commission has in its thought. 44 MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

MASONIC TBIMPLB (POST OFFICE) MANSFEILD, OHIO. MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 45 OUR COMING CENTENNIAL. At the annual meeting of the Chamber of Commerce, held Friday even­ ing, January 25, 1907, the Hon. Martin B. Bushnell spoke as follows of our coming Centennial: - "Our Centennial," was the subject of an address delivered before the Chamber of Commerce at its annual meeting by M. B. Bushnell. The address gave many interesting details of the arrangements made for the event which are of interest to every Mansfield resident. The address is as follows: The Commissioners for our Centennial, chosen through the home His­ torical Society, are organized by the election of a president, Hon. Hunting­ ton Brown; secretahy, A. J. Baughman; treasurer, Charles H. Voegele, and u working committee. We hope at an early date to publish a pamphlet for gratutious distribution, to be entitled our block house number. This little book will contain much valuable information for the citizens of Richland County. We hope to furnish each family with at least one copy. The book wil be printed on good paper and be beautifully Illustrated. It will be a souvenir well worth your care and study. The commissioners in charge of this important work know the value of historical publications in a com- nmnlty. This will be home history—home leaflets—each and every page must be safe guarded with the golden thread ot truth—and perfect in­ vestigation. It is designed to keep in close touch ^ith the city o cials and the city council. Notice will be given from time to time through the home papers, informing the general public as to our progress in preparation for this red letter day in the history of Mansfield. I said day. I will correct that ex­ pression to read one week, as we hopo to give our beloved people and their lolatives and visiting friends at least one full week ot the perfect Joy, never to be forgotten. There will be one day devoted to religion, under the direction of the churches; a day to education, our public and private schools; a day given to city and county official authority. The president of the United States and the governor of Ohio will be invited to come within our gates, extending to each one ot the honored personages the privilege of a day. There will be a military display. Our most efficient fire department will be requested to lolish up the handle on the big front door and give the descendants ot the pioneers a working display. The closing day will be a grand pageant, a street parade by our shops, mills, stores and factories. Wagons and floats will contain home manufac­ tured goods, and attractive features picturing the great strides ot the cen­ tury. Central park, with its surrounding streets, will be decorated by day and illuminated at night. This central location may be called the Court of Honor. Later on we hope to establish an office for the secretary, the office to be open during business hours—tor this is a business—and will be run strictly on business principles, demanding money, and the employing at times of careful, efficient persons. 46 MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

Along the line ot what is known as business enterprise is where we lay deep and solid, the foundation principles to be woven through the woof in preparation for the City of Mansfleld's Centennial celebration in June, 1908. Your commlssioDers will not be able, alone, to carry out in detail this great enterprise. There must be large and active committees drawn from Itlansfleld and Richland County citizens. The city council must be impor­ tuned to fumish flnancial aid, to fully beautify and enlarge our park reaa. We must not be selflsh in any degree, or show personal pride tor public property. Yet, it cannot be denied, that our park system, the Joy of It to all classes of the community—has become so great that we as citizens are often found alone strolling quietly through the park. It is an undisputed fact that when a relative or an old friend makes us a visit, however short, we all flnd it an entertaining Joy to show such parties through the parks of the city. Your Centennial Commissioners are encouraged to take up the charge assigned, feeling that our various park areas will greatly assist our people in entertaining the visiting friends and strangers on that occasion. We urge that our citizens commence now to notify relatives and friends at a distance, inviting them to come to our Centennial. They will be here on the slightest beck and call,—Aunt Ann, Cousin Jane and Sophia, with Uncle Jonathan, Cousin Olive and Adolph. The descendants of all the old families ot former years in our commun­ ity now in far away states, are longing to visit the old home ot child­ hood days. MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 47

LOCAL HISTORY. Now we are approaching the Centennial ot Mansfleld, and from this coign of vantage of nearly an hundred years since the city was founded, may look backward through the vanishing vistas, and realize how able, how dean hearted and handed, how conscientious, were the builders of the state. The body of land designated as Richland, as the pioneers swept up the streams, whose downward flow was into the beautiful river, was in timt reached. Richland, an empire in area, would that it was the original yet, tmcarved and as a whole,, almost a perfect square, each of its four sides ?0 miles in length, enclosing 576,000 acres of hill, valley and plain; its vir­ gin soil so rich that native grasses grew spontaneously; so fertile that it }ou tickled it with hoe or plow, it returned an hundred fold in tmitage, vhile its forest trees towered into the sunlight, awaiting only the ax ot the settler to lay them low. History supplies one of the chief needs of the highest civilization and the character and culture of the people of a county, as well as those ot a nation, are estimated and measured by their literature and published records. Local history stimulates local pride—a pride which is a bond of union and of sympathy in communities—and the surest safeguard of liberty and the staunchest champion of justice and right. Richland County is in north central Ohio, situated in the highest part ot the state, on the water-shed between Lake Erie and the Ohio river. The surface of the north part of the county is comparatively level, and in the southern part there are chains of hills, separated by valleys of divers widths. The copnty is well-watered by streams and springs, and is noted for its product^eness and healthful climate. It suffers but little from wet or dry seasons, the center of the county being only flfty miles from Lake Erie, whose waters prevent excessive rainfall ana are conducive to mois­ ture in dry periods. ) In giving the history of Richland County it is not necessary to go back to the original county formations into which this part,of Ohio was divided, nor to trace their alterations, made from time to tlme( as the settlement of the country required, but to deal with Richland as it was at its formation and is at the present time. The original act for the creation of Richland County was passed January 16, 1808. By this act Richland was placed under the jurisdiction ot Knox county "until the legislature may think proper to organize the same." On June 9, 1809, the commissioners of Knox County declared "the entire coun­ ty of Richland a separate township, which shall be called and known by the name of Madison." In 1809 the legislature provided for the location of the county seat, which the commioners located at Mansfleld. By this act the county had a seat of justice ready whenever the legislature should think proper to organize the same. On January 7, 1813, the legislature passed ^an act organizing the county ot Richland, aid "act to take effect and 48 MANSFELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. be in force from and after the flrst Monday in March, 1813." Under this act an election was heldi April 1, 1813, resulting in the election of Samuel McCluer, Samuel Watson and Melzer Tannehill as commissioners; John Wallace, sheriff, and Hugh Cunningham, coroner. On Monday, the 7th of June, following, the commissioners appointed William Winship, clerk; An­ drew Coffinberry, recorder, and William Biddle, surveyor. The county was declared duly organized June 7, 1813. The earliest settlers of Richland County were from a thrifty, hardy race of people, who came from Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia and began a settlement in the wilderness which has been far-reaching in its re­ sults. They came slowly the flrst tew years, and at the election held in 1809 but seventeen votes were cast in the county. The following year this number was increased two votes, making nineteen. August 9, 1814, the county was divided into four townships—Madison, Jefferson, Green and Vermillion. By 1816 it was divided into flfteentownships . Other townships were created. Congress being the last, which was organize^ June 6, 1825, and conipleted the sub-divisions of the county, making twWity-five town­ ships, each six miles square, except Hanover, whose southeast corner lacked a little ot being complete, on account ot the Greenville treaty line. Richland contained at that time nearly 900 square miles of territory, one of the larg­ est and best counties in the state, with the county seat near its center. The county remained intact until 1846. In February ot that year Wyan­ dot county was created, largely from the western part of Crawford county. In order to compensate the Inhabitants ot Crawford for the territory taken from them a portion of Richland, four miles wide and nineteen miles long, was given to Crawford County. The next year, 1846, Ashland county was erected, taking from Richland the entire tier of the most eastern townships and two-thirds of Clear Creek and Mil ion, and over one-third of Mifflin, in all about 240 square miles of territory. Two years later Morrow county was created, which took from Richland all of 'Congress and Bloomfleld townsl^lps, the west halt ot Perry and the west half ot Troy, save sections 28 and 33. By these changes Richland was reduced from an area of 900 to 485 square miles, and the townships as reorganized and created are Bloom- Inggrove, Butler, Caa, Franklin, Jackson, Jefferson, Madison, Mifflin, Mon­ roe, Perry, Plymouth, Sandusky, Shtaron, Springfleld, Troy Washington, Weller and Worthington. MANSFIELD CRNTENNIAL COMMISSION. ' 49 THE PARKS. Another feature of enterprise ef a municipal character is found in the ^',enoral provision that has lieen made for providing the people with attrac­ tive parks and there is perhaps no city equal in size that is so well provid­ ed in tills respect. There are two parks, the Central, so called iiecause of its location in the very heart of tlie city, a lieautiful bower of shade where rest and recreation may be enjoyed at one's sweet will. There is here a lieautiful fountain of handsome des'gn and ornamentations, the soldiers' monument and a band stand where concerts are given on summer evenings ty one cf the l)est bands in the state. The Sherman-Heineman park is an­ other favored spot which contains eighty acres, twenty-five of which are densely wooded. This is a charming resort for picnic parties, family gath­ erings and society soc'als, with artificial lakes for boating, well kept walks and over six miles of beautiful improved drives. It can be reached by two lines of electric car within ten minutes from the central part of the city.

A VIEW IN SHER MAN-HEINEMAN PARK. THE MANSFIELD PARKS. The Hon. M. B. Bushnell, Member of th: Mansfi::ld Centennial Commission, Read the Following Paper Before the Amity Club at a Recent Meeting— Mr. Bushnell Is One of the Park Commissioners and Knows Whereof - He Speaks. ' In an address on the Park System of points in regard to the prettiest pleas- Mansfield, recently delivered by M. B ure spots owned by any Ohio city were Bushnell, the following interesting brojgtit out: 50 MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

The village—the prosperous town to has been accepted by the city. that population to be classed as a city As we pass along in our growth in of a certain class—one people being a population,, from the village to the progressive community—were looking town—and to the city of churches, for suitable grounds for the establish­ schools, factories, mills, wholesale es­ ing of a l&rger park for the better en­ tablishments, railroads, both steam joyment ot all' classes ot our commun. and electric, we as a progressive city ity. Certain citizens viewed the sur­ and people, are becoming educated as rounding farm lands and connecting to the value of parks. outlets, tramping through the. high It is a topic of conversation and in­ weeds, climbing fences, passing ovei quiry to the park commissioners from hills and through the ravines. Finally citizens in general and residents in all Senator John Sberman was approach­ wards of the city—"Anything new in ed. He was found to be willing to give regard to the park? How about the about twenty acres of primeval forest. lake? Have you purchased all the pro­ for park purposes. , posed abutting land on Mapi'e street? Mr. Heineman proposed to donate I understand attractive ground adja­ about sixteen acres of land north of cent to Heineman or North park can Fourth street for the same purpose. To be secured on reasonable terms. My connect these two tracts of land, it family have enjoyed the park from would be necessary to purchase the north to south. We are looking for­ valley between Park Avenue West and ward with great expectation for the Fourth street. On or about March 7, coming summer." , 1887, a paper was circulated among our ^e superintendents of Sunday citizens, when we succeeded in secur­ schools, pastors of churches, masters ing f3,710. This money was used tor ot various lodges, leaders of clubs and the condemnation ot certain land—the societies, neighborhood and associate purchase of property, preliminary sur­ families are Joyous to speak of the vey, and the proper opening up of the Sherman woods in South park as the Sherman-Heineman park. most attractive place tor a good time Some years ago a tract of land in to be found within the conflnes of the Johns Addition, to our city, was Ohio. donated by the heirs of the late Ben­ Such remarks spontaneously made jamin Johns for park purposes. There by our good people, is of great encour­ appears to be some misunderstanding agement to city officials, to appropriate between the donors and the city in re­ funds to beautify, keep in good repair, gard to the transfer ot the park prop- and purchase land for the broadening > erty to be called the Johns Park. I 6t the area, to properly care for the am informed that our city officials rapidly growing population of Mans­ have this matter now under considers. fleld and vicinity. tion. It certainly should have prompt Referring to the extension ot South and immediate approach on our part. park or Sherman park, west and south Streets have been faid out, approach­ of Maple street, certain land has been ing and surroui^ding the park, and It purchased, a new street. Bird avenue, we, as a clty,have in any manner been and driveway thrown open. in fault, let us be prompt to adjust the The.iheirs of the laf« Fred Bird and matter. the Taylor brothers are ready to do­ Charles P. Ackerman has recently nate about twelve acres on certain laid out an addition to the city on conditions. This property is located South Main street, a beautiful tract of just outside the city limits in Madison ground, in the center of the addition, township. The deed for same is re­ with connecting streets has been given corded and on ft.e wl,th the city audi­ to the city for a park, and the same tor, to make an extension of Maple MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 61

street outside the city. We met the ing real estate prices worth $25,000,000. responsibility of the county commis­ A recent edition ot the Cleveland, 0., sioners, and the township trustees, the Plain Dealer, Feb. 24,1907, under large city council, board of public service, headlines: "Cleveland has the finest the county surveyor, city civil engin­ park system in America. Development eer city auditor, city solici­ of the Forest City's great park and tor and his honor,, the may­ Boulevard system will soon be com­ or. I wish to say that the meet­ pleted." In 1871 there was but one ing of these various official gentlemen smal] park in Cleveland. Now it was an inexpressible pleasure. The claims, when completed, their park question was not, "what will the im­ system will' excel In size and loveli­ provement cost? Can we as a county, ness any park system in the world, township and city, invest a few hun­ Paris alone, perhaps, excepted. dred dollars for the proper enlarge­ I notice in the February number ot ment of Mansfleld's park system?" , Park and Cemetery, published in Chi­ They simply wished to know the le­ cago, that many metropolitan centers, gal text to govern the Joint action of Denver, Col., Cincinnati and Columbus, these various bodies of official respon­ Ohio, have Joined the procession. Cin­ sibility. It is now with our city fath­ cinnati has a bond issue ot $350,000. ers for their action. I feel confldent Philadelphia, Pa., will in a few days ot trae investigation and protection vote on a loan of $650,000 for parks- when in such time it will be conven­ has Just announced the date for open­ ient for tbis honored body to take flnal ing bids for tearing down houses to action—for the securing of an addition bring Fairmont park to Logan Square, to our park—a limited time ot a few a distance ot one-half mile, at a cost years, will make it the most attractive of $2,000,000, already provided. division of South park, all the abut­ St. Louis, Mo., has appropriated $1,- ting land in this new south-west quar­ 700,000 for small parks. You may say ter ot the city limits has been laid out Mansfleld should not be classed with ' into streets and lots, known by names these great American cities—it is a and blocks; in fact tlie lots have been fact however, that most of our large placed on the market, and all have cities deferred the purcbasQ of land for been sold, thus insuring the early parks, when same could have been se­ building of houses for the accommo­ cured at nominal cost. Now, they are dating ot our thrifty, advancing peo­ at the mercy ot the owner and must ple. pay the price, no matter how exces­ The fact is clearly demonstrated to sive. the park commissioners and city offi­ Mansfleld has acted wisely by start­ cials that dealers in real estate fully ing early to secure a park system. understand tjie value ot a park, a Some money has been expended. breathing place to be located wlihln There was considerable opposition flf­ or near their land, laid out as city teen or eighteen years ago, but that lots, numbered so and so and offered opposition has passed away, those citi­ for sale. zens are now all friendly for the care, Mansfleld is not in a class with New protection and proper enlargement of York City, but the flgures are a good our park system. We should try to illustration. New York bought Union forget the little expense already paid Square park in 1833 for $116,051; Mad­ out, and go forward in a business-like ison Square park in 1847 for $63,952; manner in the future tor/tlPf-peopIe^ Tompkins Square park in 1843 tor $93,- are with us. They are tlysmajority. 359; Washington Square park in 1827 Speaking of the class we. as a city, for $77,970. These four down town are in, it appears to vaS our beautiful parks costing $351,332, are now at rul­ Queen City stands al^e in Ohio, in MANSFILl.D ClONTKNNiAL COMMISSION. fact, I do not know a town of our pop­ ly by tile traveling public, more par­ ulation in any state, that in any sense ticularly from the great company of can be compared with us, in the beau­ Intelligent commercial men and rail­ ty and grandeur ot our parks. This road oflicial.s who have their homes in information comes to be spontaneous­ this city.

MEMORIAL BUILDING. Mansfield has a Memorial building, built liy the city and township, as a memorial to the soldiers and sailors of the Civil war. Tho building con- MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 53

tains a library and a museum and has a theater annex, the latter has seat­ ing capacity for twelve hundred persons. The building is in charge of and managed by a board of tmstees. The board at present is composed of the followiug persons: Huntington Brown, 1909; LeRoy Parsons, 1908; Joe L. Hott. 1910; W. H. Conley, 1911; Louis Kuebler, 1907; H. M. Weaver, 1912; A. J. Baughman, 1913. The years given indicate the expirations ot terms. Harry L. Bowers is the manager ot the theater, and it is directly through his instmmentality that the theater-goers ot ttiis and sourround- ing towns have been enabled to see the flrst-classattraction s which he books every season. THE ZEIMER MASSACRE. In 1799 Frederick Zeimer came wit[i his family from Germany to Amer­ ica and located flrst in Maryland, but later came to Ohio, and entered one- halt ot section 27 in Washington township, Pickaway county, this state. He was a man of means, and after getting considerable land in that coun­ ty, upon which he established his married sons, he removed to Richland County with his wife, youngest son, Philip, and daughter Kate, and en­ tered a quarter section of land in the Blackfork valley, where the terrible massacre of himself, wife, daughter Kate and Martin Ruffner, a neighbor, occurred September 10, 1812. ^Thls is commonly called ihe Seymour massa­ cre, "Seymour" being Americanized from "Zeimer," a German name ot Swiss origin. On the evening of September 10, a party of Indians called at the Zeimer cabin and asked for something to eat. Apprehensive ot trou­ ble, Philip Zeimer went to a neighbor's for assistance, and during his ab­ sence and while his sister Kate was getting the Indians supper, the sav­ ages attacked the family and killed the tour persons present. When Philip returned with some neighbors it was found that a bloody tragedy had been enacted. Philip then entered the army, where he served during the re­ mainder ot the war, and doubtless had the satisfaction ot seeing many a red skin bite the dust. This tragedy was made the subject ot an historical romance in 1857, by the late Rev. J. F. McGaw, and the book has passed through three editions and is still in demand. THE COPUS BATTLE. immediately after the massacre ot the Zeimer family, the settlers ap­ prehensive of further outrages, went to block houses for protection. Among the number was the Rev. James Copus, accompanied by his family. Copus lived a mile or two down the valley from the Zeimer place. After a tew days in the block house, Mr. Copus concluded to retum to his home, as he did not apprehend any further trouble fcom the Indians, l^elieving them, to be his friends, not yet having found out their treachery and baseness. Captain Martin, the commandant at the block house, advised against Mr. Copus returning to his cabin, but his remonstrance was ot no avail. Capt Martin then made a detail ot nine soldiers from his small command at the iieams' mills block house, to accompany Copus and family to their home 54 MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

and remain with them several days as a protecting guard. On September 16, 1812, the flrstmornin g after their arrival, a party of forty-five Indians attacked' the cabin, killing Mr. Copus and three ot the soldiers, and wound­ ing others. The Indians made their attack, from the hill in front of the cabin and then advanced with demonical yells, and it seemed as though, "On the right, on the left, above, below, Spring up at once the savage toe." On the 16th of September, 1882, monuments were erected at the graves ot those who had lost their lives at the Zeimer massacre and the Copus battle, seventy years after the tragedies had occurred. These monuments are situate in what is now Ashland County, a little south of the village ot Mifflin, about twelve miles from Mansfleld. The unveiling ot these monuments was a great event and was witnessed by an audience ot over twelve thousand people.

SUMMIT LAKE. Summit Lake, seven mllea west ot Mansfleld, is on the simmit of the "Divide" and has an altitude ot 882 feet above Lake Erie. This little lake is the source ot the Clearfork and the Blackfork ot the Mohican River. The Blackfork flows from its eaatom aide and the Clearfork from ita western bank„ and although they take opposite courses, after many meanderlngs they unite 85 miles from their source and form the Mohican River. MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 65

WATER-SHED BARN. General Garfleld referred to this Water -shed Bam, in one ot his master orations, as follows: "In a certain locality in the northern part of Ohio, is a bam so situated that the water discharged from one portion ot the roof is carried into Lake Erie and from t he other into the Ohio River. A little bird standing upon the ridge ot that bam, could by the fluttero t its wing throw a drop of water either into the Gulf of Mexico or the Gulf ot St. Lewrence." He used this as an illu stration of how a small matter may lead to far-reaching results.

During the holiday week ot 1904, Hon. B. O. Randall, ot Columbus, and A. J. Baughman, of Mansfleld, represented the Ohio State Historical Society at the American National Historical Association meeting in Chicago, and' while there, it was arranged tor Prof. Randall to visit Mansfleld the tollow­ lng summer and get views ot noted localities. And in August, 1906, Prof. Randall came to Mansfleld and in company with Gen. Brinkerhoff, Hon. M. B. Bushnell, Peter Blssman, M. D. Frazier, E. J. Potter and A. J. Baughman, a visit was made to the localities shown in the accompaning views and the same were taken by E. J. Potter. By the courtesy ot Prof. Randall, we re­ produce a number of the pictures taken ot the historical localities then visited. C<6 MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 67 ANCIENT MOUNDS. There are a number ot ancient mounds in Richland County, the ma­ jority ot which are doubtless,, of pre-historic origin. Any one visiting the Centennial wishing to know more about the mounds, can get a full ac­ count of the same by calling upon the Secretary of the Commission. SPOOKS' HOLLOW. "An ancient minstrel sagely said. Where is the life which late we led." After the war of 1812, some of the Indians retumed to Richland Coun­ ty, but Greentown having been destroyed, they had no flxed abode. Two Indians by the names of Seneca John and Quilipetoze came to Mansfleld, got on a spree and at the Williams tavem—that stood on the present site of the Hotel Southern—got into a quarrel with some white men whom they threatened to kill. The Indians left, vowing that they would return tor vengeance. They were followed by some of the men with whom they had had trouble. The Indians were overtaken about a mile east ot town, and in the flght that ensued both Indians were killed'and their bodies were buried in the ravine east of the Sherman hill, and the place it is said has ever since been haunted, and is called "Spooks' Hollow." LYONS' FALLS. Lyons' Palls are situate about flfteen miles southeast ot Mansfleld. By many it has been thought that the falls were named after Tom Lyons, an old Indian, but such is not the fact. They were named tor Paul Lyons, a white man, who lived in a sort of a hermlt-llfe fashion at the falls for many years, and was burled there. There are two ot these water falls. The place has been a noted picnic resort for many years. The locality is btill wild in its primitive forest and grand in its rugged picturesquenelu. HEMLOCK FALLS. Hemlock fails, a mile and a half south ot Newvllle, is situate amid picturesque and mgged surroundings, and takes its name from a hemlock tree that formerly overhung the falls. The stories that are told of the locality are mostly of the traditional and legendary kind, and are largely of recent manufacture. The falls region was never the home ot old Captain Pipe, for he never lived in Richland County, neither was the place an In­ dian resort or habitation. The falls, however. Is an interesting place in the geological formation of the ledge of rocks over which the water falls; in­ teresting in its topographical appearance and in the grandeur of the water tail itself, where the stream pours over slanting rocks for a distance ot flfty feet, then makes a leap of twenty-flve feet to the fragmentary rocks below. Near here there are numerous caves and caverns, many of which have never been explored. 68 MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

The flrst pioneer meeting in Richland County was held at the Falls on the flrst Saturday in September, 1856. A great many people were present and a picnic dinner was served to all. Gen. R. Brinkerhoff and the late Uev. J. F. McGaw were the principal speakers upon that occasion. HELLTOWN AND GREENTOWN. For a number of years there was an Indian village on the west bank of the Clearfork ot the Mohican, a mile and a halt below Newvllle, called Helltown, the name signifying H'town on the clear water." Helltown was on the Indian path ot travel between the Tuscarawas valley and the Sandusky country. After the evacuation ot Gnadenhutten, March 8, 1782, the Indians evacuated Helltown and founded Greentown on the Blackfork, tor greater safety. Greentown was situate about three miles above Perrysvilie, and consisted o( log cabins and pole huts. Greentown was burnt in August, 1812, after the removal qf the Indians to Piqua, to prevent their retum. The act ot burning Greentown was not authorized by the authorities. The torch was applied to the cabins by men whose friends had been cruelly mur­ dered by the Indians. Greentown had a lovely situation upon a knoll at a bend in the river. A sycamore tree, which during the occupancy of the vil­ lage, shaded the council house of the tribe, still stands like a monument from the past, grim and white, stretching its branches like skeleton arms in the attitude of benediction. THE TOBY AFFAIR. During the short time the Greentown Indians were encamped in Mans­ field when being removed from Greentown to Piqua, an Indian and his little girl escaped from the guards and started west, hoping to reach their home at Upper Sandusky. The Indian's name was Toby. There wats an order at the time to shoot any Indian who attempted to escape. There were two soldiers ip the command who had relatives murdered by the Indians in Co­ shocton county. Their names were Morrison and McCulloch. These sold­ iers while scouting west ot the city, saw the escaping Indian^; and fired up- them. The Indian tell, but the girl was allowed to escape, and finally reach­ ed her home at Upper Sandusky in safety. This tragedy occurred where the West Fourth street (Leesville road) crosses a stream of water west of north park. The stream is called Toby's mn. About the time the Indians were removed from Greentown, Levi Jones, a Mansfield merchant, was shot and killed by the Indians on North Main street, between Fifth and Sixth streets. Jcbn Wallace and a Mr. Reed went out a halt mile east ot Mansfield to clear off a place tor a brick yard. In the attemoon Levi Jones went out to where they were at work and remained with them tor some time. In returning he took a different path and struck Main street near where Peter Blssman's wholesale house now stands, where he was fired upon by a party ot Indians in ambush. One shot took effect, the ball entering the back ot his left hand, passed through the same and MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 59

entered his left breast. He was carrying his hand in a sling at the time, on account of a felon on his thumb. Jones did not fall immediately, but giving a yell of pain and alarm, started to run tor the block house, but he unfortunately came into contact with a brush across the path, which threw l^im backward upon the ground. Before he could regain his feet, the In­ dians were upon him and stabbed him to death. They then scalped him, gave the scalp yell and left. The settlers then took refuge in the block house, tearing that a general attack and massacre would follow. There were no troops in Mansfleld at the time and at a conference held at the block house, it was determined to send to Mt. Vemon tdr aid. This was the occasion when John Chapman, best ImoVn as Johhnn^ Appleseed, made his adventurous trip to Mt. Vernon, on foot and through the dark wilderness, and by the next morning had a company ot^soldiers in Mansfield. This trip has been immortalized both in story and in song.

J. W. Well, Chief of Police. Mansfleld, Ohio. STREET RAILWAY. Mansfleld has excellent street railway facilities, with lines extending to the tour-quarters of the city, and also connecting with the interurban lines. Cars run every twelve minutes. There are eight and a half miles ot track within the city limits. Office and waiting room on the west aide of the square. eo MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

CENTENNIAL HEADQUARTERS.

The Mansfleld Centennial Commission has headquarters in the Bird building, room 107, at the head of the flrst flighto t stairs, or you can take the elevator. Any one having business with the Commission, or anything to suggest about the Centennial, will please call at the Commission's head­ quarters. Bell Phone, 563. MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 61 THE CENTENNIAL ENDORSED. The Mansfleld Council, Knights of Columbus, at a recent meeting unan­ imously endorsed the Centennial and pledged the same their hearty support. The flag pole that surmounts the Block House is the gift ot the S. N. Ford Company, and the flag that floats so gracefully from the flag staff is the gift ot Mr. Charles H.JJ[p^ele, a member of the Centennial Commission. Mr. W. H. Conley was the contractor who re-built the Block House.

Louise 8. Kuebler, Publisher Mansfleld Courier. ACENOWLEDGEBIENTS. The thanks of the compiler of this pamphlet are due to B. J. Potter, the photographer, for photographs; to George A. Holm, the pioneer job printer, for cuts, and to George W. Stewart, sketch artist, tor crayon sketch ot Col. Jarad Mansfleld. ERRORS AND CORRECTIONS. Although the proof of this work was carefully read, typographical errors were noticed after the forms were printed. While all of these errors are annoying, some are misleading, one of the latter states that the survey to plat Mansfleld was begun on the 19th ot June, when the 11th is the correct date. The cue hundreth anniversary ot the founding of Mansfleld will be on Wednesday, June 11, 1908, but the whole ot that week will be taken up with the Centennial celebration, which will commence on Monday, June 9th and continue until Saturday, the 16th, one solid week. 62 MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

Geo. KnofTloek, Chief of Flre Department.* Mansfleld, Ohio. THE OASmO.

Mansfleld is well provided with places ot amusements. The Casino, at the end of the West Fourth street car line, opens about May 15th and runs until about the flrst of October, with the usual line of theatrical attractions, including repertoire companies, opera and minstrel shows. By the improve­ ments contemplated, by the time ot the Centennial the Casino hall will have seating capacity for twelve hundred persons. The Casino park adjoins North Park, and is well equipped tor summer amusements. There is a cafe, also lunch and confectionery stands in the Casino building, "^e manage­ ment ot the Casino is under E. R. Endly, who is well known as a successful manager of theatrical amusements.^

t

MISS MINNIE ADELE MARTIN. MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 63 POPULAR PHOTOGRAPHER. The illustrations in this pamphlet were made from Photographs by £. J. Potter, the popular photographer. Mr. Potter's htudio and gallery are' located at 13^ North Park street, where he has been doing business for over forty years past. His work speaks for itself, and it is safe to say that no establishment,, not even those in our larger cities, tums out better work than he. He makes everything in photography, crayons, water colors, pastels, enlarge­ ments ot all kinds, flash-lights,etc. , in that most difficult branch of photo- graphy—-Child-portraiture, too, he excels, and In his general portrait work, he has no superior, many of his poises being unique and "strildng," and all of them pleasing. It was established in 1886. Besides being an expert in bis profession, Mr. Potter is one ot our meet enterprising and progressive business men. MANSFIELD'S PAVED STREETS. Mansfleld has thirty^three miles ot paved streets, the road-bed being paved either with improved brick or asphalt. Along these streets are some of the most handsome and modem residences in Ohio. There is a gener­ ous rivalry displayed in home building and the result is that some of the residences are dreams of modem architecture. A large percentage of the working men and mechanics own their own homes; this has a beneflcial effect and wholesome influence in any municipality as it speaks of the char­ acter of its citizens and insures a class of people who in the building up of their city will take an active interest in its developments and progress MISS MINNIE ADELLE MARTIN. Miss Martin, who sang so acceptably at the Opera House meethig following the dedication of the Block House, is the daughter ot Capt. T. B, Martin, of this city. Miss Martin began the study ot voice with Mrs. Valetta Thelen, a well-konwn instructor. In 1898, Miss Martin attended Eureka College and took a post-graduate course In music. Later she went to Chi­ cago and studied under Madame DeNorville and Prof. S. T. Gandell, both teachers of wide reputation. She then retumed to Eureka^ HI., and taught two years in the conservatory ot Eureka College. Miss Martin has i dramatic soprano voice ot wide range and sweet­ ness. At this Opera House meeting she favored the audience with "Be­ loved Columbia." MANSFIELD AS A RESIDENCE CITY. At the annual meeting ot the Chamber of Commerce, held Friday even- aig, January 25, 1907, Dr. Edward Remy spoke of Mansfleld as a residence city, as follows: Mansfleld as a residence City was ably discussed by Dr. Edward Remy, v;ho referred to it as a city situated like Rome, upon the hills, at an altl-. tude of over 1,000 feet above the sea level, permitting the most excellent drainage and commanding the purest atmosphere. "In the midst of the beautiful and rugged scenery of Richland County," said ^e speaker, "Mans­ fleld affords a most excellent place to enjoy a peaceful, quiet, natural home lite. "The county seat ot Richland County and boasting a population ot nearly 24,000 people, Mansfield occupies an area ot over 3,000 acres, making it un- C4 MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

necessary to have the crowded tenement districts which are such a menace to* public health in many ot the larger cities. "Its residence streets with their long line,ot large shade trees on either side, the well kept lawns.and beautiful homes' are the pride ot the city and excite the most favorable comment froni the stranger, while its parks af­ ford an excellent place tor the busy toiler to spend his leisure hours. "The health condition here .are considerably above the average and the death rate is proporticmately lowT^J-^ ^ ^ "In a business way Mansfleld affordSsOpportuniUes that are surpassed only* by cities several times its size. Tw-numerous -industrial establish- ruents of the city furnish employment tor thousands of wage earners and many acres of land within easy access ot the three great trank lines passing through the city are available tor manufacturing purposes. - Mention was also made by Dr. Remy of the excellence of the Mansfleld police and flre department, the water supply and sewage system, its street car, telephone and electric light service, its paved streets and other public improvements, its public schools, its churches and its news papers. ,

CENTENNIAL WEEK. The surveying party began the work of platting Aansfield, on the morn­ ing of June 11, 1808, and the week ot June 9th to 15th, 1908, will be ob- Kerved and celebrated as Mansfleld's Centennial, under the auspices of the Centennial' Commission. The exercises and celebration will be numerous and diversifled. The city .will be handsomely decorated and the street par­ ades will be large, grand ond imposing. There will be a military display and parade in which all the Grand Army Posts within the circuit ot a hun­ dred miles will be Invited. In the civic parade the different fratemal orders of all available .towns will be invited to participate. On Official Day, the president ot the United States, the Governor of Ohio and his staff will be present, and all county officers in Ohio will be invited to be present upon that day. There will be theatrical and other attractions, receptions and numerous other functions in the line of entertainments. Some of the best speakers in the United States will be present to ad­ dress the people, and everything possible will be done to entertain the visitors from day to day, hoping that after they retum home, they can say it was good to be there. MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, 65 THE BLOCK HOUSE. Its Identity and History Verified by the Hon. M. B. Bushnell. Paper by the^ hlon. M. B. Bushnell, Read at the Opera House Meeting Nov. 15, 1906. A meeting at the Memorial Opera House had been advertised to be held immediately after the dedication of the Block House, and after the dedlci^t- ory exercises had closed, the conii)any there assembled dispersed and went to. the opera house, and upon arriving there they found the theater hall so full of people that there was hardly standing room left. The large audience present was evidence of the interest taken by the people in the arrange­ ments being made to celebrate Mansfleld's coming Centennial. The exer­ cises lasted over three hours, but were of such interest that the audience lemalned to the close.

The following is the address delivered by M. B. Bushnell: THE OLD BLOCK HOUSE. Several questions have been very properly asked in regard to the block house that we, as a historical society and citizens of Ohio, are this day re- dedicating. How do we know that the logs are a part of the original build­ ing; where have they been located, and who in chief, should have the honor or credit of their so perfect preservation? It is beyond dispute that Gen. James Hedges was the pioneer surveyor in Richland County. He entered a large tract of land in Madison township, including the east and south por­ tions of Mansfleld, Ohio. Gen. Hedges was a man of quiet demeanor, yet was a strong and tear- 66 , MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

less leader in the community ot his home and was well known throughout Ohio; was a friend of the early pioneers, and their ^honored families well knew that by pushing a little farther on the trail through dense primeval forest, they would be welcome at the hunible cabin home of James Hedges. Thus early he became acquainted with each and all families, as they entered the new country—oUr beloved Richland County—and the queen city, its cap­ ital, on the Rockyfork ot the McOiican. .., r Thus this early association with this' class of sturdy families, a God . prepared class of people, seeking a new home in an exposed northern lati­ tude—^not in particular the climate—but the wild men of the forest, the blood thirsty Indians who had espoused the British cause. What was naturally our best source of defence? Was it not to build a fort? The only material at hand was wood and that was in abundance. The best ot trees were cut and prepared after a plan, generally adopted by the leaders in the various ejyiosed districts of the country. The structure, when built, was called a block house. Gen. Hedges was enthusiastically interested in this noble work. There were a number of these block houses built In central-northern Ohio settle­ ments. The inhabitants, without regard to race, color cr nationality, when Johnny Appleseed. . Many of these pioneer forts or block houses, later became the home of certain families, but the house we are .this day dedicating was destined to be used for other historical duties; that of Richland County's flrst Court House for three years, theflrst jail or prison and theflrst school house. With this early historical esciltcheon engraved on every sacred log, as It were, of this time honored, sacred building, it is destined to be emblaisoned on the pages of archaeological and historical society publications. Gen. Hedges said by his action, this block house must be preserved. It was taken down and moved to lot No. 168 East Second street; this lot is 60x180 feet, extending through to, 'Virgin'alley. The lot was sold to John Carson, a man with one leg, a shingle maker. Mr. Hedges, before disposing ot the loi, had the block house well sheeted with what is known as barn sid­ ing. I well remember when a little boy, with my honored father, we were at the Carson home, when Mr. Carson stated that Gen. Hedges suggested at various times, the importance of properly protecting the old fort, Mr. Carson would rub the logs with his hands, calling it sacred timber. The Mansfleld Historical Society have had this knowledge at heart for years. We now invite you, our fellow citizens, to come out in the open and fully enter in the Joy of the coming Centennial of Mansfleld,in June, 1908 We hope the metnbership ot our society will be beautified with your sig­ nature. You certainly understand the Joy of my heart when I say that Gen. James Hedges has fully earned the high honor and praise, as the care­ taker ot our block houae. m— ^T" " ' ^mvil^^^ / FT^ T f

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MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 67

From the Mansfleld News of-Friday, November 16, 1906. INTERESTED Are Mansfield People in the Centennial Celebration to be Held in 1908. INITIAL EVENT LARGELY ATTENDED. TIte Block House Dedication, a Forerunner of the Coming Centenary of< Mansfield's. Life, Draws Large Audience at Memorial Opera House— The. Address on the Old Block House by M. B. Bushnell. That the people of Mansfleld are interested in tl)e Centennial celebration which will be'held, in this city in 1908 was evidenced in a most convincing manner by the very large attendance at the. block house dedicatory exer­ cises which were held at the Memorial opera house Thursdaj^afternoon, de­ tailed account of which was given in Thursday's News. It is estimated that about 1,200 perso.ns were present for the exercises and much interest was show9 in the excellent: addresses which were delivered and the musical selections that were rendefed.

GENERAL CROOKS' CAMPAIGN. When General Beall's army was at Camp Council, ten miles north ot Juansfleld, in the autumn of 1812, the govemor of Pennsylvania sent a brig­ ade ot two thousand men under command ot Gen. Robert Crooks, to the as­ sistance of Gen. William Henry Harrison, in Ohio. From New Lisbon, Gen­ eral Crooks followed the Beall trail through Canton and Wooster to Jerome- ville, where there was a block house at that time. From Jeromevilie the army crossed over from the Jeromefork to the Blackfork of the Mohican, at Greentown, where it camped for the night. Nearly all the Indian huts had been burned prtor to this and the village was deserte^. From Green­ town, the brigade came over the route Crawford's army ha^ taken thirty years before, up the Rockyfork to Mansfleld, and went into «amp on the (;ast side of the village, near the Big Spring. The date of General Crooks' arrival in Mansfleld is not deflnitely known, but it must have been about the 18th or 20th of October, (1812.- j The army remained in Mansfleld about six weeks awaiting the arrival of quartermasters' stores under Col. Anderson. During the encampment, the troops assisted the settlers in clearing off about fifty acres of land. On account of the ground getting muddy, their camp was changed from,the east to the west part of the village. About the 10th of December General Crooks was ordered to proceed to Upper Sandusky to assist in fortytying the place. Two days later Colonel 138 MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

Anderson reached Mansfleld with his quartermaster and ordinance trains. Upon his arrival here', Colonel Anderson reported that, "On the 12th (December) we reached the village of Mansfleld, where we found two block houses, a tavern and one° store." Colonel Anderson's outflt consisted of twenty-five cannon, mostly four and six-pounders. These were drawn by six horses each. The cannon car­ riages, twentyflve In number, were drawn by four-horse teams. The ammu­ nition was in large covered wagons. There were flfty covered road wagons in the train, drawn by six houses each, and loaded with army stores. One of them carried money for paylhg the troops; the money was in coin and put up in small iron-hooped kegs. The teajnsters were each furnished with a gun, for use in case of an attack by the Indians. Tnis army train was an imposing spectacle as it came up the Rockyfork valley to Mansfleld. After remaining here a few days for the horses to rest the march, to Upper San­ dusky was resumed. The train was hardly out of sight of Mansfleld, when it encountered a snowstorm, and the storm continued until the snow was two feet in depth. The ground was unfrozen and the heavy wagons cut in­ to the soft earth, making the Journey a difficult one. At night the soldiers had to work several hours shoveling snow to get a suitable place to pitch their tents and build fi%s to cook their food and to keep them from freez­ ing. After being two weeks on .the road the brigade reached Upper San­ dusky on New Year day, 1813. Jacob Newman acte^ as guide for General Crooks from Mansfleld to Upper Sandusky. Mr. Newman contracted a severe cold on the trip, from the effects of which he died the following June. During General Crooks' encampment at Mansfleld, there was a severe windstorm which felled a tree In the public square—now Central Pork— killing two soldiers. General Crooks' campaign materially aided General Harrison in his warfare against the Red Skins, thus fulfilling the mission for which it was - sent. " Richlahd county has had many bloody tragedies of war enacted within its borders, making its history one of much Import and importance not only to this generation, but to those of the future.

MUNICIPAL DEPARTMENT.

The city is provided w{th all of the departments that pertain to a city ot the flrst class, its healthfulness being a point of worthy remark and special comment. The table of mortality here as .compared with .other cities gives' Mansfleld the right to claim its being the hea^hiesf spot in the country. Several causes contribute to this; its high altitude, the natural drainage which its location affords and the sewerage system which is ot the best, insuring the very best sanitary conditions. The water supply is one superior by tar to many cities; the water is the very purest, coming from twenty ar­ tesian wells and is distributed throughout the city in 45 mileb of mains. The plant was erected at a total cost of |300,000 and has a capacity of nine mil- MANSFIELD CBNTENNIAi; COMMISSION. 69 lion gallons per day. The present consumption is two million gallons daily. The Holly System is the one in use and in water supply Mansfleld is far ahead Of any inland city in the country. The water works plant is owned by the city and it is thought that it would bring a price equal in amount to four times the city's indebtedness. 'The flre department has been develoiied to a degree of efficiency worthy of commendation; besides being one of the best i)ald departments in Ohio. It has all the devices that will in any degree aid and contribute to prompt service.

PROP. C. L. VAN CiLEVE, iPrin. Matisfleld Public Schools. CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES. There are excellent schools and churches, societies made up ot all the leading religious denominations, literary circles and clubs for mental, moral ond physical culture; organizations for social intercourse for those of con­ genial tastes and habits, and amusements and recreatiocs the year round. In fact Mansfleld offers all advantages from a metroi)olitan standpoint and 70 MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. whatever there is that can contribute either to pleasure or comfort can be enjoyed, coming as it does from the very best sources. Besides the special inducements offered as a center ot trade, and indus­ try, the social and educational .features possess an attractiveness which contribute largely to its selection as a, residence city. The conditions for living are as favorable as those found in any metropolis, there being many large and well stocked establishments tor supplying all the needs in food, clothing, household goods and whatever else may be desired. In the industrial line Mansfield already contains numerous plants, some among them enjoving an international reputation and ranking in their line the largest ot their kind in the country. Daily shipments are made to Europe, Asia and Africa; the Mexican and South American trade is a fac­ tor in the total volume of business done. The manufactures are diversified, embracing threshing machines, boil­ ers, electrical supplies, pumps, machinery, suspenders, paper boxes, store and office fixtures, flouringmills , stove works and many others. Reference has already been made to some of the leading causes which have contro- buted to Mansfleld'-s prominence in industrial lines. The city's availability owing to. its superior railroad facilities, the proximity to the coal fleldsfo r cheap fuel and the fact that the/e is an abundant water supply, and this nor the expense of drilling a well, are the three principal factors which have already done much for the city and will as time goes on multiply her claims to prominence in many lines of manufactures. The avenues to enterprise in industria\ line are still open and there is room tor a much greater number of productive industries. For every kind of metal and wood working industry the city offers advantages ot the most attractive character. The great threshing machine industry already centered here would indicate the opportunity offered' by the city for the manufac­ turer to locate in Mansfleld. LAST SURVIVOR OF PERRY'S VICTORY. John L. Rice was the last survivor of Commodore Perry's battle on Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813, known in history as Perry's Victory. Mr. Rice died March 8, 1880, aged 90 years, 5 months and 17 days. Mr. Rice owned a farm of flfty acres in Richland County, being a part of the southwest quarter section 28 of Jackson township, but the last few years of his life were passed in Shelby, at the home of his fbster daughter, where he died. Uis funeral was an historical one. The flag on the dome ot the state house ut Columbus was at half-mast, as were the flags from the custom houses at Cleveland and Sandusky. These honors were accorded him on account of the distinction ot having been the last survivor of the valiant band who fought under the gallant Perry. The soldier is the unit ot the army, but when numbers are massed to­ gether people generally look more to the aggregate than to the Individual soldier. But these individuals make companies, companies make regiments, regiments make brigades, brigades make divisions, divisions make corps and MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 71 dividual soldier is the unit, and to him as such we are under obligations tor Ihe services rendered and the battles won. Then, too, people may be in­ clined to estimate the importance of a battle by the number of troops en­ raged in the same. History shows that a battle may be far-reaching in its results, though but a small number be engaged. The combined Conti­ nental army at the siege ot Yorktown numbered only .sixteen thousand men, jet this force compelled the surrender of Lord Comwallis and secured the independence of the American colonies. Gen. Jackson won his victory over the British at New Orleans with eight thousand men, and this victory ended the war of 1812. Gen. Scott entered- the City of Mexico with an army el less than eleven thousand and triumphantly terminated the Mexican war. But in later years, wars have been conducted upon more gigantic scales.

THE BEAM'S MILLS LOCALITY, WHERE THE FIRST SETTLEMENT WAS MADE. corps make the army. But no matter how large an army may be, the in- and the larger the army, the more people are liable to lose sight of the unit—the individual soldier. What changes have taken place since Perry won the great victory upon Lake Erie! What changes ninety odd years have brought! But back of all these lies the pioneer history of the county, in which all chould feel a grateful pride, and as we recount the story of the past, let us determine to do the work and perform the duties that devolve upon us, as our fathers and moth­ ers did in their day and generation. 72 MANSFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

Previous to the war of 1812 the Indians, instigated by British emissaries frequently attacked the frontier settlements of the northwest, under the leadership of Tecumseh. Thepe attacks caused General Harrison to orga­ nize a force of militia to defend the frontier. A battle occurred between General Harrison's army and the Indians, on the Tth of Novepiber, 1811, and resulted in great loss to the Indians. It occurred on the banks pt the Wabash river, and was called the battle of Tippecanoe. Though the Indians were defeated in this bajttle, Tecumseh was not conquered, but continued hostilities against the settlers. Tecumseh's brother, chlled the "Prophet,"

Residence of Hon. W. S. Cappbller, West Fourth St., Mansfield, Ohio. was an orator who could sway the feelings of the Indians, it has been sta|ed, "as the gale tossed the tree-tops beneath which they dwelt." On the 18th ot June, 1812, war was declared against Great Briton by the United States. During that year General Harrison successfully met the British and the Indians in a number of battles. On the 5th of October, 1813, General Harrison attacked the British under Proctor and the Indians under Tecumseh and defeated them in the battle of the Thames. Tecum­ seh was killed and Proctor saved himself only by the speed of his horse. The triumph of American arms over those of Great Briton and her savage allies has been of far-reaching results. Had victory been on the other side, the destiny of the great west would have been marred forever.

Address, • A. J. BAUGHMAN, Secretary, Mansfleld, Ohio. Mansfteld Centennial

JUNE, 1908.