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PERSPECTIVES on the SESOTHO NOVEL by Thapelo Joshua Selepe

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PERSPECTIVES on the SESOTHO NOVEL by Thapelo Joshua Selepe TOWARDS THE AFRICAN THEORY OF LITERARY PRODUCTION: PERSPECTIVES ON THE SESOTHO NOVEL By Thapelo Joshua Selepe Submitted in the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject AFRICAN LANGUAGES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA Promoter: Prof. C.F. Swanepoel Date of submission: 30 June 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ....................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... ii DEDICATION .......................................................................................................... iii SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. iv PREFACE ............................................................................................................... v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aim of study ...................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Why a shift of emphasis from traditional scholarship? ................................... 4 1.2.2 Overview of some of the studies covered in the Sesotho novel .................... 9 1.2.2.1 Minor works ................................................................................................. 9 1. 2. 2. 2 Major studies ............................................................................................ 10 1.2.3 Why a theory of literary production? ............................................................ 14 1.3 Scope of the study: methodology ................................................................... 15 1.3.1 Aspects covered in the thesis ...................................................................... 16 1.4 Limitations of the study ................................................................................... 19 1.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER2 PERSPECTIVES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOVEL: THEORETICAL UNDERPINNING 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 23 2.2 A brief overview of theoretical framework ....................................................... 24 2.3 The development of the novel ........................................................................ 25 2.3.1 Perspectives on the emergence of the novel. .............................................. 25 2.3.2 Realism and the novel ................................................................................. 34 2.4 The African novel ............................................................................................ 38 2.4.1 What is the African novel? ........................................................................... 39 2.4.2 A critique of the African novel ...................................................................... 51 2.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER3 A SURVEY OF THE MATERIAL CONDITIONS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE RISE OF THE SESOTHO NOVEL 3.1 lntroduction ..................................................................................................... 63 3.2 Changes in modes of production and the attendant material conditions as factors in the emergence and the development of modern Sesotho literature ....................................................................................................... 65 3.3 Perspectives on the early literacy period among the Basotho ........................ 67 3.4 The implication of modem technology as a factor in the orality-literature interface ........................................................................................................ 72 3.5 The implications of literacy as factor in the creation of social classes ............ 75 3.6 The implications of modes of production for the orality-literature interface in relation to the development of the Sesotho novel. .................................... 80 3. 7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER4 THE EARLY SOUTHERN SOTHO NOVEL (1g00-1930): THE PERIOD OF BIRTH, NURTURING AND GROWTH 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 87 4.2 Exploring literary practice as an epitome of reality .......................................... 88 4.3 Religion as the dominant ideology of the epoch ............................................. 90 4.3.1 An optimistic view of religion ........................................................................ 91 4.3.1.1 Perspectives on Moeti wa Botjbabela (Mofo/o) ....................................... 91 4.3.1.2 Perspectives on Pjtseng (Mofolo) .......................................................... 107 4.3.2 A pessimistic view of religion ..................................................................... 115 4.3.2.1 Perspectives on Chaka (Mofolo) ........................................................... 116 4.3.2.2 Christianity versus African religion in dealing with impurity ................... 122 4.3.2.3 Magic as a wrong solution to human problems ....................................... 130 4.3.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 134 4.4 Perspectives on Monono ke mohodi, ke mouwane (Segoete) ...................... 134 4.4.1 The meaning of wealth in Monono ............................................................. 136 4.4.2 The Christian perspective of wealth in Monona ......................................... 139 4.4.3 God's providence in Monono ..................................................................... 143 4.4.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 144 CHAPTER 5 THE INTERMEDIATE NOVEL (1930-1960): THE PERIOD OF GROWTH AND IDEOLOGICAL TURBULENCE 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 146 5.2 Some recent views on the development of Sesotho literature ...................... 146 5.3 The development of the Sesotho novel during the 'Le tjhabile' era .............. 147 5.4 Material conditions affecting the Basotho between 1930 - 1960 .................. 150 5.4.1 The state of material conditions in Lesotho ............................................... 150 5.4.2 The state of material conditions in South Africa ......................................... 152 5.5 The state of the Sesotho novel between 1930 - 1960 .................................. 154 5.6 Trends in the Sesotho novel from 1930 - 1960 ............................................. 155 5.6.1 Nostalgia in Aro/a Naheng ea Maburu ....................................................... 156 5.6.2 Industrialisation and urbanisation in Mo/ah/ehi .......................................... 167 5.6.3 Deculturation in Mosali a Nkhola ............................................................... 175 5. 7 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 189 CHAPTER6 PERSPECTIVES ON THE CONTEMPORARY SESOTHO NOVEL (1960s - 1990s): AN EXPLORATION OF PERCEPTUAL AND IDEOLOGICAL SHIFTS 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 191 6.2 Some views on the humanist approach to social development .................... 193 6.3 Some significant socio-political events between the 1960s - 1990s ............. 195 6.3. 1 Consolidation of apartheid ......................................................................... 198 6. 3. 2 The intensification of the liberation struggle ............................................... 200 6.3.3 Attainment of freedom ............................................................................... 201 6.4 A need for intervention in African literary study ............................................ 202 6.5 The profiles of the Sesotho novel from the 1960s to the1990s ..................... 205 6.5.1 Some trends in the Sesotho historical novels ............................................ 207 6.5.1.1 Morena Mohlomi, mora Monyane (Guma) .............................................. 209 6.5.1.2 Tshehlana tseo tsa Basia (Guma) .......................................................... 211 6.5.1.3 Bit/eng la Rasenate (Guma) .................................................................... 213 6.5.2 The profile of other Sesotho novels ........................................................... 219 6.5.2.1 Nna, Sajene Kokobela CID (Ntsane) ...................................................... 219 6.5.2.2 Tshiu tseo (Maphalla) ............................................................................. 224 6.5.2.3 Mohah/au/a wa dithota (Tsotetsi) ............................................................ 227 6.5.2.4 Sejamonna ha se mo qete (Maake) ........................................................ 228 6.5.2.5 Mehaladitwe ha e eketheha (Mafata) ...................................................... 233 6.5.2.6 Moprofesara Ranko (Bodibe) .................................................................
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