Air Quality Screening and Assessment Report 2009

Wigan Council Wigan Council

2009 Air Quality Updating and Screening Assessment for Wigan Council

In fulfillment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

September 2009

Updating and Screening Assessment September 2009

Wigan Council

Local Paul J Cartmell Authority Officer

Department Environmental Services Address Unity House, Westwood Park Drive, Wigan, WN3 4HE Telephone 01942 827075 e-mail [email protected]

Report WC/ES/USA2009 Reference number Date September 2009

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Executive Summary

This Updating and Screening Assessment has considered new monitoring data and air pollution source and exposure changes with the Wigan borough since the previous assessment in 2006.

Monitoring results (diffusion tube) indicate that there are numerous roadside locations with relevant exposure where the annual mean objective for nitrogen dioxide is being exceeded. All these sites are located within existing Air Quality Management Areas. There is also some indication that at near roadside locations, levels of nitrogen dioxide are showing a slight increasing trend.

At other monitoring positions away from roads data (both diffusion tube and automatic monitoring sites) indicates a declining trend in levels of nitrogen dioxide. Given the interlinked relationship between nitrogen oxides and ozone it should also be noted that automatic monitoring data indicates the national objective for ozone has been exceeded in three consecutive years at the Wigan Centre local urban background automatic monitoring site.

Monitoring for PM 10 does not indicate any areas of exceedance of the relevant air quality Objectives within the Wigan area. Monitoring for PM 2.5 has only recently commenced within the Wigan borough (2009) and therefore insufficient data is available to permit comment in this report.

The only other pollutant monitored within the borough is Benzene. Monitoring (pumped tube) for Benzene at the Wigan Centre urban background location indicated compliance with the annual mean air quality objectives.

New information available in relation to changes in source emissions or relevant exposure and revised DEFRA TG(09) technical guidance indicates that there are some areas that require further Detailed Assessment in Wigan. These specifically are:-

1. One street (High Street, Hindsford) indicating higher traffic flows, relatively low speed, outside current AQMA and with residential properties close to the kerb. 2. Potential for exceedance of the 1 hour NO 2 objective at two identified residential locations (Manchester Road, Ince and properties near the M6, Ashton in Makerfield). 3. Potential exceedance of annual mean NO 2 objective near railway lines between Wigan and Manchester (identified in table 5.1 of TG(09)) with large number of diesel trains and relevant exposure within 30m of the track.. 4. New A49 link road proposal (assessment required to consider affect on local AQMA when operational) 5. Insufficient monitoring data at existing AQMA boundaries.

In addition to the above since the last Detailed Assessment was undertaken in 2003/4 (based on 2001 emissions inventory data) numerous changes have taken place. These changes including changed emission factors, knowledge of primary NO 2 levels, cumulative impact of new development, revised and improved local emissions inventory, improved traffic and geographic data. These changes alone strongly persuade the need for further detailed modelling assessment.

Therefore, along with the other Greater Manchester authorities detailed modelling and assessment work will be undertaken to consider pollutant levels (NO 2 and PM 10 ) across the whole of the borough. Particular attention will be given to the above issues and to pollutant levels at roadside locations, which will be essential in considering the need for revision of local Air Quality Management Areas. Future year pollutant level predictions will also be made based on the best available information, including future growth predictions derived from Local Development Framework preferred options.

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Table of contents

1 Introduction 5 1.1 Description of Local Authority Area 5 1.2 Purpose of Report 6 1.3 Air Quality Objectives 6 1.4 Summary of Previous Review and Assessments 8 2 New Monitoring Data 9 2.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken 9 2.2 Comparison of Monitoring Results with AQ Objectives 13 3 Road Traffic Sources 22 3.1 Narrow congested streets with residential properties close to the kerb 22 3.2 Busy streets where people may spend 1-hour or more close to traffic 23 3.3 Roads with high flow of buses and/or HGVs. 23 3.4 Junctions and busy roads 24 3.5 New roads constructed or proposed since the last round of review and assessment 24 3.6 All roads with significantly changed traffic flows. 25 3.7 Bus and coach stations 25 4 Other Transport Sources 26 4.1 Airports 26 4.2 Railways (diesel and steam trains) 26 4.3 Ports (shipping) 27 5 Industrial Sources 28 5.1 New or Proposed Industrial Installations 28 5.2 Major fuel (petrol) storage depots 29 5.3 Petrol stations 30 5.4 Poultry farms 30 6 Commercial and Domestic Sources 31 6.1 Biomass combustion – Individual Installations 31 6.2 Biomass combustion – Combined Impacts 31 6.3 Domestic Solid-Fuel Burning 31 7 Fugitive or Uncontrolled Sources 33 8 Conclusions and Proposed Actions 34 8.1 Conclusions from New Monitoring Data 34 8.2 Conclusions from Assessment of Sources 34 8.3 Proposed Actions 34 9 References 36

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Appendices Appendix A QA and QC data Appendix B DMRB comparison Appendix C Monitoring Location and current AQMA maps Appendix D Emissions Inventory and Traffic Modelling Improvements - The Case for repeating detailed modelling in Greater Manchester

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1 Introduction

1.1 Description of Local Authority Area

The Wigan borough is composed of an agglomeration of a number of townships. The two main/busier town areas in the borough are Wigan (located to the West) and Leigh (located to the East). A significant proportion of the borough is greenbelt and open land (approximately 70%). Some of its larger open areas are as a result of past mining activity, which has left areas that have now recovered substantially from their past use, and in some cases have been transformed into the boroughs country parks identified as Wigan ‘Greenheart’. The borough is located to the Western side of the Greater Manchester region and has Warrington and Liverpool conurbations to the West. To the East lies Horwich/Bolton and then rising to the Pennines. The local population is in the region of 306,000.

The most significant pollution source in the borough is road traffic, due to numbers and composition of traffic producing emissions and the close proximity of source and receptor (vehicle exhausts and residential properties). The road system in Wigan is essentially Victorian, with a fair proportion of main roads being lined with terraced residential property. It is estimated that approximately 10% of the local population live in these roadside positions. Wigan is surrounded by an extensive main road network. The M6 motorway and the A49 trunk road run across the west of the borough, while the A580 East Lancashire Road, runs east to west across the south of the borough. The M62 motorway lies close to the southern boundary while the M61 Motorway runs close to the north-east boundary of the Borough. The map below shows the major road network of the borough.

Fig 1.1 Map of Wigan borough showing major road links

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Other notable local pollution sources include a number of Part A and Part B industrial processes and domestic sources (primarily arising from domestic heating). The area experiences relatively higher levels of background pollution due largely to the emissions generated by surrounding conurbations. Wigan has a growing population, and the Local Development Framework proposals (currently out for consultation) put forward plans indicating significant development of currently open areas for business and residential use with the next fifteen years. 1.2 Purpose of Report

This report fulfils the requirements of the Local Air Quality Management process as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995), the Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 2007 and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents. The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where exceedences are considered likely, the local authority must then declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives.

1.3 Air Quality Objectives

The air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England are set out in the Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 (SI 928), The Air Quality (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002 (SI 3043), and are shown in Table 1.1. This table shows the objectives in units of microgrammes per cubic metre µg/m3 (milligrammes per cubic metre, mg /m3 for carbon monoxide) with the number of exceedences in each year that are permitted (where applicable).

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Table 1.1 Air Quality Objectives included in Regulations for the purpose of Local Air Quality Management in England.

Pollutant Air Quality Objective Date to be Concentration Measured as achieved by Benzene 16.25 µg/m 3 Running annual mean 31.12.2003 5.00 µg/m 3 Running annual mean 31.12.2010 1,3-Butadiene 2.25 µg/m 3 Running annual mean 31.12.2003 Carbon monoxide 10.0 mg/m 3 Running 8-hour mean 31.12.2003 Lead 0.5 µg/m 3 Annual mean 31.12.2004 0.25 µg/m 3 Annual mean 31.12.2008 Nitrogen dioxide 200 µg/m 3 not to be 1-hour mean 31.12.2005 exceeded more than 18 times a year 40 µg/m 3 Annual mean 31.12.2005 3 Particles (PM 10 ) 50 µg/m , not to be 24-hour mean 31.12.2004 (gravimetric) exceeded more than 35 times a year Annual mean 31.12.2004 40 µg/m 3 Sulphur dioxide 350 µg/m 3, not to be 1-hour mean 31.12.2004 exceeded more than 24 times a year 125 µg/m 3, not to be 24-hour mean 31.12.2004 exceeded more than 3 times a year 266 µg/m 3, not to be exceeded more than 35 15-minute mean 31.12.2005 times a year

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1.4 Summary of Previous Review and Assessments

The following table lists the main findings and outcomes of previous rounds of Review and Assessment for the Wigan area.

Table 1.4 a Summary Results of Previous Review and Assessment Rounds Report Summary of findings and outcomes First Round USA (Stage 2) Identified various industrial and road sources that may lead to exceedance of objectives for PM 10 and NO 2. Need to proceed to Detailed Assessment. First Round Detailed Assessment (Stage 3) Identified areas predicted to be in exceedance of the annual mean objective for NO 2. All of these were in the vicinity of busy roads. One other area was identified for the potential exceedance of the SO 2 objectives in relation to the boiler plant at Trencherfield Mill, Wigan. This plant was subsequently closed and AQMA areas were therefore not designated. No areas of exceedance were predicted for PM 10 . AQMA were designed following the assessment on the basis of the potential exceedance of annual mean NO 2 objective at a number of roadside locations. The main AQMA areas were located along the M6 motorway, the A580 East Lancashire Road and the two main centres of Wigan and Leigh. First Round Further Assessment (Stage 4) No changes to designated AQMA boundaries required. Road transport Identified as most significant source. Development of Air Quality Action Plan commenced (Published with other GM authorities in 2004) Second Round USA (Stage 2) Potential for exceedance of NO 2 and PM 10 objectives near busy roads. Further detailed assessment required. Second Round Detailed Assessment (Stage 3) Exceedance of PM 10 objective monitored in vicinity of Broomfield Tip fire. Fire extinguished in 2004 and therefore AQMA were not designated. Detailed modelling undertaken indicated numerous predicted exceedances of annual mean objective for NO 2 along principal roads. AQMA were revised following the assessment – areas designated more extensive lying along all principal traffic routes (See Appendix C for map showing AQMA areas - still current- designated in 2005). Second Round Further Assessment (Stage 4) No changes to designated AQMA boundaries required. Road transport again identified as most significant source. Significant NOx reductions predicted to be required to meet annual mean NO 2 objective in all roadside locations with relevant exposure. Third Round USA (Stage 2) No significant change. Monitoring information (2006) supports existing AQMA designation. Further Detailed Assessment not required at this stage.

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2 New Monitoring Data 2.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

2.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

Air quality monitoring using different methods is undertaken at number of locations across the Wigan borough. Currently the borough has two automatic monitoring sites (located near the centre of Wigan at the Deanery High School, Frog Lane, Wigan (known as Wigan Centre) and at Kennedy House, Brunswick Street, Leigh (Known as Wigan Leigh)). Maps showing their locations are shown in Appendix C (Maps 2 and 3). Both of the automatic sites have only been established for a relatively short time (Wigan being established as an AURN site near the end of 2004 and the Leigh calibration club site in 2006). Other automatic monitoring sites previously operating in the borough have been closed due to development undertaken at each of the monitoring locations. FDMS PM 2.5 monitoring has been introduced at the Wigan Centre AURN site in 2009 and therefore only limited data has been collected and is therefore not detailed or considered in this report.

The monitoring position at the Leigh, Kennedy House is very close and similar to the previous Leigh AURN monitoring site at Leigh Police Station (two locations lie approximately 100m apart and similar distance from immediate sources). Data for these two sites is therefore presented together graphically below to indicate possible trends.

Non-reference method (light scattering Osiris monitors) indicative PM 10 has and continues to be monitored at Cale Lane, Springfield, Wigan. Monitors were installed at this location in 2008 in response to a number of complaints and health concerns raised by residents regarding fugitive dust emissions along the road which also is the only access road to the Kirkless industrial estate. Indicative monitoring results obtained to date are detailed in Table 2.5c below. PM 10 monitoring using Osiris monitors was also undertaken for a six month period at two central (Wigan) roadside locations as part of an assessment for the proposed A49 link road scheme. Results are shown in Table 2.5d below.

Routine calibration of the two automatic monitoring sites in Wigan (Wigan Centre and Wigan Leigh) is undertaken on a four weekly basis by officers of the Local Authority. Equipment used is provided by Horiba Instruments (PM 10 , NO 2, O3) and Benzene (BTX) by NPL. In 2009 TEOM FDMS PM 2.5 has been installed in the Wigan Centre site supplied by Air Monitors.

Site audits are undertaken by AEA and with exception of PM 2.5 and Benzene (BTEX) monitors, servicing/maintenance is undertaken by Horiba Instruments. Data validation and ratification is undertaken at both sites by NETCEN/AEA. Wigan Centre is an AURN site, Wigan Leigh is a Calibration Club site.

Volatile Correction Model (VCM) adjustment has been applied to PM 10 data for 2008, but not to previous years due to absence of sufficient FDMS data for earlier years. A gravimetric adjustment factor of 1.3 has been applied to data for earlier years (pre 2008).

Non-reference indicative Osiris PM 10 monitors were calibrated by Turnkey Instruments Limited prior to installation. The devices were installed and maintained by Hyder Consulting Limited on behalf of Wigan Council.

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Table 2.1 Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites in Wigan Area

Relevant Exposure? Distance to Worst- Pollutan In Site Site ts (Y/N with kerb of case OS Grid Ref AQMA Name Type Monitore distance (m) nearest road Location ? d to relevant ? exposure) X Y Urban NO2,P No N/A (Urban N/A* No Backgr M10, Background Wigan ound PM2.5, site) – located Centre (U4) O3,BTE on school 357825 406025 X premises Urban NO2, No N/A Urban N/A* No Wigan Backgr PM10 Background Leigh ound site (U4) 366290 399861 Road PM10, No Yes-mounted 6m Yes Cale side PM2.5 on façade of Lane 1 (U2) residential 360599 406687 premises Road PM10, No Yes-mounted 9m No Cale side(U PM2.5 on façade of Lane 2 2) residential 360519 406742 premises Urban PM10, No N/A-mounted N/A* No Cale Backgr PM2.5 on façade of Lane 3 ound school (U4) 360032 406886 premises * - not applicable as urban background site

2.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring

Listed below (Table 2.2) are all nitrogen dioxide diffusion tube monitoring locations selected since 1996. The sites monitored have been reviewed annually since 2006 and additional sites selected. In 2008 monitoring was undertaken at 65 locations (shown in bold ). These locations are also shown in red on the area map shown in Appendix C with inactive sites shown in blue. In 2009 this has been revised and added to provide a total of 96 sites. Monitoring has been increased in anticipation of Local Development Framework options and to provide increased information of roadside concentrations across the borough i.e. where all local air quality issues are predicted.

Where appropriate the distance of the monitoring location to relevant exposure has been provided for current sites. However, the majority of monitoring positions are located on the facades of residential property and are therefore indicative of relevant exposure. Indication of whether a site is a ‘worst case’ location is also provided, but is only based on professional judgement. Further multiple point monitoring would be required at each location to determine the accuracy of this statement, which given the distribution of exceedances across the borough, is considered to be impractical (would require hundreds of diffusion tubes/other more accurate monitoring devices). Due to practicalities it is also often difficult to locate a site at an anticipated ‘worst case’ location e.g. street fronted terraced properties, as they often do not offer a secure setting and have in the past when tried, provided poor data capture.

Detailed modelling work (using ADMS urban) covering all monitored locations and roadside locations in the borough is under way, and therefore further screening assessment in terms of DMRB or fall of with distance for these locations is not considered profitable and has not been undertaken in this report. Detailed modelling being undertaken includes updated emission factors, pollutant relationships, traffic, building height, gradient data etc. which will provide a more informed indication of roadside worst case levels using plotted concentration contours and receptor locations. The model will also be validated and checked using available monitoring data.

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Table 2.2 Details of Non- Automatic Monitoring Sites – 1996-2008

Relevant Wors Exposure? Distance to Pollutan t- ts In (Y/N with kerb of Site Name Site Type OS Grid Ref case Monitore AQMA? distance (m) nearest Loca d to relevant road (m) tion? exposure) 1 U2* 357045 398774 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 24 No 2 U2 354199 410631 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 23 Yes 3 U2 365189 400382 NO 2 Yes No – 7m 6 No 4 U2 354114 404803 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 7 No 5 U2 353827 404570 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 13 No 6 U2 364956 400208 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 6 No 7 U2 357198 398588 NO 2 Yes No - 3m 33 Yes 8 U2 371452 400960 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 3 No 9 U2 356857 402846 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 9 No 11 U2 360233 405170 NO 2 No Yes- 0m 10 No 12 U2 353850 404855 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 24 No 13 U2 364043 402991 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 3 No 14 U2 366880 403254 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 7 Yes 15 U2 368201 403595 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 8 No 16 U2 369528 402023 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 4 No 17 U2 370622 400574 NO 2 Yes No – 12m 5 Yes 18 R1 370173 398600 NO 2 No Yes- N/A N/A No 20 U2 358696 405961 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 13 No 21 U1 360438 402556 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 5 No 22 U2 356973 405147 NO 2 Yes No – N/A 9 No 23 U2 361834 404089 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 3 Yes 24 U2 358342 405539 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 8 Yes 25 U2 360291 402963 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 5 Yes 26 U3 358317 405581 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 12 No 27 U2 361916 404822 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 7 No 28 U2 366423 399893 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 4 Yes 29 U2 358741 405336 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 7 Yes 30 U2 363828 402032 NO 2 No* Yes- 0m 7 No 31 U2 370440 401959 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 6 Yes 32 U2 353832 408190 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 25 Yes 33 U2 359726 405534 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 3 Yes 34 U2 365381 399990 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 3 Yes 35 U2* 357130 398668 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 36 No 36 U2 357368 398952 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 7 No 37 U3 356913 399045 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 76 No 38 U2* 357045 398755 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 24 Yes 39 U2* 357053 398794 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 53 No 40 U2 359776 406905 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 7 No 41 U2 359161 405460 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 3 No 42 U2 358141 399515 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 2 No 43 U2 356833 403150 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 6 Yes 44 U2 361423 404476 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 7 Yes 45 U2 358257 405160 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 8 No 46 U2 356398 409973 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 7 No 51 U2 358789 405933 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 10 No 52 U2 362137 396947 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 3 Yes 53 U2 353896 408519 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 30 Yes 54 U2 370613 400583 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 17 Yes 55 U2 353931 404899 NO 2 Yes No-N/A 2 Yes 56 U2 356228 410104 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 3 No

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Table 2.2 (cont.) Details of Non- Automatic Monitoring Sites- 1996 -2008

Relevant Exposure Distance to ? (Y/N Worst- Pollutan In kerb of ts with case Site Name Site Type OS Grid Ref AQM nearest road Monitore distance Location A? (N/A if not d (m) to ? applicable) relevant exposure) 57 U2 357742 405208 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 4 Yes 58 U2 357624 404201 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 5 No 59 U2 357373 403744 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 6 No 60 U2 355103 404558 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 6 No 61 U2 364025 403079 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 3 Yes 62 U2 354411 404728 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 4 No 63 U2 356930 404984 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 6 No 64 U2 367119 403171 NO 2 No* Yes- 0m 3 No 65 U2 358545 405749 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 32 No 79 U2 357670 408637 NO 2 No* No 3 - 80 U2 354256 410557 NO 2 Yes No 4 - 81 U2 354503 402098 NO 2 Yes No 20 - 82 U2 356818 402243 NO 2 Yes No 7 - 83 U2 356673 403859 NO 2 Yes No 4 No 85 U2 368869 402008 NO 2 Yes No 2 - 86 U3 357995 405424 NO 2 Yes No 43 Yes 87 U3 357845 405505 NO 2 No No 180 No 88 U3 358488 405485 NO 2 Yes No 5 No 89 U2 358535 405773 NO 2 Yes No 20 No 90 U2 359494 406743 NO 2 Yes No 2 No 91 U1 357741 398652 NO 2 Yes No 1 No 92 U2 356636 399505 NO 2 Yes No 1 No 93 U2 357686 399356 NO 2 Yes No 3 Yes 94 U2 359736 397254 NO 2 Yes No 32 No 95 U2 362747 397290 NO 2 Yes No 7 Yes 96 U2 362640 396905 NO 2 Yes No 5 Yes 97 U4 353605 403391 NO 2 No Yes 8 No 98 U1 358584 405986 NO 2 Yes No 0 No 99 U2 361636 404237 NO 2 Yes Yes 9 No 100 U2 356919 399064 NO 2 Yes Yes 10 No 101 U2 357179 398985 NO 2 Yes Yes 15 No 102 U2 353852 408201 NO 2 Yes Yes 40 Yes 103 U1 356853 399075 NO 2 Yes No 2 No 113 U2 353850 404848 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 24 No 114 U2 365116 400260 NO 2 Yes No -13m 3 No 115 U2 353845 405360 NO 2 Yes Yes- 0m 21 No 117 U4 366126 401028 NO 2 No Yes N/A Yes 116 U4 365846 401719 NO 2 No Yes –N/A N/A No 10, 19, 50 U4 366290 399861 NO 2 No Yes –N/A N/A Yes 47,48, 49 U4 357825 406025 NO 2 No Yes– N/A N/A Yes 120 U3 357966 405430 NO 2 No No 62 No 121 U2 353813 408186 NO 2 Yes No 6 No 122 U2 361635 404224 NO 2 Yes Yes 2 No

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Table 2.2 (cont.) Details of Non- Automatic Monitoring Sites – 1996 - 2008

Nitrogen dioxide diffusion tubes are also deployed by Wigan Council at two motorway locations on behalf of the Highways Agency (through RPS consultants). These were located at monitoring positions 35 and 38 (Woodfield Avenue and Ashwood Avenue, Ashton in Makerfield). A third location alongside the M58 has been introduced in 2009. Collected data is therefore insufficient for this M58 site and is not shown or considered in this report.

The diffusion tubes deployed by Wigan Council are prepared and analysed by Eurofins Bureau Veritas using the 10% Triethanolamine (TEA) in water method. The company currently hold UKAS accreditation for the preparation and analysis of diffusion tubes. Available results of WASP quality systems applied are contained in Appendix B. It is noted that the method used (10% TEA) is not one of the recommended harmonised methods contained in new national guidance published in 2008 (AEA, 2008). For 2009 the recommended 20 % TEA method has been adopted. Tubes used by the Highways Agency (through RPS consultants) are prepared and analysed by Gradko using the 20% TEA method.

Results presented below are shown using three bias adjustment factors. The bias adjustment factors are obtained from two local co-location studies (triplicate tubes located at the Wigan Centre and Wigan Leigh automatic monitoring stations) and using the average national factor results from the Review and Assessment website (which includes results from a Wigan co-location study).

2.2 Comparison of Monitoring Results with AQ Objectives

2.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide

Automatic Monitoring Data – Nitrogen Dioxide

Automatic monitoring results are shown in the following tables 2.3a and 2.3b. The two automatic monitoring stations are classed at urban background locations are therefore indicative of general levels (away from main pollution sources) across the borough. The two stations inform that general background levels of nitrogen dioxide across the borough are well below the national air quality objectives. Plotted results from the ex-Leigh police station site and Leigh Kennedy House site (Fig 2.3a) indicate a declining trend in NO 2 levels at urban background locations which is in line with national assessment/predictions.

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Table 2.3a Results of Automatic Monitoring for Nitrogen Dioxide: Comparison with Annual Mean Objective

Proportion Annual mean concentrations of year (µµµg/m 3) Within with valid Site ID Location AQMA? data 2006 2007 2008 2008

% - Wigan Centre N 98.9 26 22 24 - Wigan Leigh N 99.6 28 27 26

Table 2.3b Results of Automatic Monitoring for Nitrogen Dioxide: Comparison with 1-hour Mean Objective

Number of Exceedences of hourly Data mean (200 µµµg/m 3) Within Capture Site ID Location If the period of valid data is less than 90% of AQMA? 2008 a full year, include the 99.8 th %ile of hourly % means in brackets. 2006 2007 2008 - Wigan Centre N 98.9 0 0 0 - Wigan Leigh N 99.6 0 0 0

Figure 2.3a Annual Mean NO 2 concentration – Leigh Police Station/Leigh, Kennedy House automatic monitoring sites (1999 – 2008) – dotted line : linear regression

20 Annual Mean NO2 ug/m3 NO2 Mean Annual

15 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 Year

Diffusion Tube Monitoring Data

Nitrogen dioxide diffusion tube results for 2008 are shown below Results indicating levels of 40ug/m 3 or above are shown in bold. Three sets of figures are provided using three different bias adjustment factors resultant from two local collocation studies and the national average factor obtained from the Review and Assessment website. Maps of all monitoring locations indicating annual mean NO 2 levels above 40ug/m 3 are contained in Appendix C. The majority of the sites are positioned at the façade of residential properties and therefore are indicative of relevant exposure levels in the locality. Two sites (22 and 55) do not currently have relevant exposure in the immediate vicinity. Sites 3, 7,17, 55 and 114 do have relevant exposure at distances stated in table 2.2 above. Using the NO 2 adjustment with

Updating and Screening Assessment Page 14 of 62 September 2009 Wigan Council distance calculator (issue 2) provided in Defra guidance, and using automatic station monitored background levels, the values at these sites were adjusted to determine levels at the nearest relevant receptor location. These adjusted levels are shown in table 2.4d below. Table 2.4c provides results of diffusion tube monitoring sites where data is available over the past three years.

Table 2.4a 2008 results of Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tubes

Data Annual mean concentrations Within Capture Site ID Location 2008 ( µµµg/m 3) AQMA? 2008 Adjusted for bias % Bias Wigan Bias Nat Bias Leigh 1 Ashwood Avenue 2, Ashton Yes 100 37 42 48 2 Shevington Moor, Standish Yes 100 28 32 36 3 Atherleigh Way 2 Yes 92 30 34 39 4 Orrell Road 3, Orrell (M6) Yes 100 31 36 40 5 Parkside Crescent, M6, Orrell Yes 100 31 36 40 6 Twist Lane, Leigh Yes 100 31 35 39 7 Old Hall Drive 2, Ashton Yes 100 36 41 46 8 Queens Arms Hotel, Astley Yes 92 34 39 44 Warrington Road, Hawkley, Yes 9 Wigan 100 39 44 50 11 Dobson Parkway, Ince No 83 21 24 27 12 1 East Mount Orrell (1)(M6) Yes 100 26 29 33 13 Leigh Road, Hindley Green Yes 58 23 27 30 14 Wigan Road, Atherton Yes 100 31 36 40 15 Bolton Road 2, Atherton Yes 25 20 23 26 Manchester Road, Tyldesley Yes 16 3 100 37 42 47 East Lancs. Road, Astley Yes 17 1(A580) 92 43 49 55 18 Lower Green Lane, Astley No 67 21 24 27 Regency Court, Scholes, Yes 20 Wigan 75 27 31 35 21 Car Street, Platt Bridge Yes 92 26 29 33 22 Fire Station, Newtown Yes 100 28 32 36 23 Atherton Road, Hindley Yes 92 31 36 40 24 Wigan Town Hall 2, Wigan Yes 100 31 36 40 25 Walthew Lane, Platt Bridge Yes 100 31 35 39 26 Wigan Town Hall, Wigan Yes 75 28 32 36 27 Ladies Lane, Hindley Yes 75 23 27 30 28 Turner Street, Leigh Yes 75 38 43 49

29 Yes Walmesley Street, Wigan 100 34 39 44

No* 30 Smiths Lane, Hindley Green 100 23 26 29 Manchester Road, Tyldesley Yes 31 2 100 29 33 38 32 The Oval 2, Shevington (M6) Yes 100 35 40 45 33 Rose Court, Ince Yes 83 42 48 55 34 Rydal Street, Leigh Yes 100 32 37 41 35 Woodfield Crescent, Ashton Yes 100 38 43 49 36 Smallshaw Crescent, Ashton Yes 100 27 31 35 37 Satinwood Close 2, Ashton Yes 100 34 38 43 38 Ashwood Avenue 3, Ashton Yes 100 42 47 54 39 Ashwood Avenue 1, Ashton Yes 100 40 46 52 40 Whelley 2, Wigan Yes 100 26 29 33 41 Darlington Street East, Wigan Yes 92 34 38 43

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42 Bolton Road, Ashton Yes 100 35 40 45 Marus Bridge Roundabout, Yes 43 Wigan 100 34 38 43 44 Wigan Road, Hindley Yes 100 31 35 39 45 Queen Street, Wigan Yes 100 26 30 34 46 Standish Centre 1, Standish Yes 100 24 27 31 51 Nu Nu Nursery, Scholes Yes 83 27 31 35 52 Church Lane, Lowton (A580) Yes 92 39 44 50 53 New Miles Lane, Shevington Yes 100 28 32 36 East Lancs. Road, Astley 2 Yes 54 (A580) 100 31 35 39 55 Orrell Road 3 , Orrell (M6) Yes 83 50 57 65 56 Standish Centre 2, Standish Yes 75 28 32 36 57 Pottery Road, Wigan Yes 83 32 37 41 58 Poolstock 1, Wigan Yes 100 32 37 41 59 Poolstock 2, Wigan Yes 100 30 34 39 60 Ormskirk Road, Pemberton Yes 100 32 37 41 Atherton Road, Hindley Yes 61 Green 100 30 34 39 62 Orrell Road 2, Orrell (M6) Yes 100 39 45 51 63 Newtown, Wigan Yes 100 26 30 34 64 Mealhouse Lane 2, Atherton No* 58 32 37 41 65 Yes Crompton House, Wigan 83 21 24 27 113 1 East Mount Orrell (2) (M6) Yes 75 28 32 37 114 Atherleigh Way, Leigh Yes 92 35 40 45 115 Winchester Close, Orrell Yes 100 23 27 30 116 Hendon Road, Leigh No 100 23 26 29 10, 19, No 50 Kennedy house, Leigh 100 20 23 26 47,48, 49 Wigan Station, Wigan No 100 25 28 32 * - although not in AQMA located close to or between ‘bubble’ AQMA

Table 2.4b Results of Highways Agency Diffusion Tubes (located Nr M6, Ashton in Makerfield) Data Annual mean concentrations Within Capture Site ID Location ( µµµg/m 3) AQMA? 2008

% Highways Agency Tube results 2007 2008 35 Woodfield Avenue , Ashton Yes 92 49 48* 38 Ashwood Avenue, Ashton Yes 92 58 56* * No national bias adjustment factor currently available for 2008 Gradko tubes. 2007 values are bias adjusted using national average factor 0.89).

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Table 2.4c Results of Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tubes (where results available 2006,2007 and 2008)

Annual mean concentrations Within (µµµg/m 3) Site ID Location AQMA? Adjusted for bias 2006 * 2007 * 2008 Parkside Crescent, M6, Yes 5 Orrell 41 35 40 11 Dobson Parkway, Ince No 34 32 27 13 Leigh Road, Hindley Green Yes 33 34 30 East Lancs. Road, Astley Yes 17 1(A580) 45 50 55 18 Lower Green Lane, Astley No 21 27 27 21 Car Street, Platt Bridge Yes 31 36 33 22 Fire Station, Newtown Yes 39 37 36 26 Wigan Town Hall, Wigan Yes 39 39 36 29 Walmesley Street, Wigan Yes 42 42 44 Darlington Street East, Yes 41 Wigan 36 40 43 Marus Bridge Roundabout, Yes 43 Wigan 37 40 43 Standish Centre 1, Yes 46 Standish 33 29 31

Table 2.4d Adjusted diffusion tube sites to indicate levels at nearest relevant exposure location

Site No. Monitored Results Adjusted results (at nearest receptor) Bias Wigan Bias National Bias Leigh Bias Wigan Bias National Bias Leigh 3 30 34 39 29 32 35 7 36 41 46 35 40 45 17 43 49 55 36 40 44 114 35 40 45 31 34 37

Fig 2.4b NO 2 Diffusion Tube sites – Roadside, Intermediate Background (Urban Centre) and Urban Background sites – 2000 - 2008 – (bias correction applied)

Roadside Intermediate Urban Background Linear (Roadside) Linear (Intermediate) Linear (Urban Background) 60

10 Annual Mean NO2 ug/m3 NO2 Mean Annual

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

September 2009 Updating and Screening Assessment Wigan Council

Results shown in Figure 2.4b indicate a declining trend in levels of nitrogen dioxide away from roadside locations. However at near busier roadside positions, monitoring indicates the possibility of an increasing trend. This feature is also indicated in Figure 2.4c below which shows results from other longer term monitoring positions with good data capture.

Fig 2.4c Four roadside NO 2 Diffusion Tube sites with good data capture – 2004 - 2008 – (bias correction applied)

Parkside Cres (M6) East Lancs Road Fire Station Wigan Standish 1 Linear (East Lancs Road) Linear (Parkside Cres (M6)) Linear (Fire Station Wigan) Linear (Standish 1) 50

30 Annual Mean NO2 ug/m3 NO2 Mean Annual

25 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

There are a number of monitoring locations with current relevant exposure that indicate levels approaching/around the 60ug/m 3 annual mean threshold (indicating potential for exceedance of hourly mean 3 objective for NO 2). One site (site No.55) indicates levels potentially above the 60ug/m level. This site is not representative of current relevant exposure with planning applications to develop in the proximity (for residential use) being withdrawn.

2.2.2 PM 10

Local PM 10 monitoring results are shown in tables 2.5a, 2.5b, 2.5c and 2.5d below.

Table 2.5a Results of PM 10 Automatic Monitoring: Comparison with Annual Mean Objective

VCM Data Annual mean concentrations Within Capture µµµ 3 Site ID Location ( g/m ) AQMA? 2008 2006* 2007 2008 % Wigan Centre N 94.5 24 22 16* Wigan Leigh N 88** 24*** 21 17* * VCM corrected (other data presented using 1.3 gravimetric adjustment factor) ** data capture for Wigan Leigh site 92.1% reduction to 88% due to VCM correction. Unadjusted Teom measurement is 15ug/m3 *** 88.2% data capture

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Figure 2.5a Annual Mean PM 10 concentration – Leigh Police Station/Leigh, Kennedy House monitoring sites (1999 – 2008)

21 Gravimetric 19

17 Annual Mean PM10 ug/m3 ug/m3 PM10 Mean Annual 15 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 2.5a above shows the collected monitoring data from the Leigh Police station and Leigh Kennedy House (Wigan, Leigh) automatic monitoring stations. The two locations are very similar and positioned approximately 100m apart. The results show variability in levels at this urban background location, although there is some indication of a declining trend revealed by the linear regression line shown.

Table 2.5b Results of PM 10 Automatic Monitoring: Comparison with 24-hour Mean Objective

Data Number of Exceedences of daily µµµ 3 Within Capture mean objective (50 g/m ) Site ID Location th AQMA? 2008 If data capture < 90%, include the 90 %ile of daily means in brackets. % 2006 2007 2008 Wigan Centre N 94.5 10 7 5* Wigan Leigh N 88** 8*** 3 5* * VCM Corrected ** data capture for Wigan Leigh site 92.1% reduction to 88% due to VCM correction. *** 88.2% data capture

Table 2.5c Results of PM 10 monitoring using continuous Osiris indicative monitoring at Cale Lane Wigan Uncorrected Data Corrected data* 155 Cale 129 Cale Holy 155 Cale 129 Cale Holy Lane Lane Family Lane Lane Family School School Number of exceedances 8** 1 0 23** 4 2 of 24hr average PM 10 objective Average PM 10 21** 15 16 28** 20 22 concentration ug/m 3 * correction based on correction factor of 1.36 obtained from co-location study undertaken by Hyder Consultants comparing Osiris monitor with equivalent reference method, Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM) (Hyder Consulting (UK) Ltd, 2009). ** results are monitored annual mean values, remainder are data/averages over 6 month monitoring period. All sites with data capture above 90%.

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Table 2.5d Results of 6 months (April-October 2008) roadside PM 10 monitoring using continuous Osiris indicative monitoring at Canal Cottages, Pottery Road Wigan and Queen Street, Wigan) Queen Street, Wigan Canal Cottages, Wigan

Number of exceedances 0 0 of 24hr average PM 10 objective Average PM 10 17.3* 25.2* concentration * Gravimetric correction factor of 1.36 applied obtained from co-location study undertaken by Hyder Consultants comparing Osiris monitor with equivalent reference method, Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM) (Hyder Consulting (UK) Ltd, 2009).

PM 10 monitoring results at the two local automatic urban background monitoring sites indicates compliance with the annual mean and 24hr mean objectives at such locations.

Indicative PM 10 monitoring at Cale Lane Wigan (area where fugitive emissions from industrial estate and road dust were an issue for local residents) demonstrates compliance with air quality objectives.

Indicative monitoring undertaken for 6 months at two roadside locations (Canal Cottages, Pottery Road, and Queen Street Wigan) also indicates compliance with PM 10 Objectives (further monitoring was not considered necessary as results were well below the objective levels for PM 10 ).

2.2.3 Sulphur Dioxide

No monitoring for sulphur dioxide was undertaken in 2008. Monitoring at the Wigan Centre automatic monitoring site stopped in 2007 following AURN de-affiliation and recognition that previous monitoring indicated ongoing compliance with the sulphur dioxide objectives.

2.2.4 Benzene

Benzene is monitored at the Wigan Centre urban background monitoring station. Results for previous years and 2008 (shown in table 2.5e below) show background levels well below the 5ug/m 3 annual mean objective level.

Table 2.5e Results of BTEX pumped tube monitoring

Data Benzene Annual Mean Within Capture (ug/m 3) Site ID Location AQMA? 2008 2006 2007 2008 % - Wigan Centre N 0.81 0.72 0.58

2.2.5 Other pollutants monitored

Ozone

Ozone is also monitored from the Wigan Centre site. 2008 saw the objective for Ozone of 10 days exceeded for the third year in a row (see table 2.5f below). Ozone, is not however a pollutant that is considered for Local Air quality Management purposes.

Table 2.5f Results of Ozone Automatic Monitoring

Data Number of days exceedance of daily Within Capture maximum of running 8 hour mean Site ID Location AQMA? 2008 (100ug/m 3) % 2006 2007 2008 - Wigan Centre N 97 43 13 12

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Wigan Council has examined the results from monitoring in the borough. Concentrations outside of the AQMA are all below the objectives at relevant locations. However monitoring outside the AQMA is limited, particularly at the outer boundary of each AQMA. Considering this and other changes (emission factors, primary NO 2 levels, cumulative impact of new development, revised and improved local emissions inventory (see Appendix D), improved traffic and geographic data) since the last Detailed Assessment was undertaken it is considered necessary to proceed to Detailed Assessment for nitrogen dioxide.

September 2009 Updating and Screening Assessment Wigan Council

3 Road Traffic Sources

Comparisons of 2005 and 2008 traffic flows have been carried out as part of the 2009 Updating and Screening Assessment (USA). The comparisons were produced at link and junction level and output transferred to GIS format for review. The flow comparisons were based on counted flows for links where counts were available (provided that they are consistent between time periods), and modelled flows where counts were not available or where the time periods that were counted differ for the two years.

This information was then subject to a number of queries to identify potential changes since the last Updating and Screening Assessment was undertaken in 2006 as follows :-

3.1 Narrow Congested Streets with Residential Properties Close to the Kerb

To identify any narrow and congested streets using criteria in TG(09) a query was written to identify roads with two-way 2008 Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) flows greater than 5,000 vehicles per day (vpd) and speeds less than 25 kph. For Wigan a number of road sections (19 links in total) were identified which were outside current AQMA. Further consideration was then given to these locations to consider whether relevant exposure existed close to the kerb (within 2m). These road locations and exposure conclusions were as follows:-

Moor Road, Orrell – property facades further than 2m from kerb. Beech Hill Avenue, Wigan - property facades further than 2m from kerb Spencer Road, Wigan - property facades further than 2m from kerb Park Road, Wigan - property facades further than 2m from kerb Loire Drive Wigan – no relevant exposure Miry Lane Wigan – no relevant exposure Prescott Street Wigan - property facades further than 2m from kerb Dorning Street, Wigan – property facades (Deanery Close) further than 2m from kerb King Street West, Wigan - property facades further than 2m from kerb Swan Meadow Road, Wigan - property facades further than 2m from kerb Ince Green Lane, Ince - property facades further than 2m from kerb Atherton Road, Hindley Green - property facades further than 2m from kerb Hindley Road, Hindley - property facades further than 2m from kerb Bag Lane, Atherton - property facades further than 2m from kerb High Street, Hindsford, Tyldesley - property facades approximately 2m from kerb Tyldesley Road, Tyldesley - property facades further than 2m from kerb Hamilton Street, Tyldesley- property facades further than 2m from kerb

Wigan Council has identified one congested street (High Street, Hindsford) with a flow above 5,000 vehicles per day and residential properties close to the kerb, not adequately considered in previous rounds of Review and Assessment (outside current AQMA), and will need to proceed to a Detailed Assessment.

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3.2 Busy Streets Where People May Spend 1-hour or More Close to Traffic

To identify any busy streets using criteria in TG(09) a query was written to identify roads with two-way 2008 AADT flows greater than 10,000 vpd of which in Wigan 96 were outside the AQMA. A further query was also written to identify roads meeting these criteria and were also inside the previously 3 modelled (previous Review and Assessment modelling) 60ug/m annual mean NO 2 contour. 24 links met these criteria in the Wigan area which were all located in the following areas :-

Saddle Junction, Wigan (Nr. Fire station) Manchester Road, Ince Bryn Roundabout (leading to M6) A580 East Lancashire Road (between Newton Road Lowton junction and junction with St Marys Bypass M6 Motorway corridor (to West of borough)

Of these locations, two positions were identified where relevant exposure may occur. These are in fact residential locations, rather than areas where people may be in the street for more than an hour: In the case of Ince, a public house is affected. In the case of the M6 corridor the main area affected is considered to be in Ashton in Makerfield. Monitoring (diffusion tube) has been undertaken in this latter location over the past couple of years. At the worst case location, monitored levels are approaching the 60ug/m 3 level (see Table 2.4a and 2.4b above). If possible increasing trends indicated at other sites (see Figs 2.4b and c above), also exist and persist in these locations, then potential for exceedance of this short term objective may exist. Both of these locations are within designated AQMA however have not previously been identified as areas potentially exceeding the hourly objective for NO 2. None of the other 94 positions were identified as street locations where people may spend more than one hour. It is therefore considered valid to proceed to Detailed Assessment (particularly as detailed modelling work is already being undertaken) to consider potential exceedance of the hourly objective for NO 2, although guidance TG(09) recommends that it could be feasible to amend AQMA designation and action plan emphasis to cover this exceedance.

Wigan Council has assessed busy streets/roads considering the potential for exceedance of the 1 hour objective for NO 2 and relevant exposure. No street café/shopping type areas were identified however a small number of residential properties were identified where the 60ug/m 3 annual mean objective may potentially be approached or exceeded. It was therefore concluded that it will be necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment for nitrogen dioxide.

3.3 Roads with a High Flow of Buses and/or HGVs.

A query was written to identify roads with high proportions of HGVs and/or buses using criteria in TG(09). One road link in Wigan was identified with a two-way AADT flow less that 20,000 vpd and a HDV/bus proportion greater than 20 percent (at exit to Wigan bus station). This link is within the currently designated AQMA.

Wigan Council confirms that there are no new/newly identified roads with high flows of buses/HDVs.

September 2009 Updating and Screening Assessment Wigan Council

3.4 Junctions

Using a query to interrogate changes in traffic flows from 2005 to 2008 two junctions were identified with flows greater than 10,000 vpd in 2008, <= 10,000 vpd in 2005 and were outside the designated AQMA i.e. junctions that would not have been considered in the previous USA. The two junctions were located in the following locations:-

Kitt Green Lane/Vulcan Road, Wigan Beech Hill Avenue and Cranberry Avenue, Wigan

Although both of these junctions fall technically outside designated AQMA areas, they both lie between AQMA ‘bubbles’ which were a feature of previous modelling work and were not amended/corrected to provide a more delineated AQMA boundary (e.g. matching property boundaries in the locality).Both junctions were therefore assessed in last Review and Assessment and despite the irregularities of the modelling/AQMA designation can be considered to be within areas of potential exceedance. Further detailed modelling work is however currently being undertaken and both these junctions will be included as the modelling work will cover the totality of the borough.

Wigan Council confirms that there are no new/newly identified existing busy junctions/busy roads.

3.5 New Roads Constructed or Proposed Since the Last Round of Review and Assessment

Since the last assessment, planning approval has been issued for one new section of road. This road is the A49 link road, between Westwood Park and Warrington Road. An air quality assessment was undertaken as part of the planning application incorporating detailed modelling using ADMS Roads (versions 2.2) software. The results of this assessment indicated that due to the position of the road there would be no additional exceedance with relevant exposure created along the new route. However, the route and associated highway works serves to redirect traffic resulting in a predicted reduction of traffic along Poolstock/Poolstock Lane and an increase of traffic along Warrington Road, Goose Green, Wigan. The assessment predicted annual mean NO 2 reductions along Poolstock Lane of between 3.9 and 9.3 ug/m 3 and increases of between of between 2.8, 5.1 and 7.8 ug/m 3 along Warrington Road. Both of these routes are within currently designated AQMA. The effect of the approved road scheme, if constructed, would be potentially to remove AQMA along Poolstock Lane and change the extent of AQMA along Warrington Road. Also although no relevant exposure currently exists, AQMA is also likely to be designated along the new road in line with previous accepted local/regional practice of designating AQMA whether relevant exposure currently exists or does not.

Although planning approval has been granted, no date is currently available to indicate when the road will be built and be operational.

Wigan Council has assessed new/newly identified junctions/roads meeting the criteria in Section A.5 of Box 5.3 in TG(09), and concluded that it will be necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment for Nitrogen Dioxide if and when the new road is operational and to subsequently amend AQMA in line with results.

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A number of planning applications have also been submitted and approved since the last USA which exceed basic local Supplementary Planning Document Guidance criteria and required air quality assessment. These are as follows :

Planning Application No. Site Type of development 08/72069 Pemberton Colliery, Pemberton Residential and commercial development A/08/70356 and 70364 Bickershaw South, Bickershaw 650 Houses, commercial and (includes biomass CHP Marina proposal 500kW – see below)

The assessments indicated that the impact was limited to cumulative affect (mainly road traffic) and that amendment or re-designation of AQMA would not be required. None-the-less the cumulative impact of these and other smaller/medium sized developments impinge on predicted reductions in pollutant levels and so affect plans and policies which may be used to affect levels. It is therefore considered valid to carry out Detailed Assessment to consider the collected impact of these developments along with other collected improvements and changes in data available (traffic data, emission factors/inventory, primary NO 2, building height data), which collectively may be particularly significant. Detailed Assessment is therefore required.

Wigan Council has assessed combined impact of new development and information/data improvements/additions since the last USA and concluded that it will be necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment for nitrogen dioxide.

3.6 Roads with Significantly Changed Traffic Flows

To identify roads with significantly changed traffic flows using criteria in TG(09) a query was written to identify roads with two-way 2008 AADT flows greater than 10,000 vpd and an increase in traffic flow between 2005 and 2008 of greater than 25%. No roads within Wigan met this criteria.

Wigan Council confirms that there are no new/newly identified existing roads with significantly changed traffic flows (see however 3.5 above).

3.7 Bus and Coach Stations

Bus stations were considered in the last USA and there have not been any significant changes since that time.

Wigan Council confirms that there are no relevant bus stations in the Local Authority area.

September 2009 Updating and Screening Assessment Wigan Council

4 Other Transport Sources

4.1 Airports

Wigan Council confirms that there are no airports in the Local Authority area.

4.2 Railways (Diesel and Steam Trains)

Technical Guidance TG(09) Table 5.1 identifies the railway lines between Wigan and Manchester as routes which have large numbers of diesel trains and therefore require consideration in terms of sulphur dioxide if trains are regularly stationary at any location for more than 15 minutes and potential for exposure exits and for nitrogen dioxide for moving trains if specified criteria are met (background annual men above 25ug/m3 and potential for long term exposure within 30m).

4.2.1 Stationary Trains

There are a number of train stations and signal points along the route between Wigan and Manchester, however, trains are not normally stationary for a period of 15 minutes or more at any of these locations.

Wigan Council confirms that there are no locations where diesel or steam trains are regularly stationary for periods of 15 minutes or more, with potential for relevant exposure within 15m.

4.2.2 Moving Trains

The route between Wigan and Manchester/ Manchester Piccadilly was identified in TG(09) Guidance Table 5.1 as a route with large numbers of diesel passenger trains. The two routes existing within the borough that lead to the Manchester Piccadilly station were therefore considered, in particular looking for the potential for long term exposure exposure within 30m of the track.

Background levels of nitrogen dioxide measured at the two local urban background monitoring locations indicate annual mean levels for 2008 of 24 and 26 ug/m 3 providing levels that span the 25ug/m 3 criteria threshold specified in guidance. Looking at background grid square maps annual mean background levels range from 27ug/m 3 (Wigan) to around 19 – 21ug/m 3 for Ince, Hindley, Hag Fold and Atherton. It was also identified that residential properties exist within 30m of the track at Wigan, Ince, Hindley (approx 30m at this location), Hag Fold and Atherton.

Based on this information, guidance criteria and also considering some residential locations identified are also located in proximity to busy roads, it is concluded that further Detailed Assessment will be required.

Wigan Council has identified locations with a large number of movements of diesel locomotives, and potential long-term relevant exposure within 30m, and will need to proceed to a Detailed Assessment for nitrogen dioxide.

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4.3 Ports (Shipping)

Wigan Council confirms that there are no ports or shipping that meet the specified guidance criteria within the Local Authority area and therefore no assessment is required.

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5 Industrial Sources 5.1 Industrial Installations

5.1.1 New or Proposed Installations for which an Air Quality Assessment has been carried Out

Since the last USA, no new or proposed industrial installations requiring air quality assessment have taken place in Wigan.

Wigan Council confirms that there are no new or proposed industrial installations for which planning approval has been granted within its area or nearby in a neighbouring authority. Detailed Assessment is not required.

5.1.2 Existing Installations where Emissions have increased Substantially or New Relevant Exposure has been Introduced

Wigan Council confirms that there are no industrial installations with substantially increased emissions or new relevant exposure in their vicinity within its area or nearby in a neighbouring authority.

5.1.3 New or Significantly Changed Installations with No Previous Air Quality Assessment

The following changes (shown in Table 5.1 below) have taken place to Part B and Part A installations within the Wigan area.

None of these changes or other previously identified (Progress reports since last USA) sources are considered significant in terms of new exceedance of objectives in relevant exposure locations. All installation sources identified will be included in detailed modelling work undertaken.

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Table 5.1 - New and Revoked Part A, and Part B installations within the Wigan area (July 2007 to July 2009)

Process Status Comments

Part B S&W Garages (Atherton) Ltd., Permit Issued (site relocated Re-spraying of road vehicles Printshop Lane Atherton across road)

Aggregate Industries, Unit 76 Permit issued Use of bulk cement Bradley Hall Industrial Estate, Standish Collier Knight Cleaners, 17 Lord Permit issued Dry Cleaning installation Street, Leigh S&W Garages (Atherton) Ltd., Permit Revoked (site relocated Re-spraying of road vehicles Printshop Lane Atherton across road)

Carr lane, Worsley Mesnes Permit issued Dry cleaning Scot lane Aspull – Dry Cleaning Permit issued Dry cleaning Kay Street, Atherton Permit issued Small waste oil burner Langtree Garage, 281 Preston Permit revoked Petrol Storage Road, Standish Rollins Bulldog Tools, Permit revoked Degreasing tank Darlington Street, Wigan

Isherwoods, Wigan Permit revoked Mobile crushing plant

Lockett Road, Ashton. Permit revoked Small waste oil burner

Part A No New or Revoked Part A - - sites

Wigan Council has assessed new/proposed industrial installations, and concluded that it will not be necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment.

5.2 Major Fuel (Petrol) Storage Depots

There are no major fuel (petrol) storage depots within the Wigan Local Authority area.

September 2009 Updating and Screening Assessment Wigan Council

5.3 Petrol Stations

There have been no new petrol stations in the Wigan area and one station has closed since that last USA was undertaken (see table 5.1 above).

Wigan Council confirms that there are no petrol stations meeting the specified TG(09) guidance criteria .

5.4 Poultry Farms

There are no large poultry farms within the Wigan area.

Wigan Council confirms there are no poultry farms meeting the specified TG( 09) criteria

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6 Commercial and Domestic Sources 6.1 Biomass Combustion – Individual Installations

There are no operating installations meeting the criteria in DEFRA technical guidance TG(09) – between 50kW and 20MW. However an installation has been proposed as part of an approved planning proposal at Bickershaw South (Residential - 650 dwellings - and commercial development). It is still not certain whether the plant proposal will be implemented. The air quality assessment submitted considered the provision of two 500kW wood pellet burning CHP boilers and emissions of nitrogen dioxide and PM 10 . The assessment concluded that using factors for the proposed plant (supplied in Defra Guidance – Technical Guidance – Screening Assessment for Biomass Boilers, July 3 3 2008), at worst case receptors NO 2 levels would increase by 0.6ug/m and PM 10 by up to 1.3ug/m . 3 Levels at NO 2 at roadside locations were predicted to increase by no more than 0.2ug/m . Pollutant levels in the locality from this source are not predicted to result in exceedances of air quality objectives for PM 10 and NO 2.

Wigan Council has assessed the biomass combustion plant, and concluded that it will not be necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment.

6.2 Biomass Combustion/solid fuel burning – Combined Impacts

Most of the populated areas in Wigan are covered by Smoke Control Orders, as such, the use of coal (and other solid fuel) is quite limited in Wigan. A survey was carried out and from a sample of 436 households, only 10 were using solid fuel (ARIC, 2003). Although there has been a perceived (not quantified) increase in persons using solid fuels (particularly wood burning appliances) given climate change considerations, media promoted desirability and increased fuel prices, it is not considered that this situation has changed significantly. Considering the range of general background PM 10 levels across the borough (ranging from 13 -19ug/m 3 using grid square map data from DEFRA) and using Defra FAQ guidance/nomograms (dated 23 April 2009), an area would need to contain more than 200 households burning solid fuel and/or greater than 40,000 m 2 commercial floor space heated to trigger the need for a Detailed Assessment. Based on professional judgement and knowledge of planning applications, no area of 500 x 500 m is considered to exceed this number of households/heated commercial floor space burning solid fuel and therefore a Detailed Assessment is not required.

Wigan Council has assessed the biomass combustion plant, and concluded that it will not be necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment.

September 2009 Updating and Screening Assessment Wigan Council

6.3 Domestic Solid-Fuel Burning

Wigan Council confirms that there are no areas of significant domestic fuel use in the Local Authority area (See 6.2 Biomass Combustion/solid fuel burning – Combined Impacts above).

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7 Fugitive or Uncontrolled Sources

Indicative monitoring was undertaken in 2008 to assess particulate arising from road deposition/passing vehicles along Cale Lane, New Springs, Wigan. This is the only access road serving the Kirkless Industrial estate, and complaints had been received from local residents over recent years. Residential properties line approximately 75% of Cale Lane. The estate accommodates amongst other businesses, waste transfer sites and crushing and screening plant.

The results of the indicative monitoring (see Table 2.5c above) indicate that air quality objectives for particulate matter are not being breached.

Wigan Council confirms that there are no new potential sources of fugitive particulate matter emissions in the Local Authority area that would indicate the need for Detailed Assessment.

September 2009 Updating and Screening Assessment Wigan Council

8 Conclusions and Proposed Actions

8.1 Conclusions from New Monitoring Data

Monitoring results (diffusion tube) indicate that there are numerous roadside locations with relevant exposure where the annual mean objective for nitrogen dioxide is being exceeded or has the potential for exceedance. There is also some indication that at near roadside locations, levels of nitrogen dioxide are showing a slight increasing trend.

At other monitoring positions away from roads data (diffusion tube and automatic monitoring sites) indicates a declining trend in levels of nitrogen dioxide. Given the interlinked relationship between nitrogen oxides and ozone it should also be noted that automatic monitoring data indicates the national objective for ozone has been exceeded in three consecutive years at the Wigan Centre local urban background automatic monitoring site.

Monitoring for PM 10 does not indicate any areas of exceedance of the relevant air quality objectives within the Wigan area. Monitoring for PM 2.5 has only recently commenced within the Wigan borough (2009) and therefore insufficient data is available to permit comment in this report.

8.2 Conclusions from Assessment of Sources

The following conclusions were made from an assessment of local sources :-

1. One street (High Street, Hindsford) indicating higher traffic flows, relatively low speed, outside current AQMA and with residential properties close to the kerb. 2. Potential for exceedance of the 1 hour NO 2 objective at two identified residential locations. 3. Potential for exceedance of NO 2 annual mean objective near railway lines between Wigan and Manchester (identified in table 5.1of TG(09)) with large number of diesel trains and relevant exposure within 30m of the track. 4. New A49 link road proposal (assessment required to consider affect on local AQMA when operational) 5. Insufficient monitoring data at AQMA boundaries and at ‘worst case’ locations. 6. Changes in emission factors, primary NO 2 levels, cumulative impact of new development, revised and improved local emissions inventory, improved traffic and geographic data.

For all of the above reasons it is considered necessary to proceed to Detailed Assessment.

8.3 Proposed Actions

Potential exceedances of both of the Objectives for nitrogen dioxide remain and have been identified by this USA identifying the need for 2010 Detailed Assessment. Detailed modelling work (covering the whole of the Wigan area) is already underway to assess levels across the borough. Work is being carried out by Greater Manchester Transport Unit (GMTU) using the ADMS Urban dispersion modelling software and is covering the whole of the Greater Manchester area (working with 9 other authorities). The modelling undertaken will benefit from a revision of local emission inventories and emission factors, better traffic data and better building height data. Modelling will also take account of

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other issues such as primary NO 2 at roadside. The results of detailed verified modelling work will be used to consider the need to revise existing designated Air Quality Management Areas across the borough and produce future year concentration predictions using the best available information on emissions, local development and growth.

No exceedances of other pollutants (other than Ozone which is a pollutant of national concern) were monitored or predicted. Modelled assessment of PM 10 and possibly PM 2.5 will still be included in the modelling work undertaken.

Continued indicative monitoring at a number of locations will persist with indicative monitoring also being installed where possible at a number of new locations to assess USA conclusions i.e. at High Street, Hindsford and residential properties close to the railway line between Wigan and Manchester. Monitoring at roadside locations has also already been increased to inform concentrations at roadside across the borough and in anticipation of future development proposals. Indicative monitoring and results of detailed modelling work will inform the need or otherwise for further investigation/assessment or more accurate (reference method) monitoring. The collected Greater Manchester authorities will in the near future be considering the monitoring resources and strategy across the region.

The results will also be used to inform the Air Quality Action Plan, particularly in considering future year concentration projections and European Limit Value requirements.

September 2009 Updating and Screening Assessment Wigan Council

9 References

DEFRA, 2009, Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance TG(09) – Defra, February 2009

Wigan Council, 2008, Progress Report, July 2008, Wigan Council

Wigan Council, 2006, Third Round Updating and Screening Assessment, 2006, Wigan Council

DEFRA, 2008, Technical Guidance: Screening assessment for Biomass boilers, Defra/AEA , July 2008

DEFRA, 2009, NO2 with distance from Roads Calculator, Issue 2 Defra/AQ Consultant, March 2009

AEA, 2008 National Diffusion Tube Guidance, Defra April 2008

Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited, 2009, Cale Lane Air Quality Assessment – Wigan Council, July 2009

Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited, 2008, Wigan Dust Monitoring, December 2008

Scot Wilson Consultants, 2007, Bickershaw South Environmental Statement, November 2007, for NWDA (plus supplementary information)

DEFRA, 2009, FAQ- Domestic Sources – How to identify areas where burning solid fuel such as coal or wood might lead to an exceedance of the 2004 daily mean objective for PM10 – April 2009

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Appendix A: QA:QC Data

Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors

Factor Source 2006 2007 2008 National -Eurofins (Defra Web 0.87 0.90 0.83 site) Wigan Centre Co-location 0.89 0.67 0.73 Wigan Leigh Co-location 1.02 0.90 0.94 National Gradko (Defra Web - 0.89 Not available at date site report written

PM 10 Monitoring Adjustment

Volatile Correction Model (VCM) adjustment was applied to 2008 data (results provided by AEA). A gravimetric adjustment factor of 1.3 was applied to data presented for 2006 and 2007 due to absence of FDMS data for these periods. Data from non-reference Osiris monitors were adjusted by a factor of 1.36 obtained from a co-location study with a BAM reference method monitor undertaken by Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited.

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QA/QC of diffusion tube monitoring

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Wigan Council Appendix B: DMRB Calculations

Wigan Council did not undertake DMRB screening assessment for any roads or junctions as detailed modeling assessment work is currently being undertaken covering all the road network across the borough. It however useful to note the following:-

A comparison of results obtained using the old and revised DMRB method for roadside NO 2 undertaken by Royal Haskoning UK Limited, as part of Rochdale’s USA submission indicates that values obtained would significantly higher using the new method. This again indicates the need for Detailed Assessment work to consider roadside concentrations of NO 2 within the Wigan area.

Example of Roadside NO2 concentrations using old and new DMRB method

September 2009 Updating and Screening Assessment Wigan Council Appendix C – Monitoring Location maps and current AQMA

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Map 2 - Position of Wigan Centre Automatic Monitoring Station and nearest AQMA

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Map 3 – Position of Wigan, Leigh Automatic Monitoring Station and location of nearest AQMA

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Map 4 – Position of Diffusion Tube monitoring locations near the M6 Motorway at Ashton in Makerfield (all in AQMA)

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Map 5 - Position of Diffusion Tube monitoring locations near the M6 Motorway and A577 Orrell Road, Orrell (all in AQMA)

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Map 6 - Position of Diffusion Tube monitoring locations near the M6 Motorway Shevington (all in AQMA)

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Map 7 - Position of Diffusion Tube monitoring locations near the A580 East Lancashire Road (both in AQMA)

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Map 8 - Position of Diffusion Tube monitoring locations near the A580/Church Lane Lowton (in AQMA)

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Map 9 - Position of Diffusion Tube monitoring location near Warrington Road , Wigan (in AQMA)

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Map 10 - Position of Diffusion Tube monitoring locations near Marus Bridge roundabout (in AQMA)

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Map 11 - Position of Diffusion Tube monitoring locations along Poolstock Wigan (in AQMA)

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Map 12 - Position of Diffusion Tube monitoring location at Pottery Road, Wigan (in AQMA)

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Map 13 - Position of Diffusion Tube monitoring location at Waumesley Street, Road, Wigan (in AQMA)

Map 14 - Position of Diffusion Tube monitoring location at Rose Court, Ince (in AQMA)

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Map 15 - Position of Diffusion Tube monitoring location at Dobson Park Way, Ince (in AQMA)

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Map 16 - Position of Diffusion Tube monitoring location at Turner Street/Chapel Street, Leigh (in AQMA)

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Appendix D

Emissions Inventory and Traffic Modelling Improvements - The Case for Repeating Detailed Modelling In Greater Manchester

Detailed emissions dispersion modelling was last undertaken for Greater Manchester (GM) as a whole in 2002, for a forecast year of 2005. ADMS-Urban was used to model the county based on the 2001 emissions inventory database and forecasts of changes in emissions such as road traffic sources to 2005. The modelled average mean NO2 concentrations were used to define the current AQMA by the GM authorities. Since that work was undertaken there have been a number of significant enhancements to the point and area source inventory and to traffic modelling in GM. The enhancements are described in detail below.

Point and area source emissions inventory enhancements:

• Emissions factors for all Part A and Part B processes reviewed, categorised and documented by Royal Haskoning. • Point source data inputs made consistent with the emission factors using standard units • Web-based point source data input system implemented for EHOs across GM for easier data entry. This also allows central administration of data entry progress, new emission factors and processes etc. • Update and recalculation of agricultural, electricity and domestic and commercial combustion emissions.

Traffic modelling enhancements:

• The 2002 link-based assignment model (implemented using the TRIPS assignment package) has been replaced by a much more accurate junction-based assignment model (implemented using the SATURN assignment package) which explicitly models the delays which occur at junctions. The scope of the network has also been expanded to include almost all roads with bus services.

• The 2002 trip matrix was built to represent a 2001 base year using an existing trip matrix (originally based on data collected in the early ‘90s) supplemented by roadside interviews at 68 sites across GM undertaken in 1999 before the opening of the Denton to Middleton section of the M60. This has been replaced by a new matrix based on data from over 400 roadside interview survey sites, undertaken in the period 2001-2004, and the 2001 census journey-to- work data for commuting trips. This data reflects the trip making patterns which emerged after the completion of the M60 (in October 2000) and, a priori, is more accurate than the 2002 matrix.

• The 2002 matrix was factored to 2005 using a single factor derived from the National Road Traffic Forecast (NRTF). A new traffic demand model has been developed for Greater Manchester that forecasts growth at ward level, and any future year matrices will be factored from the present based on this forecast of ward level growth. A priori this is more accurate than the single (NRTF) growth that was used to factor the 2002 matrix to 2005.

• The 2005 forecast of emissions from traffic on minor roads was based on building an all roads network from Meridian (an Ordnance survey product) and then subtracting the flows from the roads included in the TRIPS model. This method has now been replaced by a more accurate and consistent method based on building a true minor roads network from the Integrated Transport Network (the Ordnance Survey’s current road centreline product) and then assigning trips from their origins/to their destinations from the points where they meet/leave the SATURN network.

• The 2005 forecast of cold start emissions assumed that the additional emissions from a cold start were concentrated at the origin of the trip. However, using SATURN it is possible to determine the roads that vehicles will traverse as their engines warm up and then distribute the additional (cold start) emissions along these roads, thus giving a more realistic distribution of these emissions. This approach has now been adopted as standard practice.

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Taken together these enhancements, coupled with real world changes in emissions patterns since 2002, mean that there is a compelling case for repeating the dispersion modelling for GM.

With this in mind the GM Authorities have commissioned the Greater Manchester Transportation Unit (GMTU) to carry out an updated dispersion modelling exercise for GM. SCA funding of over £110,000 £57,140 was provided by Defra in 2008 and 2009, and together with additional support funding of £29,000 from the GM Authorities, GMTU are progressing stage one of the modelling project. They have also developed techniques for automatically determining average road width (a key parameter for ADMS-Urban) from the Ordnance Survey’s MasterMap product. This should enhance the accuracy of the dispersion model forecasts. In addition, by October 2009 the GM Authorities should be in receipt of a 2 metre resolution Digital Surface Model (DSM) for the county and it is the intention that this should be used by GMTU to determine the average building height for each road. This will facilitate the use of the street canyon modelling facility in ADMS-Urban which will further increase the accuracy of the dispersion model forecasts.

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