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Situation and Participant Characteristics, Prison Strain And Situation and Participant Characteristics, Prison Strain and Collusion in Prison Hostage Taking by Carol Anne Bond, BSc, MSc, C. Psychol, AFBPS Supervised by Dr Paul Hewlett (Director of Studies) Dr Karen De Claire (Supervisor) Thesis submitted to Cardiff Metropolitan University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Forensic Psychology. Thesis submitted: September 2020 Declaration This work has not been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted for candidature in any degree. The work submitted is a result of my own independent work and investigations unless explicitly stated. Other sources are acknowledged and referenced, and a reference list is appended to the thesis. I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for interlibrary loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Acknowledgements Many thanks go to my supervisors for their support and encouragement throughout. To Dr Paul Hewlett, for his patience, willingness to throw himself into the world of prisons and hostage taking and for his steady hand in steering me when it came to recalling statistics lectures from a lifetime ago. Thanks go to Dr Karen De Claire for her expertise, reassurance and breadth of knowledge which helped shape the direction of the work. Both of them deserve special thanks for reading endless drafts and their essential suggestions for improvement. I would also like to thank Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service for funding and supporting this study. In particular, I would like to thank my manager Dr Jo Bailey for pushing me to get started and my colleague and friend Dr Sue Thomas for encouraging me to finish. Special thanks go to the IT reporting teams for their extraordinary efforts to produce the data I requested, a huge feat that was much appreciated. Thanks also go to my colleagues, who, throughout the period I have worked on this study have tolerated my ups and downs, my obsession with all things thesis and have allowed me to update them on progress, never once failing to at least pretend to be interested. Thanks to each of them, especially Sagheer, Ed and Gail. To Mum and Don, thanks for your belief in me and lastly, thanks to my much-neglected family, Graham, Jack and Louie, who have allowed me to spend almost my every free moment “phd-ing”. I am not sure you know how much it meant to me to have you there, thank you. Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Tables .................................................................................................................. 1 Table of Figures ................................................................................................................ 2 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 3 Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 Background ....................................................................................................................... 4 Context .............................................................................................................................. 6 Hostage Negotiation to Crisis Intervention ....................................................................... 6 Classifying and Categorising Hostage and Crisis Incidents. ............................................ 8 Explanations for Hostage Taking in Prison .................................................................... 14 General Strain Theory, Crisis Explanations and the Relationship with Prison Misconduct ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Background to Collusion ................................................................................................ 23 Scope of the Thesis ......................................................................................................... 28 Research Aims, Questions and Hypotheses .................................................................... 29 Specific Hypotheses ........................................................................................................ 31 Structure of Thesis .......................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 2 The Characteristics of Hostage Incidents ................................................. 34 Rationale for Literature Review ...................................................................................... 34 Search Strategy................................................................................................................ 35 Quality Assessment and Excluded Papers ...................................................................... 36 Data Sources.................................................................................................................... 37 Samples and Sample Sizes .............................................................................................. 38 Reporting Protocols Used ............................................................................................... 38 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 47 Chapter 3 Method ......................................................................................................... 49 Study Design ................................................................................................................... 49 Sample ............................................................................................................................. 51 Materials .......................................................................................................................... 53 Procedure......................................................................................................................... 55 Database Access Procedures and Ethical Considerations ............................................... 55 Main Data Cleansing and Preparation for Analysis ........................................................ 60 Method of Analysis ......................................................................................................... 61 Missing Data, Bias and Source Bias ............................................................................... 61 Chapter 4 – Results ....................................................................................................... 62 Chapter Overview ........................................................................................................... 62 Method of Analysis ......................................................................................................... 63 Research Aim 1 – Describe Situation and Participant Characteristics ........................... 64 Prison Information .......................................................................................................... 64 Number of Incidents ........................................................................................................ 64 Management of Incident Level ....................................................................................... 67 Details of Incidents ......................................................................................................... 71 Summary of Incident Level Results ................................................................................ 79 Details of Prisoners ......................................................................................................... 79 Research Aim 2 – Examine PHTs Association with General Strain Variables .............. 88 Security Category ............................................................................................................ 88 Prison Size ....................................................................................................................... 91 Sentence Type ................................................................................................................. 92 Sentence Length .............................................................................................................. 94 Time from Start of Custody to Incident .......................................................................... 95 Time Left to Serve after Incident .................................................................................... 96 Incentive and Earned Privilege Deprivation Level ......................................................... 98 Demands .......................................................................................................................... 99 Research Aim 3 - Co-Offending Variables Analyses ................................................... 100 Descriptive Analysis of Collusive Incidents ................................................................. 101 Analysis of Variables Associated with Co-Offending .................................................. 103 Combined Effects of Incident Level and Prisoner Level Factors ................................. 108 Overall Results Summary ............................................................................................
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