asterpieces o
Ensravins on Postage Stamps 1840 ~ 1940
By ROBSON LOWE
NFLD HE 6183 E5 L69 1943
_ i fa. terpiect!s ol Lnsravins
Cl/1 !f>ostase ~ftatnp .....-
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liy .\ . E. CIJ:tlon. ]! _\ . 1\14/. !IE 6/?g £5" L'9 I ?Lf :S asterpieces of Ensravin,g
011
:fc)stase(jj) J tarrzps' 1840=1940
By Robson Lowe
SEP 2 4 2009
London: Published by tf1e Posta[ History Society
501 Pall Ma!C S.W. 1 Page Foreword 5
Introduction 7
London Pride 9
The Judgment of Paris 44
Belgian Beauty 57
The Dutch School 60
European Elegance 65
A Miscellany of Art 69
The Chamber of Horrors 83
Index 94
1943: P1inted by WOOD & SON , 5 Mill Street, Perth.
Blocks by THE DIRECT PHOTO ENGRA VI NG CO., LTD., 38 Farrinqdon Street, London , E.C.4. Dear Folks ,
This book has been written for you and those like you, who may know little about postage stamps but can recognise those that attain a certain standard of beauty. In some sense this is your book, for such sense of beauty that you bred in me must be reflected here ; it certainly would not have been written if you had not fostered my enthusiasm for stamp collecting some thirty years ago.
One is attracted to stamps for a variety of reasons. They may be crudities manufactured in the backwoods for a pioneer postal service, they may have an interesting history, their use and their cancellation may be the point of attraction or they may be beautiful examples of printing, but, providing they have character, for me they have charm and hold my interest.
On these pages I have looked at stamps between mental blinkers so as to shut out all but the artistic side. In spite of this, I have undoubtedly incl uded some stamps which will not coincide with the reader's standard of art, and omitted many which he considers splendid and I think beastly. That is as may be. Undoubtedly stones will be thrown for the inclusion of many popular stamps in "The Chamber of Horrors."
The allocation of some of the fine engravings to the burin of a certain engraver has been done after studying the views of several authorities and enlarging stamps through an epidiascope to confirm my own opm1on where it differed from others.
The idea of writing this book came from seeing the interesting collection of postage stamps formed by Professor Charles Seltman of Queens ' College, Cambridge, and many comments and illustrations have been based on his volumes. q \ 1asterpieces o/ Lnsra\'in... :
In addition to Professor Seltman I gratefully acknowledge the loan of treasures that are illustrated here to my friends, Mr. H . . C: V. Adams, Mr. J. Beresford, Dr. J. Morton Evans, Mr. Edward Granger, Miss Ethel Harper, Col. L. T. Rose-Hutchinson, and Sir Nicholas Waterhouse. I am particularly indebted to Sir John Wilson, Bt., and Mr. H. R. Holmes fo r their kind and generous assistance in reading the proofs and to the printers and the blockmakers for their painstaking work.
From this you will see that the book is really nothing to do with me. may turn its pages with a possessive pleasure like the false pride of the midwife dandling the child for which she has just opened the door t.o the world but it makes it no more mine. It is in the hope that the book wi ll prove the perfect bedside companion (three pages and you are fast asleep) that I am sending it to you.
Yours affectionately,
R. L. November I st , 1943.
Works of Reference :
THE ENCYCLOI'fEDIA BRITT ANICA. THE LO:--JDON PHILATELl ST. STANLEY GIBBONS STAMP CATALOGUE. POSTAGE STAMPS IN THE MAKING, by Fred ] . Melville. HEN studyino· stamps fro1n the arti tic ,-ie\vpo.int it is of little importance wh(l ordered and who used the labels. GW The chief questions are ,,·ho made the1n, and \\·hen, ancl \\·here? l\Io t oi the best stan1ps have been made in Lonclon and in Paris. Bad tan1p haYe been marle in both cities ancl these will he clealt \\·ith in a separate article. Other places which haYe earned credit are l\ 1a lines, I-Iaar lem, Peters burg and Corfu. There is a sound commercial reason {or fine art in the production of aclhesiYe postage stamps as it 1ninimises the risk of forgery. For the same reason. a portrait i the most suitable subject for the stamp desig-n. In 1VI rs. Smyth's biography of her iather. Sir Rowland I-Iill.* one ma\· read" there is one art \Yhich we nnconsciou. ly practise from infancy to old age- that of tracing dif( erences in the h urn an faces we Inert with. It is this art or instinct which enable u to distinguish {riencls fron1 stranger : a nd it was, perhaps. recognition of this {act that long ago led to the placing on the coinage of the portrait of the reigning monarch. because it was familiar to the public eye, and therefore less likely than any other face to he c·oun tedei ted. In an engra ,·ing of some well-kno\vn countenance. any thickening or mi placing of the facial lines makes so great an alteration in feat nres and expression that fo rger)· is far more easih· detected than when the device is only a coat-of-arms or other fanciful ornament.'' Since these \YOrds were written. the improvement in manufacture has, to some extent, lessened the value of art as a deterrent to forgery.
---., ;; 7
( 1) SIZE. A stamp is an adhesive label for the prepayment of the carriac.?,·e of a letter or packet hy the postal service. Since it is usually licked it must he ea y on the tongue: therefore not too large. :\ 1r. I-f eath 's penn)· and twopence o{ 1840 ·were of the most convenient ize, since one- or a pair- could conveniently he licked. No single stamps should exceed the size of t\n) 1840 stamP- .
*" :-\ir newland Hill: tiH· :-\tory of a (:rl'at ltdOI'Jll .. by ~[rs. EIPHIIOI' ('. :-\m.rtli. London, 1!107. T. Fii- The postal adhesive label was a ne\,. invention in the year 1840. Under the inspiration of a fe\v men in London- VVillian1 Wyon, 'Sir Rowland Hill, Henry Corboulcl, Jacob Perkins, Charles and Frederick Heath- it sprang into being as a thing of beauty, confronting the world \vith a new art type, the n1asterpiece of the Early Victorian Era. The n1akers maintained their high standard for a quarter of a century. Paris, which only began to make stau1ps nine years after London, 1naintained for many years an eqnal degree of excellence. New York, Philadelphia, Brussels, Utrecht, Berlin, Dresden and Palermo all produced good stan1ps before 1860: but quality quickly declined the world over, and it was not long before pictorial posters and social and political propaganda began to intrude then1selves on to that which, as a forn1 of coinage, should have displayed only the dignity of the State. In our day very few first rate postal labels are made except in Paris, Haarlen1, Malines, and especially London, \vhich once again leads. This is not to say that these four cities n1ake no bad stan1ps, for they n1ake n1an y; hut they are al o rnaking all the be t. 8 Cj) . I J rzcic " .\" o, :-)ir, 'IL•hcu 11 1111111 is tired of L ondou, ltc is tired of life; for lltcrc is in Lowlull ull ilwl life Cllll o_!Jord." - ~HlllU(-'] .Tohn:-:m1 in a lPtt(-'r to Hn:-:\\·l'll. :20 ~Ppt .. 1777. ,------· ,·Tflis cflclpfcr Cl/zfy ;/fu_,frafc., .mch dtY!Jc.,i\'C fX'> _,f,d lafn•l, d .\ ell/din true C'\cc//cncc anJ c1s /1<1\'l' !wen JII I \~n . j lumplny\/ j !cnry cL._.l"[,L">tt!cl, LclwarJ ) !cnry c-:orbou!J Clzarlcs I !cnry {lccn'/ J I. J~. Riclldn{son, Lclmuncl nuldc Eric (;if~ otfn·r., dilL{ • q 11asterp£eccs o/ Ln::Jrcl\'z'll!3 1840. On 1Iay 1st the first adhesive labels for the prepay1nent o£ postage \vere put on sale (for use fro1n lVlay 6th) in Great Britain- one penny black and t\vopence blue. \!Villian1 \!Vyon's1 City 11edal of 1837 \Yas the prototype -for the Oueen's head, the dra\Ying fr01n it being 1nacle by Henry Corbould2 and the die engraved by Charles Heath3 and his son Frederick.4 l\lessrs. Perkins, Bacon and Petch 1nade the plates and printed these incon1parable stan1ps. Tllt' die proof of au otliciul imitation made to ~!tow the extreme difticult,1· 'L'hl' tov strip sho\\·s the ti r~t l1ead Cllgran' ~d. die vrcof. 1 d. blaek die proof~' "·ithout and with ,tar~ i11 U]I[H'l' l"Ol'lH'l'S. 1 \\'illiam \\'yo11. hOI'll 17Di'5. died 1Sfil. The most di~tiu;;nished of a famou;; family of <'llgravcrs. Engrnn•r of ~eals to the Qul•en. I•~ngran•J · to th(' Hoyal .\eadem.L ,\(·tuall.r mad<· the head dies for tlte embo>ised acUJesin• and euYelove ::-;tamp!'<. 2 Henry Corbould. F.:-;.A .. born 17t\7. died 1844. ~pent thirty years 011 a cdlectioll of drawing~' of "Ancient Marbles·· in the British l\Iusenm. Reputed for his original design:-;, said to be the most gracdnl of the time, and ltis accnrate drawing. 3 Charles Heath, bom J7k7. died 1N48. Son of James Heath. engm1·er to thl• King. The <'nKraving- of thl' QtH'l'n's lt earl on thl' first die is the only l'xampll' d hi~ work 011 postagt• stamvs. ~ Fredt'l'i(·k Heath. born 1 10. died U-\7R ~on of Charles Heath. ~\ided his father in eugraving tiH• Qm'<·n':-:; ltl'ad on the first rlil' and ,..Ollll' authorities consider tl1at Itt• did all of tltis engradng lliHkr thl' dirl'etion of hi!'< fathl'r. ~\lso t'ngJnn•rl Edward H en ry ('orbonld':-:; dl•sign for tit<· 1in• shilliJJg stamp of ::'\ew ~ontl1 \\'ale!>. 10 • ..._o 1 cr. 1 T..,.ono on J nac 1841. Both values ·were chang-ed during this year. The penny ,,·as f1rst printed in russet shades of red-brO\Yn on blued paper and first issued on Februan- lOth. The t\YOpence appeared on 1.'-'41 :2<1. print f10111 thr snwll plate of t \\·dn• impn•:-:sions without ('OI"lll'l" letters (sliKhtly n • 1847. In this year the United States of A n1erica began to en1ploy adhesive stamps for o·verseas postage, therefore it becan1e desirable {or C rea t Britain t o in trocluce la hels for trans-i\tlan tic I I ) 'I 1~47 one s hilling essn~·s. one with trial <·nnet'llatioH. postage, a shilling st a 111 p being req nirecl. 17nrt h ern1ore, it became kno\\'n that France and Belgiutn \\'ere about to aclopJ the 11 01 1f a_.., ferpie ce 01'igina1 di e ]JI'Oof;; of thl' Ptnho;.;;;e(l lll'nd. innovation and it \Yas decided that tenpence, the equivalent of one franc, should be the letter fee to these countries. The new stan1p were is ued in Septen1ber (one shilling green) and in N ovetnber of the follo,Ying year (tenpence bro\Yn), ernbos ed by hand at Sotnerset House fron1 die engraved by the n1edallis t . Willian1 \Yyon. They ren1ainecl in issue until 1856 and 1867 respectively. 1849. The first British Colonial type to be printed in London displayed the elegant design of Britannia eated \vith spear. : hield and a cap of Liherty. No value was expressed on the earlier issues. Perkins, Bacor.t & Co. prepared a penny red-brov.rn for l\lauritius in 1849, but it vvas not used as the islanders preferred their ho1ne-n1ade crudities. The type \Ya used in 1851 for Trinidad and in 1852 for Barbados; in 18.-4 it was actually adopted for rviauritius fourpence in green, in 1858 for sixpence in vern1ilion, njnepence in n1agenta *; there '"as al o a printing n1ade in blue but it was not issued. 'I'he origin of the design 1s an interesting story ,,·hich may he read in full else"'here.t Britannia is copied from a coin of Hadrian, A .D. 130, itseli being a ver_ ion of Lysimachus' Athena of c. 300 B.C. rrhe ubject wa a :favourite with founders o[ the finn of Perkins, Bacon & Co. (at fir t Perkin , I <' airman & I-Ieath) as in their ample dies no le. than ten sho,,·ed representa tions of Britannia, the engraving of which is attributed to Cicleon Fairn1an. ,,,hose charn1ing design wa used in the specitnen of the firm's work illustrated helO\\'. Thi \\ras used early in 1840 \\·hen the variou methods of printing were being considered {or the production of the first aclhesi\'e postal label. • t • d ..(/'h e l.o lltln 11 Pllilllld is t , \ "o l. X XX. lt:l.gl':s 1 OD 1 1 ~ . E l CJ ~ 1c75 tcrpiccc, of Lnsravins :wo IU'. A.D. 1::o. There is no doubt that these Britannia design \vere given to t.he artist, Eel-ward I-[enry Corhould,1 ·who n1acle the original dra\Ying fron1 \Yhich the stan1p \Ya engraved. The first printings of l\fauritius and Trinidad stan1p \'Vere n1acle during 184R but supplie. did not reach the colonies until 1849. 18151. The Britannia type \Yas employed for the first general issue of Trinidad 1nade on ... \pril 11th. The first colours \vere on blued paper- purple-bro\vn, blue, grey and bro\Ynish grey and in 1853 in hades of bro\\Tn ish red. Bet\Yeen 1834-37 \vhite paper printing \Yere n1ade in purple, grey and rose-t-ed. 1\ll these attractive colour ·were {or the penny value. 1 ~ill The scconcl order in l.ondon for British Colonial sUtn1ps \vas received fron1 N e\v Bruns\vick and Nova Scotia, both of \vhich obtained three values identical in design £rotn plates engraved by Perkin , Bacon & Co., the stan1p being i sued in 1851. They cotn bin eel in1 pres i ve de ign ,,.i th g-lori ons hues. Bruns,vick co 1ours were bright red for threepence, yellow for sixpence, reddish n1anve for one hilling. Scotia provided deep hl ne {or threepence, yello\Y green and deep green for sixpence, cold violet and purple for one shilling. I I ·~ clw:ud IlPnt·.r ('orbonld. ILL.. bon1 1.''1:5. n .\ 1!1-J.O ( 'pntPil In 1837 A. E. Chalon/ R.A., painted a portrait of the young Queen in her robes of State, \vhich had ren1.arkahle charn1. About 1852 \Vn1. Hun1phrys2 engraved for Perkins, Bacon & Co. at least three die copiecl3 fron1. Ech,·ard l-Ienry Corbould's \Vater-colour dra\ving of this portrait. The largest of then1 (A in illustration) \Va in those days rightly held to be too big for a s ingle stan1.p, but the head and neck served as a n1odel for the penny stamp issued for N-ova Scotia in ~!fay, 1R53, and the bust in a circle for the lR.~:; stan1p of Ne\Y Zealand. A re-in1pression of the \Yholc die served as a commcn1orative non-postal adhesive label {or the Stamp Centenary Exhibition on !fay 6th, 1940. The econcl die (B in 1 .\lfred Edward ('hule n, H ..\ .. bol"ll 17~1. died 1 60. ~\ppoint t>d paintf'r in water-colours to the Queen. ~ \\'illiam Ilnmt>l11·ys. bol'll 17H4. died 1X(if.i. EngTa,·ed one of the portraits of \\'aslling·ton on UnitPd ~tates stamps. ~pent many .l·(ar·;; in .\mpr·ica and l'Ptnrned to England nhont 1S:50. :> 'l'ltPJ'e ::ne grave donbts in m~ · mind abont tlw The Snrveyor-Ceneral, Sir Charles Bell, designed t.he celebrated Cape triangular stamps. apparently adapting {or the figure of Hope an allegorical figure of Hispania \\·hich appears on some coins of Hadrian of about 1\.D. 130. \iVillian1 H nn1phrys engraved the die and four values \Yere printed by Perkins, Bacon & Co., two values being issued on September 1st, 1853 - - penny brick-red and fourpence blue, both on blued paper. From 18S.J to 18.;g four values I ( 'IIndt•:,; lll'lll".l' .Jt•t'Jls. 1H>I·Jl 1X:27. were issued on "·hite paper- penny brick-red and rose-red, fourpence blue, sixpence slate-lilac (also found on blued) and rose-lilac and one hilling yello\v-green and clark green. A sublin1.e design printed in plendent colour . 1854. No rnar ked change took place in the penny and t\vopence stan1.ps of Great Britain until this year, \Yhen they first appeared off~cially perforated. \Villian1. Hun1.phrys engraved a rnall neat profile head of the Queen* surrounded by a Carter ·which \vas first used for the higher values of Ne\v South Wales in February sixpence in 111any shades fron1 slate to bro,vn, one shilling in shades of red- printed in the The Garter type. Colony frorn the plates prepared by Perkins, Bacon & Co. The fran1es outside the Garter \Yere varied and the designs were enchanting. A third value in the en1bossed series issued by Great Britain appeared on March 1st of this year- sixpence n1.auve on lilac. It \vas superseded two years later and wa the last of the en1.bo sed postage labels of this country. Like its companions it \Vas printed at Son1.erset House fron1. the die engraved by vVilliarn \Vyon. The coat-of-arn1. of \TV estern Australia i the farnous black S\van. For some reason the printers first produced a design for an essay \vith a "\Vhite S\van, but the first stan1.p of the Colony, ·which appeared on ~August 1st, was rnade in London by Perkins, Bacon & Co. and " -a appropriately the penny black. 1855. On January 1st the first stan1.p for South Australia \vas issued- tvvopence carn1ine, io be follo\ved later in the year by the penny dark green, sixpence deep blue and the one shilling violet; the last of these arrived in the Colony but \Yas not issued. All the dies and plates -vvere n1.ade by Perkins, Bacon & Co. and the head \Vas exquisitely engraved by Wn1. Hun1phrys from a graceful drawing by £d,vard Henry Corbould and *li'1·om n fl!'ft\\"ing by Edward Ilf'nr~· ('orbonld. lj c::-.,AA/asterpieces of Ensravins Enlargement of the ltE'ad for South Australia eng1·ayed by IIurnphrys ft·om the drawi11g b,r C'orbould. 1~ very sin1ilar to the Garter type of New South \Vales. Later in the year the plates were sent out to the Colony and printings made fr01n them. in a wide variety of shades and colours for the following forty-seven years- in1perforate, rouletted and perforated. Towards the end of 1854 it becan1e apparent that a new n1aster die -was needed for the British statnps. A copy of Charles and Frederick Heaths' 1840 die was n1ade and H un1phrys was con1n1issioned to work this over. He strengthened the design and deepened the lines, producing a new effect and a Die I, Die II, rather heavier face. The first penny Hrath. Ilnmvht-ys. statnps made by Perkins, Bacon & Co. fron1 this die appeared on February 28th, 1855, still on blued paper; after N oven1ber, 1856, all British stamps norn1ally appeared on \vhite paper. On July 18th, the first adhesive postage label of New Zealand appeared, incorporating the first of the Hun1phrys' dies n1ade from the grand Chalon portrait. A n1asterly \York of engraving, it has not the n1erit of the second and third dies (B and C illustrated on page 15) as the left eye has a slight cast. The first values were penny carmine, twopence blue and one shilling yellow-green, the last two values being nonnally found on blued paper. By N ove1nber of the san1e year the plates had reached the Colony and printings were n1ade from them there up to 1872 in various colours on several kinds of paper with a variety of separation n1ethods. 18 In August the first three brilliant London productions of Tasrn.ania appeared in royal colours- penny carm.ine, twopence green and fourpence blue - incorporating the second of the Hun1phrys' engraved dies of the Chalon head and bearing the original nam.e of the Colony-" Van Dien1ens Land ". The single illustration is fron1 a die proof before these words had been engraved. By 1856 the plates had reached the Colony and -vvere in use up to 1869 in a variety of colours, in1perforate and perforated. By this tin1e, Iessrs. De la Rue & Co. w·ere actively con1peting with Perkins, Bacon & Co. for the stan1p printing contracts and Jean Ferdinand Joubert de la FertE~\ who n1ade 1nany of the dies for De la Rue fron1 this titne, wished to prove that his n1ethod was capable of producing the effects of engraving and en1bossing. With this in view he n1ade a steel die from 1vhich con1es the anaglypto graphic die proof of an essay giving the illusion of an en1bossed stan1p. Its n1etallic coin-like effect is a testi1nony of the artist's genius. Early in 1855 it was decided to replace the etnbossed sixpence and one shilling by surface-printed labels n1ade after the n1ethod of Monsieur Hulot of Paris, and Thomas De la Rue & Co. w·ere given the contract. The new dies were cut for then1 by Joubert, whose art was not far short of the Barres2 of Paris. The fourpence in carmine on blue can1e into use in A.. ugust, 1855, and was follow,.ecl by the sixpence lilac and the one shilling green at the end of 1856. 1 Jean Ferdinand Joubert de la Ferte, born 1810 in Paris, died 1884. E 'ngrayed dies for Great Britain, British Columbia a11d Yancou ver Island, Belgium (1R65), Ceylon. Hong kong, India. Italy, Jamaica. Malta, l\J auriti ns. 1'\ ew South \Yal e>~, and the first general design for Colonial stamps printed by Messrs. De la Hne & Co. InYented the process of acierage by which copper plates or electrotype shells we1·e coated '"'"ith a snl'face of Rted. Known as Joubert. 2 Jean Jacques Barre. born 179::), died ? Chief engraver at the Paris l\Iint and engraved the dies for the French stamvs from 1849 to 1860. Desil·e Albert Barre, born 1818, died 1878, son of J. J. Barre, whom he succeeded as chief engraver at the Paris Mint. Engrayed the dies for French stamps from 1863 to 1870 and others including the first issues of Greece and Persia. 19 De la Rue & Co. began ,,·ith colours les strong than those employed by Perkins, Bacon c>r Co. in London, or by Huloe in Paris, and as time went on the shades gre·w still weaker, while the delicate design was presently marred by intrusive letters and n um hers. But the first issues, shown abo,·e, had great merit. The first I .on don-made stamps for India \\·ere surface-printed b,- De la Rue at the same time as the British surface-printed. Jon bert's master die \Yas used for the head on the Indian set, t\YO ,·alues of \Yhich- four annas black and eight ann as carmine, both on blue came into u e in October, 1R=13. Three more anna Yalues \Yere added in the follo,,·ing . year. The colours were tronger than those of the British labels, the cle ign simple and fine compared with the coarse stamps ,,·hich were to follow later. 18.=15 wa certainly a vint::.tge year in the production of postage stamps in London, for jn addition to those alreadv described it sa\\· the engraving hy Perkins, Bacon ,~ Co. o{ the m~. ter die from the stately drawing by Edward I-Tenry Corbould of the idealised head in classical st,·le of the Oueen, which was used with different frame'3 £or St. Helena stamps i;_ 1R:16 and se,·eral Ceylon stamps of 18:17. 1856. ln January the first adhesi \ ' C stamp of St. Helena appeared. sixpence blue, the earliest of the Corhoulcl type. During the same month the flrst of the famous diadem issue of New South \\'" ales appeared. Frederick Heath engraved the head 3 .\natole Ilulot. died 11-\!l:.?. .\~-;sistant t•ngn1YPr to P,arrp rltr PltlPr, and latrr 1857. On January 1st the first adhe ive stamps of Newfoundland appeared. The penny and fi vepence in brov;n-purple in a clesign similar to that of ~ ew Brunswick ancl ~ova Scotia, issued u_1 1851. The twopence, fom·pence. sixpence, sixpence-halfpenny, etghtpence ancl one shilling were first printed in scarlet-vermilion ancl \Yere a ll of similar design with a central motif of a hunch of heraldic flowers of the Cnitecl Kingdom. The threepence in green was the second triangular design. ti'he square design were re-issued in 1860, 1801 and 18(>2 in -various shade of bro\\·n and the rectangular type in orange-verm.ilion and in ro e-lake. 21 C>) 1Jasterpieces of Lnsra\'z'ns Die l)roofs of the first ~ 'ewfounrlland (:) ~ d .. ~d. all{l 1 /-. the ]a:,;t in("omph•t e as the corner Ol'namcnts han' nut yl't hl'l'll adch•d. In April, 185/. the flr t stan1p of Ceylon made its belated issue with the head engraved by \iVm. Hun1phrys from the drawing hy Edward Henry Corbould. Printed by Perkins, Bacon & Co., the issue appeared as follm,-s: April 1 t.-Sixpence purple-brown on blue, later on white. July 2nd.-Fivepence chestnut, tenpence orange-vermilion (numerals in all corners) and one shilling violet. August 24th.-One penny blue, twopence green. These values were re-issued in perforated condition up to 1867. but from 1862 nearly all the printings were made by De la Rue & Co. from the plates of Perkins, Bacon & Co. 1858. Two new Yalues appeared in January for Tasmania, the first to bear the new name of the Colony. The head ·was taken from the Chalon portrait fron1 the second die of Hun1phrys', with differing octagonal oblong frames- sixpence lilac and one shilling vern1ilion. By 1860 the plate of the Erst value (an enchanting design) was in the Colony (the one shilling plate was not used there until1864), and during the next twenty years 1nany printings were made from it in a wide range of shades from grey to purple, 22 while the colonial productions of the higher value more or le s preserved a vermilion shade, both values with roulettes and various perforations. During 1858 a ne"· Britannia die \Yas made ]),- Perkins, Bacon & Co. for Barbados ex pres ing the value- ixpe-nce rose-reel and one shilling black. These plates continued in use for printing the stamps in shades of orange and vennilion for the sixpence and in black for the shilling up to 1875, but in that year De la Rue & Co. took charge of the production and printed the sa1ne ,-alues in yellow and violet respectively. This year ( 1858) aw an innovation in the stamps of Creat Britain when the two.penny stan1ps in blue appeared in July with letters in all four corners. The head was made from the new die \\·hich Hun1phrys had produced by retouching the original 1840 die and which had made the penny plate {or 18~:1 on\vards. Smali plate numbers now also began to appear in the border of network on either side of every sta1np, plate 7 being the first issued, with plate 8 follmving in 1859. 1859. On :\1ay 9th the Britannia type with value expressed appeared for Trinidad- fourpence lilac and purple, sixpence green and one shilling indigo and purple-slate. These. plates ·\vere used by Perkins, Bacon & Co. up to 1862, but in that year all their plates for this Colony were handed over to De la Rue & Co.) \vho continued to print from them for another twenty year oi\fasterpieccs of Lnsrdvzlzs In the same year the a1ne type was produced for similar values in fauritius- sixpence blue and one . shilling vermilion. Two years later the colours were altered to purple- late and yellow-green respectively, and in 1862 again to slate and deep green, and thes;c last ·were perforated. 1859 also sa-vv the production of an eccentric octagonal type for Ceylon, the head beino- the Corbould type engraved by J eens and the frame the master die of the sixpence of Tasn1ania issued in 1858. Close exa1nination of any clearly printed exa1nple of this Ceylon type reveals the inscription "TASl\I '\NI \ SIX PENCE" beneath the engine-turning. The new values were fourpence dull rose, eightpence brm,·n, ninepence purple-brown, one shilling and ninepence green and two shillings blue and they were all i sued on April 23rd. Their later printings conforn1 \Yith the history of the 1857 types. On l\lay 13th the same head die was used for the production of the Ionian Islands stamps. No value was expressed; the sta1nps ·were printed in orange, blue and red and used for halfpenny, penny and twopence respectively. On lay 30th, 1864, the islands were ceded to Greece and the stamps superseded by the current Creek issue The superb ta1nps produced by Perkins, Bacon & Co. for Natal also appeared in 18.39. The head was the Chalon type si1nilar to Humphrys' econd die and wa probably engraved by J eens. The first values issued were penny rose-red and threepence blue, followed in 1862 by the sixpence grey. Fro1n 1863 to 1879 printings fron1 the same plates were ri1ade by De la Rue & Co. in different shades and colours, most of which were overprinted. On June lOth the first adhesive stamp of Bahamas appeai·ecl-- penny dull lake. Another n1aster die of the Queen's head was engraved by J eens and the surrounding design rather over-borne with lettering, a pineapple ancl a conch shell. The plate remained in use until 1882, hut fron1 1862 the printing ,,·as in the hands o{ De la Rue & Co., ·whose productions appeared in shades of lake, red and vern1ilion. The tir:-;t stamv of <~nee11sland. ::\.8.\Y. :2d. pl 1860. The f1r. t aclhesi \·e statnp of Queensland were those of N e"· South \Yales and acbninistratiYely the post of the fanner were under those of the latter up to January 2.~th, 1860. On the Iollo,Ying clay, the Queensland po t offices were issued with ne"· ancl distinctive types of cancellations hut the stamps of New South \Yales "·ere till used. Two stamps of the mall cliaden1 type \Yere specially printed for use in Queen land, the twopence deep blue frmn plate II* ( thi may he detected b)· the wider setting- the stamp on plate I "·ere set close together) and the threepence yellow-green, both in1perforate. The first definitive adhesives of Queensland appeared on N ovetnber 1st. The central design was again the superb Chalon portrait but the die " ·as J-Iumphrys' third. At first the tatn.ps \Yere imperforate but during the Lan1e n1onth they appeared perforated- penny carn1ine-rose. twopence blue and sixpence green. Later, two ne"· values were i sued, on April 15th, 1861, and on N OYetnber 15th. 1860, respectively threepence brO\\'n and one shilling violet- and in January, 1861, a stan1p \vithout value expressed was issued for registration fee (? one shilling). These productions are consumn1ate exa1nples o£ the work of the painter, the engraver and the printer. Early in 1860, Perkins, Bacon & Co. produced a profile type of the Queen's head which differed from those that preceded it. It was not unlike the original Heath die of 1840 hut \Yas rather less youthful. This was daintily engraved hy C. H. Jeens and used for manY stamps including the South Australian nincpcncc grey-lilac *'J'his stlunv was pprforatt•d for usP in Xew ~ontl1 \\'al('s. 2::> OJ ·1 fasterpicccs of' Lnsravins issued in December, 1860, and the gorgeous St. Lucia rose-red, blue and green stamps without value expressed but usecl £or penny, fourpence and sixpence respectively, \Yhich appeared on the 18th of the satne tnonth. The South Australian stamp \vas printed in the Colony and appeared in tnany shades fron1 lilac to claret, with various perforations up to 1902: it was also used in orange, red and yello\\· \vith the o\·erprint "TEN PENCE". The St. Lucia stamps were printed in London and in 1863 the plate \vas handed over to De la Rue & Co., \\·ho printed the same three values in lake, indigo-blue and e1nerald-green respectively. Later, the satne plate was used up to 1884 tn various colours for six different values, son1e of which \Yere overprinted with the denOtnina tion. On 1\Iarch 22nc1 a ne\Y British line-engraved statnp for three halfpence was registered at Som_erset I-Iouse, the plates being tnadc fron1 a die reproduced from_ the Humphrys' retouched die of 1855, though the shield surrounding the head was an innovation. The printings made during this year were a delicate rosy n1auve but they were not put into circulation. Of the 10,000 sheets printed, 8962 sheets were destroyed* in l\Iay, 1867, and approximately one thousand sheets were overprinted " SPECIMEN" and were n1ostly circulated to postmasters. The plate \vas saved to be used ane\\' in 1870, when the stamp ,,·as issued in lake-red. 'J'l1r .Tcnbrrt rlp ln li'ert{> hratl for tllP Driti:,.;h fi;;;cal ''tam11S aJHl die-]Jroofs of llumvill·.rs· three lwlfpPnCl'. *\Yri;..;ht & Crecke. 2G \Vestern Australia issued three new engraved stamps during 1860- twopence vermilion, fom-pence blue and sixpence sage green. · They were printed in the Colony fro111 the plates made by Perkins, Bacon & Co., who used the original n1aster die of the penny black ·which they had originally engraved and first printed in 1854. 1861. A new set of plates was n1ade for Western Australia in 1861 and a new value (one shilling) added to those alreach· in use. However. Perkins, Bacon & Co. \\·ere authorised to do. the printing and they produced the five Yalues in a range of colours which has never been improved on in philatelic art. The shades were of a soft brilliance and (lepth and were of such n1ajesty that argues that the n1ixing of colours for the printing of fine engravings is a lost art. They comprised penny rose, twopence blue, fourpence vern1ilion, sixpence purple-brown and one shilling deep green. The top value was first printed in yellow-green. In 1864 the plates '"·ere handed over to De la Rue & Co., who continued to print from them up to 1888. The function of a postage stamp as the equivalent of a coin was well rnaintained and exe1nplified by the issue of a striking five shilling stamp which was similar to the current five shilling coin of New South vVales. The design was 1nacle* by Edward Henry Corbould and the die engraved by Frederick Heath, while the stamps were printed by Perkins, Bacon & Co. in shades of violet, mauve and purple. The bust o-f: the Oueen is like that on vVillian1 Wyon's Gothic crown and florin of 1847 and 1848, and one of the latter is illustrated. * Froni an original :-;ketch by T . \\·. L evinge. 27 In thi year the~ e\Yfounclland stamps \Yere re-issued in hades of brown for the square designs and rose-lake for the rectangular In December, fresh labels were i. sued in Bahama for the comely .fourpence. dull ro e and delicate sixpence grey-lilac. Jeen ' ma ter die wa used for the central medallion and the plates were engraved and printed from by Perkins, Bacon & Co. In the lollo\\·ing year the plates were pa sed on to De la Rue & Co., who printed from them for twent_\ ~ ·'·ears. St. Yincent brought ont her first lovely adhesi,·e in l\Iay the penny rose-red and sixpence Yerclant yellow-green, the latte· being changed to deep green in the following year. The fine Queen's head, designed by Edward Henry Corhould and engraved hy Charles Henry J eens. is imilar to the South Au tralia ninepence of 1860. Grenada entered the philatelic f1eld in June " ·ith a penny green and sixpence rose. The die used for the head may ha,·e been engraved by Humphrys or Jeens ancl the stamps were printed hy Perkin,. Bacon & Co .. who continued to produce these values in hades o( green and yennilion respectively for oYer t\Yenty years. The third colon,· to commence the is ue of adhesive statnps cluring 1860 \vas N.evis. They were engraved and printed hy 1'v1essrs. Nis en & Parker and have con iclerable merit. The central design comprised a group of three female f1gures partaking o{ refreshment at a medicinal , pri11g on the i. Janel. The frames \Yere to a certain extent copied from other stamps, but all are pleasing. 28 while the best is undoubtedly the sixpence. They were printed on bluish, grey ancl white papers, the la. t not appearing until 1866. In . the original deep and rich shades in which they appeared they j11stify hanging on the line in the Academy o{ Philatelic Art penny lake, foUI·pence rose, sixpence lilac and one hilling cleep green. ln 1876 the printers made lithographic transfers frmn the engraved plates ancl the stamps ceased to be of cesthetic interest although providing an unusual opportunity for philatelic study. 1862. On January 1st two new values were issued in Chile, both printed by Perkins,. Bacon & Co. from plates made by the n1aster die of the lf(3 issue. Thev ,,-ere the one cent in yellow and the twenty cents in deep green·- the last a particularly noble colour. The Corhoulcl-J eens head of the Oueen was used for the first issue ~;f Antig-ua which appeared in August, 1862 - a sixpence blue g-reen. The prin tcrs " ·ere Perkin·, Bacon & Co., and the following year the,- produced the penny rosy mauve. During the next three years the colours changed l(J vermilion and yellow-green, and in 1~/2 the plates were turned over to De Ia Rue & Co., who continued to produce stamps fron1 then1 up to 1886. 7l> C/) . . I Cl> /[" k . ....__ }) c:rz LJe la J\. ul! J nnf1nss 1ro1n J er zns1 Jacon J ates. l~eierence ha alreach·- been made in manv- countries to the fact that the plates so admirably made hy 11essrs. Perkins, Bacon & Co. were passed on to J\rlessrs. Thomas de Ia Rue & Co. The shades were o different that no difficulty is experienced by the average collector in differentiating heb,·een the printings of the two firms. There is one possible exception to thi , the triangular fourpencc Cape of Good I-Iope, ·which troubles many collectors who have not the opportunity of comparing a ntunher of copie . De la Rue & Co. secured their contracts for printing on the question of price and it is not surprising to f1nd some falling off in the artistic value. In fact, it is stu~prising that n1ore difference is not fouhcl, ancl n1any of the colours used were of considerable appeal. Some fine Jake. deep blue, emerald-green, aniline-mauve c/Vf/asterpiece ol Ensravins and violet are arnong the outstanding shades " ·hich have boldly stood the test of tin1c. Nevertheless, the deli cate charn1 of the Perkins, Bacon printings \Vere never attained or even atten1pted. The following is a li ~· t of the sta1nps o{ chie{ tnerit \vhich fall under this heading and to which no further reference \vill be n1ade under later years. Antigua: 1872-86 penny lake and lake-rose and sixpence deep green. Bahamas: 1862-82 penny lake and vermilion, four pence bro\vnish-rose and rose, sixpence aniline-violet. Barbados: 1875-78 halfpenny bright green, threepence mauve lilac (n1ay be found in a lovely shade \vith a bloon1 like a grape), fourpence red, sixpence aniline-yello\v, one shilling purple and .aniline-violet. Cape of Good Hope: 1863-64 (the printings from the plates before they were cleaned have little appeal), penny brovvnish-red, fourpence steel and slate-blue, sixpence bright n1auve and one shilling deep en1erald. Ceylon: 1862-67 penny prussian blue, tvvopence en1erald and orange-yello\v, fourpence lake-rose, fivepence deep reel-brown and pale sage-green, sixpence blackish brown, eightpence pale carmine brown, ninepence bro·wn, tenpence orange, one shilling cold violet (a wonderful colour) and aniline-violet and two shillings pale blue. Natal: 1863-79 penny lake and sixpence violet. New South Wales: 1871-1908 threepence bright green and fivepence blue-green. What a contrast ·with son1e of the other abortions produced conten1poraneously for this Colony! St. Helena: 1863-74 penny lake, twopence halfpenny ultra n1arine, threepence purple. fourpence carn1ine, sixpence ultramarine and grey, one shilling yellow-green and five shillings orange. St. Lucia: 1863-84 penny lake and black, four pence indigo and chron1e-yello,v, sixpence en1erald and n1auve and one shilling bro\vn-orange and orange. St. Vincent: 1882-97 halfpenny green, penny rose-red, t\vopence halfpenny blue, fourpence bright blue and lake-brown, sixpence violet and green; one shilling orange-vern1ilion and five shillings carn1ine-lake. 30 £ondon $ide Trinidad: 1862-82 penny crin1son-lake and lake fourpence pale n1auve and bright violet, sixpence deep green and etnerald and one shilling bluish slate, bright mauve and aniline-mauve- the last may he founcl in an uncommon and lovely 'fyrian shacle. Turks Islands: 1883-89 penny orange-brown and crimson-lake, sixpence olive-black and one shilling slate-green and sepia. Western Australia: 1864-88 penny carmine-pink, twopence chron1e-yellow ancl grey, fourpence cannine and russet, sixpence indigo-violet and aniline-\·iolct and one shilling bright green and sage-green. The plates were printed from in the following chronological order:- 1862- Bahatnas, Ceylon and Trinidad. 1863- Cape of Good I-I ope, Natal, St. Helena and St. Lucia. 1864- Western Australia. 1871 - N ev.r South \i\Tales. 1872- Antigua. 1875- Barbados. 1882- St. Vincent. 1883- Turks Islands. 1865. One of the most hanclson1e series of lithographed stan1p were issued in this year by 1\t1essrs. \J...Taterlow & Sons for British Cuiana. The size was slightly larger than those previously issued and the effect of the eli pper through the port-hole is a fine exan1ple of n11ntaturc: engraving. nfortnnately, I have never* seen a die proof bnt the detail in the lithographed stan1ps argues that it was the work of a fine artist. There ·were three values- six cents in shades of blue, twenty-four cents in shades of green and forty-eight cents in shades of red and rose. 1864. On April 1st a penny stan1p in rose-red or lake-reel corresponding to the twopence of 1858 was issued in Great Britain. It was made fron1 I-Inn1phrys' retouched die with letters in all four corners and plate numbers in the side borders of network. In the first year plates 71 to 96 were actually made and, with the exception of plate 75, issued. Two years later black proofs on card were tnacle from plate 103 for display at an exhibition in 1 aris in 1867. Perkins, Bacon & Co. were the printers. Further plates up to nun1ber 225 \vere issnecl in the following years, the last appearing in 1879. *Riner writing thix pan1graph I hfl\'(' bN'n able to mnstratf' a cli r l)l'OOf of this design :-:{\e pagP 71. E11largNl plat!' number. 1867. Further fine examples of the Corbonlcl-J eens portrait of the Queen's head appeared during this year. In January and April respectively appeared the South Australian fourpence gridelin and two shillings ro e-carn1ine. The plates were n1acle by Perkins, Bacon & Co. and the stan1ps ·were printed in the Colony, the fourpence continuing in use up to 1890 and the two shilling to 1902. The fourpence was also printed in shades of blue overprinted in red or in black "3-PENCE". The charn1ing f_ran1e is sin1ilar to that used on the one cent stam.p of Nova Scotia, first issued in 1860. In April, another of the Corbould-J een head designs printed b~ - Perkins, Bacon & Co. was produced, when Turks Islands issued its first three adhesives- penny rose, sixpence black and one shilling dull blue. · In 1873 the penny appeared in rose-lake and the one shilling in lilac. Other values \Yere n1ade locally in 1881 by 1nurdering the artistic design '"i th surcharges " ~ ", " 2~ " and "4 ". 1868. Printing fron1 plates n1ade fron1 the original 1naster die, Perkins, Bacon & Co. produced two lovely new values for St. Vincent- foUI-pence deep blue and one shilling slate-grey. Two y ears later the colours \\'ere changed to yellow for the foUI-pence and indigo ancl brown for the one shilling. Subs q uen t prin tin o-s of these values by the san1e finn were as follows:- 1S71 187-:l 1 S7:i ].'-\77 1.'-:SO l'l'nny bl:1<' k blac·k bln<·k o li\'('-g'I'(' Pll drab Fonqwncc dPe p bhw b1·igh t bJ II P Sixpence bhH'-grr Pn blnc-green yrllow -grrr n bright g r l' ~ ' ll On<' shilling lilnc-r r d lilnc-r c. r f' lnrl't Y('I'Jnilion l)J"i ght wrmilion ..__D r CiD . r z..._onaon J nde 1869. This year was distinguished for the appearance of the first en1bossed colonial stan1ps printed in London, when De la Rue & Co. produced the first Gan1bia adhesives with en1bossecl head and typographed frames. The name of the engraver is not kno\:vn to me, but in pristine condition the stamps are of considerable beauty. The two values first issued were the fourpence brown and sixpence blue imperforate. Between 1880 and 1886 further values wer.e issued-- halfpenny, pennyJ twopence. twopence halfpenny, threepence and one shilling, with considerable variation in colour as " 'ell as shade, all these were perforated. 1870. The introduction of a ne·wspaper rate called for the creation of a new value in Great Britain, and Perkins, Bacon & Co. asked Frederick Heath, who had helped his father in producing the original postage stamp in 1840, to engrave the die. These neat little labels in rose-red had corner letters and plate numbers, 1 to 8 being 1nade in the first vear, but numbers 2 and 7 were not used. The stan1p first appeared on October 1st and during the next ten years plate numbers 9 to 15, 19 and 20 were issued. On the san1e day the threehalfpence stan1p prepared in 1860 was brought into use, plate numbers 1 and 3, the latter being used fron1 1874 to 1879. 187 5. Smne tin1e after Grenada had first issued adhesive postage labels in 1861, Perkins, Bacon & Co. had supplied some sweet ·labels for ii.scal purposes, also incorporating a fine J een's engraving of the channing Chalon portrait of the Queen. These fiscals had been printed in orange and overprinted with a crown and the value in green. In July, 1875, printings were issued from the same plate in deep n1auve and were overprinted " POST AGE" and " ONE SI-:fiLLING ". Three further values were issued in April, 1881- halfpenny mauve, twopence ha!Ipenny rose-lake (a royal colour) and iourpence hltte. \i\!hile one cannot pretend that a surcharge improves the appearance of one of these magnificent engravings, the n1oderate size of the letters used in this instance hardly detracts from. the beauty and even adds character to what would have otherwise been a very plain although artistic background. ( 1878. Britain annexed Transvaal in August, 1877, and stan1ps bearing the Oueen's head ·were issued on August 26th oi the following )'ear, engraved by _ 1essrs. Bradbury, vVilkinson & Co. frotn designs very like those they had issued t\YO months earlier for the Falkland Islands, and both issue \\·ere engraved by pantography. The Falkland I lands stan1ps fir. t appeared on June 19th, 1878- penny claret and sixpence blue-green. In September, 1~79, two further values appeared- the fourpence g-re)'-black and one shilling bistre-brown. Between Decem her, 1891, and January 1st, 1896, four n1ore values were issued- halfpenny in shades of green, twopence purple, t\vopence halfpenny in shades of blue and ninepence vern1ilion. The hades of the other values varied and the colour of the sixpence ·was changed to yello\v. The Transvaal stamps \Yere issued on 1\ugust 26th and con1prised a set o£ six values in well contrasted colours- penny red-bro\\·n, threepence claret, fourpence sage-green, sixpence oli\·e-green, ·one shilling green and two shilli11gs blue. The shilling values were particularly royal shades. In 1880 a ne\\· value \va produced- haHpenny vermilion. The Queen's head on these i sues by Bradbury, vYilkinson & Co. no longer resembled that of the early 1nedallic dies by \iVillian1 \iVyon, but was an older head like that by Heaton on the 1877 coins of Jersey. \Vhi Is t these productions have not the n1eri t of the Perkins, Bacon & Co. designs, they are much superior to the typo graphed \ Tictorian issues that catnc {rom De la Rue & Co. 1879. For nearly fort\· years Perkins, Bacon & Co. had printed the penny and twopence stamp of Creat Britain. but their contract ran out at the end o{ 1879. Unfortunately, the Postn1aster-Ceneral, bent on econon1)·. failed·to renew the contract and allowed De la Rue & Co. to produce surface-printed penny and t\vopenny stan1ps. The design \Yas of poor conception and the printing brought the deli \·en · to a hideou level. Before this occurred other tenders \\·ere made, notahlv one hv the finn 1\Iessrs. Charles Skip.per & ·East, of London, who submitted a beautiful line-engraver!_ '' SPFCil\1EN STAMP" which con1 bin eel some of the charm of the first Rri ti: h ( 1840) and £ondon !Jrzde the first French ( 1849) label . It bore a head of the goddess Persephone with corn and Ao\\rers in her hair, closely copied fron1 certain Greek silver coins oi Cyziens. A pity it was not adopted! 1880. On January 1st the la t o{ the glorious Perkins, Bacon &. Co. line-engraved stan1ps ceased to be sold in the post offices of Great Britain but son1e of the ren1ainders of the delicate halfpenny ancl the robust penny \vere overprinted "CYPRUS" and exported to that island, \vhere they vvere used {or tvvo years. Thus the classic masterpiece engraved by Charles and Frederick Heath forty years earlier con1 pletecl its life of use in a Greek island. But be assured, that as long as the adhesive postage statnp 'vithstand.s the \vear and tear of tin1e, the inin1itable ebony n1asterpiece of 1840 will hold pride of place in artistic production. June sa"T the creation and issue of an entirely ne\Y design by Perkins. Bacon & Co. for a five shilling s tan1 p of St. ·vincent. It bears the Anns of the Colony, a can1eo-like design in the classic 111anner \J\rith figures of Peace and Justice tending an altar. This is displayed against a rose engine-turned back ground and printed in rose-reel. In 1886 the san1e plate \vas used by De la Rue & Co. to print the stan1p in shades of lake. 1881. Decem her provided yet another design fron1 Perkins, Bacon & Co. for St. -Vincent, this tin1e for a halfpenny value which "''as printed in orange. Four years later it \Yas printed in green by De laRue & Co. Fron1 this tin1e nearly t\\renty years \Vere to pass before another jewel \vas added to stan1p production in London and this tin1e it \vas De la Rue & Co. \vho earned the praise. For forty-four years they had printed stamps £or parts of the British Etnpire before they produced a stan1p that con1bined the essential features of size, design, printing and colour to raise it above the con1monplace level. 1899. This year sa''T the issue of the elegant set of \ ~ irgin Islands (-which because of their number were named after St. Ursula and the legendary eleven thousand virgins), having a figure o{ the saint ·with the crown of n1artvrdon1 and the lily of virginity. These were the forerunners of the finer stan1ps which the twentieth century was to see made by varian London printers. .•>....,r: 0) l las/(!rpieccs ol Lnsra\'z'ns 1900. This year 1narks a great revival in the artistic quality of London's stan1p production, and the credit goes to Bradbury, \Vilkinson & Co., who made the Cretan stamps for that ,·car. They v;ere fortunate in their subject, for they were asked to copy the work of brilliant Creek die engravers of the fourth century B.C., and to produce three coin types of Syhrita, Cnossos and Phc.estos. Three other designs ·were included in the set hut they are inferior and therefore not illustrated. 1905. Six n1ore fine stamp were produced for Crete by the same printers in this year- five oi them are illustrated above. One was copied from an ancient 1Iinoan seal of about 1500 B.C., the others from ancient Creek coins of the fifth and fonrth centuries B. C. made in (, ortyna, Cydonia, I tanos, Cnossos ancl Phcestos. The ancient eng~ avers have helped their n1odern successors to triumph once again. The set contains one poor portrait ancl two Yery hacl pictorial posters. \Yhich are omitted. It is probable that the two Bradbury, \Yilkinson sets of 1900 and 190) for Crete cau eel a real re,-i,·al of art among London stamp pPinter . 1\Iention must he macle of the contemporary stamps of Creat Britain. Nearly a year after King EchYard \ -n came to the throne. stan1ps hearing his portrait in profile appeared. The head \Yas a g·oocl one, being taken from an etching by Emil Fuch 1 copied from a medallion bY the same artist. made ,,·hen Eci,,·arcl was Prince o{ \\'a] es. The execution of the stamps \YaS poor and they had li ttlc artistic merit. -:\f ost of the frames \Yere of hideous design (some were by Fuchs) and in many cases the heacl was too small. The ten shillings blue \Yas the best of the high values and the only stan1p that I ,,·ould care to illustrate in this article is the seYenpence grey-black which made its first appearance t\YO clays before the death oi the King, 1\ 1ay -~th, 1910. The British sta1nps o{ this reign \Yere printed by De la Rue & Co .. I--Iarrison & Sons and at Somerset House. The best printings were those by De la Rue & Co. on chalk -~ urfacecl paper made in 190.:; ancl 1906. 1!lll. Thomas 1\Iacdonald of London n1ade die 2 and plates for the line-engra vecl issue of Greek s tan1ps copied from ancient Greek coins. The plates ,,·ere sent to Aspiotis Brothers at Corfu. where the stan1ps were printed.' There ,,·ere four designs- the t\\'O illustrated above fro111 different coins of Sybrita made in Crete about 360 B.C. have Hermes fastening his sandal and the head of Hern1es. The t\YO designs on page 39 are from a coin of Terina with the type of Nike of a bout 400 B.C., ancl the high value from a coin of Pheneus with the type of Hermes of about 360 B.C. 1 Emil Fuch~. H .•\ .. i\L \'.0 .. bom 11--:()(), diN! ·: .\11 .\u!"tria11 who stnrliPd in Berlin and ('anw to London in 11-'!)7. 21 ha,-e ~cen die vroof" of tlti:s isRtH' in <1 samplt• hook of l'erkin:-:, 1\a(·on & Co. ~ - t ~• t • · J - I ·· l - 1. ~ -1- ~ 1.-- ~ 1 ... l - 1 · I · I I --< l I l · t ~ t < 1 ;·-- 1 .-- t ·~ J ·~ ~ < t - 1 • ""I _..• I · l. - L I ·· L->- ~ -\. ~-- J ·- l -- 1 ·~ 1 ·.._ 1 - t · I I 1 · J ·· I t -· 1 --- 1 · l ·r t · I t -- 1 ·- 1 - t ;;;-.. ? 'i ! ~ f ! \ !'i ) i r~ l Xins Ldvvard Vfl 08 1915. A laudable attempt was made by Te\\' Zealand to revive the unrivalled quality o{ the :Heath tamps of 1840. Designs were prepared by H. L. Richardson and line-engraved in London by Perkins. Bacon & Co., the plates being sent to the Covernment Printing OfJ1ce. Ten values of these fine tamp were printed and issued on July 30th, the type remaining in use for about ten years. 1916. For the tercentenan' o{ Cervantes in 1916, Bradbury, \Nilkinson & Co. made a set of Spanish stamp for the special use of Parliamentary Deputies and Senators. Of the four designs. only the one illustrated qualifies for inclusion here. Ill designed and over elaborate borders have constantly been employed to frame portraits on stamps. Here the frame itself appears as the main type and it i~ a fine frame \vhich encloses a simple head of Cervantes in the stYle of an old mezzotint engranng. 19 ,..,QS . On the 1st of February a et 0f stamps \Yas issued in Cypru . made in l ,onclon by Bradbury. \Yilkinson & Co .. to commemorate the fiftieth anmver arv o{ British rule in the 0) 11asterpiece ol L ns ra in3 island. The labels were n1ostly Yulgar posters but two had tnerit The first is copied fron1 a silver coin by Lysandros, King of Amathus in Cyprus about 375 B.C.: the second has the tnedi~val Arn1s of the island, a shield charged \Yith two lion . The elegant work of the Greek engraver and the medi~val Herald has triumphed. The trivial retnainder of the set is mnittecl. - These Spanish stan1ps, cmnmemorating the centenary of the death of the painter, Francisco Coy a ( 1746-1828) were printed in London by v\ ~ aterlow & Sons and engraved in London by J. S. Toda after Goya's portrait of the Duchess of AlYa in the Prado at Madrid known as " La ~laja desnuda ". They were only issued in June, 1930, t\YO years late, because of ecclesiastical dislike of the uncovered hun1an bod_y _; in {act, they \Yere authorised, cancelled and re-authorised on several occasions. Though they are incon veniently large for tnoistening, they are among the finest exatnples of twentieth century British recess-printing. Son1e of the centesin1os values \vere also engraved and bear a fine portrait of the artist in a handson1e fratne. 1929. A half-figure of Ceres with a reaping hook was designed by C. Fernandez for the 1912 stan1ps of Portugal and for tnany colonial issues of the two following years, and in 1926 a varied version of Ceres was typographecl by De la Rue & Co. for Portugal. The third issue of the type. which is illustrated here, was cotnpletely redrawn and line-engraved in London by Perkins, Bacon & Co. and was far finer than its precursors and was n1acle for Madeira only. The production \vas excellent and the fifteen different colours in \vhich the values are printed cover a range which has never been equalled in n1oclern philatelic art. 40 1955. On ~ \ugu t St h occurred the 3.l0th anniversary of the planting in N"orth America of the first British Colony. This wa · Newfoundland, founded h~ , Sir Humphrey Cilbert ( 1539-1.)83). ·tep-brother of Sir \Yalter Raleigh, \vho obtained a charter from Queen Elizabeth. Perkins. Bacon & Co. printed a set of stamps for this occasion and, though 1narred by certain unseeml~· pictorials, the set contains foqr stamps of high merit. \vith the portraits o{ Sir Humphrey and Queen Elizabeth and with their Coats of Arms. 1954. The photogravure n1ethocl, fir t us eel by Bruckmann & Co. of l\lunich to print the Bavarian tamps o{ l\larch, 1914, had been perfected by 1923 in London, \\·hen Harrison & Sons first used it for stamps of King Fuacl I of Egypt. The thin poor colours and the quality of the prints of King George Y made in 1911 and 1913 were un\vorthy. Fron1 August, 1934, after more than half a century of uninteresting labels, new stamp were is. ued produced in photo gravure by Harrison & Sons. The old o\·er-elahorate designs were retained but the new colours were good. 19n5. A et of poster-like pictorial stamps was produced for New Zealand by De la Rue & Co. on l\Jay 1st ''"ith the usual vulgarities of all such sets. But it contained one fine sta1np, an almost perfect design by T.. C. 1itchell of the head oi a J\1aori o-irl. 41 C>J l fa.5 fl!rpieccs o/ Lnsravins 1956. During the brief reign of King Ecl"~arcl Ylii, Harrison & Sons produced by the photog-ravure 111ethod four stan1ps characterised by a sin1plicity \\~hich approached over-simplification. Thi was a re\'O lt against the ugly, restless de igns of the two previous reigns : the colours \\~ ere very good. 1957. On January 2-~th, four fine line-engraved tan1ps with the portrait of King Ceorge II of Greece were issued. Dies were _e ngra vecl and plates tnade in London by De la Rue & Co. in the previous year. The~~ ha\~e some kinship with the King George Vl stamps of Creat Britain which followed four n1onths later. Since 1924 n1any colonial issues took the forn1 of ugly and ,-ulgar pictorial posters, having inset OYals containing portraits of the monarch. The stamps made in London for Grenada have followed this tasteless style \Yith the sole exception of the brown one farthing stamp, made in photogravure by 1-Iarrison & Sons in 1937. which has nntch of the simplicity of the stan1ps of Edward \ -III. The san1e firm produced b~ ~ photogravure the new issue Ior 1-.:::ing George YI, the values from a halfpenn~ · to sixpence being designed by Edmund Dulac. The improvement on the preceding sta1nps \Yas great: they were the best stan1ps issued in Great Britain since 1880, but the fineness of Perkins, Bacon & Co. line engraved issues wa not recaptured. The values fron1 evenpence to one shilling belonging to this set ·were i sued in February and May, 1939. They '"-'ere produced by the san1e printers fron1 designs by the sculptor Eric Gill. vYhile being a great i1nprovement on the preceding issues. the hexagonal pattern has not the high 1nerit of the lower values. (f) . f_ ...._; nae 1959. Bel\\·cen ... \ugusl a11 Dnring the san1e year De la Rue & Co. produced a channing ·et of engraved stamps for Iceland with picture of herring and cod. Both designs and colours \Yere excellent. Such fish types were in use on archaic Creek coins n1inted at Cyziens as long ago as 550 B.C. 1940. }Iarrison & Sons made a photogravure stamp for D01ninican one farthing closely rese1nbling the similar sta1np of Grenada n1ade in 1937. It appears to be the only artistically pleasing stamp ever made for the island. The Postmaster-General of Creat Britain had to perforce con11ne1norat ~ the Centenary of the Adhesive Postage Stan1p. Fron1 1840 to 1923 no com1nemorative label occurred in Creat Britain to clistnrh the most pure and aristocratic stamp series of the world. Then, in 1924 and 1925, Empire Exhibition labels appeared, and in 1929 Postal nion Congres tickets. In 1935 bad J nbilee starnps, followed in 1937 by poor Coronation stamps, \\' ere squeezed out of a reluctant Post Office hy public opinion. Five lapse fro1n tradition! But these 1940 s tan1ps, printed in photogravure by I--Iarrison & Sons in London are different, better and more dignified. v\Te have the I-Teath design of 1~40 comhinecl ,,·ith the Dulac design of 1937 on a single label of moderate size. 43 " D eep '7.i.Jriften in her heart the judt;nlent of Puris re11111ined. "-Yirgil. Jn tf,;_, c/1<1ptcr are iffwtratcJ L1n/y .'!u.f1 pL1staf fc,[)(.[\ as dttain Lruc nccl/cncc cmJ C) frtist '/ q 1fcs::,ieurs Jt!an //c1cqucs B 1849. The first French adhesive labels appeared nine years after tho e of Creat Britain, when the 20 centime black on yello\\·ish and the one franc orange ,·ennilion were issued on Jan nary 1st, 1849. The design sho\YS the head o-f Ceres, Italian Codeless of Agriculture, ,,·hich wa ~ copied from the original head on a coin of 400 B.C. 'I'he die \Yere engnt ,-eel b~- Jean Jacques Barre, ,,. ho cngra,·ed all 1 the die of French aclhesi,·c ~tan1ps up to 1860. The printing \\·a 400 Il.C. .\.D. lR-W. done by another engraver, Anatole A. I-Iulot. under contract to the c;o,·ernment. 'fhe relationship between Barre and H.ulot is interesting. The former was an expert on printing methods and received high a\\·ards for ladle douce engraving and for lithography. His paper, "Ancient and l\Iodern Processes of Printing in France," i notable. In 18-+2 he became chief engraver to the !\lint at Paris. \!\'hen adhesive tamps ·were considered in France, Barre \Yas asked to superintend the manufac ture o£ postage tamps, hut he declined and recommended the assistant chief engraver, Anatole A. I-Iulot. The latter produced all the stamps of his country up to 1R75 2 with the exception of the Bordeaux lithographs, printed during November. 1870, and January, 1871, at the tin1e of the Franco-Prussian \Yar. At first he printed the tamps as a servant of the Government. but in 18~1 he received a contract to supply the stamps at a flat rate per I Excepting the Journal and Postage Due > thousand. This contract continued with certain n1odifications until 1876, so until that vear we shall not have to name another printer. One of the Hulot my teries is the tete-heche varieties which appeared in sheets printed from fifteen plates. The fir t issue of France had further values added as follows: January. 1849: One franc orange-brown. Decem her 1, 1849: One franc carn1ine-hrown. February, 1850: 40 centimes orange. Tuh·. 18SO: 10 centimes bistre on yellowish. 1.~ centime green on bluish green. 25 centimes greenish blue on yellowish. Slight variations 1n the colour of these stamps occurred in succeeding printings, but these early issues are notable in design, colour, and production, as the most perfect examples of surface printing. The black twenty centimes stamp . ometimes failed to show up the black cancellation, accordingly it was resolved to change the colour to blue. A number of stamps in the new colour -vvere printed hut before they were g-ummed the inland postal rate was raised to ~5 centimes and the 20 centimes became superftuous and the bulk was de troy eel. It was prepared for issue in June, 1850. In 18()2 an official issue of reprints of all the different values was made. 1852. Louis Napoleon, who had been President since 1848, introduced late in 1851 a new Constitution \vhich modified the Republic, and in January, 1852, the President '"'as given monarchial power. This called for a change in the tamps and Barre engraved new dies with a head of Napoleon and his initial "B" below the neck. Two values were issued on August 12th, 1852- 10 centimes bistre-brown and 2S centii11es deep dull blue. They were re-i. sued in different shades in 1853. 1853. On December 2nc1, lR;z, the President became Napoleon III, Emperor of the French. The new statnps were identical to the previous issue except that the inscription in the top label hecarne" Fl\1PIRE FRl\NC" instead of" REPGB. l"RANC " . Th"' I as t value of the series did not appear until 18()0 to make up the following values: /\ u gn s t 17, 1k S3 : 10 ccntin1cs vellow-ochrc on lemon. One franc ca-rmine. Septem her 3, 1853: ..J-0 centimes orange. November 3, 1853: :z .; centimes dull blue on greyish. July 1, 1834: 20 centimes gre:'i. h blue on greyish. 45 ~ llasll!rpz'eces ol Lnsravins October, 1854: 80 centimes carn1ine on yellowish. N oven1ber .4, 1854: 5 centimes deep green on bluish. ~larch 19, 1860: One centitne olive-green on bluish. Considerable variation in colour occurred in subsequent printings and some of the values appeared on ·white instead of tinted papers. The reduction of the postal rates from. twenty-five to twenty centin1es and fron1 one franc to eig-hty centin1es on July 1st, 18:i4, accounted for the values issued in that year, while the five and one centime values were issued following the introduction of cheap rates for printed matter. The use of tinted papers in the production of the early issues o£ France was a note·worthy contribution to the appearance of the sets as a whole. 1859. This year savv the appearance of the first values in the general colonial issue for use in the French Empire over seas. The design is the in1perial eagle crowned and like the French stan1ps were a Barre-H ulot production. This eagle was first .\.D. 1R:>fl. ~\.D. 22. introduced on coins n1inted h\7 Tiherius in A .D . 22. It recurred in the later Ron1an En1pire and ~yas revived by the great Frederick II, '' Stupor lVIundi ", £or the fifth Crusade in A.D. 122R The six values ,,~ ere i sued as follows: 1859: 10 cen titnes bistre on yellowish. 40 cen tin1es orange on yellmvish. 1862: 1 ce.ntin1e bronze-green on blue-green. :> cen ti m.es yello\v-green on green. 1865: 20 centimes blue on bluish. 80 centin1es carmine on rose. On Septen1ber 3rd, 1859, three stamps ·were issued for the Free State of Buenos Ayres. The original die was engraved by :vlonsieur Jacob, engraver to the ~Iinistere des Finances in Paris, and E. l\1eyer of Paris made the plates, \Yhich \verc sent out to Buenos Avres v\'here the stamps . \.n. 400 TU ' . .\.n. 1~rm . w T snrff"l, '-1 rint '<1. 41j At first the printings did justice to the excellent design, but later printings ·were poor and the finished appearance was blurred ancl indistinct. Printings ·were rnade in Paris frorn the original die \vhich ably show the intended high standard of production. The head of Liberty \vas copied by the engraver fron1 certain Greek coins n1ade in Sicily a bout 400 B.C. The values were four reales, one peso and two pesos, the colours of the peso values being reversed in a new issue made on N oven1ber 12th, 1862. 4GO D.C. . \.D. lHfil. 1~0 R.C . 1861. On October 1st the first adhesive stamps of Creece v.Tere issued. The type is the head o{ Hern1es taken fron1 ancient Greek coins. The dies were engraved by Desire Albert Barre1 ancl the electrotyped plates and the first printings were n1ade in Paris by E. Meyer. The design. colouring and whole production was excellent and there were seven values: 1 lepton chocolate. 2 lepta oliYe-histre. 5 lepta en1erald on pale green. 10 lepta red-orange on pale blue. 20 lepta blue on pale blue. 40 lepta mauve on pale blue. 80 lepta carn1ine. Subsequent to the Paris printings the plates \vere despatched to Athens where they ren1ained in use until 1882. Son1e . of the Athens printings \vere nearly as good as those of Paris. but n1any were poor, blotchy i1npressions printed in \\'eak or crude colours. The use of decouja!re 2 for the printing of fine surface-printed stan1ps seen1ed only to be properly understood in Paris. 1 Des it·~ Albert Bane. born 1818. died 1878. Son of .T Pan .Jacq1H's I~ane. succeeded ]lis father a!> chief engra\·er· to tbe Paris ~1int. In addition to the stamvs mentiOJJ('(] in this (·hapter, he also engraved thr dies for the first stamps of Persia. 2 ;\f. A. :VIaury in desc·ribing the Jll'int~ng of the fir:- 1862. In September and October the Napoleon sta1np of France, with the exception of the twenty-five centimes and one franc, were issued perforated, eig-ht years later than the first oHicial perforations in Great Bitain. Albert Barre succeeded his :father. J. J. Barre, as chief engraver for the French stamps in 1862. In that year Napoleon III returned to Paris as victor after his catnpaigns in Italy and new dies were made with his head crowned with a laurel ·wreath. The stan1ps with this head were issued as follows: Dece1nber 15, 1862: 2 centimes red-hrown on bro\vnish buff. January 1st, 1863: 4 centimes lilac-grey. Decem her, 1R66: 20 centimes deep blue. Dece1nher 22, 1866: 30 centimes deep brown. January. 1R6R: 10 centimes brownish histre. July, 1868: 40 centin1es orange. August 10, 1868: 80 centin1es bright rose. April, 1870: 1 centime olive-green on pale blue. \ rariations in shade took place in snhsequent printings and the stamps ren1ainecl in issue until the defeat of the French by the Prussians and the establishment of the Third Republic in 1870. ln 1869 the ~ tamps (with the exception of the one centin1e) were issued imperforate by favour to the Baron de Rothschild for hi private use. 1870. During the siege of Paris, printing were made in October and December {rom the plates of the 1849 issue ten centin1es, twenty centin1es and forty centimes and in the following year £or the fifteen centimes and hYenty-five centimes. The issue appearecl as follows- all are perforated: October, 1R70: 10 centimes histre. December, 1~70: 20 centimes pale blue and -+0 centimes orange. September, 1~71: L:; centimes histre and 2.::; centin1e pale blue. January, 1R7 3 : 10 centimes histre on rose. The colours varied consiclerabl~· in subsequent printings. 48 She Judsn1ent ol Paris 1876. With the tern1ination of Hnlot's contract for printing the French starnps, arrangements ·were made ·with the Bank o{ France for their production. A ne\v design including the allegorical figures "Peace" and "Cor111nerce" joining hands to rule the \Yorlcl by n1eans of the post, \Yas n1.ade by Jules Auguste Sage. The original design \vas one of four hundred subn1itted in con1petition and attracted the attention of 1Ieissonier, \ivho v.'as one of the judges. The die \Yas engraved by Eugene Louis l\1ouchon.1 There ''rere fourteen centin1e values and three franc values and the printing \Yas done at the Go,Ternment Printinf:;· \A/orks in Paris. This is an excellent exan1ple of a type that con1bines grace \Yith utility. The figures are \Yell dra\vn, the purpose and denon1ination clear, and the combination of colours and papers on \Yhich this issue -vvas printed n1ust have been carefully thought out to provide such an attractive appearance. . On l\1ay 8th hYo nevY values \Yere added to the Greek set the 30 lepta olive-bro\vn on crean1 and 60 lepta deep green on buff. As before, the dies \Yere engraved by Albert Barre and the first . printings \vere n1acle in Paris by JV[eyer. Later printings \Yere n1aclc in Athens. 1 Eng-<'-nr Louis ~Ionelwn, born 1R-:t:L died ? Engr:wrcl ·mnny stam11 dirs, thP lwst of wltic·II m·e clPalt with in this cha11trr. 4!) !) cxtfasterpiece · of Lnsrav£ns 1881. On July 1st Haiti, a French colony until 1804, produced its first adhesive stan1ps, being designed by the Haytian sculptor, Louis Edmond Laforestierie, and engraved on ·wood by Georges Richard, of Paris, who then n1ade electrotypes and completed the printing. The beautiful head \vas 4f>O B.C. A.D. lSXl. apparently influenced by a Syra- cusan coin of 450 B.C. There \Vere six values in centitnes ( 1, 2 3, 5, 7 and 20) and they \vere printed in a fine range of hues on tinted papers. At first they -vvere issued in1perforate but during the t\vo years following they appeared perforated. 1892. Sorne years \Vere to lapse before another creditable design \vas produced in Paris and this was a variation of the 1876 " Peace and Con11nerce ", the figures being syn1bols for " Navigation and Con1n1erce ". They -vvere prepared and engraved by E. L. Mouchon and printed in the French Government Printing Work . The tablet belovv- -vvas available for the name of any colony and in N ovem.ber, 1892, issues \vere made fo~r son1e seventeen French dependencies and colonie . There \vere fourteen values, although each colony wa not of necessity issued with each value. In 1900 the colours of son1e values were changed and son1e fresh values \vere added in 1906 and 1907. This was a good exan1ple of a design that con1bined grace -vvith utility. Its weakness ·wa the lack of portraiture and it \Vas extensively forged1 by Fournier in Switzer land for the purpo e of defrauding collectors. This de ign has not quite the san1e n1erit as the 1876 design by Sage. 1894. The first adhesive stan1ps of the Abys inian En1pire were en graved by E. L. Mouchon and printed in the French Governn1ent Printing Works. The four lo''' values have a portrait of the Negus, En1peror Menelik II and the three higher values have the Lion of the Tribe of Judah. The designs are refined. and the production excellent. 1 A simplt> tt•st is that in thf' ~f'nuint' the foot of ;'\a\'igation l111s an nnklP honP whi<-11 is mi~sin ;!; j 11 t hI' fOI·g{'l'.\' . 50 :Jhe Judsnzent of Paris 1901). A new design for the fifteen centin1es stamp of France ,~·as issued on April 2nd. It was engraved by E. L. Mouchon fron1 Louis Oscar Roty's design for the contemporary coinage, "la Se1neuse " - the sower. During the same and following hvo n1onths four other values were issued. The design \vas good but son1e of the col ours \vere ancem.ic. 19 04. The" Peace and Con1merce" type \\'as used in France until 1900, \vhen it was succeeded by ne\v and dull stamps designed by Joseph Blanc, E. L. l\1ouchon and J .uc-Olivier 1\Ierson. _.:\bout this time Auguste Grasset submitted a design for the stan1ps of the Republic with Joan of Arc-like " France " holding a sword and an olive-branch, the svm bols of State and Navy beside her. Though not 1!)04. l!J06. accepted as a French series, this beautiful design \\·as fortunately saved for use in the richest colony, Indo-China, \vhere it \vas current iron1 1904 to 1907. There \\'ere seventeen values, n1any in fresh colours on tinted papers. They were produced at the Governn{ent Printing \iVorks in Paris. 19 06. France had inferior stam.ps for seven years, ·whilst the United Kingdom. had to put up \vith poor postal labels for fifty-four. The first issue of the" la Sem.euse" type \vith the rising sun in the background produced by Roty and lVIouchon proved unsatisfactory. In April, 1906, the background was ren1oved on the ten centin1es and in October the ground beneath the feet of the figure -vvas deleted. This new type allo-vved the use of stronger and vivid colours and the sta1nps continued in use for six values until 1920, \vhen ne\v hues \Yere introduced. The second issue lasted a further decade and in 1932 ne\v values and colours appeared. All \Yere produced at the Government Printing Works in Paris. 1924 . .A stan1p of non11al size \\·ith a portrait of Pierre (le Ronsarcl ( 1.324 to 158.1), poet an (1 courtier. \vas issued in 1924 on the four hundredth anniversarv of his birth. It has a pleasing design n1ade by \ ~ . Dan tel and engraved by A. Delzers, the latter being an artist who has made many French dies. The value is seven ty-n ve centimes a ncl it is printed in blue on bluish paper. 51 e>.,Jvlasterpieccs of Lnsravins The stan1p has a n1erit lacking in most J--j~rench con1n1en1orative labels, of \vhich 1nore than six hundred different* were printed in Paris between 1917 and 1940. .An1id such a n1ass there are naturally only a fevv which have real <:esthetic n1erit and \vhich can be sho\vn here. 1924. 19~0. 19B3. 19150. One of the fine modern French stan1ps was issued on March 15th in aid of the Government Sinking Fund. It ·was designed by L. P. Riga!, engraved by A. Delzers, and shows the head and -vvings of a sn1iling gothic angel on the west front of the great Cathedral at Rhein1s. The face value \vas five francs coin posed of two parts and the colour a fine plun1 shade. 19152. P. A. Laurens designed and A. Delzers engraved the figure of France as Peace holding- an olive-branch for a new set of stan1ps which \vere current fron; 1932 to 1939. The colours are good and they '''ere produced in the Governn1ent Printing ·works in Paris. New values and colours appeared in 1938. A.D. 100. A.D. 1932. A .D. 145. 191515. An attractive set of Postage Due stamps \vas issued for the island of Reunion on Septen1ber 11th. They \vere line engraved at the Institut de Gravure in Paris, the die being n1ade by C. Abadie. They bear the Arn1s of Reunion flanked by vanilla stalks and the device "FLOREBO QUOC 10UE FERAR ". *Including the French Colonies. 52 .:Jlze Jadsnzent ol Pans l >ecarii'i. Oun·e. 19515. Decarjs, a clever draughtsn1an, made attractive pen-and-ink clcsig·ns of S .S. Normandie and part of the Romanesque Cloisters of St. Trophin1e at Aries, and hin1self engraved the dies after his O\vn dra,vings. The first \vas used to prepare the one franc fifty centin1es stamps in indigo issued on April 23rd to com n1etnorate the n1aiden vo~·age of the ill-fated Nonnandie,- the stan1p was re-issued during 1936 in sky blue. The cloister design \vas accepted on its o~·n n1erits for the series of the Republic issued on ]\;fay 3rcL The face value is three and a half francs and the colour a deep chocolate. Charity stan1ps and commetnoratives rarely have merit. Since 1924 far too large a variety of such stamps, often propagandist in 1 g:~i). 19:-17. 1937. type, has been n1ade in France. Nevertheless, the inate good taste of the French has produced a fe,,T truly fine designs. T,vo of particular 1nerit engraved by Ouvre ~r ere issued in June. The first c01nmemorated the tercentenary of the foundation of the French Acadetny and has the hust of the founder- Cardinal Richelieu - on a value of one franc fifty centi1nes printed in rosine. The second sho,\·s a girl representing Calliope, n1use of epic poetry, -vvith her lyre. The con1posite face value \vas fifty centin1es plus two francs "·hich \Vent into the Unen1ployecl Intellectuals Relief Fund- the colour 'v~s red. 5J c{t1asterpiece of Ensravins 1957. Two fme conunen1orative stamps ~vere i ·sued in Paris engraved by Delzers. The first in Fehrnary after a portrait of the playvlright, Pierre Corneille, on the seventy-five centin1es in a handson1e red-bro\Yn colour. The second appeared in June and bore the head of the noveli t, Anatole France, thirty plus ten centin1es "pour les chon1eurs intellectnels '', in emerald. On April 15th twenty-one identical sets of tamp were i ucd in Paris with the nan1e of twenty-one colonies for the occasion oi the Paris International Exhibition. Of the six de igns only two have 1nerit, both the work of Decaris, who made the fine 1\.01mandz·e and St. Trophin1e stan1ps of 1935. Here again his own pen-and-ink s ketches are prototypes for his own engraving of the dies, \Yhich represent a symbolic group of native women and the head and s houlclers of Diane de Poi tiers ( 1499 to L;66), mistress of King I:Ienr)· II of France, against a background of idols. 1 h-f'aris dPsil{ns of 1!):;7. 1n::1-- and 10:1!1. During 1937 an international philatelic exhibition ,,·as held in Paris and on June 18th a re-i ue of J. J. Barre's first French type of 1849 \Yas n1acle. There were four values but two were printed in vulgar colours and are unmentionable here. The two \Yith bistre brown n1edallions and frames in blue (five centin1es) and carmine (fifty centinres) had n1erit. They were printed at the Atelier de Fabrication des Tinrbres-Poste (or Covernn1ent Printing \!Yorks) in sn1all sheets of four inscribed "PEXIP" (for "Paris Exposition Internationale Philatelique ") and "Paris 1937 " . These stan1p were available for po tage. In the same year a charming little set of eight stamps \Yas issued for Andorra bearing the Arm of the State, engraved by Ouvre and printed in the Covernn1ent Printing \Yorks. These stan1ps \\·ere not only of a venr fine design but printed in noble colour . 34 :fhe Judsnzent of' Paris Delzers. Barlangue. Unknown. Ouvre. • In 1937 the famous Nike of San1othrace \Ya n1ounted anew in the 1usee clu Louvre in Paris. The event \Vas con1n1emorated in June by two fine tamps engraved by A . Delzers- thirty centi1ne deep green and fifty-five centitne deep pink. They \\'ere sold at certain n1useun1s at seventy centimes above face value. On April 22nd the aviator Jean l\1ermoz \Yas the subject of a fine three francs memorial stamp in deep purple engraved by Barlangue. 191)8 . Decari had peculiar gift of clraughttnanship \Yhich n1ade for fine stan1p designs. This is probably because he drew his O\vn pen-and-ink designs and engraved his o-vvn dies from then1. In J\1arch, 193R, a fine set of franc values for French Guinea appeared. They show the bust of a native girl between the h ead of a vouth and a child. The sketch-like -quality is good. During the same tnonth a handsome set of line engraved Postage Due labels appeared for the san1e colony, the engraver being- H. Cheffer. The type is the bust of a native idol and the St. Pierre Guin~e. et Miqnelon. colours are particularly resplendent. On Jul~ - th a stan1p with the bust of Jean de la Fontaine. author of the Fables, copied fron1 a contemporary portrait, \\·as issued. The engraving \Yas by Ouvre and the printing \Yas clone in the Governtnent Printing \i\rorks in Paris. The value \vas fifty five centimes and the colour blue-green. On NoYember 17th a set of ten Postage Due sta1nps, having the design of a cod against a sail, v.-as engTa vecl by Loyer.-\ rigier and printed in photogravure by '/augirard in Paris and issued for 55 C'\ 1fc7slcrpicccs o/ Ensrav/ns u s c in the islands of St. ·Pierre et l\ 1iquelon. The design and the cqlours slightly resen1hle the stamps with the fish n1otif 1nacle in Lbndon and iss-ued ·;a little later in Iceland. I • 400 D.C. .A.l>. ] !>::~-;. :30 B.C. At the end of the year a new set of statnps \vas issued in France engraved by Hourriez and surface-printed in the Government Printing \Yorks. The centin1es t:·pe was the head of 1v1ercury and the franc type a bust of Iris, each adapted fron1 a classical prototype on coins of 400 B .C. and 30 B.C. 1959. On June 12th a long set of stan1ps began to appear for the French Can1eroons : there \Yas only one good design \Yhich appeared on seven values. The subject was a group of elephants, s ketched and engraved by Decaris in his own unusual style. In the same year appeared the last of the fine stan1ps of France that come ·within the period of this revie\Y. It ,,·as a label of forty plus sixty centin1es value and printed in deep brown and purple, being sold partially for the benefit of the Postal l\fuseu1n in Paris. The engraving \Yas n1ade frmn a picture by Jean Honore Fragonard ( 1732 to 1806), \Yho worked for Louis X\ T and l\Iadan1e du Barry. The original \\·as entitled " La Lettre" and the stamp is worthy of the lovely tnasterpicce. It is in this stamp that the highest level of French art is produced. [i(j '' . lud Hc!t:it1111's cll/)1·/ul lwd galller'd /hell 1/cr /Jcuu/y und Iter clti·i.'lllry. '' -Lord Byron. ~ln rf1is cf,,,ptcr arc il!us(ratct-l only those adhesive po.)/asc stamp '"'/ziclz arc of tn7.c · 1ncrit and fzavc been c-lrawn and cnsravcd 6y tfzc atd of sundry Q frtists/ c:{14essieurs Jnton Carte/ ./ f. ])om.'/ }-[ Hent-lrick>./ anc-l Petrus Pau!u P u6cn.~ Kt./ ant-l odzcr.~ ancl. were printed at tf,e JJefsian 'taJnp Printins V\-srks in q 11alines. 1886. The stamps designed in Paris for Greece \\·ere in use for twenty-five years before a fresh type was adopted. It was once 1nore a head of Hern1es, but n1aller in size, designed by I-I. Hendrickx and engraved by A. Don1s. Nine values ·were made and surface-printed in fine soft colours. 1.atcr, the plates \vere sent to Athens and frmn 18R9 to 1R95 coarse local printings were 1nade there. 19 28. Belgian charity stamp. ,,·ere is necl on Septe1nher 1 :ith. each value having a supplen1entary face value \\·hich was to help the restoration of the Abbey of Orval, founded in A .D. 1124 in the Ardennes. There were four types and three \Yere designed 57 Dl/~1a terpieces of Lnsrdvins by \nton Carte. 'rhe first, with tylisecl Cathie arches, ·were tnacle by photogravure, the nan1e " ORVAL" being typographically overprinted in gold. The effect is curious but good. The other Carte type were line-engraved and s h o\ved a Cistercian monk carving the capital of a colun1n and the Duchess Iatilcla retrieving her ring from the tnouth of a fish which itself appear as the Charge upon a heraldic hield. Fine de igns in noble colours. 1955. Queen Astrid of Belg-iun1 \Vas killed in the SJJring of 1935 in a n1otor ing accident near Lucerne. On October 31st a black seventy centin1e stan1p ·was issued in her n1en1ory \vith a supple ment of five centin1es \vhich \vas given to charity. · This stan1p shows the perfection of technique for n1aking stan1ps which can be achieved by the 1935. 1939. photogravure process. 19.09. The painter Hans Jemli11g of Bruges lived bet\veen 1430 and 1494. In 1939 an exhibition of his paintings was hel(l in Bruges and a photogravure stamp \\·as issued on July 1st depicting one of his portrait . The colour was olive-black and the postal value seventy-J1ve centin1es with a charity uppletnent of the san1e at11oun t. On the same cla;: an issue of eight stamps was 111ade with uppletnentary charges ·which benefited the Rubens' Hou e Re toration Fund. Two of the designs ·were quite unsuited for postage stamp , three are reproduced here, each with a single work of art hY Rubens- canvasses of hi , ons Albert and Nicholas, of his seco~cl wife Saskia and her children, and of the painter "·ith his first \Yife. They "·ere made by photogravure, as " ·ere the rest of the set, and \\' ere printed in marone, rose-red and sepia. 5 -.._]Jefst'an -.._]jeauty Two values had single subjects-- a portrait of Rubens and a portrait of Saskia- in bright hlne and purple respectively. These are both very good. Rubens' n1ost farnous canvas is his "Descent fro111 the Cross", ''rhich (it is hoped) is in Antwerp Cathedral, painted in 1612. To put this on a starnp \\'O uld seen1 not only bold hut in1possible. Yet photogravure Ina de it feasible and the result is perhaps the greatest philatelic "tour de force" of the century. It is printed in slate grey. The only adverse criticisn1 to he advanced against this label is that it is much too large- alrnost as big as four rwrn1al s tan1 ps. But this Jna y be pardoned for once since the subject den1ancls size. FranklY, it is a stunt, hut a successful stunt. " 'f'o 11/ C II of otl1ev 111i11ds 111_v fancy fli es, E111hosened i11 the deep 'w lzere Hollaud lies." - OJiY('l" ( :old~lllitlt . _ln tflis c!Jc~ptcr arc il!uslrc1Lcl{ some of tf10se f/nc p-1staf !a6e6 '"'hicfz !wvc a true excellence/ nzade vvith tfze aiel ol e:, ~frLisls ucfz as Jl//einhcers Franz Ha!s/ Hans Holbein (th e younse1)/ Pijke Koch/ 1~ G. van Ha1per Kupyer/ Renzbrandt Hannen van Rijn/ [ }. van der Vo sen/ and otfzeJ' per · on ~ by J l~scfzedc &- Son '/ at .J-!aarlcin. 19ZH. l\ .. van d er \ rossen designed air n1ail stan1ps for two Dutch Colonies, the better being a set issued in 1931 for Cura<;ao " ·ith a stylised head of Hennes, the n1essenger god. The stan1ps were engraved and by 1939 had extended to a set of thirteen values in a fine range of n1oclern colours. 192525. The fourth centenary of the birth of \i\'illian1 the Silent. Prince of Orange, was con1n1en1oratecl by the issue of fou1· hanclson1e engraved labels. The first display the Arn1s of the House of Orange and is printed in black, the hlue t\velve and a half cents shO\\'S a portrait attributed to l\Ioro, the green five cent a portrait by Goltjins, and the vnrple six cents a portrait by Key. A worthy et of con1n1en1orative starnps in every sense. 60 19::5. 19J5. 1955. The first set of Cultural and Social Relief stamps to he issued in Holland appeared on June 17th and 21st. Three of then1 have il.ne engraved portraits of Dutch worthies- three half cents scarlet, H. D. Guvot, benefactor of the deaf and dun1b ( 1753 to 1828) ; six ce-nt deep green, Franz Corneliu Danders, a professor of Physiology at ·ctrecht ( 181 to 1889), ancl twelve and a half cents blue, Jan Pieter Sweelinck, organist and con1poser, who lived at Arnsterdam ( 1.362 to 1621) . There was a supplen1entary value for the fund of one and a half cents, four cents and three and a half cents respectively. 191J6. The arne fund benefited by three and a half cents for each copy of the engraved blue twelve and a half cents issued on l\1ay 1st to comn1emorate the four hundredth anniversary of Desideries Erasn1us of Rotterdan1, the founder of classical scholarship in \J\Testern Europe, Professor of Divinity at the University of Can1bridge, horn 1466, cUed L=136. The portrait of Erasn1us wa after Holbein. On l\Iay 15th there occurred the tercentenary of the foundation of the University of l .. trecht, known in I ,atin as "Acaclernia Traiectina ". Tw-o triangular stamps were designed by Pijke Koch and prod ucecl by photogravure. The six cents lake ha the head and houlder of the fine t archaic tatue of Athena, fron1 the 61 o!W/asterpieces of Ensravins tem.ple of Aphaia in Aegina, now in 1\Iunich. The twelve and a half cents deep blue has the portrait of Cishertus \T cetius, protestant divine and zealot, Rector of the University of Utrecht about 1640 and noted as an opponent of the great French philosopher Descartes. The Swiss in vented" Child Welfare" stan1ps in 1913. Holland took up the habit in 192R, issuing a set every Decen1ber. They are not al-ways good, but the set of four of December 1st, 1936, are fine, both in colours- slate, green, chestnut and greenish blue- and in design. They are n1acle by the photogravure process. ]!)07. 19:{9. 19:57. On Decen1ber 1st another fine photogravure " Child Welfare" set of five values ,,·as issued reproduced fr01n the fan1ous painting of" The Laughing Child" by Franz Hals in black, green, chestnut. blue-green and blue, forming a n1ost attractive ISSUe. On June 1st another fine engraved set of fonr stan1ps in sepia, blue-green, grey-purple and deep blue was issued, the Cultural and Social Relief Fund benefiting v\·ith supplen1entary values in excess of the postal face value. Respectively they portray Jacob 1\Iaris, landscape painter ( 1837 to 1899) : Professor F. de la Boe Sylvius, chemist ( 1614 to 1672) ; Joost van den Y,. ondel, poet ( L=i87 to 1679) and Antony van Leevwenhoek, microscopist, discov-erer o [ 1·ed hl ood corpuscles, perm a tozoa an cl bacteria ( 1632 to 1723). :J'he ~utch J'choo/ 19o8. Four other Dutch worthies appeared on the line-engraved stamp issued with a supplement for the Cultural and Social Relief Fund on Ia\· 16th. Thev are one and half cents sepia, ~Ianix van Sintaldeg·onde (1.;40 to 159R): three cents blue-green, 0. G. Heldring ( 1804 to 1876) : five cents blackish green, Ren1- hrandt van Rijn, the great painter ( 1606 to 1669) and twelve and a half cents blue, :Hermann Boerhaave, physician, Rector and Professor of Medicine jn the University of Leyden ( 1668 to 1738). \\,Tith these there is a portrait on the four cents lake of a handson1e 'vench called 1\Iaria Tesselschade ( 1594 to 1649). On June 6th stan1ps were issued in I .. uxen1bourg to commen1orate the twelfth centenarv of the death of Saint vVillibrord (657 to- 739), the celebrated English rnissionary to the barbarous Fresians, who was buried in his foundation, the n1onastery of Echternach in Luxen1bourg. The stamps were line-engraved but only one has a truly fine although over-large design in dark blue copied from a mecliceval miniature of the Saint. 19259. On September 1st the centenary of the Dutch railways was marked by the issue of two stamps in photogravure showing an early engine on the five cents green and the front of a modern electric engine on the twelve and a half cents blue. These are the finest of many railway stamps issued about this time in various countries. Decen1ber 1st saw the issue of another fine photogravure set of "Child \\Telfare" stamps of excellent design, showing a child carrying a cornucopia, and in lovely hues, jet-black, yellow-green , chestnut, blue-green and deep blue. o(tf/aslcrpieces of Lnsravins 1940 . P. G. van Harper Kuyper designed four acln1irahle line engraved stan1ps fot the Dutch Colony of Surinam, or Dutch Guiana and these were issued on January 8th. The designs show the heads of native won1en of both eastern and western Dutch Colonies, Yvhile each value carried a supplen1entary charge for the benefit of charitv. The details are as follo,vs :-T'\vo and a hal:f cents grey-green~ a Creole; three cents vern1ilion, a Javanese: five cents blue, a Hindu; seven and a half cents carn1ine-red. an Indian_ They are ftrst-class examples of stan1p production. fi4 Europ ean Lfesance '\11/hi!.)t it is true that the precedins clwpters !1a~e dealt w1t!J t!1e majo1ity of the fine and beautifu1 stamps that /1ave been procluced in Europe/ tf1erc arc otflf~rs of .sucfz artistic elesance tfwt emn a definite place in t/1is record and they follow /1ere under o1der ol d1eir Country ol issue. Jinfanc-l " TT 'ith a tale forsooth h e com eth unto )'Ott, with a tale 'LeJhiclz h oldeth children from play, and old m e11 from the chimney corner. "-Harold ~illl]_)~On. 19n5. Certain Finnish folk-tale arranged and published in 1835, ·were given the nan1e of " Kalevala ", \\·hich becan1e a national epic. On February 28th, 1935, to con11nen1orate the centenary of this event, three engraved stan1ps were issued in Helsingfors \iVith fine stylised pictures of bards and of deeds recorded in the poem. The t\YO best are illustrated above, the on~ and a quarter mark scarlet and the two and a half marks blue. 9ertnany {(Som e people ... 111a y be Prvoslwns; they are horn so, and will please themselves. Them w hich is of oth er naturs think different. "-Charles Dickens. 1921. As a whole the .:esthetic standard of Cerman stamps has been phenominally low since the early i:sues of Prussia, Hanover and Saxony ended. At least it must he said that their standards are totally different from those of vV estern Europe. But in 1921 one fine stan1p of twenty 1narks in indigo and green was issued by the \Yein1ar Repnhlic. designed 115 E c:>, 1Ja 'fcrpicccs o/ LnsrclVlJZS by E. Scherff and reces -printed in Berlin with a design after a pict urc or po ·t-impressionist type such a \Vas popular in Ccrmany. 9reecc '' Fuir (;recce.1 sud relic uf d e parted 7.fWrth !''-Lord Byron. 1959. The tenth Pan-.. \thlctic Can1es were held in Athens in 1939 and a set of £our handsome stamp were produced by photo-lithography ·with designs copied fron1 Athenian red-figure cups of the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. The colours ·were: Runner, 50 lepta, myrtle OJ?- green : javelin thrower, 3 clrachtnce. carn1ine on ro e ; discu s thrower, 6 drachn1ce, red on buff: jumper, 8 drachtnce, blue on grey. These fine stamps \Yere made in Corfu b~ · A piotis Brother . J-fttnsary " The throned mo1wrclz /Jetter tlzun his cro7.ml. ' '- \Yillhun :-:;hakt>spean-'. 1958. In January a set of stan1ps ,,·as issued to commernorate th nine hundredth anniver ary of the death of St. Stephen, rounder of the kingdom. who introduced Christianity and received the fan1ous cro\\·n fron1 the Pope Sylvester 11. They \\Te re printed in rainbo,,· colour by photogravure at Budape t and designed by Sandor Legrady. Four of the designs- St. Stephen enthroned, St. Stephen crowned, the CrO\\·n and the \ 'irgin- are admirable in Lhcir By:;antine clTect, becau '(.'they have imple frontal uujccts. eo European Efesance --... ~ussic1 11 TT"lterr.e·z• er the curcuse is , tlu'l'e -will the eu~:les /1e f:tttltercd together." - St. 1\Iattlww, .·xiY, 28. 18.58. Of all known adhesive postal labels the first designs of Russia have had the longest life. since the type was in use for sixty-five years. The ten kopek hlue and bro\~ ' n was designed by F. M. Kepler, printed, like all the rest, at the State Printing Works in Petersburg, and issued imperforate on January 1st, 1858, in the third year of the reign of Tsar Alexander II. The 15 kopek, which so closely resembles the first stamp, only went out of use with the rest of the set in J ulv, 1923, ·when the 'L nion of Socialist Soviet Republics replaced th-e Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic. 19Z>5. The Third International Congress of Iranian Art and Archceology was held in Leningrad in Scptem.ber, 1935. For this occasion stamps were issued designed by W . Savialoff and printed in photogravure in the State Printing \N orks at Moscow. The subject is a Sassanian silver bowl now in Le~ingrad, \Vith a picture of a king hunting lions. Below, as supporters, are ancient Persian silvet· winged goats from Kuban, also in the Leningrad 1v1useum. There were four values in this handson1e design, five, ten, fifteen and thirty-five kopek in red-orange, green, violet and brown-black respectively. " F o1• lo, tlte ge11til l~i11d of th(' liou11!' '- 0(->oft'r·py ( 'hauepr·. 1920. Fron1 this year all S·wedish stan1ps \vere printed by the • Royal Swedish Stamp Printing Office on rotary machines fron1 recess plates. 0. Hjortzberg designed a fine three ore stan1p in brown red with Anns on a globe: also a blue label of t\venty ore 67 19:!0 JD20 ]!)20 ] !)2() 1D21 cmnn1emorating the tercentenary of the Roval Posting Service between Stockholn1 and Han1burg, issued on July 28th, with a portrait of King Custa\ u Aclolphu after a bust by C. Pete] in the National Museum at Stockholm. Einar Forseth designed the lion and crowns low values and Tors ten Schon berg and Jacob Bagge co-operated to produce the high values in fine colour \Yith the crown and post-horn for a et of labe-ls \Yhich was i s1.1ed between 1920 and 1933. 1v1any of the dies were engraved by the British Anlerican Bank Note Company. 1921. The 2nd of July was the four hundredth anniversary of the Liberation of Sweden fron1 Denmark under the fan1ou King, Custav ·vvasa, and was comn1emorated by the issue of three values in violet, light blue and black, with the head and shoulder · of the liberator, designed b~· Einar Forseth after a carved portrait at Gripsholen Castle. There is a regal dignity about the five de igns illustrated and described which is too often lacking in the modern postage label. 1952. The tercentenary of the death of Custavus Adolphus at the battle of Liitzen occurred on N ovem her 6th, 1932. Recess-printed tamps sho\\~ing- the death of the King ,,~ere designed by 0. F-Ijortzberg after a painting by \Yahlbom and engraved by Sven Ewert ancl made in four value -ten bre violet, fifteen ore scarlet, twenty-five ore blue and ninety ore green. 1!l.58. On April 8th there occurred the three hundredth anniversary of the founding of" New s,,·eclen "in North America and a et of five stamps were design eel by I-1jortz berg ancl engraved by Ewert. Four of the designs showed groups or vie·ws of little merit, hut the 60 ore showed a fine portrait of Queen Christina after a contemporary canvas. C':i D(! q \ ftsce!fa,zy ol C1 /lrt Zlnder tfzis fzcadins a1 c inc!uc/cci a fcv·.r ol those beautif~zl stmnps vv!Jicf, fwve not fallen in tf,c catesories dealt \vitlz in tfzc prev1ous cfwpters anc{ !JOnze cxa1nplcs ol tfze <-./cvelopnlcnt of p/,i/atelic art \'\.fiicfz are wortf1y ol conunent. '' . lnd 13c!J;illlll 's cnpital had pillzer'd then Her heauty and h er chi<•alry. - Lon1 Hynm. 1849. On July the 1st ten and ty,-enty centi1nes adhesives made their appearance in fine shades of bro,,·n and blue respec tively. The si1nple yet n1ajestic portrait of K.ing Leopold I \Yas the work of Jacques V\-einer/ the engraving being 1nade by the English artist, ]. H. Robinson, R.A., and the .stan1ps printed on paper \vatern1arked with script "] .L" ent\vined in a fram.e at the Stan1p \Vorks in Brussels. These stan1ps are an1ong the best and 1nos t 1neritorious fron1 the artistic point of vie\v and it is unfortunate that nearly every used copy has been hea\ ily obliterated. l.Jacque~ \Yt' iner. born 1~1fi. dierl 1R!lH. HI' ~ '-- J]rz'ti /1 9uianc7 •· .lll I usk is 11 tall ship. "-John ::\fast>tiPl OA><"S P"YIM S QU~ VIC: ..SII'f\. ] kfi2 Olll' ('('ll I. 1852. ln January, the lir~t statnps for this colony printed in l.ondon were lithographed in black by \\' aterlo\Y & Sons on surface-coloured paper, the one cent on magenta and the four cents on deep blue. At first ight one tnay be tempted to enquire where the artistic merit lies in this design and it i for this rea on that the enlarged illustration of the central shield is given. There is a quiet dignity about the itnple lay-out con1binecl with a dainty clra,ving of the three-master (the hadge of the colony) that are never seen on other lithographed stamp - at this period. 70 (' CJ/ • ] ,'-,()() die proof. Jn'l."lll C£NT9. 1855. The follo,ving year the . ame firm produced a much n10rc elaborate design ancl made an attempt to copy the ro e engine-turned ha -kgrouncl and fr<:unes \Yhich "·ere . o beautifully manufactured h~ · the line-engraYecl process of Perkin , Bacon & Co. It wa a meritorious effort at fine lithography and the one cent ,·ennilion and the four cent cleep blue are excellent tamp in their cla 1860. During: the next decade the colours of these ,-~dues deteriorated, hut in 1860 a similar clesign appeared for six ,-alues in a wide range of shades and colours of con. iclerable chann. Similar stamp continued to he i ned up to 187_:), a new fonnat being u eel for the six, t\Yenty-four ancl forty-eight cent fro111 1863. This has already been illu trated an(l clescrihecl on page 31 as it i. the best of the \Yaterlo\Y lithog-raphs. hut the tnagnificent engraved die proof of the six cent stamp with additional in criptions for the high Yalues is ho\\·n here. '' /11 /JCrlltf_\' C\'ttf/cd, liS it IS itsc/{ Of 18.51. The adhesi,·e stamps of the Colon,· of Canada \Yerc all engraved ancl printed hy 1Tessrs. Ra,nlon, \Yright, Hatch & Eels on of New York. The,· arc cleserveclh· popular hut the JS57. 1.'-137. 1 Srll. JR51. 18.55. In January o£ this year a value o£ graceful design \Ya created to pay the postage on packet letters to England, the tenpence (Canadian currency eightpence sterling) in shades of deep blue ho\\-ing the portrait o:f Jacque ~ Cartier, the :famous French navigator ,,·ho eli. covered the St. Lawrence River. 1857. On June 2nd another deno1nination was in traduced for the packet postage, the sevenpence halfpenny (sixpence sterling) in yello,l\·-green showing the portrait of the Queen after Chalon. On August 1st anoth r handsotne value \vhich \vas to cover the ne\vspaper and circular postage \vas issued, the halfpenny deep rose, a particularly fine colour. It sho\\'"ecl a profile of the Queen apparently copied fron1 the Heath head on the penny black. All these values were printed on various papers in a variety of shades, particularly the threepence and sixpence : at first all values \Yere imperforate, but during 1858 and 1859 the haLfpenny, three pence and sixpence ''Tere o11icially pcr:forated. Some unofficial and private separations are known. On 1\Tav 1st, 1858, Ra\vdon, \\rright. Hatch & Edson changed the na1ne of their firn1 to "The American Bank Note Co." 1 Nir· Sanford l<'lcmint:·, born lF\27. died U)15. At the time he designed this stamp he was a civil engi1reer·. '!'he hPavpr· ~>kin wa~ n trading , tandard of thr Hndson Ra.r C'o . and tlwir coins bon• a lwan•r as nn PJilblt•m of Y<1h11•. 1859. July 1st a\\. the i sue of a new set of stamp \Yith the values in cents of sin1ilar de ign to the pence types. They may be tabulated as follo,,·s :- Succeedi 11*-: the Cc 1z/ s f> t' II C 1864. On August 1 t a ne\\. label \Va brought out, the hvo cents in hades of rose showing the graceful profile of the Queen imilar to the halfpenny and one cent. All the cents values were normally perforated hut they are known imperforate: it is probable that these are imprimaturs. The Dominion of Canada \Va hrough t in to being on July Lt. 1868, by the Act of enion between the colonies of Canada, New Bruns\vick and N O\'a Scotia and a new issue of stamps developed 1n [arch of the following year. 1868. The central vignette was one of the n1ost attracti\·e profiles of the Oueen ever engraved and is attributed to Charles l-Ienry J eens. There were even values from a half to fifteen cents, the lowe t value being smaller than the others. The frames differed and arc rather on the ornamental side: that illustrated is probably the n1ost suitable and artistic. The colours are very good and the shades vary considerably, the one cent being changed {rom recl-brmvn to orange in 1R69 and the fifteen cents, \vhich wa reddish purple in the first year of issue, ran through an astonishing range of violet , greys and slates to appear in slate-violet in the last printings which came out in fay, 1890. A new value appeared on October 1st, 1c 75, a five cents olive-green. which ha the most effective frame of any of the large sta1nps. All this issue were nonnally perforated (the illustration is o{ a plate proof) and were engraved and printed by the Bri tish-An1erican Bank Note Co. at l\fon treal. 73 a< 11a5(erpiece5 ol' Lnsravin:-1 18 70. During this year a new , eric · appeared o{ a ·in1ilar design to the previous issue but all of the same size as the 1868 half cent. The first t\YO denominations \Yere the one cent bright orange and the three cents Indian reel, the shades varying in later printings, and they were follo\\·ecl by the t\\·o cents green and the six cents yello\v-brown in 1R72 and the ten ccn t lilac in 1876. 1\s time passed the 1\Ion treal prin ting·s-by the British- \merican Bank Note Co. deteriorated in quality and fron1 1888 the,production was transferred to Otta\Ya, the \YOrk not attaining the standard' neces sary for inclusion here. JOCBERT AND DE LA RCE 18 60. In thi year the engraver Joubert_ \\·as cxperi1nen ting "·i th the designs of fran1e in order to render more effective the process of surface-printing \Yhich had been in trod need for s tatnps in Great Britain by De la Rue & Co. The ia hionecl corneL pre ent son1e added appeal "·hen in blocks and the stan1ps illustrated above are the 8 pies purple on bluish or white issued on 1ay 9th in India, the first aclhe ive to appear there under the Crown, and the sixpence in the san1e colour · for Sierra I ,cone. ~ tf~ .f . LlOC/'1<7 During 1<.>60 the first adhe ive stan1ps of Liberia were tnadc ,in London. There were three valne_. six cents red, twelve cents blue and twenty-four cents green. They were first lithographed b) ::\Iessrs. Dando, Todhunter & Smith from dies engraved by D. Feld,vick. The first printings were excellent example of lithographic \vork, and the original engravings, a n1oclification of the colonial Britannia type, had considerable artistic merit. 74 nfortunately, no example of the engraved die proofs exist without the diagonal line applied to the dies about 1885. The later printings and new values lost all 1nerit as they ·were badly printed in the worst possible colours on poor paper. '' ,')ftc flzat in •wis£10111 IU'<'C/' 7C'IIS Sll fmi/ Fo chu11gc the cod's hew/ for the stlfnw11's lui/." - \\'illinm ~hakPSJIPHrl:'. There are 1nany grand stamps among those printed by Perkins, Bacon & Co. that followed on the first types (already dealt \Yith on pagc·21) and evcral other, that arc not illu tratcd belo,,· are oi high 1neri t. .lt•t •J~t-< original PJignll·ings d tl•t• ~eal and l11\' <'od. 73 1866. ln January the first·' cents" issue appeared, prinlcd b~ - the An1erican Bank Note Co. in N e\Y York and the frames are the \Yeakest part of an othen,·ise notable set. The two cents shows the cod-fish and the five cents a seal1 on an ice-floe, the original engraving being the \YOrk of that fine artist, Charles Henry J eens. 1 t \Yill be noted that in order to get the fish in to an oval fran1e a ne\Y engraving was 1nacle "·ith the tail of the cod turned. .A ..t first it \Yas thought that these values " To ulcl bear the likeness of the Prince Consort ancl dies bearing this portrait were prepared sin1ilar to the issued ten cents. 1.'-lli(j di e proof:-; of tlw i:-::-:u\'d two un 186() die proof>; of the issued tc11, twdve and t"·rnty-fonr crnts. 1 Zoologists will notice that thP :-:cal ha:-: ft>et iw;tead of flippe rs. but this hardly detracts from :such a superb engra ,·ing. 7G y ~j CJ \ 1i eel/any o/ ~lrt The colours of this set ·were admirably balanced and \\' ere rnade up by the two cents green, five cents bro\\'n. ten cent black (the Prince Con. ort) , t\velve cents red-brown (a profile of the Queen), thirteen cents orange-yello\v (a schooner) and twenty-four cents (the Queen l·:mpress). A already men tioned, the fran1e do not do justice to the brilliant central subjects, but the engraving of the schooner on the thirteen cents is outstanding an1ong ship designs on stan1p . In 1868 the colour o£ the five cents \vas changed to black. 1868. A ne\v value appeared sho,ving a head and shoulders portrait of King Eel ward \ TII \vhen Prince of \Yales, dressed in Scottish costume. This \vas engraved and printed by the National Bank Note Co., N e\v York, in dull purple and a practically identical stan1p wa i ued three vear later by the American Bank Note Co. ( ee one cent belo"·). ] 71. uno. 1 '70. 18 70. During this year a ne\\· and rea lis tic pnrtrai t appeared of the widowed Oueen on the three cents vermilion and the six cents ro. e. The c·;l ours of t h esc values \\·ere changed to blue ( 1R73) and crin1 on-lake ( 1~94) respectively: the last colour \\·as particularly rich ancl handsome. A one cent of a similar design to that of 1868 appeared in the following year, printed in a clelica te purple shade: die proofs of the three sta1nps described here are shrnvn a 1 ove. This iss ne \\' a s eng raved and printed by the 77 o(14a!>terpiece . o/ Lnsravz'ns An1erican Bank Note Co. and "~as at first perforated, but four of the values of the illustrated designs- one, t\YO, three ancl five cents -appeared rouletted during lR/o an The inclusion of the heraldic sprays on each side of the portrait of Princess Elizabeth gives a very graceful air to the stan1p and the fact that it is printed in a " baby" blue shade helps to make this one of the finest examples of the portraiture of young royalty on statnps. The seven cents hearing the full-face portrait of Oueen Elizabeth is excellent. And v,rith these tvvo "Tholly delightful die proofs there can be no n1ore fitting conclusion to this brief account of the finer of Ne\vfoundland's adhesive postage stamp . 78 ~ / C1 1Jzsce!!an y ol -frt }'/ova J'cotia 1860. The handsome engra vecl portraits of Queen \'icloria produced during this and the following three \·eaL' were the work of the American Bank Note Co. of New York. The central vignettes were perfect, but the fran1es, as so often the case in the work of this firm, of the bra s-bed tead variety. The top three values bear the full-faced portrait but there are some slight differences in the shapes of the value tablets. The colours were excellent and con1prised black (one and twelve and a half cents), purple (two cents), blue (five cents), green (eight and half cent ) and scarlet (ten cents). All v;ere norn1ally perf ora ted, the illustrations being of the original die proofs in black. The frame of the one cent type is interesting in philatelic history. It is obviously a variation of the Gnited States one cent of 1851 and n1ust have ervecl a a model for the lovely foUI·pence and two shilling stamps1 of South Australia that were issued in 1867 which preceded the horrific t"·opence of sin1ilar design that appeared in the same colony in the following- year. 3lzc United ~..ftate o/ 2) frncrica " lf ' c: liu ·;•e exchtlltJ:Ctl 1/tc ll 'usiJittKion diKnily for 1/te Je[fersott si111p/i.city, 'which iu tl11c linu• Clllllt' lo he ouly llttolher 111111/ l' for juchsoniun <'IIIK!Irity." - l-IE:>nry ('odmnn Pottt>r. No other country in the world has provided so 1nany handsome engravings (){ their famous men on stamps as have the United States. It is deplorable that so many beautiful and refined e.·amples of philatelic portraiture have been so hideouslv framed. There arc many other _tamps which one feel ~ should be (ttustrated - the Ne,,· York Postmaster's five cents of 1843, the 1851 one cent blue, three cents reel, twelve cents black an1ong others have great merit, but the few that are shown are typical of the hest. 7 [J C>j ~ 1a terpiece ol Lnsravins 1842. The first adhesive statnp issued in the Western Hemisphere appeared on February 15th for the City Despatch Post in New York, a private venture of Alexander Creig. The nan1e of the engra vcr is unknown to n1e, but the stan1p was pr~pared and printed by Ra\vdon, ~ right & Hatch in black on " ·hite paper. The illustration is o{ a die proof which shows in it early state a daintiness similar to that of a dry-point etching. There is a beauty about the ·whole stam.p \vhich is too often lacking in n1any labels issued under n1ore pretentious circumstances. This private local service was acquired by the .S. Post Office on Augu t 1st, 1842, and Greig becan1c appointed an official letter carrier. The stamp continued in use for the of-ficial ervice, " ·hich \va called the "United States City Despatch Post". 18.51. Some of the n1ost attractive exan1ples of philatelic printing \vere n1ade for this issue by Toppan, Carpenter, Casilear & Co. The natnes of the artists \\7 ho engraved the stamps are not on record but their craftsmanship will be admired as long as the e glorious n1iniatures " ·ithstand the wear and tear of titne. On July 1st the one cent blue, three cents in shades of red and the t\velve cents black appeared with portraits of Franklin and ~ r ashington. On 1ay 19th, 18.i3, the ten cents green with the head of 'vVashington \vas produced, and N e\v Y~ ear's Day in 1856 brought forth the five cents red-bro-wn vvith the head of Jefferson. All these were imperforate but appeared perforated between 1857 and 1860. 1860. Thi i sue was completed during U~60 by the issue of three higher values, the twenty-four cents lilac on June 15th, the thirty cenL orange on July 31. t ancl the ninety cent blue on August 13th. The thirty howecl a portrait of Franklin, the others different portraits of V\7 ashington- all were perforated. Of all the stan1ps in this issue the most harn1onious is the ninety cent , as handsome a n1iniature as one could ·wish, carefully printed in a rich deep blue. The illustration · are of die proofs. 80 1861. The advent of the Civil \Var brought about the new issue that was manufac tured during the later part of the year by the National Bank Note Co. None of the frame were good but the busts of Washington and Franklin respectively shown on the three and thirty cents are very effective. Among the artists who worked for the producing company was the famous English engraver, Charles Henry J eens, and the fine portraits of Jefferson and \i\Tashington on the five cents red-brown and the twenty-four cents red-lilac have been attributed to his hand. I-Ie also did some work on the Revenue stamps and the bank notes. and the original proof of one of hi sublime heact. of \i\rashington is sho\Yn here. All the stamps mentioned were issued between August ancl October, 1861, and in the n1ain they were good. The five cents, ho\vever, was first deli verecl in vulgar and impossible shades of buff and olive-yellow. The reference above is to the later colour \vhich first appea-red on l\Iay 2oth, 1Ro2 - a rich and warn1 red-brown. 1869. Three o i the ten value ~ o i this popular emission justify illustration here, the otheL being cluttered with bad central designs (the twenty-four cent actually attempts to show a group of over thirty persons) or else oYer-burdened with ornatnental frames which in three cases cover three-quarter.' of the area of the stamp. 'l'he best of those not shown is the six cents ultramarine, but this is spoilt by a background like a draught-hoard. The issue was produced in .April, all the stamps being nonnally 1 perforated and impressed with a gril1 , the latter often affecting the beauty of the .·tamps. The one cent. printed in shades of deep lmff and brown-orange. is unique in the fact that it is a circular design of artistic merit. I cannot recall another. The portrait is of Benjamin_Franklin and. in 111_\r opinion, by far the n1ost effective 1 •· 'l'h!' grill Ponxistrd of small squat·r ll.l' t·anrids in tmrallel I'O\Yi': imprt>ssed ot· Pmbossed on tlw stamp, witli thP object to brPnk the tibt'(':-< of tht' JIHJlPI' so that thP <'HII<'ellation ink would soak iu aucl make wasltiug fol' re-use impossiblt· ". ~f'Ot t ( T: ~ · ( ·~1talo g ut>. ' '1 F o!vfaslerpieces ol Lnsravins of all those that appear on postage stan1ps. The ten cents yello·w and the thirty cents blue and carmine which show the shield urn1ounted by the eagle are dignified and handson1e sytnbols of State. The flags that flank the hield on the higher value are printed in a pale shade of blue, thus obviating any tendency to gaudiness and, in perfect condition, possessing an appearance of grace and beauty that is unusually pleasing. The illustrations are of plate proofs. At this point the real charn1 of the hanclson1e portraiture on the postal labels suffers sadly by the almost in variable addition of fratnes that lack all artistic n1erit. There are, of course, son1e exceptions: the Lincoln Ylen1orial stan1p of 1909, the 1912 to 1915 issues with the heads of \t\Tashington and Franklin and a few others. One only is illustrated, issued in 1934, to comtnen1orate l\1other's Day and adapted fron1 James Abbott MeN eill \Vhistler's1 portrait of "My l\1other ". A n1ost worthy and sacred sentin1ent beautifully portrayed in a deep shade of violet: although hardl:r what one n1ight expect to find on a postage stamp it may he a fitting cone] us ion to this record. !James Abbott ~Ic:Xeill \\'hi:,;tle1·, bol'll 1 :~4. died lflO:~. An .\merican artil't of great revntP wlto was a rnaRter of :sc\·eral mediums of cxpreRsion. His mother was· one of the Baltimore family of '\'inans and tlte original portnlit in oils whi('h was <·opied 011 tl1e illnstrat!'d stamp is uow iu Luxembourg. 2 '\'\1Jcrein aj·e dzlisent!y disp!ayed a!! those Offences asainst .:fc1sfc oncl J'obricty '"'hereof diverse !fostmasters tosether with suncll'y '1Jcsisners and Stamp=' A fakers have been 9ui!ty. ::first soJnc General Jlnf~riority illustrated by degraded versions of fine stan1ps the originals of which were n1ade in London or Paris. There are n1any stamps in this category and a few horrid successors that one in1n1ecliately recalls are Trinidad 1896 (as opposed to the 1851 issue), Australia 1929 1 ~d. (as opposed to the Western Australia 1854), Chile 1900 (as opposed to the 1853 issue), Ukraine 1918 (as opposed to France 1849) and so on. The 1926 imitation of the fine triangular stan1ps of the Cape of Good Hope n1acle for South Africa in an anc:ernic shade of grey-blue offers a good example of the difference between craftsmanship and n1ass production. The tamps of France are admirable: the early Paris Ban·es are worth\· to be set beside the earh· I ,on don I-Ieaths and Hurnphrys.; n1any twentieth century French , tamps are very good. Then why the e HORRID FRFKCH CO LONlALS? The African especially loves crude and violent pigtnen ts and he is flattered by the constant appearance of hitnself, his women and hi landscape on the stamps. The labels are artisticaJiy offensive because they have been made to plea e the native ey~ not to charm the civilised Parisians. S:l 'rhat is the the1ne of these stan1ps of \vhich two pages arc 'hO\\'n. They delight the sahibs who have been schoolboys and the schoolboy \\·ho hope to become ahibs. Their taste is the taste of their \YOn1en folk, \Yho, like ] ~ach· Carter,* have even been knO\Yn to design uch sta1nps. · These stamps, unlike French Colonials, are not made to plea e crude, colourful-natives but rather to exhibit all the furniture of l~l\IPIRE-N atives and Big Came, Apes and Peacocks, Jungles ancl the vYide Open Spaces. Covernment House and the vYooden \!Valls of England, the Flag, the British Lion, ·the Cro\Yn. It is to be observed that Belgian and Portuguese Colonials proudly ape the British, even frequently having their stamps printed in London. The rot set in earlY- in British North Borneo about 1894. since \Yhen it has grown" apace. Almost every cesthetic fault is to he found in these vulgar and 111 nl ti tudinous little advertisements. Do not think that these faults in any way affect the popularity of these brightly coloured labels. There are a thousand collectors who fall for these alan1our girls of the stamp ahum for the one \Yho realises the beauty and n1erit of the engravings produced between 1R-t0 and 1880 by the san1e printers. *Nl'l' tlit• Barbados ·'Olin: Hlo:-.:-.om ·· in the centn• of pagp ~5. :fhe W/Jite /Wan 's Jl urden 7 !fhe Charnber o/ Jlorrors \Ve may observe the bad "Sahib and Schoolboy" type of label 1nuscling in on the sober postal style of Britain and n1aking a partial n1ess of it between 1913 and 1937. Not only are the popular 1913 Crown values Yulgar, but four different lots of superfluous con1n1etnoratiYes mar the probity of British sta1nps. All the large designs illustrated below are cluttered up with detail. The 1913 high values are graced ·with an excellent head of the King but one questions the 1notives of the ornatnental decoration at the top. Britannia rapant and the three horses struggling against the horrid fate of being clrO\\·necl in a sea of treacle. Who bred the anin1al that don1inates the Exhibition stamps of 1924 and 1925? The design of the 1929 t"·o and a half pence is obviously copied from the label that graces the bottle in which one of the better brands of our national beverage is sold. The 1935 Jubilee stamps are novel but nasty. No wonder His l\1ajesty looked worried on l\f ay 12th, 1937, for it is surely not a likeness of the Oueen tllat has been put beside him. Let a glance at our first cpapter correct these unfortunate i1npressions, for l.ondon once n1ade all the finest stan1ps and still n1akes fine ones. London printers are obliged Lo fall in with the wishes o£ their foreign custon1ers. Thus \i\~ aterlow & Sons made poorly designed labels for Ecuador, Cuate1nala and Uruguay. Bradbury. Wilkin on 88 '-Jfze Charnhcr o/ J-lorrt n & Co. printed some \·ery tasteless po ters for the Creeks - both the Byron group and tnap are truly had designs. De la Rue & Co. have wasted beautiful printing on a set of restless and unpleasant Portuguese subjects. l.ondon, \\·hich for a generation made all the best adhesive statnps, and has since nla \\~ e may not light-heartedly blame the Ethiopian for the ·hocking vulgarity of the tamps printed for them in Berne in 1919 and 1928. \\Then the Ethiopians first had stamps made in Paris hv E. l\louchon in 1894 the result was excellent. Therefore we mus-t blame the Swiss finn for foi ting this poor tuff on the Ethiopians. !.)() .__1/7c Chutn6cr o/ J-forrors And, indeed, a glance at ome of the Swi s "Child v\' eU:are" sta1nps of 1928, 1929 and 1937, as ·vvell as the 1939 stan1ps for the Zurich Agricultural Exhibition, may convince us that postage-label de igners display at least their fair share of bad taste in Switzerland. Cheap ancl Na ·ty Since 1863 most central European labels have been lcdiously poor in design; since some are exceptionally poor, sotne cheaply made exa1nples are shown printed in Danzig, -Berlin, Yienna and Budapest. ~!B.C - 111cans American Banknote Company. This concern I> egan to make stamps in 1879 for the 1Tnitecl States Covernment ancl until 1~93 it printed stamps \Yhich "·ere oh,·iously inferior to pre,·ious A1nerican issues. Later printing \Yas clone by the Covernment Bureau of Engraving ancl Printing hut that institution inherited the style and manner of the A.B.C., retaining them to this clay. There fore they are classed toaether. Ul l\loreon.:r, 1 he :\.B.C. still continued to function, printing lor numerous American Republics and e\'Cn. in 1920, for Belgium. lt has Canadian and South i\n1erican branches. The style of A.B.C. is characteristic, monotonous and tasteless: ugly frames are one of its consistent and principal fanl ts. Once seen. unfortunately, never forgotten. ~ / I ./' ou rc 92 ,:Jfzc.' ( ..,hamber ol :J-forrors so to ] );lg'P ('o1nml!u., C'ht·if C:o It jPII!': (i() Lilw ria 7-1-, 7:-i Tinleigh, Sir \\·alter -n 'f'nstna n ia 1 li. 19, 2:!. 2:i, :! l 'l'erina Hawdon, '\Yright, Hatch & JCd~on 71, 12, so 'l'eRsPI,;ch:HlP, :\!aria Rt:>union ;)2 'J'iiH\rins RhPims Cathedral :;:! 'l'od:t, ,J. S. Ri<·hard, (-h)org(.. S :)() 'l'oppnu, Cnt·pp,.ter, ('nsiiPnl' & C'o. Riehanlson, l-1. L. :{!) 'J'rnns\·nnl :)4 Rielwlieu, Car!l ina I .):1 'J'l'illirlnd 12, M, 2:{, :l1, 8:3, S:i Rignl, L. P. ;):2 'l'ur·kp.'· !ll Hijn, Rembrandt Hnrmt:>n>< liO, G:·l 'l'tnks hdnnd Roltinson, .J. l-1. li!l Ronsnrll, l'ien·t• de ;)1 l'krnitw s:i Rothschild, Baron II<' .J~ l ' 11ited HlntPs of Auwri<':t 11' Hi, 7!}-82, Roumnnia -J...J. !)1' !)2, !);~ Rot,,·, Louis (),war iil [TJ'll~Pl:.l~· s~ l'trN·ht fil. ("',_ Hullens, l'Ptrn~ l'