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The Hungarian Grey Cattle: a Traditional European Breed

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The Hungarian Grey Cattle: a Traditional European Breed Bartosiewicz 49 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ The Hungarian Grey cattle: a traditional European breed L. Bartosiewicz Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Loránd Eötvös University, H-1088 Múzeum körút 4/B, Budapest, Hungary Summary Introduction In this paper, the Hungarian Grey, a The Podolian type of grey cattle was widely traditional draught and beef cattle was distributed in Eastern and Southeastern studied. This breed was threatened by Europe between the Ukraine and Italy. The extinction due to the mechanization of Hungarian Grey (HG) has emerged as a agriculture and propagation of upgraded highly bred form that dominated stocks in the breeds which had almost completely replaced Carpathian Basin during the last centuries. Its it. Following a crisis in the 1960’s (in 1966 dramatic decline and successful conservation only 470 dams were registered) a pioneering is not only an object lesson in the manage- conservation scheme was introduced. Thanks ment of gene reserves. It also illustrates the to scientific breeding, the number of cows impact of history and economy on general increased to approximately 1 600 and the risk attitudes toward domesticates. of inbreeding has been avoided. In addition to a historical review, body conformation, Breed History production characteristics and modern forms of exploitation for this rare but genetically Several factors interacted during the evolution valuable breed are discussed. of this breed, although the extent and probabilities of their contributions differ. Resumen Speculations may be sub-divided into two main groups. Se ha estudiado el Gris Húngaro, una raza bovina tradicional de tiro y carne. Este tipo de Local domestication ganado fue amenazado por extinción debido a la propagación de motocultura y razas The idea that this cattle descended directly mejoradas desplazando casi su población from aurochs (Bos primigenius Boj, 1827) was entera. A partir de la crisis de los años 60 (470 raised by, among others, Charles Darwin vacas fueron registradas en 1966) se implantó (1959). The ancient breeds Heinz Heck chosen un plan piloto de protección. Gracias a la cría for his reconstruction of aurochs included HG científica existen aproximadamente 1 600 (Heck, 1952). Jankovich (1967) hypothesized vacas se ha evitado el riesgo de that it was domesticated in medieval consanguinidad. Además de una revista Hungary by ‘venatores bubalinorum’ known histórica se trata la conformación, from 13th century documents. He interpreted características de producción y posibilidades this term as meaning catchers of de explotación moderna de esta raza rara y de ‘bubalus-calves’, i. e. the offspring of aurochs. gran valor genético. By that time, however, aurochs remains were rare at archaeological sites in Hungary Key words: Hungarian Grey cattle, Conservation, (Bartosiewicz, 1996). Consonant osteometric Mechanization, Domestication data (Matolcsi, 1970; Bökönyi, 1974) show that ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Animal Genetic Resources Information,AGRI 1997 No. 21: 21, 49-60 1997 AGRI 1997 21: 55- 50 Hungarian Grey cattle ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ most 10-13th century cattle in Hungary were Population Statistics small, brachyceros type animals (withers height ca. 110 cm) with no transitional forms While in 1884, 78 % of the 4.9 million cattle in indicative of ongoing local domestication. The Hungary were registered as HG (Mattesz, medieval impact of aurochs genes, however, 1927), exactly half of the 6.7 million stock cannot be entirely ruled out. belonged to this breed at the turn of the century (Tormay, 1901). By 1911, this Migrations and trade proportion fell back to 30 % (Bodó, 1987) due to the introduction of industrial crop-rotation It has been suggested that the ancestors of that outcompeted extensive pasturing and to HG cattle were brought by conquering urbanization that increased demand for milk Hungarians from the areas northeast of the (Szöllõsy, 1994), better satisfied by Fleckvieh. Carpathians during the 9th century (Tormay, Following World War I, Hungary lost two 1901; Hankó, 1936) or during the latest, 13th thirds of its territory which makes the precise century waves of eastern migrations appraisal of the contribution of this breed (Matolcsi, 1975) or, actually, anytime in difficult. Figure 1 shows that the radical between. Tenth century Hungarians regularly decline in the remaining, central area raided areas in Italy as well as Germany and continued. By 1925, the 321 000 HG cattle may have brought such animals from the represented only 16.8 % of the national stock. southwest (Ferencz, 1976). Commercial Transylvania, an important breeding region, imports of such cattle from Italy during the lay way beyond the new borders. Thus, the 14th century Anjou rule in Hungary have also renowned Hortobágy plains became of been hypothesized. Finally, the question must pivotal importance. After World War II a also be raised whether it was HG which was radical decline followed (see the logarithmic exported to Italy within the framework of tranformations in figure 1). envigorated trade links giving rise to similar The ‘elbow’ seen in the 1947-1967 interval breeds there. indicates near-extinction. The mechanization A 1526 document mentions Hungarian of tillage was inevitable in large, centrally cattle as having been introduced (sic!) to the established cooperatives. Draught Augsburg market (Takáts, 1927), although exploitation, became irrelevant. Most HG written evidence for westward exports is cattle were slaughtered. During the late known from the mid-14th century (Miskulin, 1950’s, some 1 800 of the 2 000-3 000 cows 1905). Explicit reference to long-horned, were mated with sires of the Kostroma dairy ‘magnus cornuotes boves Hungaricos’, however, breed (Schandl, 1962). According to a 1962 first appears only in a 16th century document central resolution only 200 purebred HG cows (Milhoffer, 1904) when exports indeed and 6 bulls were saved (Bodó et al., 1996). In culminated (Bartosiewicz, 1995b). the face of this official initiative there were Huge late medieval stocks, potentially brave grass-roots efforts to save animals from originating from all the aforementioned culling or crossing, often illegally. Although sources, provided an excellent basis for the 1962 numbers would have been selection. Market driven, target-oriented insufficient for maintaining genetic diversity, breeding possibly played a decisive role in Hungary won an internationally acclaimed consolidating a trademark appearance which pioneering position in the conservation of became de facto common by the 17-18th ancient breeds (Alderson, 1989; Grünenfelder century (Bartosiewicz, 1996). Prior to World 1994). The scientific evaluation of War I, breeding stock was exported to the conformation and performance was begun by Balkans where it was used in upgrading local Imre Bodó (1968). Inbreeding was avoided by grey cattle (Mattesz, 1927). using a rotational mating scheme of originally inbred lines (Bodó, 1990) based on six local HG sires, two imports of the same breed and three Maremman sires introduced during the ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Bartosiewicz 51 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Figure 1. Changes in the contribution of Hungarian Grey to the cattle stock after World War I s A AAAA AAAAAA A AAAA AAAAAA e A AA AAA AAAA A % A A AAAA AAAA A A AAA AAAA 15 A 5 A A AAAA AAAA A A AAAA AAAA A A AAA AAAA A lgN A A AAAA AAAA A A AAAA AAAA A A AA AAAA AAAA AAAA A A A AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA A A A AAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA 10 A A A A A AAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAA A 4 A A A A AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAA A A A A AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAA A A A A AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAA A A A A AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAA A A A A AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAA A A A A AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAA A A A A A AAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA 5 A A A A A A AAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA A 3 A A A A A AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA national stock A A A A A AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA A A A A A A AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAA Percent within th A A AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A AA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 0 2 lg number of individual 1925 1935 1938 1940 1942 1944 1947 1957 1962 1967 1970 1975 1980 1984 1988 1990 1993 early 1970’s. After 7-9 generations, the initial Bartosiewicz, 1984; Bartosiewicz et al., n. d.) lines became completely randomized (Bodó, and often includes complementary data on 1996). Quantitative recovery is shown in the animals. official statistics (Table 1). HG bones (including 18 complete Physical Characteristics skeletons) kept in the Hungarian Agricultural Museum (HAM) originate from 74 In rare breeds, special attention is paid to individuals, mostly slaughtered in 1963. This stabilizing external traits which are unique collection is an important source of manifestations of the traditional form targeted osteological information (e. g. Matolcsi, 1970; by conservation efforts. Table 1. The recovery of Hungarian Grey breeding Colour and horns stock relative to the 1962 official figures. (Raw data: Bodó et al., 1996:) This breed has alternately been called ‘Hungarian White/Silver’ or referred to by Year Dam Sire Increase Cumulative the vernacular term ‘crane-coloured’ (Tormay (%) (%) 1901). While light coats are not preferred by 1962* 200 6 0 100.0 modern breeders, animals occur in all shades 1966 470 12 133.9 233.9 of grey. Bulls have dark, ‘smokey’ markings 1970 500 19 7.6 251.9 especially in the front quarters and around 1975 550 20 9.8 276.7 the eyes. In adults the horns’ tips are black, 1980 600 25 7.8 303.4 their lower portions white. The muzzle, eyelashes and claws are black. Calves are 1982 800 30 32.8 402.9 born reddish and turn grey at six months. 1984 900 35 12.7 453.9 The present horn conformation probably 1986 1 000 40 11.2 504.9 resulted from long and meticulous selection.
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